ST Book PDF

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1043311

" .2006 .
, ,' ,16-,
" ,39513- .61394
The Centre For Educational Technology, 16 Klausner St., Ramat-Aviv, P.O.Box 39513, Tel-Aviv,
61394. Printed in Israel.
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1.1
1.2
11
1.3
14
1.4
42
47
2.1
47
2.2
48
2.3
64
2.4
63
2.5
74
2.6
77
84
85
3.1
85
3.2
97
3.3
103
3.4
107
4 8086
109
4.1
109
4.2
8086-
110
4.3
8086
115
4.4
123
4.5
131
4.6
EQU
138
139
141
5.1
141
5.2
141
5.3
144
5.4
163
5.5
182
5.6
188
5.7
202
6 ,
215
6.1
215
6.2
221
6.3
)(Immediate addressing
224
6.4
)(Register addressing
225
6.5
)(Direct addressing mode
226
6.6
)(Indirect Addressing Register
229
6.7
)(Direct Indexed Mode
235
6.8
)(Base Relative Addressing
240
6.9
- )(Based Indexed Addressing Modes
243
7 ,
249
7.1
249
7.2
250
7.3
253
7.4
264
7.5
271
7.6
277
7.7
281
7.8
284
7.9
302
311
8.1
311
8.2
313
8.3
MOVS
313
8.4
316
8.5
(Store a String) STOS
318
8.6
(Load a String) LODS
319
8.7
(CoMPare String) CMPS
321
8.8
(SCAn String) SCAS
325
8.9
XLAT
327
9 -
329
9.1
329
9.2
DOS
329
9.3
8086
338
9.4
346
9.5
INOUT-
350
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
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10.4
353
353
356
358
375

1.1
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1.1

count1AX-
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101000010000000000000
mov AX, count1
00000011000001100000001000000000
add
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AX-
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00000011000001100000010000000000
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000000110000011000000000
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49
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9 106 + 4 105 + 5 104 + 7 103 + 3 102 + 6 101 + 2 100
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9000000 + 400000 + 50000 + 7000 + 300 + 60 + 2
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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51
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10 , 10 .
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= K10 = (an1an2...a2a1a0a1a2...am )10

= an110n1 + an210n2 + ... + a2102 + a1101 + a0100 +
+ a1101 + a2102 + ... + am10m
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0.02357 .
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2.2 .1001012
52
2.2
1001012
20
21
22
23
24
25
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: 1001012 2
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37 = 1001012
2.4
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101112 .10012 .
2.5
:
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54
2.3 :
2.3
1001012
25=32 24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1
1001012
32+4+1 = 37
, - 2
.2.4
2.4
2
28
29
210
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
16
32
64
1024 512 256 128
2.6
. 2.4
:
10012 .iii 10110112 .ii 111111112 .i
. :
1011012 = (((((1 2 + 0) 2) + 1) 2 + 1) 2 + 0) 2 + 1
ii.-iii.
55
.
.
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2.4 .
.
, 82 .
. 2 .82-
2.4 26 = 64
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1 26 = 10000002
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18 .
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1 24 = 100002
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1 21 = 102
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56
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10000
10
10100102 = 82
,
:
2.5
10100102
4 3 2 1 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 1001012

5
0
6
1
64+16+2= 82
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a1 = 1
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a2 = 0
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a3 = 0
)10:2 = 5 (0
a4 = 1
)5:2 = 2 (1
a5 = 0
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59
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K8 = an1 8n1 + an2 8n2 + + a2 82 + a1 81 + a0 80
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K16 = an1 16n1 + an2 16n2 + + a2 162 + a1 161 + a0 160

; ,
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1378 = 182 + 381 + 780 = 164 + 38 + 71 = 95
1.
50678 = 583 + 082 + 681 + 780 = 5512 + 0 + 68 + 71 = 2615
2.
1AF16 = 1162 + A161 + F160 = 1256 + 1016 + 151 + 71 = 431
3.
A6B216 = 10163 + 6162 + 11161 + 2160 = 104096 + 6256 +
4.
+ 1116 + 21 = 42673
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62
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2.3
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100101.011012 : .1001.11012
, .
, :
= 100101.011012
125 + 024 + 023 + 122 + 021 + 120 + 021 + 122 + 123 + 024 + 125
= 32 + 4 + 1 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.03125 = 37.40625

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, 37.40625 .
. ,37 :

32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1
. ,0.40625 :2-
0.40625 2 = 0.8125
0.8125 2 = 1.625
= 1.25
0.625 2
= 0.5
0.25 2
= 1.0
0.5 2
65
. 100101.011012 :
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0.2 ,
:
0.2 2 = 0.4
0.4 2 = 0.8
0.8 2 = 1.6
0.6 2 = 1.2
0 ,
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111002 .111.002
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:
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]1 [31
IEEE Standard 754 floating point

: ) (32-bit )(64-bit
68
31 ;
8 ) 30 (23 ;
23 ) 22 (0 .
, 010000111001011000000000000000002 :
0 10000111 00101100000000000000000
) (31 1 0
.
8 ) (23-30 126 .127-,

2127
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) (biasing ,127 ,
127 .
:
5:
5 + 127 = 132 = 100001012
55 + 127 = 122 = 011110102 :

, ? 126 ?127
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.
:
,17 100012 ,
:
24
100012 = 1.00012
69
:
1100 1.1 23
10 1.0 21
11100.001 1.1100001 24
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) ( ,
. 17
,1.00012- .00012 .
:
. 85.75 :
85.75 :
85.75 = 1010101.112
.1010101.112 = 1.01010111226 :
.010101112 :
,6 127 133
.100001012
, .0-
:
010000101010101110000000000000002 = 42AB800016
. 10000 :
100 10000= 10011100012
.1.0011100012 213 :
.010101112 :
,13 127 140
.100011002
.1
70
:
110001100 001110001000000000000002 = C61C400016
:
. ;
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72
2.3
ASSEMBLY
ASSEMBLY ASCII :
01000001 01010011 01010011 01000101 01001101 01000010 01000110
2.7 ASCII.
2.7
ASCII
73
2.20
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Assembly .
6 = 23 .
'Hello World!' .
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2.21
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01000001 01010011 01010011 01000101 01001101 01000010 01001100
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23=8
24 = 16
25 = 32
26 = 64
256
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= an1bn1 + an2bn2 + an3bn3 + + a2b2 + a1b1 + a0b0
b b- . ,
6 6-:
0 1 2 3 4 5
,
. :
4215 = 452 + 251 + 150 = 11110
) 111 .(10
= 3 84 + 2 83 + 4 82 + 6 81 + 1 80 = 13617
324618
= 1 25 + 0 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 = 45
1011012
A1F16 = A 162 + 1 161 + F 160 = 2591

,A1F16 ) (
, :
= A1F16 = A 162 + 1 161 + F 160
=10 162 + 1 161 + 15 160 = 2591
84
10
,
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.
.
Nb = an1 bn1 + an2 bn2 + + a2 b2 + a1 b1 + a0 b0
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.a0 .Kb
,
+ an2 bn3 + + a2 b + a1
bn2
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b- .a2 .b2
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: 147 .6 ,
147 .6
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60
61
62

6
a0
a1
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3
0
4
24
4
0
= 147:6
= 24:6
= 4:6
85

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3.1

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35910
24510
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9 + 5 = 14 .
14 ) ,(10 ) ,(14 10 = 4
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5 + 4 + 1 = 10 .
)(9 + 5
10 ) ,(10 ) ,(10 10 = 0
) ,(0 1 .
86
3 + 2 + 1 = 6 .

6 ) ,(10 ) (6
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1 1
3 5 910
2 4 510
6 0 410

; .
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) 102 (2 ,2
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3.1

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1
1 11
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+
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= 101012 + 110012
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.

