OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

CONTENTS

1. 2. 3. %. ). *.

Introduction Light Optica !i"#r $ !i"#r ca" # Fi"#r optic co&pon#nt and '('t#& In'ta ation t#'ting $ r#pairing Conc u'ion

INTRODUCTION
1. In thi' pap#r &#ntion#d und#r topic o! ight+ ha,# !i,# charact#ri'tic'. Tho'# ar#

r#! #ction+ r#!raction+ di!!raction+ a"'orption and 'catt#ring. 2. Fi"#r-optic charact#ri'tic' can "# c a''i!i#d a' in#ar and non in#ar. Lin#ar

charact#ri'tic' inc ud# att#nuation+ chro&atic di'p#r'ion .C/0+ po ari1ation &od# di'p#r'ion .PM/0+ and optica 'igna -to-noi'# ratio .O2NR0. Non in#ar charact#ri'tic' inc ud# '# !-pha'# &odu ation .2PM0+ cro''-pha'# &odu ation .3PM0+ !our-4a,# &i5ing .F6M0+ 'ti&u at#d Ra&an 'catt#ring .2R20+ and 'ti&u at#d Bri ouin 'catt#ring .2B20. 3. Optica !i"#r ha' !our c a''i!ication'. Tho'# ar# 'ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 optica !i"#r+

&u ti-&od# 't#p-ind#5 optica !i"#r and &u ti&od# grad#d-ind#5 optica !i"#r. Optical fiber has primarily four losses. Those are absorption o''#'+ 'catt#ring o''#'+ di'p#r'ion+ radiation o''#'. %. An optica !i"#r ca" # i' a ca" # containing on# or &or# optica !i"#r'. Th# optica

!i"#r # #&#nt' ar# t(pica ( indi,idua ( coat#d 4ith p a'tic a(#r' and contain#d in a prot#cti,# tu"# 'uita" # !or th# #n,iron&#nt 4h#r# th# ca" # 4i "# d#p o(#d.

LIG T

Reflection ). R#! #ct#d 4a,#' ar# 'i&p ( tho'# 4a,#' that ar# n#ith#r tran'&itt#d nor a"'or"#d+ "ut

r#! #ct#d !ro& th# 'ur!ac# o! th# &#diu& th#( #ncount#r. 6h#n a 4a,# approach#' a r#! #cting 'ur!ac#+ 'uch a' a &irror+ th# 4a,# that 'tri7#' th# 'ur!ac# i' ca ing th# incid#nt 4a,#+ and th# on# that "ounc#' "ac7 i' ca #d th# r#! #ct#d 4a,#. I&aginar( in# p#rp#ndicu ar to th# point at 4hich th# incid#nt 4a,# 'tri7#' th# r#! #cting 'ur!ac# i' ca #d th# nor&a + or th# p#rp#ndicu ar. Th# ang # "#t4##n th# incid#nt 4a,# and th# nor&a i' ca #d th# ang # o! incid#nc#. *. Th# ang # "#t4##n th# r#! #ct#d 4a,# and th# nor&a i' ca #d th# an!le of reflection.

Refraction ". R#!raction &#an' th# "#nding o! a 4a,# r#'u ting !ro& a chang# in it' ,# ocit( a' it'

&o,#' !ro& on# &#diu& to anoth#r. 2inc# th# !r#8u#nc( o! a 4a,# cannot chang#+ ind#p#nd#nt o! th# 'ourc# changing it' !r#8u#nc( 4h#n it origina ( #&it' a 4a,#+ thi' chang# in 4a,# ,# ocit( &u't r#'u t !ro& a chang# in it' 4a,# #ngth in th# '#cond &#diu&. Diffraction 9. /i!!raction i' th# ' ight "#nding o! ight a' it pa''#' around th# #dg# o! an o":#ct. Th#

a&ount o! "#nding d#p#nd' on th# r# ati,# 'i1# o! th# 4a,# #ngth o! ight to th# 'i1# o! th# op#ning. I! th# op#ning i' &uch arg#r than th# ight;' 4a,# #ngth+ th# "#nding 4i "# a &o't unnotic#a" #. <o4#,#r+ i! th# t4o ar# c o'#r in 'i1# or #8ua + th# a&ount o! "#nding i' con'id#ra" #+ and #a'i ( '##n 4ith th# na7#d #(#. %

#bsorption =. Th# a"'orption o! ight &a7#' an o":#ct dar7 or opa8u# to th# 4a,# #ngth' or co or'

o! th# inco&ing 4a,#. 6ood i' opa8u# to ,i'i" # ight. 2o&# &at#ria ' ar# opa8u# to 'o&# 4a,# #ngth' o! ight+ "ut tran'par#nt to oth#r'. > a'' and 4at#r ar# opa8u# to u tra,io #t ight+ "ut tran'par#nt to ,i'i" # ight. B( 4hich 4a,# #ngth' o! ight ar# a"'or"#d "( a &at#ria th# &at#ria co&po'ition and prop#rti#' can "# und#r'tood. 1?. Anoth#r &ann#r that th# a"'orption o! ight i' appar#nt i' "( th#ir co or. I! a &at#ria or &att#r a"'or"' ight o! c#rtain 4a,# #ngth' or co or' o! th# 'p#ctru&+ an o"'#r,#r 4i not '## th#'# co or' in th# r#! #ct#d ight. On th# oth#r hand i! c#rtain 4a,# #ngth' o! co or' ar# r#! #ct#d !ro& th# &at#ria + an o"'#r,#r 4i '## th#& and '## th# &at#ria in tho'# co or'. For #5a&p #+ th# #a,#' o! gr##n p ant' contain a pig&#nt ca #d ch oroph( + 4hich a"'or"' th# " u# and r#d co or' o! th# 'p#ctru& and r#! #ct' th# gr##n. L#a,#' th#r#!or# app#ar gr##n. Scatterin! 11. 2catt#ring i' a g#n#ra ph('ica proc#'' 4h#r# 'o&# !or&' o! radiation+ 'uch

a' ight+ 'ound+ or &o,ing partic #'+ ar# !orc#d to d#,iat# !ro& a 'traight tra:#ctor( "( on# or &or# oca i1#d non-uni!or&iti#' in th# &#diu& through 4hich th#( pa''. 6h#n an # #ctro&agn#tic 4a,# i' incid#nt on a rough 'ur!ac#+ th# 4a,# i' not 'o &uch r#! #ct#d a' @'catt#r#dA. 2catt#ring i' th# proc#'' "( 4hich '&a partic #' 'u'p#nd#d in a &#diu& o! a di!!#r#nt ind#5 o! r#!raction di!!u'# a portion o! th# incid#nt radiation in a 4a,# #ngth o! th# 'igna or #''. dir#ction'. 2catt#ring occur' 4h#n inco&ing 'igna hit' an o":#ct 4ho'# 'i1# in th# ord#r o! th#

O$TIC#L %I&ER ' %I&ER C#&LE

%iber(Optic Characteristics 12. Optica -!i"#r '('t#&' ha,# &an( ad,antag#' o,#r &#ta ic-"a'#d co&&unication

'('t#&'. Th#'# ad,antag#' inc ud# int#r!#r#nc#+ att#nuation+ and "and4idth charact#ri'tic'. Furth#r&or#+ th# r# ati,# ( '&a #r cro'' '#ction o! !i"#r-optic ca" #' a o4' roo& !or 'u"'tantia gro4th o! th# capacit( in #5i'ting conduit'.

