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f mt
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wd;k wufvm+yD; tawmfyif}uD;yGm;wd;k wufco hJ nf? pD&ifpek ,frsm;wGif
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rE Wav;wGif OD;bOD;ESifh 21-OD;aemufygwdk@ tawmfuav;
v_yf&Sm;v#uf&Sdae&m pDyD OD;cifarmifESifh rE Wav;0HomEk tcsKd@u
OD;xGe;f atmifausmEf iS ahf ygi;f +yD; q&mawmfO;D OwWrudk rE aW v;od@k yif&h ef
pDpOf+yD; yifah wmhonf? OD;OwWrud, k af wmfºuGvm+yDqvkd #if rE aW v;òrd@rS
jrifraumif;aom vlxyk &dowf}u;D onf &Sr;f pkbw l mrS qD;óuad pmifq h ikd ;f
'kw,
d t}urd af xmifuscHykH
OD;OwWrtm; xdak e&mrSyv k yd uf ac:oGm;+yD; xdak e@n&xm;ESihf
yif &efukefodk@jyefydk@vdkufI &efukefudk a&mufvmawmhonf? xdkodk@
t"du&k%;f jzpf&onfukd pdwrf csr;f omaom q&mawmfO;D OwWronf
ol@u,kd o
f 'l g%xf m;+yD; aemufxyf axmifusczH @kd &myif pdw&f adS wmh[ef
wlonf? wynf'h g,umawG twd'u k aQ &mufonfukd rdru d ,kd Ef iS x
hf yfwl
atmufarhojzifh wvtwGi;f avmufwiG f vrf;rawmfyikd ;f &ky&f iS ef ef;
awmfY òrd@v;kH u|wtf pnf;ta0;udk om,m0wDO;D yktm; tac:cdik ;f av
onf? om,m0wD OD;yku xdt k pnf;ta0;udk OD;aqmif+yD;ac:&m vlxk
y&dowfvnf; jynf=h uyfomG ;awmhonf?
vdu k &f ukd &f rkH u u|wu f secf ahJ om ouFe;f udyk if eif;ajconfukd u|eaf emf
rsujf rifjzpf&m xdek nf;onf Armwd@k u t*Fvyd w f @kd ukd rke;f wD;atmif
vH _ @ aqmf j cif ; omv#if j zpf a yonf ? q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u tr_ u d k
bmr#ckcHajcvS,fjcif;rðybJ tpdk;&udk qkH;rpm}uD;wapmifa&;ay;+yD;
tjypf&w dS ,fq&kd if axmifcsawmh[k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;yif azmfjyxm;onf?
ta&;ydik ;f uvnf; axmif'g%f 3-ESpf tjypfay;vdu k . f ? axmif'g%u f m;
tvky=f urf;ESiyhf ifjzpfaomfvnf; axmifrLS ;axmifyikd rf sm;u q&mawmf
OD;OwWrtm; óuduEf pS o f uf&m aygyh g;aomtvkyu f kd vkyzf @kd ciG ðhf y&m q&m
awmfonf }udrx f ;kd aomtvkyu f kd tysi;f ajyrS vkyu f ikd +f yD; w&m;b0em
pD;jzef;vsuf at;jraompdwf / onf;cHaompdwu f kd arG;jrLvsuf aexdik f
awmfro l nf[k od&.? qGr;f weyfuo kd m bke;f ay;+yD; pdwu f w kd nf+idrf
at;aq;pGm tm&Hkðyvsuf urRÏgef;bm0emY aysmfarG@awmhrnf[k
ydik ;f jzwfxm;+y;D usi}hf uaH wmfral om q&mawmftwGuf tpd;k &wd@k csrw S f
aom axmif'g%o f nf plVvdyu f kd a&od@k vw $ o f uJo h @kd &adS wmhonf?