1
1
1 0 1 0 12
21
+
25
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88
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11
8

10112
10002
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19
15
15
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, = ,1012 + 112 + 11012
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1
1
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89
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10111002 + 110112 .
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90
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329
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91
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112
:
15
10
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11
5
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1010112 .
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3.3

ab
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10
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30
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112
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49
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111
111
111
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, .,
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:
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0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
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:
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1012
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1102
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95
3.6
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1
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96
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1001101000002 : 10002 = 1001101002

100110102 : 10002 = 10011.012
97
3.7
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1000:100 = ? .
3.8
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98
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3.4

0000
0
1000
1001
0001
1010
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1100
0100
1101
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99
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) .(two's complement 3.5
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101
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2-
0000
1000
0001
1001
0010
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10
0011
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11
0100
1100
12
0101
1101
13
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14
0111
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15
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5 :2-
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12
10112
25
:25
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
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1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
102
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111001112
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,
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:
n :
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1
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:
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, ,111001112 25 .
. .64-
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7- ,1
110000002 64 .
103
.
: a=111101012 ,000010112 .a = 11
3.11
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. :
)(1
101110012
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.
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.
3.3.1
:
; .
8 )(.
A , B- , ,B
, .
104
3.2
) A + (B
)23 + (13
8
:
23 = 000101112
13 = 000011012
13 , :
13 = 111100112
:
000101112
+ 111100112
100001010 2
. ) (end-carry
100000000 , , , .
; 0 ,
:
10102 = 10
3.3
) A + (B
)18 + (45
8
:
18 = 000100102
45 = 001011012
105
,
:
45 = 110100112
:
000100102
+ 110100112
111001012
,1
) , ( .
,:
000110112 = 27
, , 8-
. .
.
:
53 + 120 = 173
, , ,
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53
001101012
120
011110002
101011012
; .83
.
:
)(64) + (80)= (144
106
80
101100002
64
110000002
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3.3.2
, :
b = a + (b)a
,
, .
3.4
).13 (23
(13) (23) = (13) + 23

, .
13 = 111100112
13
+
23
23 = 000101112
+10
10 =1 00001010 2
107
3.12
W = 100111102 ;V = 011000112 ;U = 101101112 :
) W ,V ,U .(2-
, :
Y = U + V + W .
Z = U + V W .
3.13
A = 2238 ,B = 10510 :
:
S = A + B .
X = A B .
3.4

,
.
, n:
0- 2n 1
) + (2n1 1.(2n1)-
:
000000002
111111112 - 0 .255
, .28 1 = 256 1 :
108

) 011111112 ( ) 111111112-
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:
27 1 = 128 1 = 127
27 = 128
3.14
,
16 . ,
.
8086
109

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8 (15 , ) H .(High LH-
X . , , AX 16
112
4.2
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:
FF00h AX
mov ax, 0FF00h
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.

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PF

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ZF

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32.
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. .4.2
116
4.2

Kilo

210 = 1,024 = 1 K
Mega
220 = 1,024 K = 1 M
Giga
230 = 1,024 M = 1 G
Tera
240 = 1,024 G = 1 T
Peta
250 = 1,024 T = 1 P
Exae
260 = 1,024 PB = 1 E
. :
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118
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4.5
1MB
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.

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64K = 64 210 = 26 210 = 26+10 = 216
, , 16 .
) ,(Relative address
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4.6
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120
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122
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124
23 a
54 b
a + b a
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23 a
23d
54 b
mov b, 54d
b ax
mov a,
mov ax, b
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ax + a ax
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.MODEL SMALL
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8086
DW
DW
sum DW
127
.CODE
start:
1.
mov ax, @DATA
2.
mov ds,
3.
ax
4.
; ax = a
mov ax,
5.
; ax = a + b
add ax,
6.
mov sum, ax
7.
; sum = ax
8.
mov ax, 4C00h
9.
int
10.
21h
END start
, :
.
- , -
.
,
. .

. :
1 .
.MODEL SMALL
MODEL , SMALL
.
128
:
2 . :
.STACK 100h
, ;
, .
3 . :
.DATA
4 . 6 . :
. a - ) DW (Define Words
.2
2
DW
. b - DW .5
5
DW
. sum - DW
- '?'.
?
sum DW
7 . )""( ,
:
CODE
8 . :
start:
start .
start .
- .
8086
129
9 . . ,
. :
';'
;
10 ;11-
:
10 . AX .
@DATA
.
.
11 . AX
.DS
; ax
; ds ax
mov ax, @DATA

ax
mov ds,
';'
" .
12 . ; ) 13 . ,(15
a + b , .sum
; ax a
; ax a + b
; sum ax
mov ax, a
b
add ax,
mov sum, ax
16 . , , 17 ,18-
,
. .9
130
mov ax, 4C00h

21h
int
19 , ;
.
END start
, :
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA

CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax

;
mov ax, 4C00h

21h
int
END start
: .
. ,
.
,
.
.
8086
131
4.9
) ( :
x = 10
y = x+1
4.5
.
. :
.1 , ;
.2 , .
.
, " " ,:
;var i: integer
C :
;int i
i ""
) ( . , :,
, MOD.DIV-
. ,
,
) (.
, - ,
.
:
init-value
data-type
var-name
132
31 ,
, '.'.' ,'?' ,'@' ,'-' ,'$
) D
,(Define , ,
:
Byte
DB
Word
DW
Double Word
DD
Quad Word
DQ
Tera (ten) Byte
10
DT
, .
- '?'.
:
. ,stored ,BYTE ASCII y
; DB y
sorted
. ,response ,BYTE
? response DB
. ,value ,WORD 25159
DW 25159
:

ASCII
value
8086
133
, .
, :
d ; . 23d :
h ; .23h :
b ; .10001011b :
:
,A F 0 .
, .
, . ,
, ,a ,10:
10d
DB
, F6h
.10
8086 ,
,
.
.
:
?
, . ,
char :a
"char DB "a
char , ASCII .a
134
,
:
.DATA
, ) (,
"" ) .(link
,
. , ,
, .0
, ,
.
, :
? ,
. ,
.
.little-endian ,
, )
,little-endian : " "; ,
" " .(little Indian , 10110111100110002
: 101h ,
,101101112 100h ,
.100110002
4.6
little-endian
8086
135
, ;
.100h ,
) ( ,
.
, :
.DATA
10h
var1 DB
00h
var2 DB
var3 DW 1234h
28h
sum DB
var4 DW 51ABh
?
var5 DB
''e
char1 DB
''H
char2 DB
12345678h
var6 DD
,DS = 01000h
) (4.7 .
:4.7

.
.0
.
"
.

.
:
.
136
, , ,
, . :
var3 ) 1002h 1002h.(1003h-
1009h 1008h- char1 .char2- ,
65h ASCII H 48h ASCII .e
4.7
DS
;
.:
8086
137
var1 al
:
mov al, var1
:
mov al, 1000h
.
var3 .BX , var3
:BX
mov bx, var3
BX =1234h :
,
integer .char 0 ,1
, , ,
. , ,BYTE:
boolean DB 0
) (true 0 )
( ) .(false , , ;C .
,8086 , ,
: .
4.10
:
.DATA
10h
a DB
1234h
b DD
c DW 100h
''H
.
d DB
138
4.6 EQU
) EQUal .(EQUate
:
EQU
:
MAX ; 5
TEMP ; 6
MAX EQU 5
TEMP EQU 2*3
, , .
, , )
( .
,:
MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
;
MAX EQU 5
DATA
5 ;
;
a DB 1,2,3,4, 5
sum db 0
;
. ,MAX
; :
mov al, MAX
add ah, MAX
8086
139

, ,
) Windows ,DOS , .(exe
,
.

: , .
.
. )
PSP (Program Segment Prefix .
: ,
. ,
; DS ES-
.PSP- DS ,
:
mov ax, @DATA
ax
mov ds,
.DS
, )
( ,
,DS .AX @
.
,
. " "
) .(symbol table ) , ,(
140
, . ,
.4.3
4.3

WORD
DATA
WORD
DATA
WORD
DATA
sum
CODE
start
141

5.1
8086
. -
. :
, , .

) ( .