Interference 13. Light 'igna ' tra,# ing ,ia a !i"#r-optic ca" # ar# i&&un# !ro& # #ctro&agn#tic

int#r!#r#nc# .EMI0 and radio-!r#8u#nc( int#r!#r#nc# .RFI0. Lightning and high-,o tag# int#r!#r#nc# i' a 'o # i&inat#d. A !i"#r n#t4or7 i' "#'t !or condition' in 4hich EMI or RFI int#r!#r#nc# i' h#a,( or 'a!# op#ration !r## !ro& 'par7' and 'tatic i' a &u't. Thi' d#'ira" # prop#rt( o! !i"#r-optic ca" # &a7#' it th# &#diu& o! choic# in indu'tria and "io&#dica n#t4or7'. It i' a 'o po''i" # to p ac# !i"#r ca" # into natura -ga' pip# in#' and u'# th# pip# in#' a' th# conduit. Linear Characteristics Att#nuation 1%. 2#,#ra !actor' can cau'# att#nuation+ "ut it i' g#n#ra ( cat#gori1#d a' #ith#r intrin'ic

or #5trin'ic. Intrin'ic att#nuation i' cau'#d "( 'u"'tanc#' inh#r#nt ( pr#'#nt in th# !i"#r+ 4h#r#a' #5trin'ic att#nuation i' cau'#d "( #5t#rna !orc#' 'uch a' "#nding. Th# att#nuation co#!!ici#nt i' #5pr#''#d in d#ci"# ' p#r 7i o&#t#r and r#pr#'#nt' th# o'' in d#ci"# ' p#r 7i o&#t#r o! !i"#r. Intrin'ic Att#nuation 1). Intrin'ic att#nuation r#'u t' !ro& &at#ria ' inh#r#nt to th# !i"#r. It i' cau'#d "(

i&puriti#' in th# g a'' during th# &anu!acturing proc#''. A' pr#ci'# a' &anu!acturing i'+ th#r# i' no 4a( to # i&inat# a i&puriti#'. 6h#n a ight 'igna hit' an i&purit( in th# !i"#r+ on# o! t4o thing' occur'B It 'catt#r' or it i' a"'or"#d. Intrin'ic o'' can "# !urth#r charact#ri1#d "( t4o co&pon#nt'B 1. 2. Mat#ria a"'orption Ra( #igh 'catt#ring

Mat#ria A"'orption 1*. Mat#ria a"'orption occur' a' a r#'u t o! th# i&p#r!#ction and i&puriti#' in th# !i"#r.

Th# &o't co&&on i&purit( i' th# h(dro5( .O<-0 &o #cu #+ 4hich r#&ain' a' a r#'idu# d#'pit# 'tring#nt &anu!acturing t#chni8u#'. Th# thr## principa 4indo4' o! op#ration inc ud# th# 9)?-n&+ 131?-n&+ and 1))?-n& 4a,# #ngth "and'. Th#'# corr#'pond to 4a,# #ngth r#gion' in 4hich att#nuation i' o4 and &atch#d to th# capa"i it( o! a tran'&itt#r to g#n#rat# ight #!!ici#nt ( and a r#c#i,#r to carr( out d#t#ction. Ra( #igh 'catt#ring 1C. A' ight tra,# ' in th# cor#+ it int#ract' 4ith th# 'i ica &o #cu #' in th# cor#. Ra( #igh

'catt#ring i' th# r#'u t o! th#'# # a'tic co i'ion' "#t4##n th# ight 4a,# and th# 'i ica &o #cu #' in th# !i"#r. Ra( #igh 'catt#ring account' !or a"out =* p#rc#nt o! att#nuation in optica !i"#r. I! th# 'catt#r#d ight &aintain' an ang # that 'upport' !or4ard tra,# 4ithin th# cor#+ no att#nuation occur'. I! th# ight i' 'catt#r#d at an ang # that do#' not 'upport continu#d !or4ard tra,# + ho4#,#r+ th# ight i' di,#rt#d out o! th# cor# and att#nuation occur'. /#p#nding on th# incid#nt ang #+ 'o&# portion o! th# ight propagat#' !or4ard and th# oth#r part d#,iat#' out o! th# propagation path and #'cap#' !ro& th# !i"#r cor#. 2o&# 'catt#r#d ight i' r#! #ct#d "ac7 to4ard th# ight 'ourc#. Thi' i' a prop#rt( that i' u'#d in an optica ti&# do&ain r#! #ct &#t#r .OT/R0 to t#'t !i"#r'. Th# 'a&# princip # app i#' to ana (1ing o'' a''ociat#d 4ith oca i1#d #,#nt' in th# !i"#r+ 'uch a' 'p ic#'. 19. 2hort 4a,# #ngth' ar# 'catt#r#d &or# than ong#r 4a,# #ngth'. An( 4a,# #ngth that

i' "# o4 9?? n& i' unu'a" # !or optica co&&unication "#cau'# att#nuation du# to Ra( #igh 'catt#ring i' high. At th# 'a&# ti&#+ propagation a"o,# 1C?? n& i' not po''i" # du# to high o''#' r#'u ting !ro& in!rar#d a"'orption.

E5trin'ic Att#nuation 1=. E5trin'ic att#nuation can "# cau'#d "( t4o #5t#rna &#chani'&'B &acro "#nding or

&icro "#nding. Both cau'# a r#duction o! optica po4#r. I! a "#nd i' i&po'#d on an optica !i"#r+ 'train i' p ac#d on th# !i"#r a ong th# r#gion that i' "#nt. Th# "#nding 'train a!!#ct' th# r#!racti,# ind#5 and th# critica ang # o! th# ight ra( in that 'p#ci!ic ar#a. A' a r#'u t+ ight tra,# ing in th# cor# can r#!ract out+ and o'' occur'. 2?. A &acro "#nd i' a arg#-'ca # "#nd that i' ,i'i" #+ and th# o'' i' g#n#ra ( r#,#r'i" #

a!t#r "#nd' ar# corr#ct#d. To pr#,#nt &acro "#nd'+ a optica !i"#r ha' a &ini&u& "#nd radiu' 'p#ci!ication that 'hou d not "# #5c##d#d. Thi' i' a r#'triction on ho4 &uch "#nd a !i"#r can 4ith'tand "#!or# #5p#ri#ncing pro" #&' in optica p#r!or&anc# or &#chanica r# ia"i it(. Chro&atic /i'p#r'ion 21. Chro&atic di'p#r'ion i' th# 'pr#ading o! a ight pu '# a' it tra,# ' do4n a !i"#r. Light

ha' a dua natur# and can "# con'id#r#d !ro& an # #ctro&agn#tic 4a,# a' 4# a' 8uantu& p#r'p#cti,#. Thi' #na" #' u' to 8uanti!( it a' 4a,#' a' 4# a' 8uantu& partic #'. /uring th# propagation o! ight+ a o! it' 'p#ctra co&pon#nt' propagat# according (. Th#'# 'p#ctra co&pon#nt' tra,# at di!!#r#nt group ,# ociti#' that #ad to di'p#r'ion ca #d group velocity dispersion (GVD). /i'p#r'ion r#'u ting !ro& >D/ i' t#r&#d chromatic dispersion du# to it' 4a,# #ngth d#p#nd#nc#. Th# #!!#ct o! chro&atic di'p#r'ion i' pu '# 'pr#ad. Po ari1ation Mod# /i'p#r'ion 22. Po ari1ation &od# di'p#r'ion .PM/0 i' cau'#d "( a'(&&#tric di'tortion' to th# !i"#r

!ro& a p#r!#ct c( indrica g#o&#tr(. Th# !i"#r i' not tru ( a c( indrica 4a,#guid#+ "ut it can "# "#'t d#'cri"#d a' an i&p#r!#ct c( ind#r 4ith ph('ica di&#n'ion' that ar# not p#r!#ct ( con'tant. Th# &#chanica 'tr#'' #5#rt#d upon th# !i"#r du# to #5trin'ica ( induc#d "#nd' and 'tr#''#' cau'#d during ca" ing+ d#p o(&#nt+ and 'p icing a' 4# g#o&#tr(. a' th# i&p#r!#ction' r#'u ting !ro& th# &anu!acturing proc#'' ar# th# r#a'on' !or th# ,ariation' in th# c( indrica

23.