Oya'ðyv$waf wmfY yxrt}udrf jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; qmOD;cif/
b¾ma&;0ef}u;D rpPwmuof/ opfawma&;0ef}u;D qma*satarmif}u;D
ESihf ynma&;0ef}u;D trfatOD;armif}u;D wd@k u uwfbed ufz@JG pnf;cJo h nf?
qma*satarmif}uD;rSm [du k u
f w k w f &m;0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@ xrf;
&Gu&f aomtcgwiG f 21-OD;ygwrD S ODyt k m; opfawma&;0ef}uD;&mxl;udk
ay;.? 'kw, d t}udrf a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yaom tcgYum; 21-OD;ygwrD S
a'guw f mb&ifonf woD;yk*v ~ a&$awmif=um;tzG@J EiS ahf ygi;f +yD; ynm
a&;0ef}u;D wpfae&mud, k I
l qmOD;cifu, G v f eG af omtcg OD;aratmifu
jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;ae&m,lI aqmif&u G jf yef.? OD;aratmif uG,v f eG f
jyef&m [du k u f wk w f &m;0ef}uD; qmOD;bu jynfxaJ &;/ 0wfvOkH ;D t&drf
u ynma&;/ qma*satarmif}uD;u opfawma&;wdk@udkudkifjyef.?
qmOD;buG,v f eG jf yef&m qma*satarmif}u;D jynfxaJ &;udk jyefI udik &f
ao;onf? qma*satarmif}uD; jynfxaJ &;udk udik af epOf aumifpYD 21
(12) a': jrpde/f (13) qpf'eD vle/D (14) q&m a&$b/ (15) qm*vifb/D
(16) rpPwm[m*s/D (17) rpPwmum0yf*s?D
(rSwcf su?f ? Tpm&if;rSm OD;bcdik . f “Edik if aH &;&mZ0if” rS&
aom pm&if;jzpfonf? xkt d pnf;ta0;od@k a'guw f mbarmfvnf; wuf
a&mufonf? OD;pd;k odr;f *s/D pD/ bD/ atESihf q&mawmfO;D OwWrwd@k url
xdt k pnf;rsm;udk bmr# ta&;rvky=f uay?)
xdak emufrS Armjynfukd tdE, dN ESihf cGo
J ifrh cGo J ifu h kd wdik ;f jynf.
rJqENjzifh qHk;jzwfzdk@&m 1935-ckESpf jrefrmjynftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'udk
ray;tyfrD 1932 -ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif a&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f yaponf?
vlxrk pJ m&if;wGif wGaJ &;bufu rJ (5) ode;f ausmyf I kd tjywftowfom
aeaomfvnf; trwfrsm;pnf;a0;aomtcgY cJaG &;jzpfomG ;ojzifh tdE, dN
ESichf +GJ y;D (91) Xge tkycf sKyfa&;[lI ay:vmonf? 1935-ckEpS af y;tyfaom
(91)Xmetkyaf &;wGif yxra'guw f mbarmf/ aemuf OD;yk/ aemuf OD;apm
wd@k u eef;f &if;0ef&mxl;udw k qifph , D I
l vkyu f ikd af e=upOfyif 'kw, d urBm
ppf}uD; jzpfvmonf?
Edik if aH &;*d%
k ;f *% cGjJ ym;=uaomtcg wbufEiS w hf buf jyif;
pGm pGypf aJG 0zefwwf=u&m q&mawmf OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;wGif
aepOfu rdef;r,lxm;oa,mifa,mif owif;pmtcsKd@u pGyfpGJa&;
om;jcif;udyk if cH&.? od@k aomf OD;OwWrum; &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm; a'gorxGu?f
bk&m;yifv#if ZdÍrme pGypf jJG cif;udyk if cH&.? rnfou l rnfo@kd yif pGypf JG
apumrl q&mawmfonf xdkol.pum;udk yk*~v"dXmefjzifh jyefI
acsyjcif;udu k m; rðy? xdo k El iS whf uG trsm;y&dwo f wfu csichf sichf sed cf sed f
ESihf ,Hrk mS ;jcif;rjzpf&atmif "rR"Xd gef ajz&Si;f csuaf y;onfukd awG@&onf?