, : .
5.2
:
.
.
: MOV XCHG
. .
5.2.1 (MOVe) MOV

MOV :
, MOV
:

142
) ( ) ,
( , mov ax, al : . ,
,.
.5.1
5.1
MOV
mov ax, bx
mov al, 10h
mov ax, var1
mov var2, 10h
mov var2, al
:
.
var2 var1
:
; ax var1
mov ax, var1
; var2 ax
mov var2, ax
, ,
, .
5.2.2 (eXCHanGe) XCHG

:
, XCHG
.
143
:
mov al, 10h
; al 10h
mov bl, 0F0h
; bl 0F0h
xchg al, bl
; al 0F0h, bl = 10h
.5.2
5.2
XCHG
xchg ax, bx
xchg al, var
xchg var, AL
5.1
.
mov bh, al .
mov dh, cx .
mov bh, bh .
mov cl, 4F2h .
mov cx, 002dh .
xchg var1, var2 .
5.2

:
.DATA
a db 12h
b db 34h
c db 78h
144
: a ,b
b ,c c - .a :
a = 78h
b = 12h
c = 34h
? ,
.
mov al, a
xchg al, b
xchg al, c
5.3
AX BX .XCHG
5.3

,
.
, .5.5 8086
.
5.3.1 ADDSUB-
. ADD
ADD :
, ADD
145
,
add ax, 1234
; ax ax + 1234
add ax, bx
; ax ax + bx
. (SUBtract) SUB
SUB
, SUB

,
sub bx, 1234
; bx bx 1234
sub cx, dx
; cx cx dx
ADD SUB- .5.3
5.3
ADDSUB-
sub al, ah
add al, ah
sub ax, var
add ax, var
sub ax, 10h
add ax, 10h
sub var, ax
add var, ax
sub var, 10h
add var, 10h
146
5.1
:
aa+b c
b c b + 20
c 2c
.a = 38, b = 23, c = 36 :
:
.
) ( .
.6
.

. .

.
.DATA
; a =26h
DB 38
; b = 17h
DB 23
; c = 24h
DB 36
.
.
, :
. a a + b - c :
"+" : "-" -
, .
147
:
aa+b
aac
,

.
, AX "" .
16
AL . :aa+bc
al a
al al + b
al al c
a al

; al 26h
mov al, a
; al al + b = 26h + 17h = 3Dh
al, b
add
; al al c = 3Dh 24h = 19h
al, c
sub
; a 19h
mov a, al
. b c b + 20 :
:
bcb
b b + 20
, AL
c .b AL
.a
148
b c b + 20:
al c
al al b
al al + 20
b al

; al 24h
mov al, c
; al al b = 24h 17h = 0Dh

; al al + 14h = 0Dh + 14h = 21h
; b 21h
al, b
sub
al, 20
add
mov b, al
. c 2c :
,
:
c c+c
AL :
al c
c c + al
:
; al 24h
mov al, c
; c c + al = 24h + 24h = 48h
add c, al
149
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DB 38
; a = 26h
b DB 23
; b = 17h
c DB 36
; c = 24h
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
; a a + b c
mov al, a
; al 26h
add al, b
; al al + b = 26h + 17h = 3Dh
sub al, c
; al al c = 3Dh 24h = 19h
mov a, al
; a 19h
; a c b + 20
mov al, c
; al 24h
sub al, b
; al al b = 24h 17h = 0D
add al, 20
mov b, al
; al al + 14h = 0Dh + 14h = 21h

; b 21h
; c 2c
mov al, c
; al 24h
add c, al
; c c + al = 24h + 24h = 48h

;
mov ax, 4C00h

int 21 h
END start
150
5.4
.a 2b (c+12) :
.
5.3.2 ADDSUB-
5.1
) 0 .(255-
:
a = 172d
b = 201d
c = 78d
, a :
a a + b c = 39
:
172 + 201 78 = 295
: ? ?
,
0 255- .
:
; al 0Ach
mov al, a
? = ; al al + b
add al, b
:5.1

5.1

172
10101100
+ 201
+ 11001001
373
1 01110101
151
5.1 9 . ,
8 , "" AL
:
AL 011101012 = 75h = 117
, :
sub al, c
; AL 75h 4Eh = 27h = 39

.

. , ,
.
, ) .(overflow -
, 2n n ,
. , ,x ,
:
x = x mod 2n
, ,5.1 , 8
28:
x = (201+172) mod 28 = 373 mod 256 = 117
,
.
5.4
.
5.5
AX :
mov ax, 0F023h
add ax, 067FAh
- .
152
5.6
. 5.1
:
a = 172d
b = 201d
c = 78d
, , .
. ' ,
.
.
5.3.3 ADD SUB-

.
""
, .
16 , 8086 9
.
:
- , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
MOV XCHG- .

. ADD,SUB-
.
153
, ADD SUB- "

" . :
. ZF 1 .0
. SF 1 .1
. CF 1
.
. ,OF 1
.
. ,AF 1 3 4
BCD
.
. ,PF 1 1 .

.
.
. (ZF) ZERO FLAG
.0
:
0
ZF = 1
ZF = 0
,
; al = 0 , ZF = 1
sub al, al
,
.
154
5.7
? ;
, add ZF .1
. CF

. :
) < (
) > (0
CF = 1
CF = 0
:
. , 0FFh-
.
. 0FFFFh-
.
.
5.2
. :
CF
;al = 2,
mov al, 2
CF = 1
;al = 1,
add al, 0FFh
1- ,
2+0FFh = 101h > 0FFh
. :
; ah = 09h, CF
mov ah, 09h
; ah = 0Fh,
sub ah, 0FAh
CF = 1
155
1-
09h 0FAh= 240h < 0
,240h .DC0h-
. :0
'
ZF = 0
; ah = 0h, CF = 0,
sub ah, ah
,0 .1-
.

, .
5.8
:
mov cl, 0FEH .
add cl, 1
.
mov bl, 0FEh

add bl, 2
mov bl, 0FFh

inc bl
sub dl, dl
add dl, 0FFh
mov 10h
mov bl, 10
sub bl, al
add bl, al
156
. )(SF

:
1
SF = 1
SF = 0
.
, ,1
0 .
.
5.3
.
208- . 2003
214 ) ( , 5-' .
:
. .
. ?
.
+127 ,-128
:
.DATA
; waterLevel = 0FF2Ah
DW 214
waterLevel
; redLine = 0FF30h
DW 208
redLine
.
5.4
:
157
5.4

; ax 0FF2Ah
mov ax, waterLevel
CF=0
SF=1
; ax ax + 5 = 0FF2Fh
add ax, 5
CF=0
SF=0
= ;redLine redLine ax
sub
redLine, ax
0FF30h 0FF2Fh = 01h

,
.1 ,
.0
5.9
.SUB ax, redline :
ax .
. OF

. :
) < (
) > (
OF = 1
OF = 0
:
. , +127-
.128-
.
+32767- .32768-
158
.
5.4
, 65
75 .
.
:
; summer = 41h
summer DB 65d
; winter = 0B5h
winter
DB 75d
:
; al 41h
; al 41h B5h = 8Ch, OF =1, SF = 1
mov al, summer

sub al, winter
SF 1 1 OF
,:
65 (75) = 140 > 127
.
:
; summer = 0041h
summer DD 65d
; winter = 0FFB5h
winter
DD 75d
:
; ax 0041h
; ax 0041h 0FFB5h = 008Ch, OF =0, SF = 0
mov ax, summer

winter
sub ax,
, 32767 > 140 " OF" , : .0-
159
?
,
,
. ,5.4 ,
,CF ,
.CF = 1
. ;255- , ,
?
41h B5h < 0 :
, 0- .1
, .

.
) (CF
).(OF
5.10
:
mov al, 0A9h
add al, 010h
sub al, 0D0h
add al, 0FEh
5.3.4
ADD SUB-
. .
160
.
8086 .
. , ,
,
,
.,
1
+ 5678
D876
2EEE
+ 1234
C9BA
DBEF
8086 :
(ADd with Carry) ADC
, ADC
+ CF : +
:(SuBtract with Borrow) SBB
, SBB
CF :

,5.3 : , ,
.
ADC SBB- PF ,OF ,CF ,SF ,ZF :AF-
.