2ing #-&od# optica !i"#r and co&pon#nt' 'upport on# !unda&#nta &od#+ 4hich

con'i't' o! t4o orthogona po ari1ation &od#'. Thi' a'(&&#tr( introduc#' '&a r#!racti,# ind#5 di!!#r#nc#' !or th# t4o po ari1ation 'tat#'. Thi' charact#ri'tic i' 7no4n a' birefringence. Bir#!ring#nc# cau'#' on# po ari1ation &od# to tra,# !a't#r than th# oth#r+ r#'u ting in a di!!#r#nc# in th# propagation ti&#+ 4hich i' ca #d th# differential group delay (DGD). />/ i' th# unit that i' u'#d to d#'cri"# PM/. />/ i' t(pica ( &#a'ur#d in pico'#cond'. A !i"#r that ac8uir#' "ir#!ring#nc# cau'#' a propagating pu '# to o'# th# "a anc# "#t4##n th# po ari1ation co&pon#nt'. Optica 2igna -to-Noi'# Ratio 2%. Th# optica 'igna -to-noi'# ratio .O2NR0 'p#ci!i#' th# ratio o! th# n#t 'igna po4#r to

th# n#t noi'# po4#r and thu' id#nti!i#' th# 8ua it( o! th# 'igna . Att#nuation can "# co&p#n'at#d !or "( a&p i!(ing th# optica 'igna . <o4#,#r+ optica a&p i!i#r' a&p i!( th# 'igna a' 4# a' th# noi'#. O,#r ti&# and di'tanc#+ th# r#c#i,#r' cannot di'tingui'h th# 'igna !ro& th# noi'#+ and th# 'igna i' co&p #t# ( o't. R#g#n#ration h# p' &itigat# th#'# und#'ira" # #!!#ct' "#!or# th#( can r#nd#r th# '('t#& unu'a" # and #n'ur#' that th# 'igna can "# d#t#ct#d at th# r#c#i,#r. Optica a&p i!i#r' add a c#rtain a&ount o! noi'# to th# chann# . Acti,# d#,ic#'+ 'uch a' a'#r'+ a 'o add noi'#. Pa''i,# d#,ic#'+ 'uch a' tap' and th# !i"#r+ can a 'o add noi'# co&pon#nt'. In th# ca cu ation o! '('t#& d#'ign+ ho4#,#r+ optica a&p i!i#r noi'# i' con'id#r#d th# pr#do&inant 'ourc# !or O2NR p#na t( and d#gradation. Nonlinear Characteristics 2# !-Pha'# Modu ation 2). Pha'# &odu ation o! an optica 'igna "( it'# ! i' 7no4n a' self-phase modulation

(SPM). 2PM i' pri&ari ( du# to th# '# !-&odu ation o! th# pu '#'. >#n#ra (+ 2PM occur' in 'ing #-4a,# #ngth '('t#&'. At high "it rat#'+ ho4#,#r+ 2PM t#nd' to canc# di'p#r'ion. 2PM incr#a'#' 4ith high 'igna po4#r #,# '. In !i"#r p ant d#'ign+ a 'trong input 'igna h# p' o,#rco&# in#ar att#nuation and di'p#r'ion o''#'. <o4#,#r+ con'id#ration &u't "# gi,#n to r#c#i,#r 'aturation and to non in#ar #!!#ct' 'uch a' 2PM+ 4hich occur' 4ith high 'igna #,# '. 2PM r#'u t' in pha'# 'hi!t and a non in#ar pu '# 'pr#ad.

Cro''-Pha'# Modu ation 2*. Cro''-pha'# &odu ation .3PM0 i' a non in#ar #!!#ct that i&it' '('t#& p#r!or&anc# in

4a,# #ngth-di,i'ion &u tip #5#d .6/M0 '('t#&'. 3PM i' th# pha'# &odu ation o! a 'igna cau'#d "( an ad:ac#nt 'igna 4ithin th# 'a&# !i"#r. 3PM i' r# at#d to th# co&"ination .di'p#r'ionE#!!#cti,# ar#a0. CPM r#'u t' !ro& th# di!!#r#nt carri#r !r#8u#nci#' o! ind#p#nd#nt chann# '+ inc uding th# a''ociat#d pha'# 'hi!t' on on# anoth#r. Th# induc#d pha'# 'hi!t i' du# to th# al!over #!!#ct+ 4h#r#"( t4o pu '#' at di!!#r#nt "it rat#' or 4ith di!!#r#nt group ,# ociti#' 4a 7 acro'' #ach oth#r. A' a r#'u t+ th# ' o4#r pu '# '##' th# 4a 7o,#r and induc#' a pha'# 'hi!t. Th# tota pha'# 'hi!t d#p#nd' on th# n#t po4#r o! a th# chann# ' and on th# "it output o! th# chann# '. Ma5i&u& pha'# 'hi!t i' produc#d 4h#n "it' "# onging to highpo4#r#d ad:ac#nt chann# ' 4a 7 acro'' #ach oth#r. Four-6a,# Mi5ing 2C. F6M can "# co&par#d to th# int#r&odu ation di'tortion in 'tandard # #ctrica

'('t#&'. 6h#n thr## 4a,# #ngth' ."1+ " 2+ and " 30 int#ract in a non in#ar &#diu&+ th#( gi,# ri'# to a !ourth 4a,# #ngth ." %0+ 4hich i' !or&#d "( th# 'catt#ring o! th# thr## incid#nt photon'+ producing th# !ourth photon. Thi' #!!#ct i' 7no4n a' four- ave mi#ing .F6M0 and i' a !i"#r-optic charact#ri'tic that a!!#ct' 6/M '('t#&'. 2ti&u at#d Ra&an 2catt#ring 29. 6h#n ight propagat#' through a &#diu&+ th# photon' int#ract 4ith 'i ica &o #cu #'

during propagation. Th# photon' a 'o int#ract 4ith th#&'# ,#' and cau'# 'catt#ring #!!#ct'+ 'uch a' 'ti&u at#d Ra&an 'catt#ring .2R20+ in th# !or4ard and r#,#r'# dir#ction' o! propagation a ong th# !i"#r. Thi' r#'u t' in a 'poradic di'tri"ution o! #n#rg( in a rando& dir#ction. 2=. 2R2 r#!#r' to o4#r 4a,# #ngth' pu&ping up th# a&p itud# o! high#r 4a,# #ngth'+

4hich r#'u t' in th# high#r 4a,# #ngth' 'uppr#''ing 'igna ' !ro& th# o4#r 4a,# #ngth'. On# 4a( to &itigat# th# #!!#ct' o! 2R2 i' to o4#r th# input po4#r. In 2R2+ a o4-4a,# #ngth 4a,# ca #d Sto!e$s ave i' g#n#rat#d du# to th# 'catt#ring o! #n#rg(. Thi' 4a,# a&p i!i#' th# high#r 4a,# #ngth'.