olu, kd wf ikd uf “OD;OwWrta=umif;[k” pmwtkyu f kd a&;+yD;xkwaf 0&m
olEikd if aH &;w&m;a[mpu ykord ef ,fausmif;uke;f wGif olaX;wpfa,muf
. tdrt f ay:xyfwiG f oDwif;oH;k ./ xdo k al X;wGif orD;ysKw d pfa,muf&&dS m
olaX;u ol@orD;udk vlxu G +f yD;,lyg? pnf;pdryf g yHt k yfrnf[ak jym.? xdk
&[ef;wdk .
h tqif;vSjcif;*k%f
rde;f rwk@d rmS / qif;&lygum;
vifom;jrwfE;kd / &dak ousK;d wnf/h
vlrsK;d taygi;f / &kyrf aumif;vnf;/
wwfa=umif;ynm/ tqif;omwnf/h
ausmif;rSmaysmrf eS ;f / &[ef;wd@k rmS /
onf;cHygu/ tqif;vS.?
avmueDwyd sKd h
q&mawmfonfruG,fvGefrSD rwfwwfemjzifh tawmfyif
OD;aESmuftiftm; vltiftm;csKd@wJhae&m &efukefòrd@xJwGif pdwfrESH@
xdt
k qifq h ifah om awmfveS af &;wd@k wiG f q&mawmfO;D OwWr. yxrqH;k
pdw"f gwaf wmfveS af &;u ta=umif;t&if;cHonfrmS rvGaJ =umif; ygvrD ef
vGwaf wmf t&yf&yfyif xkwaf zmfpum; qdx k m;=u+yD;jzpfonf?
1939-ckEpS f pufwifbmv 9-&uf (1301-ckEpS f 0gacgiv f
qkwf 11-&uf) ae@wiG f q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efuek af q;&H;k }uD;Y
b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfr&l m/ ysaH wmfrIl 2-&uf=um+yD;aemuf pufwif
bmv 11-&ufae@wGif usif;yaom Armjynf atmufvGwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;Y trwfrsm;tm;vH;k 0rf;enf;onfh txdr;f trSwjf zifh 5
-rdepf&yfem;+yD; t&dktaoðy=uonf? oufqdkif&maqGrsKd;rsm;odk@
vGwfawmfrSwfwrf;t& 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$m ay;ydk@=uonf?
vGwaf wmftrwfrsm; tus,w f 0ifh cs;D usL;=u.? 4if;teuf *ef*gqif.h
pum;udk txufY azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf?
q&mawmf OD;OwWr &kyu f vmyfukd a&$w*d bkH &k m;ajc&if;okd h ykd ah qmif&m
odr}f u;D aps;a'gift
h a&mufwiG f awG &h yHk (&ufpGJ = 9/ 9/ 1939)
xkad emuf 1954 ckEpS f pufwifbmvu usi;f yaom jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ygvDrefwGifvnf; OD;OwWr. *k%faus;Zl;wdk@udk
aemufqufwJG
q&mawmfO;D OwWr. *sLbvDred f ch eG ;f
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G v
f yfa&;twGuf tjyif;txefwu dk yf q
GJ ifae&pOf w}urd u
f
q&mawmf OD;OwWr ta&;}u;D aom Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[mcJo h nfh &efuek òf rd h
*sLbvDa[m taqmuftOD;
jrefrmhtmZmenfom;}u;D rsm;
jynf}uD;. vH;k 0udpw P @kd Y rqkwrf epfaom vHv k 0d&, d jzifh apmifr=unfh
&_ov l nf;jzpfayonf? A[d'o R ¾mef (av)/ ([ef) yumoeudk vdv k m;
ºuGm;&ifw h wfov l nf;r[kw/f tZ|wo W ¾mefYvnf; pd;k pOf;r# a=umuf
pdwfr&Sd/ aemufqkwfwkefv_yfwwfaom trlt&mr&Sdonfhjyif vlwdk@
obm0wW tavhtvmrSm ynm^m%fjzifh pD&ifprD w H wfaomolvnf;
jzpf.? xdyk *k Kd~ vf. vsijf refaom (Z0e)^m%fjzifh rSeu f efaom t"dXmef
opPmudkðyv#uf jynfusKd;twGuf xrf;&GufE_d;aqmfjcif;ðycJhonfhtcg
or,wGif t=uifo@kd aom tmZmenfygarmuQ r&Sq d ;kH &H;_ &onft h wGuf
q&mawmfuyifv#if pdww f iG rf csd 0rf;enf;avbd.? od@k a=umifh jrefrm
jynf trsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k EiS hf aomuavmifr;D yGm;pD;rcsad om xdk OD;pdef
vSatmif.ZeD;^mwdwdk@udkyg q&mawmfu edAE<um&knjzpfbd.?