5.5
161
:
12345678h
+ C9BAB876h
12345678h AX BX-
C9BAB876h CX DX- :
5678h
; ax
mov ax, 5678h
1234h
; bx
mov bx, 1234h
; cx 0B876h
mov cx, 0B876h
; dx 0C9BAh
mov dx, 0C9BAh
CF = 1
; ax 5678h + 0B876h = 2EEEh
add ax, cx
CF = 0
; bx 1234h + 0C9BAh + 1 = 0DBEFh
adc bx, dx
5.11
. 5.5
add ax, cx
:
adc ax, cx
.
. .5.5
. INCDEC-
- 1
1 , .
(INCrement) INC

inc
:
+ 1
162
(DECrement) DEC

dec
1
.5.5
5.5
INCDEC-
dec al
inc al
dec var
inc var
INC DEC- PF ,OF ,SF ,ZF : AF-

.CF
8086
,:
add al, 1
sub al, 1
INC DEC-
ADD ,SUB-
. ,
,
.
.
.
(NEGate) neg
NEG
163
:
0
.5.5
, 208 :redLine
redLine DW 208d
neg 208 :2-
; redLine 0FF30h
neg redLine
5.12
. ) neg (
. :
mov al, 0Ah
neg al
al
neg
5.4
,
- , IP
. ,
.
, ,
IP .
IP " " .
, ,
. :
. .
. .
164
5.4.1 (JuMP) JMP

:
JMP operand
.
"" ) (label " " . .
,
)
( .
JMP label
: .
,
, , IP

IP label
-
. nextSection MOV
mov cx, 0Fh
nextSection:
, ,
jmp nextSection
: , .mov cx, 0Fh
.
.
) ( .
.
5.6 .jmp
165
5.6
al.
mov al, 3h
jmp next
add al, 12h
next: add al, 30h
next
. ) (,
.
al:
al = 3h + 30h = 33h
-
. jmp next 5.2
' IP , .0009
5.2
jmp next
IP
,next 000Ah
166
5.2
jmp next
: ? add al, 12h
5.4.2

. ,Jump if Zero) JZ
" "( 1 ,Jump if Above) JA
" ("- .
,
, .
:

IP label
IP
167
,
.
Jxxx
;J xxx
" " , ,x
. , , x Z .A
, ,
.
8086 :

. , 127
, 128 . -
. ,
:
.
:
. .
. .
. .
.
.5.6
168
5.6

)(Jump if Carry
JC
CF = 1
CF = 0
ZF = 1
ZF = 0
SF = 1
SF = 0
OF = 1
OF = 0
)JNO (Jump if Not Overflow
PF = 1
JP
PF = 0
)JNC (Jump if Not Carry

)(Jump if Zero
JZ
)JNZ (Jump if Not Zero

)(Jump if Sign
JS
)JNS (Jump if Not Sign

)(Jump if Overflow
)(Jump if Parity
JO
)JPO (Jump if Not Parity

. - .
5.7

:x-
x < 0
)x ( x
-
SF
, .
,x
.x 0,x-
.x 0 : , :
169
x , (x 0) 0 0
x (x 0) < 0 1

.
JS :
,1 JNS
.0
. 1 . JS .JNS
:1 . JS
:2 . JNS
sub x, 0
sub x, 0
js doAbs
x ;
x ;
jmp doNothing
doAbs: neg x
;
jnz doNothing
neg al
doNothing:
doNothing:
2 . .1 . 2 .
" ... "... ,
:
.1 x > 0 3 .
.2 x
.3
, 1 " ... .. "... ,
, :
.1 x < 0 3 .
) .2( 4 .
.3 x
.4
170

, .2 .
,
IP ,
, IP
)
(.
5.13
JNS doNothing
.1 . x .10
5.14
2 . sub :
jnz doNothing
neg x
;
doNothing:
.
, ,
, .5.7
: , ,,
, .
171
5.7

)JG (JNLE

)JA (JNBE
Jump (Jump if Greater (Jump if Above

)Jump if not less or Equal
)if Not Below or Equal
)JL (JNGE
)JB (JNAE
Jump Jump (Jump if Less (Jump if Below

)if not Greater or Equal
)if Not Above or Equal
)JGE (JNL
)JAE (JNB
(Jump if Above or Equal (Jump if Greater or Equal

)Jump if not less
) Jump if Not Below
)JLE (JNG
)JBE (JNA
(Jump if Below or Equal (Jump if Less or Equal

)Jump if not Greater
) Jump if Not Above
JE
JE
)(Jump if Equal
)(Jump if Equal
JNE
JNE
)(Jump if Not Equal
)(Jump if Not Equal
, ,
. , X ,Y- Y X
, :
) JA , (Jump Above ?X > Y

) JNBE ,(Jump Not Below
).NOT (X Y
172
5.15
5.7
.x

. ,
.
5.8
:
al < ah
inc ah
-
inc ah
AL < AH AH ,2-
.1-
, :
mov al, 11111110b
mov ah, 00000010b
; CF=0, SF=1, OF=1 :
sub al, ah
? ; al < ah
al < ah ; next-

jb next
; al >= ah
inc ah
inc ah
next:
:
. ,
11111110b 00000010b > 0
173
,JB next
AH .2-
. :
11111110b 00000010b < 0
JB next
,:
JL next
.next AH
.1-

.5.6 .AL AH < 0

.5.7
(compare) CMP
, .
- , .SUB
, , -,
, . CMP 8086-
. ,
.SUB
CMP:
, CMP
: ?
174
, ,
, CF, SF, OF, AF, PF : .
.- , ,CMP
.
.5.3
5.9
, ,x, y x- ,
y- .
:
x y < 0
x y-
-
x y-
:
; al x
mov al, x
?; x y
cmp al, y
x >= y ; end_if
jae end_if
al ; y
xchg al, y
; x al
mov x, al
end_if:
5.16
AX 100- .
,AX = 67 AX .134
175
5.10

"...:"...
a, b m- .
- :
a = b
mm+1
mm1

:
; al a
mov al, a
; al b
cmp al, b
; if a<>b then jump doAction1
jne doAction1
;mm+1
; continue
;mm1
inc m
jmp continue
doAction1: dec m
continue:
5.17
. ,JNE ?JNZ
. , JNE .JE
. JE JNE ?
.
176
. ?5.9
inc m
mov al, a
cmp al, b
je continue
dec m
dec m
continue:
5.18
,x, y, z .x> y > z :
5.19

. . '
) ( '
) ( .
, 50-
.
50 ,
, 50- ,
.
' ' ,
0 250- .
.
- ' ,Temp_Out
- ' .Temp_In ,
00 ,
FF .
177
5.11

- ) .(case-of :
5.8

Y
)F(x
x < 10
10 x < 20
20 x < 40
x 40
case :
.model small
.stack 100h
.data
;
x DB 10
? y DB
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
x <10 ; action1
10
cmp x,
jb action1
178
; if 10 <= x < 20 goto action2

x, 20
cmp
action2
jb
; if 20 <= x < 40 goto action3

x, 40
cmp
action3
jb
; x >= 40 goto action4

action4
mov y,1
endcase
mov y,2
endcase
mov y,3
endcase
mov y,4
endcase
jmp
action1:
jmp
action2:
jmp
action3:
jmp
action4:
jmp
endcase:
ax, 400h
mov
21h
int
END start
)(

. :
179
5.11

.1- .100-
, :
:1
:2
x1
sum 0
sum < 100:
sum sum + x
xx+1
x1
sum 0
:
sum sum + x
xx+1
sum 100 -
, :
AL
BL
: ,100-
.
:
1
mov al, 1
mov bl, 0
; BL < 100
cmp bl, 100
jae endLoop
mov al, 1
mov bl, 0
doAgain:
doAgain:
Add bl, al
inc al
jmp doAgin
add bl, al
in al
; BL >= 100
cmp bl, 100
jb doAgain
endLoop:
2 , .
180
5.20
. - 1-
.100-
.
.13 ,10 ,7 ,4 ,1 :
.50-

.100-

8086 .
LOOP
LOOP :
LOOP label
, CX
0 . CX ,
:
CX CX 1
CX 0 label
5.12
, 10 ...,3,2,1 :
;
; CX 10
; BX 0
mov cx, 10
mov bx, 0
doLoop:
; bx bx + cx
add bx, cx
;doLoop -
LOOP doLoop
181
LOOP CX
, .10- : 1
CX .
LOOP ,CX
CX . ,
10 ,1- BX:CX-
doLoop:
add bx, cx
mov cx, bx
LOOP doLoop
, CX ) (BX + CX
LOOP .1-
:CX - BX
5.10

CX
BX
)( )(
0Ah ;
0
add bx, cx
0Ah
0Ah
mov cx, bx
loop do_loop
add bx, cx
13h
13h
mov cx, bx
12h
loop do_loop
add bx, cx
25h
25h
mov cx, bx
24h
loop do_loop
182
CX ,
. , BX- ,
, .
8086 ,
CX , . .
5.21
. .
. :
mov cx, 0
mov bx, 0
doloop:
inc bx
loop doloop
5.5