1?

2ti&u at#d Bri ouin 2catt#ring 3?. 2ti&u at#d Bri ouin 'catt#ring .2B20 i' du# to th# acou'tic prop#rti#' o! photon

int#raction 4ith th# &#diu&. 6h#n ight propagat#' through a &#diu&+ th# photon' int#ract 4ith 'i ica &o #cu #' during propagation. Th# photon' a 'o int#ract 4ith th#&'# ,#' and cau'# 'catt#ring #!!#ct' 'uch a' 2B2 in th# r#,#r'# dir#ction o! propagation a ong th# !i"#r. In 2B2+ a o4-4a,# #ngth 4a,# ca #d Sto!e$s ave i' g#n#rat#d du# to th# 'catt#ring o! #n#rg(. Thi' 4a,# a&p i!i#' th# high#r 4a,# #ngth'. Th# gain o"tain#d "( u'ing 'uch a 4a,# !or&' th# "a'i' o! Bri ouin a&p i!ication. Th# Bri ouin gain p#a7' in a narro4 p#a7 n#ar th# C"and. 2B2 i' pronounc#d at high "it rat#' and high po4#r #,# '. Th# &argin d#'ign r#8uir#&#nt to account !or 2R2E2B2 i' ?.) dB.

Optical fiber classification

31.

A t#chno og( that u'#' g a'' .or p a'tic0 thr#ad' .!i"#r'0 to tran'&it data. A !i"#r optic

ca" # con'i't' o! a "und # o! g a'' thr#ad'+ #ach o! 4hich i' capa" # o! tran'&itting &#''ag#' &odu at#d onto ight 4a,#'. 32. Fi"#r optic' ha' '#,#ra ad,antag#' o,#r traditiona &#ta co&&unication' in#'B 1. 2. 3. %. Fi"#r optic ca" #' ha,# a &uch gr#at#r "and4idth than &#ta ca" #'. Thi' Fi"#r optic ca" #' ar# #'' 'u'c#pti" # than &#ta ca" #' to int#r!#r#nc#. Fi"#r optic ca" #' ar# &uch thinn#r and ight#r than &#ta 4ir#'. /ata can "# tran'&itt#d digita ( .th# natura !or& !or co&put#r data0 rath#r

&#an' that th#( can carr( &or# data.

than ana ogica (. 11

33. 33.

Th# &ain di'ad,antag# o! !i"#r optic' i' that th# ca" #' ar# #5p#n'i,# to in'ta . In Fi"#r optic' i' a particu ar ( popu ar t#chno og( !or oca -ar#a n#t4or7'. In addition+

addition+ th#( ar# &or# !ragi # than 4ir# and ar# di!!icu t to 'p ic#. t# #phon# co&pani#' ar# 't#adi ( r#p acing traditiona t# #phon# in#' 4ith !i"#r optic ca" #'. In th# !utur#+ a &o't a co&&unication' 4i #&p o( !i"#r optic'.

2ing e(mo)e Step(in)e* Optical %iber 3%. 2ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r' ar# th# do&inant !i"#r' u'#d in toda(F'

t# #co&&unication' and data n#t4or7ing indu'tri#'. A 'ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r ha' a c#ntra cor# that i' 'igni!icant ( '&a #r in dia&#t#r than an( o! th# &u ti&od# ca" #'. In !act+ th# dia&#t#r i' 'u!!ici#nt ( '&a that th#r# i' #''#ntia ( on ( on# path that ight &a( ta7# a' it propagat#' do4n th# ca" #. In th# 'i&p #'t !or& o! 'ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r+ th# out'id# c adding i' 'i&p ( air. Con'#8u#nt (+ a 'ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r ha' a 4id# #5t#rna acc#ptanc# ang #+ 4hich &a7#' it r# ati,# ( #a'( to coup # ight into th# ca" # !ro& an #5t#rna 'ourc#. <o4#,#r+ thi' t(p# o! !i"#r i' ,#r( 4#a7 and di!!icu t to 'p ic# or t#r&inat#.

Mu ti(mo)e Step(in)e* Optical %iber 3). Mu ti&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r' ar# 'i&i ar to th# 'ing #-&od# 't#p-ind#5 !i"#r' #5c#pt

th# c#nt#r cor# i' &uch arg#r 4ith th# &u ti&od# con!iguration. Thi' t(p# o! !i"#r ha' arg# ight-to !i"#r ap#rtur# and+ con'#8u#nt (+ a o4' &or# #5t#rna ight to #nt#r th# ca" #. Th# ight ra(' that 'tri7# th# cor#E c adding int#r!ac# at an ang # gr#at#r than th# critica ang # ar# propagat#d do4n th# cor# in 1ig1ag !a'hion+ continuou' ( r#! #cting o!! th# int#r!ac# "oundar(. Light ra(' that 'tri7# th# cor#E c adding int#r!ac# at an ang # #'' than th# critica

12

ang # #nt#r th# c adding and ar# o't. A' a r#'u t+ not a

ight ra(' !o o4 th# 'a&# path and+

con'#8u#nt (+ o not ta7# th# 'a&# a&ount o! ti&# to tra,# th# #ngth o! th# ca" #. Mu ti&od# >rad#d-ind#5 Optical %iber 3*. A c#ntra cor# 4ith a non-uni!or& r#!racti,# ind#5 charact#ri1#' &u ti&od# grad#d-

ind#5 !i"#r'. Thu'+ th# ca" #F' d#n'it( i' &a5i&u& th# c#nt#r and d#cr#a'#' gradua ( to4ard th# out#r #dg#. Light ra(' propagat# do4n thi' t(p# o! !i"#r through r#!raction rath#r than r#! #ction. A' a ight propagat#' diagona ( acro'' th# cor# to4ard th# c#nt#r+ it i' continua ( int#r'#cting a #'' d#n'# to &or# d#n'# int#r!ac#. Con'#8u#nt (+ th# ight ra(' ar# con'tant ( "#ing r#!ract#d+ 4hich r#'u t' in a continuou' "#nding o! th# ight ra('. Light #nt#r' th# !i"#r at &an( di!!#r#nt ang #'. A' th# ight ra(' propagat# do4n th# !i"#r+ th# ra(' tra,# ing in th# out#r&o't ar#a o! th# !i"#r tra,# a gr#at#r di'tanc# than th# ra(' tra,# ing n#ar th# c#nt#r.

Losses in %iber Optics A"'orption Lo''#' 3C. A"'orption o''#' in optica !i"#r' ana ogou' to po4#r di''ipation in copp#r ca" #'G

i&puriti#' in th# !i"#r a"'or" th# ight and con,#rt it to h#at. Th# u trapur# g a'' u'#d to &anu!actur# optica !i"#r' i' appro5i&at# ( ==.==== Hpur#. 2ti a"'orption o''#' "#t4##n 1 dBE7& and 1??? dBE7& ar# t(pica . E''#ntia (+ th#r# ar# thr## !actor' that contri"ut# to th# a"'orption o''#' in optica !i"#r'B u tra,io #t a"'orption+ in!rar#d a"'orption+ and ion r#'onanc# a"'orption. Mat#ria + or Ra( #igh+ 2catt#ring Lo''#' 39. /uring &anu!acturing+ g a'' i' dra4n into ong !i"#r' o! ,#r( '&a dia&#t#r. /uring ight ra('

thi' proc#''+ th# g a'' i' in a p a'tic 'tat#. Th# t#n'ion app i#d to th# g a''#' cau'#' th# coo ing g a'' to d#,# op p#r&an#nt 'u"&icro'copic irr#gu ariti#'. 6h#n propagating do4n a !i"#r 'tri7# on# o! th#'# i&puriti#'+ th#( ar# di!!ract#d. /i!!raction cau'#' th# ight to di'p#r'# or 'pr#ad out in &an( dir#ction'. 2o&# o! th# di!!ract#d ight continu#' do4n th# !i"#r+ and 'o&# o! it #'cap#' through th# c adding. Th# ight ra('F #'cap#' r#pr#'#nt o'' in ight po4#r.

