Mogosan Bogdan

Grupa 3335/A

PROIECT APARATE TERMICE

Proiectarea unui cazan ignitubular pentru o instalatie de incalzire centrala cu
apa calda avand urmatoarele caractesitici functionale
Sarcina termica :

0.7

Gcal/h

Temperatura de tur a apei :

90

Temperatura de retur a apei :

70

Pentru ardere se va utiliza un combustibil lichid

avand urmatoarea compozitie :
C
81.5

Coeficientul excesului de aer are valoarea :

Circulatia apei in cazan se va face fortat

8.4

1.2

O2

3.3

2.9

1.7

1.15

Cazan ignitubular
Lichid
n= 7
Qu=
ttur=
tretur=
=
c=
h=
s=
o=
w=
a=

0.7 Gcal/h
o
90 C
70
1.15
81.5
8.4
1.2
3.3
2.9
1.7

%
%
%
%
%
%

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.815
0.084
0.012
0.033
0.029
0.017

I 1.Calculul arderii combustibilului

Omin=22,414*c/12+22,414*h/4+22,414*s/32-22,414*o/32
1.978269 m3N/Kgcomb

Omin=

m3N/Kgcomb

Lmin= Omin/0,21

9.420328 m3N/Kgcomb

Lmin=

m3N/Kgcomb

L=*Lmin

10.83338 m3N/Kgcomb

L=

Vgmin=22,414*c/12+22,414*h/2+22,414*s/32+22,414*w/18+0,79*Lmin
9.950248 m3N/Kgcomb

Vgmin=

Vg=(-1)*Lmin+Vgmin
Vg=

VCO2=22,414*c/12

11.3633 m3N/Kgcomb

m3N/Kgcomb

VCO2= 1.522284 m3N/Kgcomb

VH2Ov=22,414*h/2+22,414*w/18

m3N/Kgcomb

VH2Ov= 0.977499 m3N/Kgcomb

VSO2=22,414*s/32

m3N/Kgcomb

VSO2= 0.008405 m3N/Kgcomb

VO2=0,21*(-1)*Lmin

m3N/Kgcomb

VO2=

0.29674 m3N/Kgcomb

VN2=0,79*L

m3N/Kgcomb

VN2= 8.558368 m3N/Kgcomb

Vi=Vg
Vi=

11.3633 m3N/Kgcomb

Participatiile componentelor
rCO2=VCO2*100/Vg
rCO2=

Presiunile partiale
PB=

13.3965 %

1.013 bar

0.133965
pCO2=PB*rCO2

rH2O=VH2O*100/Vg

pCO2=

rH2O= 8.602252 %

0.135707 bar

0.086023
pH2O=PB*rH2O

rSO2=VSO2*100/Vg

pH2O=

rSO2= 0.073968 %

0.00074
pSO2=

rO2= 2.611393 %

pO2=

rN2= 75.31589 %

bar

0.000749 bar

0.026114
pO2=PB*rO2

rN2=VN2*100/Vg

bar

0.087141 bar

pSO2=PB*rSO2
rO2=VO2*100/Vg

bar

bar
0.026453 bar

0.753159
pN2=PB*rN2
pN2=

ri=

pi=

bar
0.76295 bar

1.013 bar =

PB

ICO2

Nr. crt.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

IH20

Temp
[0C]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Volum
gaze de

[kJ/m N]

[kJ/m N]

ISO2

IO2

IN2
3

[kJ/m N]

[kJ/m N]

[kJ/m N]

0
170.04
357.52
558.89
771.84
994.29
1224.81
1462.03
1704.69
1951.99
2204.16
2458.20
2715.98
2977.51
3239.41
3502.41
3769.52
4036.63
4305.61
4574.60
4843.58

0
258.85
544.25
850.79
1174.96
1513.59
1864.51
2225.63
2595.02
2971.48
3355.36
3742.08
4134.49
4532.62
4931.30
5331.66
5738.28
6144.90
6554.36
6963.84
7373.31