.
: .
,
.
: 2 ,
4 ) .(9999 = 9801 ,
, )(0FFx0FF = 0FE01

.
183
8086 , ) AX AH
(AL-) DX- ( ,
, " " " "
). (implicit operand ,
.
5.5.1
add, sub
, ) ( , :
. :(multiplication) MUL

MUL
. (Integer MULtiplication) IMUL

IMUL

AL .
) AX ( , AL
AH , :5.3
5.3

:
; al 12h
; cl 0A1h
; ax al cl = 0B52h
mov al, 12h

mov cl, 0A1h
mul cl
184
,
: DX AX
, :5.4
5.4

:
; ax 0AFh
mov ax, 0AFh
; cx 0BF9h
mov cx, 0FAh
; dx: ax ax cx
mul cx
82F37h:
; AX 2F37h
DX 0008h
IMUL ,
128- +127 , 32768- +32767 .
:
,
) ( ) ( , CFOF-
;1 . .
IMUL CF OF- .
, .:
; al 12h
;cl 0A1h
; ax al cl = 0F952h
mov al, 12h

mov cl, 0A1h
imul cl
185
5.5.2
, :
div .idiv
. (DIVision) DIV
DIV
. (Integer DIVison) IDIV
IDIV

.AX AX , AL
AH :
5.5

:
; ax 00FBh 251D
; cl 0Ch
, ah = 11d ; ax ax/cl , al = 20d
mov ax, 0FBh

mov cl, 0Ch
div cl
,
.AX : AX DX
:
186
5.6

:
; dx 0
mov dx, 0
; ax 5147fd
mov ax, 141Bh
; cx 300d
mov cx, 012Ch

cx
, dx = 47d ; dx: ax ax/cx , ax = 17d
div
IDIV .
) AL (AX
"" , .
.
5.5.3
idiv
AX 16 . ,
CBW .
(Convert Byte to Word) CBW

CBW
AL
.AX , AL - .AH
:
; al 0FBh = 5h
; ah = 0FFh, al = 0FBh
mov al, 0FBh

cbw
187
.AX = FFFBh AL ,
,AH:
mov al, 0FBh
; al 0FBh
cbw
; ah = 0h, al = 07Bh
(Convert Word to Double Word) CWD

, ,
,CWD . ,CWD
AX .DX:AX :
CWD
5.13
.
; al 95D
mov al, 0A1H
;ah 0FFH
cbw
; cl 12D
, alh = 11d ; al = 7d
mov cl, 0CH

idiv cl
.
; ax 5147D
mov ax, 0EBE5
; dx 0FFFFH
cwd
; cx 300D
, dx = 47d ; ax = 17d
mov cx, 012CH

idiv cx
5.22
n .
a ) 1 .(0
!:5
5! = 12345
188
5.6
)(
.
, " " ," :" "-" .
)"
"( .
" " ,
, )" :" ""(.
:/
5.7

,
)( , , . ,
4 16 0- ,15

.
i :( 0 i 15 ) i
1-
.0- 5.14 ,8 ,5 :
.14 ,10
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
5.8

189
""
. -
. , , ,
) (2290h .
.AND, OR, XOR, NOT :
, ,NOT : ,
.5.3

.
, .
.SF, ZF, PF :
, CF OF- .0 AF
.
5.6.1 "" AND

"" , ,AND x, y
"" "" .
") "x ( . ;x AND y
1 0- "" "-" ,
:
x AND y x y
5.9
AND
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
190
AND AND
:
, AND
:
AND
AND :
mov cl, 7Ah
mov bl, 5Bh
and bl, cl
,BL , , CL
,BL- .AND
:
CL
BL
AND BL, CL
5.6.2
,
.
"" ) .(Mask ,AND
0 .
AL .
0Fh :
and al, 0Fh
AL
) x- , 0 .(1
AL
and al, 0Fh
191
5.10
AL 0Fh
5.23
5.5 AL
0AFh .
96h .
AND .
5.14

8 . 1
; .0
.
1- 0 ,
.
1- , 0-
.
BL 1 2 ,
.0
, 6 ,4 ,1 : 7- ) ,(1-
6 ,4 ,2 ,1 ,7-
.
192
,
. 1 0
.
:
,
.
, AND
.
0 1 .
:

10010110
11011111
AND
10010110
.
:

1 00101 1 0
01011101
AND
0 00101 0 0
1-
0- .
.
.
:
client
partner
BL
AL
193
:
BL 0
AL client
AL = partner
BL 1
AL AL AND partner
AL = partner
BL 2
-
BL .
.
.model small
.stack
.data
; :
;
client db 01101010b
partner db 01111010b
.code
start:
;
mov ax, DATA

mov ds, ax
;
mov bl, 0
mov al, client
;
cmp al, partner

;? client = partner
; if client <> partner then jump partial
jne partial
194
; client = partner
;
mov bl, 1
jmp finish
partial:
and al, partner

cmp al, x
);? client = (partner AND x
jne finish
;
;
mov bl, 2
finish:
mov ax, 4ch
21h
int
end start
5.6.3 "" OR
"" ) (OR ""
"" .
" . "+ x OR y :
x OR y x Y
5.11
OR
195
OR :
, OR
:
OR
,OR " "1 ,
. , 6
) 7- ( 1-
. 11000000 :
or cl, 11000000b
OR ,5.12
CL .0B2h
cl
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
cl or 11000000
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
5.12
OR
OR .
5.15
, 8
. ,
. 1,3,4,7 .
- 1 7-
3 .4-
.
196
operation
6 ,3 ,2 ,0 .1- ) 1,3,4,7
.(0
0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
.worker1, worker2
5.13 OR :
0
worker1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
worker2
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 OR
5.13
OR
OR- .
:
mov al, worker1
al, worker2
or
= ?;
cmp al, operation
, ? , '
1,2,3,6,7 : ' ?4 ,3
OR ' '
1,2,3,4,6 :.7-
197
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 OR
5.14

.
AND :
;
;
;
mov al, worker1

al, worker2
or
and al, operation
= ? ;
cmp al, operation
, .
5.24
.
8 , 1-
.0- , ' 11001000 : ' :
,00110111 .
.

1 ,AL .0
5.6.4 "-" XOR

" " ) ,XOR (eXclusive OR -
, 1
;1 .0
198
x XOR y
5.15
XOR
) XOR-( -
, XOR
:
XOR
XOR 35h:26h-
35h = 00110101
XOR
26h = 00100110
:
13h = 00010011
XOR .
:
mov ax, 0
:
xor ax, ax
XOR
; -
,
.
199
5.6.5 "" NOT

"" NOT
:
NOT X X
1
5.16
NOT
- NOT
.
NOT
, .
.
,
not al
AL 01001101 :
0
AL
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 NOT AL
5.17
NOT
5.25
,2- .NEG
200
TEST
CMP , TEST
.AND ,
,AND .
, TEST
:
AND
.5.3
.SF, ZF, PF :
, CF OF- .0 AF
.
5.16
. :
mov al, 00000101b
test al, 0Fh
. TEST AL
1 ?
:TEST
00000101 AND 00001111
.00000101 : .0
0F0h : .1Fh
0 .1
201
5.26
, AX
AX :
mov cx, 0C123h
ax, 08h
or
and ax, 0FFDFh

xor ax, 8000h
ax, 0F00h
or
and ax, 0FFF0h

xor ax, 0F00Fh
xor ax, 0FFFFh
5.27
.
:
1 0 /
7:0010:00-
10:00 0 12:00 -
12:0016:00 -
16:0020:00 -
20:0024:00 -
00:007:00 -
4 )
( .
:
. .
1 .0
202
5.7
,
. :
.