13

Chro&atic+ or 6a,# #ngth+ /i'p#r'ion 3=. Light-#&itting diod#' #&it ight containing &an( 4a,# #ngth'. Each 4a,# #ngth

4ithin th# co&po'it# ight 'igna tra,# ' at a di!!#r#nt ,# ocit( 4h#n propagating through g a''. Con'#8u#nt (+ ight ra(' that ar# 'i&u tan#ou' ( #&itt#d !ro& an LE/ and propagat#d do4n an optica !i"#r do not arri,# at th# !ar #nd o! th# !i"#r at th# 'a&# ti&#+ r#'u ting in an i&pair&#nt ca #d chro&atic di'tortion. Chro&atic di'tortion can "# # i&inat#d "( u'ing a &onochro&ic ight 'ourc# 'uch a' an in:#ction a'#r diod#. Chro&atic di'tortion occur' on ( in !i"#r' 4ith a 'ing # &od# o! tran'&i''ion. Radiation Lo''#' %?. Radiation o''#' ar# cau'#d &ain ( "( '&a "#nd' and 7in7' in th# !i"#r. E''#ntia (+

th#r# ar# t4o t(p#' o! "#nd'B &icro "#nd' and con'tant-radiu' "#nd'. Micro "#nding occur' "#cau'# o! di!!#r#nc#' in th#r&a contraction rat#' "#t4##n th# cor# and th# c adding &at#ria . A &icro "#nd i' a &iniatur# "#nd or g#o&#tric i&p#r!#ction a ong th# a5i' o! th# !i"#r and r#pr#'#nt' a di'continuit( in th# !i"#r 4h#r# Ra( #igh 'catt#ring can occur. Micro "#nding o''#' g#n#ra ( contri"ut# #'' than 2?H o! th# tota att#nuation in a !i"#r con'tantradiu' "#nd' ar# cau'#d "( #5c#''i,# pr#''ur# and t#n'ion and g#n#ra ( occur 4h#n !i"#r' ar# "#nt during hand ing or in'ta ation.

%I&ER O$TIC CO+$ONENT #ND S,STE+

%iber Optic Cable-s Component Optica Fi"#r %1. Th# optica !i"#r i' g a'' and con'i't' o! a >#r&ania-dop#d 'i ica cor# 'urround#d "(

conc#ntric 'i ica c adding. That a !i"#r in th# "u!!#r tu"# i' u'a" # !i"#r that co&p i#' 4ith att#nuation r#8uir#&#nt'. Fi"#r' do not adh#r# to #ach oth#r. That th# !i"#r i' !r## o! 'ur!ac# i&p#r!#ction' and inc u'ion'. Fi"#r optic cor# g a'' i' !ro& th# 'a&# &anu!actur#r.

1%

6at#r B oc7ing Co&pound %2. En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # contain' a dr( 4at#r-" oc7ing &at#ria to pr#,#nt th# ingr#'' o! 4at#r 4ithin th# out#r ca" # :ac7#t. En'ur# that th# 4at#r-" oc7ing tap#' and (arn' ar# non-nutriti,#+ di# #ctric+ and ho&og#n#ou'+ and !r## !ro& dirt and !or#ign &att#r. U'# dr( 4at#r-" oc7ing &at#ria !or !i"#r optic ca" #' u'#d !or #ith#r a#ria or und#rground in'ta ation'. App ( dr( 4at#r-" oc7ing co&pound ongitudina ( around th# out'id# o! th# c#ntra "u!!#r tu"#'. Con'truct a ca" #' 4ith 4at#r-" oc7ing tap# that co&p i#' 4ith th# r#8uir#&#nt' o! th# EIAETIA-%))-91B 'tandard and i' 'u":#ct#d to 4at#r p#n#tration t#'t' a' d#!in#d in th# EIAETIA-%))-92B 'tandard. Co or Cod# %3. En'ur# that th# &ar7ing and co or-coding o! th# !i"#r' and "u!!#r tu"#' con!or&' to t# #co&&unication indu'tr( r#8uir#&#nt' a' d#tai #d in th# TIAEEIA-)=9-C 'tandard. En'ur# that co or' ar# p#r&an#nt and 'ta" # during t#&p#ratur# c(c ing+ and not 'u":#ct to !ading or '&#aring onto #ach oth#r or into th# 4at#r-" oc7ing &at#ria . En'ur# that !i"#r' ar# co or#d 4ith UD cura" # in7' that r#&ain c #ar ( di'tingui'ha" # a' th# int#nd#d co or.

1)

2tr#ngth M#&"#r %%. En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # contain' a di# #ctric c#ntra 'tr#ngth &#&"#r and di# #ctric out'id# 'tr#ngth &#&"#r to pr#,#nt "uc7 ing o! th# ca" # and pro,id# t#n'i # 'tr#ngth. En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # can 4ith'tand a pu ing t#n'ion o! *?? pound' during in'ta ation 4ithout incr#a'ing th# !i"#r att#nuation &or# than ?.9 d#ci"# p#r &i #+ 4ithout changing oth#r optica !i"#r charact#ri'tic' a!t#r th# t#n'i # oad i' r#&o,#d+ and 4ithout da&ag# to an( co&pon#nt' o! th# !i"#r optic ca" #. Bu!!#r Tu"#' %). En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # inc ud#' oo'# "u!!#r tu"#' that i'o at# int#rna optica !i"#r' !ro& out'id# !orc#' and pro,id# prot#ction !ro& ph('ica da&ag# a' 4# a' 4at#r ingr#'' and &igration. En'ur# that "u!!#r tu"#' pro,id# !r##do& o! &o,#&#nt !or int#rna optica !i"#r'. En'ur# "u!!#r tu"#' a o4 !or #5pan'ion and contraction o! th# ca" # 4ithout da&ag# to int#rna optica !i"#r. En'ur# that !i"#r do#' not adh#r# to th# in'id# o! th# tu"#. En'ur# that "u!!#r tu"#' p#r&it int#ntiona 'coring and "r#a7out 4ithout da&ag# to th# !i"#r. En'ur# that #ach !i"#r optic ca" # "u!!#r tu"# contain' 12 !i"#r' p#r tu"# un #'' oth#r4i'# not#d in th# p an'. Out#r Iac7#t %*. En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # i' :ac7#t#d 4ith &#diu& d#n'it( po (#th( #n# .M/PE0 that i' !r## o! " i't#r'+ crac7'+ ho #'+ and oth#r d#!or&iti#'. En'ur# that th# no&ina :ac7#t thic7n#'' i' a &ini&u& o! ?.?3 inch. App ( th# :ac7#ting &at#ria dir#ct ( o,#r th# t#n'i # 'tr#ngth &#&"#r' and 4at#r-" oc7ing &at#ria . %C. En'ur# that th# M/PE contain' car"on " ac7 to pro,id# u tra,io #t .UD0 prot#ction and do#' not pro&ot# th# gro4th o! !ungu'. Mar7 th# :ac7#t 4ith th# ca" # &anu!actur#rF' na&#+ !i"#r t(p#+ !i"#r count+ and dat# o! &anu!actur#+ th# 4ord' @NM/OT FIBER OPTIC CABLE+A and th# '#8u#ntia ca" # #ngth' &ar7#d in !##t. En'ur# that th# actua #ngth o! th# ca" # i' 4ithin 1H o! th# #ngth indicat#d "( th# &ar7ing. Ripcord %9. En'ur# that th# ca" # contain' at #a't on# ripcord und#r th# 'h#ath. En'ur# that th# ripcord p#r&it' th# r#&o,a o! th# 'h#ath "( hand or 4ith p i#r'.