0
150.54
304.48
462.70
626.13
794.82
968.90
1148.97
1334.66
1526.10
1722.98
1925.85
2131.30
2344.25
2559.07
2779.51
3001.78
3229.68
3459.45
3691.04
3926.43

0
147.1528
297.629
452.289
612.0417
776.9361
947.0992
1123.118
1304.629
1491.762
1684.212
1882.517
2083.345
2291.503
2501.49
2716.969
2934.238
3157.01
3381.61
3607.99
3838.083

0
181.38
377.70
587.28
806.94
1034.84
1267.59
1506.31
1746.91
1992.18
2237.80
2486.21
2734.67
2994.11
3245.35
3496.77
3750.80
4004.34
4260.04
4510.87
4770.68

0
1.524544
3.174663
4.936235
6.782532
8.698089
10.65441
12.66091
14.68322
16.74477
18.80927
20.89722
22.98559
25.16624
27.27798
29.39123
31.52641
33.65748
35.8067
37.91499
40.09876

0
131.78
267.11
406.84
551.04
698.98
850.27
1004.01
1159.99
1318.01
1477.56
1638.35
1800.71
1963.19
2127.60
2293.83
2460.11
2628.18
2798.16
2968.15
3138.13

0
39.10444
79.26231
120.7258
163.5158
207.4156
252.3094
297.9303
344.2158
391.1067
438.4517
486.1645
534.3433
582.5577
631.3448
680.6719
730.0139
779.887
830.327
880.7699
931.2098

0
130.03
260.77
393.20
528.24
666.28
807.13
950.97
1097.39
1246.27
1397.03
1549.66
1703.94
1859.91
2017.36
2174.27
2334.93
2493.71
2654.32
2814.98
2977.51

0
1112.845
2231.766
3365.15
4520.873
5702.27
6907.716
8138.752
9391.868
10666.04
11956.3
13262.56
14582.95
15917.8
17265.31
18608.2
19983.19
21342.09
22716.65
24091.64
25482.63

VCO2

1.5223

VH2O

0.977499

VSO2

0.008405

VO2

0.29674

VN2

8.558368

Calculul diagramei entalpie-temperatura

Pci=

37086.7 KJ/Kgcomb

Ig
[kJ/kg CB]
[kJ/m3N
CB]
0.00
1559.48
3156.08
4793.89
6478.17
8208.91
9982.29
11798.09
13650.42
15537.13
17453.13
19394.22
21358.11
23349.64
25356.72
27366.90
29417.25
31457.54
33518.75
35582.15
37665.32

Grafic
40000.00
35000.00

Entalpie KJ/KgCB

30000.00
25000.00
20000.00

Entalpie

15000.00
10000.00
5000.00
0.00

Temperatura oC

ttur=
tretur=
tgcos=

180 C

Qu=

Igcos= 2836.758 KJ/Kgcomb

90 C
o
70 C
0.7 Gcal/h

Pci= 37086.68 KJ/Kgcomb

Qu=
0.8141 MW
tc=
c c=

Pierderile specifice ale cazanului

20 C
o
1.79 KJ/Kg K

L= 10.83338 m3N/Kgcomb
q2= 7.648995 %=

0.07649

cpl=
tl=

q3=

0.5 %=

0.005

q4=

0 %=

q5= 5.284543 %=

0.052845

q6=

0 %=

3 o
N K

1.297 KJ/m
o
20 C

Randamentul termic al cazanului

= 86.56646 %

= 0.865665

Calculul consumului de combustibil

B= 0.025143 Kg/s

= 90.51455 Kg/h

Bilantul termic al cazanului

Fluxurile termice intrate
Qcc= 932.4678 KW
Qcs= 0.900117 KW

Qti= 940.4335 KW

QLs= 7.065612 KW

Fluxurile termice iesite

Qp2= 71.32441 KW

QTP= 125.2634 KW

Qp3= 4.662339 KW
Qp4=

0 KW

QTE= 939.3634 KW

Qp5= 49.27666 KW
Qp6=

0 KW

0.001139

= 0.113851

KJ/Kgcomb
[MJ/s]

m3N/Kgcomb

Entalpia teoretica de aredere(I0)