. , ,
, .
: 000011002 : :
0

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0
= 1210
5.18
000011002
:

) 0( , . 0
0

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0
= 2410
5.19

, ) 2 .(10-
,
) (7 .0
20
203
27 26 25 24 23 22 21
1
= 610
5.20

, ) 2 ( )
.(10-,
1011000 : 100 = 1011000 = 10110
1011000 .10110
10110 100- ) (
" "
10110 : 100 = 10110 = 101
,
. , .
,
.1
.
.
, "" ,
, , .,
10110011
00101100
2 11101100
8086 2:
204
./
,1 )/(
./ n , n CL
,CL )/(
. .
.5.7.1
- : 2-
2-
.
.
SHL, SAL
:
(Shift Arithmetic Left) SAL
.
(Shift Left) SHL .
:
,1 SHL
:
2
,CL SHL
2CL
205
SHL 2- ,-
, 0 . ""
. 5.21 .
5.21

:
, 1 SAL
, CL SAL
:
5.22

, 2- .2-
SAL .SHL , ,
? SAL ,SHL-
, .
, ,
, , .
ZF ,SF ,OF , CF
206
:
; al 00101000
mov al, 28h
; al 01010000
shl al, 1
; al 10100000
sal al, 1
5.11

OF
CF
?
0
?
0
?
0
SF ZF
mov al, 28h ; AL = 00101000
?
0
; AL = 01010000
shl al, 1
) 0-0 (1-

,
OF.
; AL = 10100000
sal al, 1
) 1-0 (0-

OF
.

1 ;

CF.
; AL = 01000000
sal al, 1
,:
mov al, 28h
mov cl, 3
al, cl
shl
, ,1 OF
.
, :
CF
207
OF 1
ZF ,PF ,SF
AF
,2 N- .2,
AX ,10- :
)AX 10 = AX 8 + AX 2 = AX (23) + AX (21
, :
; AX AX 2
; BX 2AX
; AX 2AX 4 = 8 AX
; AX AX + BX = 8AX + 2AX = 10AX
shl ax, 1
mov bx, ax
shl ax, 2
add ax, bx
MUL . ,

MUL
MUL .
5.29
AX.18-
5.7.2 SHRSAR-
:
,(Shift ArithmeticRight) SAR
.
,(Shift Right) SHR .
208
:
, 1 SHR
, 1 SAR
:
/ 2
, CL SHR
, CL SAR
/ 2CL
.
SHR )
( . :CF
5.23

:
; al 01100101
mov al, 01100101

mov cl, 2
; al 00011011 :
shr al, cl
SAR )
( . :CF
209
5.24

.
2N-
:
; al 11100101
mov al, 11100101

mov cl, 2
; al 11111001 :
sar al, cl
:
CF
OF
ZF ,SF
AF
5.30
. .
. :
mov ah, al
shl al, 4
shr ah, 4
al, ah
or
210
5.7.3
, ,
:

CF .
. (Rotate Left) ROL(Rotate Right) ROR-
5.25

. (Rotate Left through Carry) RCLRCR-

) (Rotate Right through Carry
CF :
5.26

211
:
CP OF-.
, OF )
,1- (.
5.17
10
. response 0 9
1 I .I
.
response
CF- ; 10.
:
CL0Ah
BL 0
AX response
AX
CF 1
BL BL + 1
CL CL 1
CL 0 -
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
response DW 02A3h
.CODE
212
start:
;
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
;
; CF 0Ah
; BL 0
; AX 02A3h
MOV CL, 0Ah

MOV BL, 0
MOV AX, response
; repeat
; AX
CF 0 ; next-
ROL AX, 1
again:
JNC next
- ; CF1
; BL BL + 1
INC BL
; until CL 0
next:
; CL CL 1
CL > 0 ;
DEC CL
again
JNZ
;
MOV AX, 4ch
21h
INT
END start
5.30
5.17
.
.
. SHL
) .(ROR
213
. response ,
.
. response ,
.
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
mov bl, 0
mov ax, x
again: shl ax, 1
jnc next
inc BL
next:
cmp ax, 0
jne again
;
mov ax, 4ch

21h
int
END start
5.31
response
:
. 25-
. 2 5
. 3-
. 2 4- 10-
.
214
215
6.1
,
.
.
.
. -
- .
- ) ( ,
.:
W D a 100 ,7 ,0 ,3 ,12
a ,
0 4 6.1' ) : , .(!0
a
6.1'.
4

100 7 0 3 12
6.1'
- )
(
64h
7h
0h
3h
0Ch
0000
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005
0006
6.1'
- )
(
216
- ;
.DUP:
)?( 8 DUP
a DB
- a 8 ) (
0- .7 , :
)a DW 100 DUP (10
100 , ) 10
( 0- .99
i- -
.:
. , ,i=2 :
.21
. , ,i=2 .22 :
6.1
:
. - 100 .0-
. - 25 .
. ' -' ?
.
. SIZE - 10.
. 7- - '
- .
. -
-
- . .6.2
217
0
1
2
3
4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
6.2
-
- :
y 4 : 4 ,

y 4 : 4 ,

218
- .
, ,
.C - :
4
32
0 2
15
1 5
28 19 23
2 34 6
3 22 35 78 12 32
6.3
-
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4
32
12
78
35
22
23
19
28
15 34
32 5
2 7
6.3
-
- , - ,
. ) ( n m- ,
p , - nmp.
: - 5 4- , , 451 = 20.
, , 542 = 40 .
- , 4 5- , :
)?(45 DUP
a DB
:
) )?( 4 dup (5 DUP
a DB
)?(20 DUP
a DB
:
DB 2, 7, 3, 4, 32
219
5, 9, 0, 1, 15
DB
34, 6, 28, 19, 23
DB
22, 35, 78, 12, 32
DB
:
2,7,3,4,32,5,9,0,1,15,34,6,28,19,23,22,35,78,12,32
a DB
20 .
, -
-.
- ,
, . , ] [i,j :
= (i COLUMNS + j) ELEMENT_SIZE -
COLUMNS ;
ELEMENT_SIZE .
, 0 .1
, ,
] ,a[3,2 4 5- , ,
:
,i=3
,j=2
COLUMNS = 5

ELEMENT_SIZE = 1
:
(3 5 + 2) 1 = 3 5 + 2 = 17
6.3' , ] [3,2 17
.
:2-
(3 5 + 2) 2 = 17 2 = 34
220
6.2
. - ,a 5 10- ,
.
. :
]a[3, 9
]a[5,10
]a[0,0
.
) (record , ;
.
.
,
.
. . :
> STRUC <

> ENDS <
, .item :
;
;
.
:item
item STRUC
? DW
itemnum
? DB
quantity
? DW
supplier
item ENDS
221
. :
.DATA
;1111 100 ;
> p1 item < 1111, 100, 923
- ; 923
,2222 50 ;
> p2 item < 2222, 50, 120
- ; 120
6.3
. book : :
5;
, H : E , A ,
;
3;
. 3 .
. .
6.2
,
.

, . ;
) ,(Addressing modes "" "",
" :" .
:
,:
mov al, 10h
,:
mov al, ah
222
,:
mov al, var1
,
.
.
- ,
. :
mov al, ah
,8AC4h ,mov al, x x ,0

.A00000h 8086
.- ,
,
.
: mov ax, 1000h ,
,mov x, 1000h x , 6.
, .
- , :
.1 );(IP
.2 ;
.3 ) (;
.4 ;
.5 .
3-1 , 5-4 .
) (1 , , 8086
. 2 , )
( , 6 ,
. ,
223
/ ,
) /( .
/
) ,
(.
, ) (IP
. , )
1- ( , 8086 IP
, . :
mov al, ah 0005 ,
0007 2 .IP
:
, ,
) ( . ,
.
.
, )( .
6.4
-
? .
, .
,
, , , .
, -
. , ,

/ .
224
. ,
:
. , .
. , .
. . " " , " "
.
:
, , ;
, , ;
.
.
, .
6.3
)(Immediate addressing
, ,:
mov al, 10h
mov cx, 0FFh
, .
, ,
.
, : ,
.
6.4
225
)(Register addressing
, . ,
:
inc ax
:
add al, ah
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
6.1

:
a=4
b=3
I 1- 100
aa+2
bb+1
) 100( b ,a ,i-
.
.
:
226
mov al, a
; al = 4, bl = 3
mov bl, b
mov cx, 100
;
; al = al + 2
add al, 2
; bl = bl + 1
inc bl
; endloop
again:
loop again
;
; a = al
mov a, al
; b = bl
mov b, bl
,
100 ) ( .
,
- .
: 2 AL 1 .BL
- ,
) 1 . -( . LOOP
.
6.5
)(Direct addressing mode

. -
. : a
;1234h \ AX
:
mov ax, a
]mov ax, ds:[1234h
227
6.4

, .
, , a:
, 1234h ,DS
.AX , ] DS:[offset
,
. ,
.
- , ,
.
, -
: ,
, )
( ,
) (.
6.2
6.1
:
;
mov cx, 100
;aa+2
again: add a, 2
228
;bb+1
; endloop
inc b
loop again
a : b- , !
, ,6.1
.