1*

Fi #r %=. Fi #r' or rod' &a( "# inc ud#d in th# ca" # cor# to #nd '(&&#tr( to th# ca" # cro'' '#ction i! r#8uir#d.

%iber Optic Systems )?. Panduit pro,id#' high "and4idth and &i''ion critica ph('ica in!ra'tructur#' in data

c#nt#r+ #nt#rpri'#+ and ca&pu' n#t4or7' 4ith co&pr#h#n'i,# !i"#r optic '('t#&' that d# i,#r high p#r!or&anc#+ r# ia"i it( and 'ca a"i it(. B( #,#raging it' t#chno og( #ad#r'hip+ inno,ati,# d#'ign and ca" # &anag#&#nt #5p#rti'#+ Panduit !i"#r optic '('t#&' &##t toda(F' r#8uir#&#nt' and pro,id# a &igration path !or to&orro4F' app ication'. Th#'# ad,anc#d !i"#r optic '('t#&' inc ud# !i"#r optic ca" #+ conn#ctor'+ adapt#r &odu #'+ adapt#r pan# '+ ca''#tt#'+ #nc o'ur#'+ patch cord'+ ca" # a''#&" i#'+ ca" # di'tri"ution product' and acc#''ori#' !or "oth 'ing # &od# and &u ti&od# app ication'. Tog#th#r+ th#'# co&pon#nt' pro,id# co&p #t# 'o ution' !or toda(F' high data rat# Fi"#r Chann# and Eth#rn#t app ication'+ and 'upport !utur# r#adin#'' !or %? >"E' and 1?? >"E' data rat#'+ &a5i&i1ing ph('ica in!ra'tructur# p#r!or&anc#+ &odu arit(+ and 'ca a"i it(.

1C

)1.

Th# "a'ic co&pon#nt' o! an optica co&&unication '('t#&+ a. ". c. d. !or&. #. Th# 'igna i' th#n a&p i!i#d and !#d to anoth#r d#t#ctor+ 4hich i'o at#' th# indi,idua 'tat# chang#' and th#ir ti&ing. It th#n d#cod#' th# '#8u#nc# o! 'tat# chang#' and r#con'truct' th# origina "it 'tr#a&. !. Th# ti&#d "it 'tr#a& 'o r#c#i,#d &a( th#n "# !#d to a u'ing d#,ic#. A '#ria "it 'tr#a& in # #ctrica !or& i' pr#'#nt#d to a &odu ator+ 4hich A ight 'ourc# . a'#r or Light E&itting /iod# - LE/0 i' dri,#n "( th# Th# ight tra,# ' do4n th# !i"#r .during 4hich ti&# it &a( #5p#ri#nc# At th# r#c#i,#r #nd th# ight i' !#d to a d#t#ctor and con,#rt#d to # #ctrica

#ncod#' th# data appropriat# ( !or !i"#r tran'&i''ion. &odu ator and th# ight !ocu'#d into th# !i"#r. di'p#r'ion and o'' o! 'tr#ngth0.

Limitations of fiber optical cables Ioining Ca" #' )2. Th# "#'t 4a( o! :oining ca" #' i' to u'# @!u'ion 'p icingA. Thi' i' 4h#r#+ Fi"#r #nd'

ar# !u'#d to on# anoth#r "( &# ting th# g a''. Ma7ing 'uch 'p ic#' in a 4a( that 4i #n'ur# &ini&a o'' o! 'igna i' a '7i #d ta'7 that r#8uir#' pr#ci'ion #8uip&#nt.

B#nding Ca" #' )3. A' ight tra,# ' a ong th# !i"r#+ it i' r#! #ct#d !ro& th# int#r!ac# "#t4##n th# cor# and c adding 4h#n#,#r it 'tra(' !ro& th# path 'traight do4n th# c#nt#r. 6h#n th# !i"#r i' "#nt+ th# ight on ( 'ta(' in th# !i"r# "#cau'# o! thi' r#! #ction. But th# r#! #ction on ( 4or7' i! th# ang # o! incid#nc# i' r# ati,# ( o4. I! (ou "#nd th# !i"r# too &uch th# ight #'cap#'. 2 o4 2tandard' /#,# op&#nt )%. Thi' i' no"od(;' !au t. /#,# op&#nt i' happ#ning 'o 8uic7 (+ and g#tting 4or d4id# agr##&#nt to a 'tandard i' n#c#''ari ( 'o ' o4 that 'tandard' '#tting :u't can;t 7##p up. Thing'

19

ar# i&pro,ing con'id#ra" ( and ,#r( 8uic7 (+ ho4#,#r. Ca" # 'i1#' and t(p#' ar# con,#rging to4ard a !#4 choic#'+ a though th# 4a( th#( ar# u'#d i' 'ti changing a &o't dai (. Optic' !or Tran'&i''ion On ( )). Unti ,#r( r#c#nt ( th#r# 4a' no a,ai a" # optica a&p i!i#r. Th# 'igna had to "# con,#rt#d to # #ctrica !or& and put through a co&p #5 r#p#at#r in ord#r to "oo't it' 'tr#ngth. >a&&a Radiation )*. >a&&a radiation co&#' !ro& 'pac# and i' a 4a(' pr#'#nt. It can "# thought o! a' a high-#n#rg( 3-ra(. >a&&a radiation can cau'# 'o&# t(p#' o! g a'' to #&it ight .cau'ing int#r!#r#nc#0 and a 'o ga&&a radiation can cau'# g a'' to di'co or and h#nc# att#nuat# th# 'igna . In nor&a 'ituation' th#'# #!!#ct' ar# &ini&a . E #ctrica Fi# d' )C. D#r( high-,o tag# # #ctrica !i# d' a 'o a!!#ct 'o&# g a''#' in th# 'a&# 4a( a' ga&&a ra('. On# propo'#d rout# !or !i"r# co&&unication ca" #' i' 4rapp#d around high-,o tag# # #ctrica ca" #' on tran'&i''ion to4#r'. Thi' actua ( 4or7' 8uit# 4# 4h#r# th# # #ctrica ca" #' ar# on ( o! 3? ??? ,o t' or "# o4.