I0= 37218.06 KJ/Kgcomb
Temperatura teoretica de ardere
0
t0= 1978.53 C
Fluxul termic schimbat prin radiatie in focar
tf =

0
1000 C

If= 17453.13 KJ/Kgcomb

QR= 470.6869 KW

Bilantul termic al sistemului convectiv

QC= 343.4131 KW
Entalpia gazelor de ardere la iesirea din sistemul convectiv
IC= 3032.636 KJ/Kgcomb
0
tc= 192.2684 C

0
12.2684 C

Calculul termic al focarului

A. Calculul aproximativ al focarului

m2

SR=QR/(Co*(Tf4-Tp4)*10-8)

= 0.7
2 4
Co= 5.6695 W/m K

pentru lichid

Tf=tf+273,15
Tf=

0.9

Tp=(ttur+tretur)/2+(2030)+273,15
Tp=

1273.15 K

378.15 K

2
4.549506478 m

SR=

B. Predimensionarea geometrica a focarului pe baza suprafetei de

radiatie rezultate din calculul aproximativ
Cazan ignitubular
= 3.141593
Qu=0,50,6 Gcal/h

df=600700mm

Qu=0,60,8 Gcal/h

df=700800mm

df= 750

mm

Qu=0,81 Gcal/h

df=800900mm

lsam= 300

mm

SR=*df*lR+*df2/4
lR=

1.743370519

lF=

lR=(SR-*df2/4)/(*df)

m =

1.75 m

2
4.565126825 m

SR=
lF=lR+lsam

m2lR

m
2.05 m

Sper=*df*lF+*df2/4

m2

=SR/Sper
= 0.865922

Sper=

2
5.271985172 m

m3

Vf=*df2*lF/4
Vf=

3
0.905662257 m

s=3,6*Vf/Sper
s=

0.618435754 m

C. Calculul exact al focarului

SRex=(QR*((To/Tf-1)2/M2)1/3)/(f*Co**To3Tf10-8*M)
To=to+273,15
To=

m2

2251.679743 K

f=fl/(fl+(1-fl)*)

= 0.55

fl=*fl1+(1-)*fl2
fl1=1-e-(kg+kf)*p*s
fl2=1-e-kg*p*s
kg=((0,78+1,6*rH2O)/sqrt((pCO2+pH2+pSO2)*s)-0,1)*(1-0,37*Tf/1000)*(rCO2+rSO2+rH2O)
kf=0,03*(2-)*(1,6*Tf/1000-0,5)*x
x=c/h
x=

9.702380952

M=a-b*hrel
M=

0.42

kf=
kg=

0.380280164
0.276428294

fl1=

0.337285968

fl2=

0.159010018

hrel= 0.5
a= 0.52
b= 0.2

fl=

0.257061791

f=

0.285501074

SRex=

7.918662246

D. Eroarea de calcul
=2*SR-SRex/(SR+SRex)<=5%
=

0.537262429

lR=

3.173284638 m =

lF=

3.48

0.967672414

Vf=

3
1.537416905 m

53.7262 %

3.18

SRex1= 7.934485

2
8.199557 m

Sper=

s=

0.675 m

f=fl/(fl+(1-fl)*)
fl=*fl1+(1-)*fl2
fl1=1-e-(kg+kf)*p*s
fl2=1-e-kg*p*s
kg=((0,78+1,6*rH2O)/sqrt((pCO2+pH2+pSO2)*s)-0,1)*(1-0,37*Tf/1000)*(rCO2+rSO2+rH2O)
kf=0,03*(2-)*(1,6*Tf/1000-0,5)*x

x=c/h

x=

M=a-b*hrel
M=

0.42

kf=
kg=

0.380280164
0.264092849

fl1=

0.356353848

fl2=

0.172225709

9.702381

hrel= 0.5
a= 0.52
b= 0.2

fl= 0.273496
f= 0.280074

SRex2=

2
8.0721034 m

=2*SRex2-SRex1/(SRex1+SRex2)<=5%
=

0.01919122

1.91912 %

lR=(SR-*df2/4)/(*df)
lR=

3.238407086 m lR=

3.24 m

Cazan cu 2 drumuri convective

Bilantul termic a primului drum convectiv
ICI=If-QCI/(B*(1-q5))