add a, 2
inc b
- , :
y ;
y , ;
y , .
, ,
, 3
) (.
6.5
ADD, MOV INC-
.6.1
6.6
:
a DB 20h
b DB 51h
. ,
229
- :
mov al, a
add bl, b
add bl, a
mov b, bl
. b.
6.6
)(Register Indirect Addressing
, )
( , .
, ,
-.
, :
.BX, BP, SI, DI ,
]mov al, [bx
: AL .BX
,AL
. ] [ BX
. 6.5 .
6.5

230
, BX .100h , AL
].DS:[0100h
: BX, SI, DI, BP :
]add ax, [cx
.
,
,:
y DI ,SI ,BX ;DS
y BP ) SS (.
6.6.1
, ,
.
:
. .LEA
(Load Effective Address) LEA:
, LEA
: 16.
,
.
:
lea bx, a
BX .a
, :
a ; BX
mov bx, a
a ; BX
lea bx, a
231
. offset .PTR
offset :
mov bx, offset a
offset ,a MOV
BX , .
offset
- ,
. , :
mov [bx], al
, , ] [bx
.
mov [bx], 0FFh
] [bx
0FFh .
, PTR :

byte ptr
word ptr
:
bx ;
mov byte ptr [bx], 0FFh
bx ;
mov word ptr [bx], 0FFh
PTR ; ,
:
b DW 1234
AH :b
;ah = 12
mov ah, byte ptr b+1
232
6.7
;
.
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
x DD 12345678h
y DD 11A2092Ah
? z DD
? t DD
.CODE
start:
@DATA
mov ax,
ax
mov ds,
word ptr x
mov ax,
word ptr y
add ax,
ax
mov word ptr z,
word ptr x+2
mov ax,
word ptr y+2
adc
ax,
mov word ptr z+2, ax

004ch
mov ax,
21h
int
END start
6.6.2
, ) ( ,
, .
, .
,
.
233
6.3
,
, ) (b .1-
, .
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DB 01
b DB 02
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
; bx a
; al a
; b
; a=b
;bb+1
lea
bx, a
]mov al, [bx

bx
inc
]cmp al, [bx

end_if
je
]byte ptr [bx
inc
end_if:
mov ax, 004ch

21h
int
end start
LEA a BX
b a
.a
234
6.8
b ,c- :
b DW 129h
c DW 0AFh
:
bx, c
lea
xchg [bx], b
. ?
. , .
6.6.3
) .(pointer
)( .
, 16.
6.4
. : p a
) (a q .
a db 172
b dw 120
p ; a-
p dw a
q ;
? q dw
p ,
, )
( ,
p dw a
235
p
.a a ,0000 p
.
:
. , . :
mov bx, p
; bx = p
. a :.x
]mov al, [bx
; al = 0ACh
mov x, al
;x=a
. q ,p :
mov q, bx
; q = p = 0001
6.9
. :
]mov x, [p
, ?
. q
.p
6.7 )(Direct Indexed Addressing

6.7.1
, -
:
+ =
236
:
SI DI- , .DS
. :
]mov al, [si+4
]mov al, 4[si
, : SI+4
.AL 6.6
. ] DS:[SI+4 disp ;AL
,displacement " :".
6.6

, SI 6.6 ,100h 104h
.AL :
AX ]; DS:[SI+4
]add ax, [si+4
CX ;
]; DS:[SI6
mov [di-6], cx
100h ]; DS:[SI192
sub word ptr [si-192], 100h
, SI DI- .
237
6.7.2 -
- .
, :
. ;
. , , :

.0
:
. ,a , ,AL
:
mov si, 3
]mov al, a[si
. , AX ,a ],a[3
,:
mov si, 23
]mov ax, a[si
. ,a ,
, , a[3] a[2] :
:
SI ;
; AL
;
AL ;
mov si, 1
]mov al, a[si
inc si
mov a[si], al
238
6.10
:
q DW 1,2,3,4,5
)?(p DW 5 dup
:
]p[2]q[2
]p[4] q[3
]p[1] q[4
.0-
- ) (.
, SI , )
; (
.
. , ,
) ,(JAVA , .
6.5
,a 5 .
:
sum = 0
i = 0 i = 4
]sum sum + a[i
: ,
SI i . , 1 ,SI
. i -
239
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
5 ;
;
a DB 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

sum db 0
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
;
mov si, 0
mov al, 0
again:
]; al al + a[si
;si si + 1
;
;
; sum
]add al, a[si

si
inc
cmp si, 5
again
jne
mov sum, bl
mov ax, 004ch

21h
int
end start
,
; MAX .
,
, .
240
6.11
. 6.5 : LOOP
.MAX
. -
.1 .100-
,
. , :
]add al, [si
SI .
:
, , , SI
.
6.12
, 10 ,
. .
.
6.13
, 20 , :
....,3 ,2 ,1
6.8
)(Base Relative Addressing
,
BX .BP- BX
) (DS BP ).(SS
241
:
+ =
, :
BX 3 ; AX
a BX ; AX
]mov ax, [bx 3

]add ax, a[bx
,
.

) ( .
,
- ) ( . , ,
, .
, ,:
. ;
. .
, ,6.1
,AL :
bx, p1
lea
]mov al, [bx+2

6.6
, :
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
;
242
item STRUC
? itemnum DW
? DB
quantity
? DW
supplier
item ENDS
.DATA
>p1item <1111,100, 923

>p2item <2222,50,120
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
BX ;
= ; AL
bx, p1
]mov al, [bx+2
BX ;
; AL AL +
lea
bx, p2
lea
]add al, [bx+2
mov ax, 004ch

21h
int
end start
6.14
. :
;
;
;
243
.
) .(60-
, 1 ;a .0
6.15
. 6.6 .
. ;
.
, .
- .
6.9 -
)(Based Indexed Addressing Modes
:
, , :
][ + + =
.

:
][bx][si
][bx + si
][bx][di
][bx + di
][bp][si
][bp + si
][bp][di
][bp + di
, ,BX
, ,BP
.
,
]mov al, [bx][si
244
BX = 1000h ,SI = 880h

DS:1880 ,AL .6.7
6.7
-
-
][BX+SI+disp
]disp[BX] [si
][BX+DI+disp
]disp[BX][DI
][BP+SI+disp
]disp[BP][SI
][BP+DI+disp
]disp[BP][DI
: 6.7 - ,
,BX = 1000h SI = 880h ,4
]mov al, 4[bx][si
DS:1884 ,AL .6.8
6.8
-
245
6.9.2 -
-
,
.
- . ,
-.
6.7
- 5 10- ,
, .... ,6 ,4 ,2 ,0- .
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
;
ROW EQU 5
COLUMN EQU 10
.DATA
- ; 510
)?(a DB ROWCOLUMN dup

.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
mov al, 0
mov si, 0
again:
BX 0- ROWCOLUMN ;
mov a[si], al
2
add al,
246
inc si
? ;
cmp si, ROWCOLUMN

jb again
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
END start
, - ,
.
6.8
- 3 4- .
...,10,20,30 ,
- sum 3 ) -
-(.
: , ,ROW , COLUMN
.
:
a y -;
sum y - .
:
y - a -
BX.SI-
y - .DI
247
:
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
;
ROW
EQU 3
COLUMN EQU 4
.DATA
- ;
a DB 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120
- ;
)sum DB ROW dup(0

.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
; a
; sum
xor bx, bx
xor di, di
: BX 0- COLUMNROW ;
loop_row:
;
; a
si, si
xor
cl, cl
xor
;
SI 0- COLUMN-1 ;
loop_column:
]add cl, a[bx][si
si
inc
cmp si, COLUMN

jb loop_column
;
248
; sum
mov sum[di], cl
di
inc
add bx, COLUMN

cmp bx, ROWCOLUMN
jb loop_row
;
mov ax, 4ch

21h
int
END start
6.16
...,13 ,10 ,7 ,4 ,1 - .34
6.17
- 4
6- , -.
249
,
7.1
) (routine , .
,
.
;
. ,
.
: ) Procedures (
) (Functions .
, , .
) ;(Call
, , .