INST#LL#TION TESTING ' RE$#IRING

Installation General )9. In'ta a #8uip&#nt according to th# at#'t ,#r'ion o! th# &anu!actur#rF' in'ta ation proc#dur#' and th# indu'tr(-acc#pt#d in'ta ation 'tandard'+ cod#'+ and practic#'+ or a' dir#ct#d "( th# Engin##r. En'ur# that a &at#ria ' and in'ta ation practic#' ar# in accordanc# 4ith th# app ica" # O2<A r#8uir#&#nt' a' !ound in 2= Cod# o! F#d#ra R#gu ation' .CFR0 1=

Part 1=2*+ 2a!#t( and <#a th 2tandard' !or Con'truction. In addition+ p#r!or& th# !o o4ingB 1. 2. En'ur# conduit and inn#r-duct i' c #an and !r## !ro& da&ag# prior to in'ta ing /ocu&#nt th# '#8u#ntia ca" # #ngth &ar7ing' at #ach 'p ic# "o5 and pu !i"#r optic ca" #. "o5 4a that th# ca" # pa''#' through+ and inc ud# th# in!or&ation 4ith th# a'-"ui t docu&#ntation. Pro,id# a incid#nta part' n##d#d to co&p #t# th# in'ta ation+ "ut not 'p#ci!i#d in th# p an'+ a' n#c#''ar( !or a co&p #t# and prop#r ( op#rating '('t#&. %iber Optic Cable Installation )=. /#,# op a no&#nc atur# p an !or id#nti!ication o! !i"#r optic ca" #. 2u"&it th# no&#nc atur# p an to th# Engin##r !or appro,a . U'# appro,#d ca" # no&#nc atur# to cr#at# ca" # tag' !or th# id#nti!ication o! !i"#r optic ca" #. Pro,id# ca" # tag id#nti!ication on a t#'t r#'u t' or !i"#r r# at#d docu&#nt' pro,id#d to th# Engin##r. *?. In'ta ca" # tag' 4ithin 1 !oot o! #ach 'p ic# andEor t#r&ination point indicating th#

ca" # t(p#+ !i"#r count+ and #ach !i"#r optic ca" #' origination and t#r&ination point'. En'ur# that th# ca" # tag' ar# p#r&an#nt a"# ' 'uita" # !or out'id# p ant app ication' and ar# a!!i5#d to a !i"#r optic ca" #'. Pu ing *1. In'ta th# !i"#r optic ca" # "( hand or "( u'ing a &#chanica pu ing &achin#. I! a &#chanica pu ing &achin# i' u'#d+ #8uip th# &achin# 4ith a &onitor#d or r#cording t#n'ion &#t#r. En'ur# that at no ti&# th# &anu!actur#rF' r#co&&#nd#d &a5i&u& pu ing t#n'ion i' #5c##d#d. En'ur# that th# c#ntra 'tr#ngth &#&"#r and ara&id (arn ar# attach#d dir#ct ( to th# pu ing #(# during ca" # pu ing. *2. U'# pu ing attach&#nt'+ 'uch a' @"a'7#t gripA or @Chin#'# !ing#rA t(p#+ to #n'ur# that th# optica and &#chanica charact#ri'tic' ar# not d#grad#d during th# !i"#r optic ca" # in'ta ation. En'ur# that #5c#'' ca" # i' coi #d in a !igur# #ight and !#d &anua ( 4h#n pu ing through pu "o5#' and &anho #' "( hand. I! pu #(' and 'h#a,#' 4i "# u'#d to &#chanica ( pu through pu "o5#' and &anho #'+ pro,id# a dra4ing o! th# propo'#d a(out 'ho4ing that th# ca" # 4i n#,#r "# pu #d through a radiu' #'' than th# &anu!actur#rF' &ini&u& "#nd radiu'. U'# arg# dia&#t#r 4h## '+ pu ing 'h#a,#'+ and ca" # guid#' to &aintain th# appropriat# "#nd radiu'. Pro,id# t#n'ion &onitoring at a ti&#' during th# pu ing op#ration. En'ur# that ca" # pu ing u"ricant u'#d during in'ta ation i' r#co&&#nd#d 2?

"( th# optica !i"#r ca" # &anu!actur#r. B o4ing *3. U'# #ith#r th# high-air'p##d " o4ing .<A2B0 &#thod or th# pi'ton &#thod. 6h#n u'ing th# <A2B &#thod+ #n'ur# that th# ,o u&# o! air pa''ing through th# conduit do#' not #5c##d *?? cu"ic !##t p#r &inut# or th# conduit &anu!actur#rF' r#co&&#nd#d air ,o u&#+ 4hich#,#r i' &or# r#'tricti,#. 6h#n u'ing th# pi'ton &#thod+ #n'ur# that th# ,o u&# o! air pa''ing through th# conduit do#' not #5c##d 3?? cu"ic !##t p#r &inut# or th# conduit &anu!actur#rF' r#co&&#nd#d air ,o u&#+ 4hich#,#r i' &or# r#'tricti,#. 2 ac7 Ca" # 2torag# *%. Pro,id# and 'tor# !i"#r optic ca" # at #ach pu "o5 and &anho # to a o4 !or !utur# 'p ic#'+ addition'+ or r#pair' to th# !i"#r n#t4or7. 2tor# th# !i"#r optic ca" # 4ithout t4i'ting or "#nding th# ca" # "# o4 th# &ini&u& "#nd radiu'. 2tor# a )? !##t o! !i"#r optic ca" # in &anho #' and an additiona 2? !t at #ach 'p ic#+ 4ith 1? !##t o! ca" # on #ach 'id# o! th# ca" # 'p ic# point or a' 'ho4n in th# p an'. 2tor# 2) !##t o! 'par# !i"#r optic ca" # in pu "o5#'. 2p ic# P an *). Pro,id# a 'p ic# p an 'ho4ing th# ocation and con!iguration o! 'p ic#' in th# '('t#&

!or appro,a "( th# Engin##r. P#r!or& a 'p icing according to th# p an. /ocu&#nt #ach 'p ic# ocation and id#nti!( th# 'ourc# and d#'tination o! #ach !i"#r in #ach 'p ic# tra(. /ocu&#nt a !i"#r co or' and "u!!#r :ac7#t co or' u'#d during in'ta ation+ and d#,# op a '#8u#ntia !i"#r nu&"#ring p an a' r#8uir#d in th# TIAEEIA-)=9-A 'tandard !or co or-coding in th# docu&#ntation. N#at ( 'tor# a 'p ic# #nc o'ur#' 4ithin an IT2 &anho #. Ca" # T#r&ination In'ta ation **. En'ur# that ca" #'+ "u!!#r tu"#'+ or 'trand' ar# n#at ( rout#d+ '#cur#d and t#r&inat#d in a patch pan# . En'ur# a ca" # t#r&ination point' inc ud# docu&#ntation r#garding th# id#nti!ication+ rout#+ and !unction o! #ach !i"#r in'ta #d at that ocation. En'ur# that at #a't on# cop( o! thi' in!or&ation i' p ac#d a ong'id# th# in'ta #d #8uip&#nt .!or in'tanc#+ in a docu&#nt pouch or dra4#r 4ithin a !i# d ca"in#t0. Patch Pan# In'ta ation *C. En'ur# that patch pan# ' n#at ( in'ta #d and '#cur#d in a 4#ath#r proo! #nc o'ur#. 21

En'ur# a patch pan# conn#ctor' ar# c #ar ( and p#r&an#nt ( a"# #d. En'ur# a in'ta #d patch pan# ' inc ud# docu&#ntation r#garding th# id#nti!ication+ rout#+ and !unction o! #ach patch pan# conn#ctor at that ocation. En'ur# that at #a't on# cop( o! thi' in!or&ation i' p ac#d a ong'id# th# in'ta #d #8uip&#nt.