(u&k%maESmifz@JG ro d nf[v l ?kd )
bke;f awmf}u;D OD;"arRm',onf r=umrDae@&uftwGi;f Y ysv H eG f
awmfrl&jcif;rSmvnf; Ak'<bmom omoemawmf. ppfol}uD;wpfOD;
aysmufq;kH &jcif; jzpfayonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vft&Sijf rwfonf omoemawmf.
0efuo kd m aqmif&u G of nfr[kw?f óud;ukww f zef jynfcef;jynfa&;wGif
vnf; qDr;D .ozG,f toG,o f , G af omudpw P @kd Y arSmifru kd rf uif; r&Si;f
&_yaf xG;aomt&mwd@k wiG f xifxifvif;vif; =o0g'enf;edosw S @kd EiS hf tpOf
usus enf;jyaom 0HomEk&uQw d }uD;jzpfavonf? xdu k o hJ @kd aom yk*Kd~ vf
xl;ESpyf g;udk trsK;d om;wd@k u vufav#mph eG @f vw G &f onft h wGuf &wuf
Asmyg rsm;pGmyGm;pD;&aomfvnf; ykxZk e a0ae,sw@kd . avmu"rRwm
xHk;oHk;jzmrSm tedpPr+rJ &Sdavbd[k uJuJrSwfxif/ awG;qifjcifaomf/
oufv#i&f cdS u kd /f vH@k vpdu k I f / arSmifru kd f t0dZm… / 0J=oCmrSm/ aqmif&m
udp/P ðy+yD;rSr/l ae@nrjcm;/ jzpf&mS =uonf/ ocF g&"rRwm/ wd@k csn;f om
wnf;[laom urRXmef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf aomupdwu f kd aysmufapoifh
=uonf?
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rtlyifòr@d ae 'g,um/ 'g,umrwd@k tm; q&mawmfEiS hf axmif
aomif;ruaom y&dwo f wftaygi;f wd@k ukd vufc0H wfðy {nfch rH _ ausyeG f
pGm au|;arG;odr;f ydu
k =f ujcif;twGuf tvGev f #if aus;Zl;wifygonfjzpf
a=umif;? ,if;odk@r&%rD;wd jzpfzG,f&m ta=umif;jcif;&mwdk@udk
ormomrd\okc
jAL&du
k &uftpd;k &wd@k u atmufusaemufus &S=d uonf[k uJ&h hJ
&_@H csajymqdjk cif;udck &H aom jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf wpdww f oHwnf;
ajymqd[ k pf=uL;vsuf pdw0f rf;ruGJ ausmufco J w H ikd u f ohJ @kd usirhf al qmif
&Guv f mcJ=h uonft h wGuf wurBmvH;k &Sd Adv k af jctaygi;f wd@k u tH=h or
ukeEf ikd f &Scd =hJ u&av+y?D jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k u aqmif&u G u f sirhf Il wpwp
xGiv f m=uonfrmS ivsiaf wmfvJ rD;awmifayguu f o JG nfo@kd 4if;/ avrkef
wdik ;f a=umifh 'Dvi_d ;f òzd;armufonfo@kd 4if;/ wqifx h ufwqifh }uD;jrifh wd;k
yGm;aomtiftm;ESifh jynfhpHkvm=uav&m ausmufaqmif. yrm%
ºumG ;ºumG ;}uchH ikd f r,dr;f r,dik f wnfEikd af omtajcod@k a&muf&cdS =hJ uav+y?D
TuJo h @kd }uHch ikd w
f nfEikd =f ujcif;rSm or*~ge/H waygoak cgwnf;[laom
pnf;vH;k nD!w G jf cif;wnf;[laom ormomrd\. okcyifwnf;?