QCI=nI*QC
QCI=

nI=0,60,75
240.3892 KW

ICI= 7358.784 KJ/Kgcomb

tCI=f(ICI)
o
tCI= 450.8806 C

Bilantul termic al celui de-al doilea drum convectiv

ICII=ICI-QCII/(B*(1-q5))
QCII= 103.0239 KW
ICII= 3032.636 KJ/Kgcomb
tCII=f(ICII)
o
tCII= 192.2684 C

tCII=tCtgcos
o
tC= 192.2684 C

tgcos=

o
180 C

nI= 0.7

Calculul sistemului convectiv

Cazane un
drum

Cazane cu 2 drumuir
convective

Cazane cu 3 drumuri convective

Convectiv I

Convectiv II

Convectiv I

Convectiv II Convectiv III

QC

QC

QCI

QCII

QCI

QCII

QCIII

t g'

tf

tf

tCI

tf

tCI

tCII

tg''

tgcos

tCI

tgcos

tCI

tCII

tgcos

Primul drum convectiv

1)

tmed
tmed=tmedCC*t=(tmax-tmin)/(ln(tmax/tmin))*t
tmax=tg'-ttur

t= 1

tmin=tg''-tretur
tmax=

910 K

tmin=

380.880645 K

tmed=
2)

607.513825 K

tmg=(tg'+tg'')/2
o
tmg= 725.440323 C

0.084938748 W/mK
=
Pr=

3)

-2
0.000117112 m /s
0.607455968

Calculul lui C
w=812 m/s

w=

12

m/s

Str=B*Vg*(tmg+273,15)/(w*273,15)
2
Str= 0.08704126 m

dTV=60x3,5
dech= 53

mm
mm

0.053 m

Str1=n**dech2/4

n=4*Str1/(*dech2)

n= 39.4533208

n 1=

40

2
Str1= 0.08824734 m

w= 11.8359962 m/s
lR<=lC<=lf

Re=w*dech/

lC=

3.24

Re= 5356.48929
Cl=3/(lC/dech)0,25

daca lC/dech<80

Cl=1

daca lC/dech>=80
lC/dech=

Re=1-6*105/Re1,8

61.13207547 <80 Cl=

Re=

1.072886967

0.883542673

Nu pentru regim tranzitoriu

Nu=0,0263*Re*Cl*Re0,8*Pr0,35
Nu= 20.1405637
W/m2K

C=Nu*/dech

2
C= 32.2776278 W/m K

4)

Calculul lui R
R=Co*10-8*(P+1)/2*g*Tmg3*(1-(Tper/Tmg)3,6)/(1-Tper/Tmg)
Co=
P=

2 4
5.6695 W/m K

0.82

g=1-e-kg*p*s
kg=[(0,78+1,6*rH2Ov)/sqrt((pCO2+pH2O+pSO2)*s)-0,1]*(1-0,37*Tmg/1000)*(rCO2+rH2O+rSO2)

s=0,9*dech

s=

0.0477

kg= 1.22269743
Tmg=tmg+273,15 K
Tmg= 998.590323 K
g= 0.05736946
2
R= 4.59983897 W/m K

1=*C+R

=1

W/m2K

2
1= 36.8774668 W/m K

m=0,0150,020 m2K/W

m=

0.02

K=1/(1/1+m) W/m2K
2
K= 21.2238387 W/m K

Sct1=QC/(K*tmed) m2
2
Sct1= 18.6438151 m

5)

Scg1=n**dech*lC m2
2
Scg1= 21.5789716 m

6)