Testin! an) certification *9. In addition to th#'# r#8uir#&#nt'+ th# Contractor 'ha "# r#8uir#d to d#&on'trat#

co&p ianc# 4ith 'p#cia pro,i'ion @IT2 2('t#& Acc#ptanc# T#'tingA. 6h#r# th#r# i' a di!!#r#nc# "#t4##n th# t4o r#8uir#&#nt' th# &or# con'#r,ati,# r#8uir#&#nt &u't "# &#t. Manu!actur#rF' T#'ting *=. Pro,id# docu&#ntation o! a !actor( t#'t' p#r!or&#d "( th# &anu!actur#r !or a !i"#r optic ca" #+ 'p icing &at#ria + ca" # t#r&ination'+ and patch pan# '. In'ta ation T#'ting C?. Noti!( th# Engin##r o! ca" # t#'ting at #a't 1% ca #ndar da(' in ad,anc#. Pro,id# th# t#'ting proc#dur#' to th# Engin##r !or appro,a prior to co&&#nc#&#nt o! t#'ting. P#r!or& a t#'t' at 1+31?E1+))? nano&#t#r 4a,# #ngth'+ and inc ud# th# a't ca i"ration dat# o! a t#'t #8uip&#nt 4ith th# t#'t para&#t#r' '#t on th# #8uip&#nt in th# t#'t docu&#ntation. T#'t a in'ta #d !i"#r' .t#r&inat#d and un-t#r&inat#d0 u'ing &#thod' appro,#d "( th# Engin##r.

End-to-End Att#nuation T#'ting C1. P#r!or& t#'t on a !i"#r' to #n'ur# that no di'continuiti#' gr#at#r than ?.2 d#ci"# p#r 3?? !##t #5i't. R#pair or r#p ac# ca" # '#ction' #5c##ding a o4a" # att#nuation at no co't to th# /#part&#nt. OT/R Tracing C2. T#'t a !i"#r' !ro& "oth ca" # #nd point' 4ith an optica ti&# do&ain r#! #ct &#t#r .OT/R0 at 4a,# #ngth' o! 131? and 1))? n&. T#'t th# !i"#r' that ar# not t#r&inat#d at th# ti&# o! in'ta ation u'ing a "ar# !i"#r adapt#r. Pr#'#nt th# r#'u t' o! th# OT/R t#'ting .i.#.+ 22

trac#' !or #ach !i"#r0 and a o'' ta" # 'ho4ing d#tai ' !or #ach 'p ic# or t#r&ination t#'t#d to th# Engin##r in an appro,#d # #ctronic !or&at. En'ur# a OT/R t#'ting co&p i#' 4ith th# EIAETIA-%))-*1 'tandard. 2p ic# Lo'' T#'ting C3. En'ur# that th# 'p ic# o'' !or a 2MF !u'ion 'p ic# do#' not #5c##d a &a5i&u& "idir#ctiona a,#rag# o! ?.?3 d#ci"# p#r 'p ic#. R#pair or r#p ac# 'p ic#' that #5c##d a o4a" # att#nuation at no co't to th# /#part&#nt. Conn#ctor Lo'' T#'ting C%. En'ur# that th# att#nuation in th# conn#ctor at #ach t#r&ination pan# and it'

a''ociat#d 'p ic# do#' not #5c##d ?.3) d#ci"# . R#pair or r#p ac# conn#ctor' #5c##ding a o4a" # att#nuation at no co't to th# /#part&#nt.

Repairin! Ca" # End-2#a ing C). En'ur# that !i"#r optic ca" # #nd' ar# capp#d or '#a #d to pr#,#nt th# #ntr( o! &oi'tur#

during 'hipping+ hand ing+ 'torag#+ and in'ta ation. E8uip on# #nd o! th# !i"#r optic ca" # 4ith ! #5i" # pu ing #(#'.

Prot#cti,# 6rap C*. En'ur# that th# !i"#r optic ca" # i' 'hipp#d and 'tor#d 4ith a prot#cti,# 4rap or oth#r

appro,#d &#chanica r## prot#ction d#,ic# o,#r th# out#r turn' o! th# !i"#r optic ca" # on #ach r## . En'ur# that th# 4rap i' 4#ath#r r#'i'tant and prot#ct' th# ca" # r## !ro& #n,iron&#nta ha1ard'. En'ur# that th# ca" # r## r#&ain' 4rapp#d unti ca" # i' to "# in'ta #d. Pac7aging+ 2hipping and R#c#i,ing a. En'ur# that th# pac7aging and d# i,#r( o! !i"#r optic ca" # r## ' co&p ( 4ith 23

th# !o o4ing &ini&u& r#8uir#&#nt'B ". c. En'ur# ca" # i' 'hipp#d on r## ' o! &ar7#d continuou' #ngth. En'ur# #ach ca" # i' 'hipp#d on a '#parat#+ 'trong ( con'truct#d r## d#'ign#d

to pr#,#nt da&ag# to th# ca" # during 'hip&#nt and in'ta ation. d. En'ur# #ach r## ha' a &ini&u& o! * !##t on #ach #nd o! th# ca" # a,ai a" #

!or t#'ting. #. !. g. En'ur# that a !i"#r optic ca" # i' continuou' and !r## !ro& da&ag#. En'ur# no point di'continuiti#' gr#at#r than ?.1 d#ci"# p#r r## . En'ur# that a ca" # d# i,#r#d ha' "##n &anu!actur#d 4ithin * &onth' o! th#

d# i,#r( dat#. h. Pro,id# a cop( o! th# tran'&i''ion o'' t#'t r#'u t' a' r#8uir#d "( th#

EIAETIA-%))-*1 'tandard+ a' 4# a' r#'u t' !ro& !actor( t#'t' p#r!or&#d prior to 'hipping. i. En'ur# that th# &anu!actur#r pro,id#' th# dat# o! &anu!actur#G product and

'#ria nu&"#r'G ca" # data+ inc uding th# r## #ngthG r#!raction ind#5G th# pro:#ct na&# and ocationG t(p# o! !i"#r and 8uantit( o! 'trand' u'#dG t#chnica product data 'h##t.'0G and r## nu&"#r.'0.

CONCLUSION
CC. Light i' an # #ctro&agn#tic 4a,# and it tran'!#rring i7# 8uantu&. That on# 8uantu&

ca #d photon. Pri&ari ( ight ha' !i,# charact#ri'tic'. Tho'# ar# r#! #ction+ r#!raction+ di!!raction+ a"'orption and 'catt#ring. 6h#n 4# ar# u'ing ight+ 4# ha,# t4o a''u&ption'. 1. 2. C9. Light ha' going in a in#ar 4a(. R#! #ction ang # #8ua to in,#r'ion ang #.

An optica !i"#r or optica !i"r# i' a thin+ ! #5i" #+ tran'par#nt !i"#r that act' a'

a 4a,#guid#+ or J ight pip#J+ to tran'&it ight "#t4##n th# t4o #nd' o! th# !i"#r. Th# !i# d 2%

o! app i#d 'ci#nc# and #ngin##ring conc#rn#d 4ith th# d#'ign and app ication o! optica !i"#r' i' 7no4n a' !i"#r optic' .or !i"r# optic'0. C=. Optica !i"#r' ar# 4id# ( u'#d in !i"#r-optic co&&unication'+ 4hich p#r&it' tran'&i''ion o,#r ong#r di'tanc#' and at high#r "and4idth' .data rat#'0 than oth#r !or&' o! co&&unication. 9?. Fi"#r' ar# u'#d in't#ad o! &#ta 4ir#' "#cau'# 'igna ' tra,# a ong th#& 4ith #'' o'' and ar# a 'o i&&un# to # #ctro&agn#tic. Fi"#r' ar# a 'o u'#d !or i u&ination+ and ar# 4rapp#d in "und #' 'o th#( can "# u'#d to carr( i&ag#'+ thu' a o4ing ,i#4ing in tight 'pac#'. 2p#cia ( d#'ign#d !i"#r' ar# u'#d !or a ,ari#t( o! oth#r app ication'+ inc uding '#n'or' and !i"#r a'#r'.

2)