1917-ckEpS w f iG f jAL&du
k &uftpd;k &wd@k u jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k ukd
tvGen f zhH si;f I tuif;ryg; Ed;k =um;xºujG cif;r&Sad om atmufus aemuf
us&SdvSonfholrsm;[k qdkcJhzl;ayonf? rpPwmrGefaw*lESifh taygif;yg
aumfrw D w D @kd ukd jrefrmjynfo@kd rvm&bJ 4if;wd@k u ppfaq;pHpk rf;aomtcg
xko d wl @kd pwd x f YJ jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf tvGen f zhH si;f onf[al om
oabmrsK;d ESihf txiftjrifao;vSpmG ppfaq;pHpk rf;I jrefrmtrsK;d om;
wd@k onf tdE, dN wGi;f Y ao;odrv f aS om c&dik ef ,frsm;u &xdu k af om
ðyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;r#EiS yhf ifv#if rxdu k rf xefaomvlrsK;d [k qdx k m; qH;k jzwf
cHzl;avonf? xdkrsm;pGmaom tpnf;ta0;wdk@udkac:I ,if;uJhodk@
qH;k jzwfjcif;udk rcHEikd rf auseyfEikd =f ua=umif;jzifh woHwnDwnf; [pf
atmf=uonfjh yif t*Fvefjynfo@kd jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,w f refawmfrsm;udk
yifv#if ygvrD efY av#mufxm;ajymqd&k ef trsK;d om;wd@k u pGe@f pm; ap
v$waf omfjim;vnf; tusK;d rrsm; rxl;jcm;&Scd &hJ avonf?
oHajccsif;awGtoifh
twd0g'/ Á\&d,/ awaZrmejzif+h y;D aom tpd;k &awmfrif;wd@k
onf &mZ*k%jf zifh jrLr_eaf jr‡;uyfaompuULjzifh r&_rxif jynfow l @kd .
t&nftcsi;f udk rjrifEikd &f jdS cif;a=umifh a0ae,sAv kd af jcwd@k . azGazGvpS f
=uL;aomtoH tajrmftjrifEiS hf ^m%ft}uHukd trSerf &l if;twdik ;f rod
Edik &f adS e=uojzifh jrefrmjynf}uD; trsK;d om;wd@k . taetxm; pD;yGm;
csr;f oma&;udyk if xdcu kd v
f su&f adS vonf?
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k ukd Ed@k p@kd oil ,frsm;uJoh @kd rxDrjhJ rifðybd.?
od@k vifu h pm; jrefrmrsm;. av#mufxm;yef=um;jcif;rsm;/ jynfo@l tpnf;
ta0;rsm;u rausreyf roufrom&Sad =umif;rsm;ESihf [pfatmf=uonf
rsm;yifv#if tusK;d rxif vdt k ifrjynfh &Scd &hJ avonf? ,if;rnfaom
ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf txl;xl;aom tcsurf sm;wd@k a=umifh jrefrm
trsK;d om;wd@k onf pnf;vH;k nD!w $ jf cif; &Scd =hJ uavonft h jyif pdwtf m;
xufoefI igw@kd .t}uHonf ratmif&ifrae t}uHatmifajrmufrS
em;ae&yfwef@=u&rnf[k 'kw, d wzef t*Fvefjynfo@kd wrefawmf ud, k f
pm;vS,}f u;D rsm;ukd apvGw=f ujyefavonf? xdu k , dk pf m;vS,}f u;D rsm;wd@k
onf tvGepf &dwu f ek f yifyef;pGmjzifh tvGe&f n S =f umatmif oGm;a&muf
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t&dyef rdwrf sm;udk awG@jrifc=hJ u&onf? xdo k @kd &adS epOftcgwiG f jAL&du k &uf
tpd;k &wd@k u jrefrmjynf}uD;udk aESmifz@JG &ef oHajccsi;f ESit hf vm;wlaom
enf;pepfrsm;udk vkyu f ikd xf m;&SEd iS =hf uavonf?