Eroarea de calcul
=2*|-Sct1+Scg1|/(Sct1+Scg1)<=5%
= 14.5944962 %

1)

Sct1=Scg1QCI/(K*tmed)=n**dech*lC
n1= 34.5592281
Str1=n**dech2/4
Str1=

2
0.07721642 m

n1=QCI/(K*tmed**dech*lC)
n 1=

35

2)

w=B*Vg*(tmg+273,15)/(Str*273,15)
w= 13.5268528
Re=w*dech/
Re= 6121.70205
Cl= 1.07288697
Re=1-6*105/Re1,8
Re= 0.90842408
Nu=0,0263*Re*Cl*Re0,8*Pr0,35
Nu= 23.0423243
C=Nu*/dech

W/m2K

2
C= 36.9280413 W/m K

3)

Calculul lui R
R=Co*10-8*(P+1)/2*g*Tmg3*(1-(Tper/Tmg)3,6)/(1-Tper/Tmg)
2
R= 4.59983897 W/m K

1=*C+R
2
1= 41.5278803 W/m K

m=0,0150,020 m2K/W

m=

0.02

K=1/(1/1+m) W/m2K
2
K= 22.6859183 W/m K

Sct2=QCI/(K*tmed) m2
2
Sct2= 17.4422441 m

Scg2=n**dech*lC m2

Scg2=

2
18.88160017 m

4)

Eroarea de calcul
=2*|-Sct2+Scg2|/(Sct2+Scg2)*100<=5%
= 7.92513097 %

Al doilea drum convectiv

1)

tmed
tmed=tmedCC*t=(tmax-tmin)/(ln(tmax/tmin))*t
tmax=tg'-ttur

t= 1

tmin=tg''-tretur
tmax=

360.880645 K

tmin=

110 K

tmed=
2)

211.1671 K

tmg=(tg'+tg'')/2
o
tmg= 225.440323 C

0.042211547 W/mK
=
Pr=

3)

-2
0.00003611 m /s
0.664911935

Calculul lui C
w=812 m/s

w=

10

m/s

Str2=B*Vg*(tmg+273,15)/(w*273,15)
2
Str= 0.05215103 m

dTV=60x3,5
dech=

mm
53 mm

Str2=n**dech2/4
n2= 23.638575
Str=

0.053 m

n=4*Str2/(*dech2)

n2=

24

2
0.0529484 m w=

9.849406452 m/s

Re=w*dech/
Re= 14678.4958

lcovII=lconvI+lcamera
lcamera=400600 mm
lcovII=

Cl=3/(lC/dech)0,25

3.84 m

daca lC/dech<80

Cl=1

daca lC/dech>=80
72.45283019 <80 Cl=

lC/dech=
Re=1-6*105/Re1,8

Re=

1.028270594

0.981027505

Nu pentru regim turbulent stabilizat

Nu=0,0263*Cl*Re0,8*Pr0,35
Nu= 50.5098237
C=Nu*/dech

W/m2K

2
C= 40.2282601 W/m K

R = 0
1=*C+R
2
1= 40.2282601 W/m K

m=0,0150,020 m2K/W

m=

0.005

K=1/(1/1+m) W/m2K
2
K= 33.4916967 W/m K

Sct'1=QCII/(K*tmed) m2
2
Sct'1= 14.5671535 m

Scg'1=n2**dech*lC m2

Scg'1=

2
15.34504648 m

Eroarea de calcul
=2*|Sct'1-Scg'1|/(Sct'1+Scg'1)*100<=5%
= -5.2011751 %

Nr. Crt.

Temperatura
o

Gaze de ardere
*106
*10
Pr
W/mK
m-2/s
2

2.28

12.2

0.72

100

3.13

21.5

0.69

200

4.01

32.8

0.67

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

300
400
500
600

4.84
5.7
6.56
7.42

45.8
60.4
76.3
93.6

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62

700
800

8.27
9.15

112.1
131.8

0.61
0.6

900
1000

10.01
10.9

152.5
174.3

0.59
0.58