jrefrmajray:&St d pd;k &wd@k u jrefrmwd@k ukd tav;*&krðy r&_rjrif
&Scd =hJ uavonf?jrefrmjynf&dS Oa&mywdu k o f m;wd@k u jrefrmwd@k . tmoD
opdwx f m;jzifh vdv k m;awmifw h aom tcsuw f @kd ukd aESmif, h u
S uf ef@uu G f
vdak om apwemESihf xdt k pd;k &tm; ulnaD z;rjcif;ðy=uavonf? jrefrm
trsK;d om;wd@k onf jzpf&adS eaom acwfor,. ed&wWu/ edrw d wW nf;
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uJo h @kd {uefxif&mS ; rrSm;awG@jrifc=hJ u&av+yD?
0dik /f trf/ bD/ attoif;rsm;wk@d onf jynfaxmifwav#muf
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0_dufaumfrwD ac: tzGJ@toif;udk jrefrmjynfodk@ apv$wfvdkufav
ta,mifaqmifrsS om
tdE, dN jynfwiG Ef pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm qlyv
l y_ &f mS ; aºuG;a=umf=u+yD;
aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfY&&Sad om 'dik t f mcDpepfavmufr# aumif;rGepf mG
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'dik t
f mcDpnf;pepfY tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f zG,&f m tESpo f m& Oya'&So d nf[k
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dS nf?
'dkiftmcDenf;pepfrSm jynfolwdk@teuf tod^m%fr&Sdaom t&kyfwdk@
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jzpfacsonf?
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jzpfI e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmwGif bdvyfrS aqmif;yg;a&;om;aeol
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rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefu a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf?)
jynfow l @kd ukd jAL&du
k &ufw@kd tiftm;Av }uD;apjcif;tvd@k igS
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,m,fudk rðyrvkyfoifha=umif;? tjcif;t&m. tajc[lonfrSm
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f ikd Ef ikd f
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enf;vrf;usonfjzpfap/ rnfo@kd yif rdrw d @kd . &oif&h xdu k af om tcGihf
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a[mufwefuyif qdak vonf?
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tdE, dN trsK;d om;wd@k onf urBmay:wGif xif&mS ;ausmaf pmaom t}uD;
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ukvm;trwfavmif;. 0g'
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onf tjcm;olxrH S enf;,lrw S o f m; t&if;tzsm;rnDaom t}uHjzpf
[efwo l nf?
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&Sw
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pnf;pepf. tajccHu Á\&d,tm%mwGif wnf&o dS nf jzpfaom
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avonf?
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&ef &nfoefvsuyf if &daS csao;onf?
aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifvu kd af omtrsK;d om;wd@k onf txuf
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k ifajcrsK;d jzifyh if
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Á\&d, tm%mpuf
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yif&adS oma=umifh 0HomEktrsK;d om;wd@k aumifprD 0ifaomfvnf; aumifpD
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k &ufw@kd EiS hf aESmuf,u S f
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udk tvd&k I dS ol&aJ bmowWed nf;aom olrsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifh &Gw&f w G f
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d rf sm;wd@k onf pGe@f pm;I &Gw&f w G f
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a&mufjcif;onf 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufcI H tpd;k &udk yl;aygi;f uln&D m a&muf
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atmifaqmif&u G af omolw@kd rmS &Hzef&cH gw@kd Yyif tpd;k &. tvdo k @kd rvduk f
bJ jiif;qefcck &H avonf? od@k rS aESmif, h u S 0f ifa&mufvmolw@kd rmS vH;k vH;k
ckc&H m a&mufonf? xdo k @kd v;kH vH;k ckcH 0ifa&mufvmaomolw@kd rmS tpOf
rjywf rdrdwdk@bufu oabmwlrJqENay;rnfhtrwfrsm; &Sdap&rnf?
odk@jzpfI tpdk;&wdk@aqmif&Gufvdkaom tvkyfpnf;urf;rsm; txr
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h u S &f ef t}uH
onf atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw?f
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aumifpw D iG f tenf;qH;k jynfou l a&G;aumufaomtrwf-60 r&Edik f
or# umvywfv;kH rpOf;pm;xdu k =f uay?
,ckacgif;aqmifvl}uD;rsm;u cef@rSef;csuft& aumifpDwGif
trwfae&maygi;f 40-xuf ydrk &Edik af =umif;? awmaus;vuf Zeyk'f
vGwv
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G Ef ikd cf iG hf
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k #iv f nf; csucf si;f
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pm;vS,t f jzpfEiS hf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom trwfrsm;. aumifpYD
ajymaompum;rsm;udk tvGew f &mta&;}uD;I tpGr;f xGuaf omtcg
rsm;rSwyg; jAL&du k a&pDw@kd u ry,fr&Sm;bJ emcHaqmif&u G rf nf[al om
pdwx f m;t"dXmef&adS p&rnf jzpfa=umif;?
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awmh[k tcGiv hf w G jf cif;iSg orRmqEN&cdS yhJ grl {uefrck s t*Fvefom;wd@k .
tusK;d onf tdE, dN jynftwGuf rnfr#yif epfemonfreS af p xdek pfemjcif;
udck I
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twGuf ,ckuo hJ @kd jzpf&adS eonf[k od&EdS ikd af =umif;udv k nf; qdak vonf?
Trm'&yfe,fu rif;wdkifyiftrwf rpPwmtm,m;.pum;ESifh
rauseyfEikd af o;v#i/f bHb k ikd ef ,ftrwf.pum;udv k nf; em;axmif=u
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jynfwGif;a&;qdkif&m jAL&dku&uftrwf}uD;. tcspfawmftrwf jzpf
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jypfy,f&@H_ csI ajymqdjk cif; tpd;k &.pdwt f aetxm; ajymif;vJjcif;wd@k ukd
txl;tjypfqjkd cif;rsm;jzifv h nf; jynfow l @kd u owdtxl;xm;I pOf;pm;
vdu k =f uayonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD ac: 'Dru kd &ufwpfacwftvdu k f
trsm;oabmudik n hJ m‡ I aqmif&u G &f ef t"dXmefxm;aom rif;wdik yf if
trwf toif;acgi;f aqmifOuUXjzpfol a'guw f akd *:0g uvnf; xdo k @kd yif
qdak vonf?
tvdak wmf&t d pd;k &bufu xm0&aeI a&;om;aom (tv
[mowf) owif;pm acgi;f }uD;ydik ;f u Tod@k a&;om;vsuyf g&o dS nf?
apmifq
h ikd ;f ar#mv
f ifah omfvnf;
avmh&'D if;/ tdE, dN bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;onf tdE, dN jynfo@kd qdu k f
a&mufpu jynfow l @kd ar#mv f ift h m;ud;k &Sad p&atmif rsm;pGmyif zGi¹hf rGuf
ajymqdak omfvnf; ,ckwikd w f pHw k &mudk ajymqdzk ;l aom pum;twdik ;f
rwnfao;jcif;a=umifh jynfow l @kd u tm;ud;k &mra&mufojzifh jynfol
wd@k tay: =oZmwefc;kd ,kwaf vsmh vsuv f mcJ+h yD?
tdE, dN jynfY ,cktcg c%acwWr# +idrq f w
d v f #uf &Sad ejcif;
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taozGm;aomom;
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