) ( .,

. , ,
,
.
) (
.
250
. ,
,
.
) (macro .
7.2
) ( .
: PROC
, ENDP :
> PROC <

RET
> ENDP <
7.1
.
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
? a DB
? x DW
.CODE
;
start:
;
call initData
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
251
; initData
initData PROC
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
ret
initData ENDP
END start
, ,
. :
initData PROC .initData ENDP-
. ,7.1
, :
call
.initData , :
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
ret
, ,ret
, :
mov ax, 4c00h
:
. CALL
-
CALL
: ,
. )
,(JMP
252
. ,
.
. (RETurn) RET
RET n
) n(
. : ,
. ,
; ) (.
, .
:
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
? DB
? DW
.CODE
initData PROC
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
ret
initData ENDP
;
start:
;
call initData
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
END start
253
)
( . ,
; .
)
,(start ) (
, ,RET )
( , .
7.1
terminateProg
.
7.3
7.3.1
, ,
) .(Stack , "
" ) Stack Segment .(SS
. :
.STACK
, 256:
.STACK 100h

. ,
. ,
: ---
).(LIFO Last-In-First-Out
254
7.1 .
. ;
7.1
,
. ) ( , , .
,
--- ,
. , ,
,
. ) ,(Pushing
) .(Popping ,
, - ,SP ,
SP . .SS
7.2 .
SP .
255
, '' .
SP
SP .
7.2

7.3 : .
,
.SP , SP ,
. , 3
, 1 . ,
SP ) .(7.2
7.3

256
, ,
. , , ,
,
. ) ,(Stack overflow
, .

.
, :SP
,SP .
,8086- , SS
. SP
).(SS:SP
7.2
?1MB .
7.3.2
;
.
, , ,
.
, .
8086 16
.- ) 8(.
. PUSH

PUSH
257
: ) SP
2- .(SP , ,
.
.
:
; ax
push ax
; 10
push 10
; var
push var
!!! ;
push al

. , ,
, .
7.2

. :
AX = 3F4Ch
SP = 100h
:
push ax
SP AX .
AX ,
.7.4
258
7.4

,4-1 :
.1 1:SP-
SP = 100h 1 = FFh
.2 AH = 3Fh FFh .
, - SS
.SP
.3 1:SP-
SP = FFh 1 = FEh
.4 AL = 4Ch FEh .
,2 ,
- SS .SP
. POP

POP
: , .
2- ) SP ( .
.
.
259
7.5 .
7.5
pop dx
) :(3F4Ch
.1 ,FEh :DX
DL = 4Ch
.2 1:SP-
SP = FEh + FFh
.3 ,FFh :DX
DH = 3Fh
.4 1:SP-
SP = FFh + 1 = 100h
, ,
.
.
,SP SP
.SS
260
7.3
. . SP
a b- .
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DW 1234h
b DW 5678h
.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
push a
push b
bx, a
lea
]pop [bx
]pop [bx+2
;
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
END start
. str1 4
.
7.4
DX ,CX ,BX ,AX
AX ,BX CX .DX .
261
7.3.3
,
IP , . IP
) (
) ( . " " )Return
.(address 8086- :
) (Near routine ).(Far routine
" " .
,CS:IP-
, , 8086- ,IP
. ,
, .IP
" " , ,
, : CS
) ( ) IP ,
( ,
IP . ,
CS IP ,
, .
.
7.3
7.1
;
.
: ,
.
262

7.6 . IP
, .
7.6

:
SP .2-
) (IP-
.SS:SP
IP .
263
.7.7
7.7
call initData :

, RET
. :
SS:SP .IP
SP .2-
, , , .7.8
264
7.8
) ret (
7.5

initData ?RET
7.4

.
: .
, ,
.
. ,
265

) ( .
- ;
, . ,
,
.
) (:
) (by value ;
) (by reference .
,
, . "
" " " . ,
, ,
, .
,swap
.
7.4.1 )(by value

,
""
SP .
7.4

.
. , ) swap(a,b
.
a .b-
:
266
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DW 12h
b DW A9h
.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
; a
push a
; b
push b
); swap(a,b
call swap
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
swap PROC
) ( ;
swap ENDP
END start
7.9 , )
,(call swap :
7.9
,swap
267
7.9 , SP
) ( ,
. ?
) BP 16 ( ,
. BP ,SP
:
MOV BP, SP
;
, , :
a BP+4
b BP+2
, :swap
swap PROC
; BP = SP
mov bp, sp
; AX = 00A9h
]mov ax, [bp+2
; AX = 0012h, [BP+2] = 00A9h
]xchg ax, [bp+4
; [BP+2] = 0012h
mov [bp+2], ax
ret 4
swap ENDP
, ,
,
.
RET 4
SP 4- ) (SP
SP .2- SP 4-
, ,0100h
.
268
7.6
. ) a( , bp+2
?bp-2
. ,RET 4 ?
?
. .RET
, ,
a b-
. ""
, "" , ,
a b- .
.
7.4.2 )(by reference

,
.
7.5
) swapByRef (a,b
. ,
a .b-
:
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DW 12h
b DW A9h
.CODE
269
start:
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
bx, a
; a
lea
push bx
bx, b
lea
; b
push bx
); swapByRef (a,b
call swapByRef
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
swapByRef PROC
) ( ;
swapByRef ENDP
END start
7.10 , :
7.10
swapByRef
270
,
; BP , SP BP-
. :swapByRef
swapByRef PROC
; BP
mov bp, sp
BX ; b
]mov bx, [bp+2

]mov ax, [bx
; ax = 00A9h
SI ; a
]mov si, [bp+4
; AX = 0012h, a = 00A9h
]xchg ax, [si
; b = 0012h
mov [bx], ax
ret 4
swapByRef ENDP
a ,b-
. ,
:
7.1
swapByRef

]DS:[0002
]DS:[0000
00A9
0012

ax
si
bx
00FA 00FA
0002
00A9
0000
00A9
0012
bp
sp
0012
mov bp, sp
]mov bx, [bp+2
]mov ax, [bx
]mov si, [bp+4
]xchg ax, [si
mov [bx], ax
ret 4
271
,2 0002 bx
.b 3 ,b ,bx .ax
4 SI ,a ax
.a ,b
a .b- 7.11
.
7.11
swapByRef
7.6
. a ,b- ,6.20 ,
? , .
. swapByRef a, b, c
, .
7.5
, .
" " .
,
.
PUSH POP- .
,
272
) ( . ) BP (SP
. ) ( ],SS:[BP-2
] ,SS:[BP-4 .
7.12

: ] [bp-n
]) [bp+n .(n=0,2,4,6,
7.6
n .1,3,5,7
sumNum n .
n : sum- ;
, .sum
:
sum .
:
n
sum
sumNum
.
273
sumNum
} : { n
} : {1,3,5,7, :
AX CX .-
temp .
:
bp = sp
cx = 0
:temp cx
cx = n
ax = 1
cx0:
temp = temp + ax
ax = ax + 2
cx = cx 1
]ax = [bp2
[bp+2] = ax :sum
, sum
:
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
DW 10
sum DW 0
.CODE
;
start:
mov ax, @DATA
274
mov ds, ax
;
push n
bx, sum
;
;
;
lea
push bx
call sumNum
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
sumNum PROC
; bp = sp
; cx = 0
temp ]; [BP2
; cx = n
; ax = 1
mov bp, sp
cx, cx
xor
push cx
]mov cx, [bp+4
mov ax, 1
again:
; temp = temp + ax
;ax= ax+2
; cx>0
add [bp2], ax
ax
inc
ax
inc
loop again
;
; ax = temp
; sum = ax
pop ax
mov [bp+2], ax
4
ret
ENDP sumNum
END start
7.13 sumNum
) .(push cx SP
, BP- .
275
7.13

, ] [bp-2
.
SP- ,
.100h ,
,POP ax ] .[bp+2
2- .sp=bp
,ret 4 SP
.
7.7
n .
1 . ,
, .
,
.
, "" .
276
7.7
, 7.6
ax) cx- ( .
:
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
ax; cx-
push ax
push cx
;
push n
bx, sum
;
;
lea
push bx
call sumNum
ax; cx-
pop cx
pop ax
;
7.8

:
pop ax
pop cx
277
7.6
;
)
(; .
, ,
. ""
, .
) ( , ,

.
7.8
,
.
, i-
) .(n .sumarr
:
n ,
i ,
sumarr ,
sum ,a
i- . :
n i-
a sumarr
278
:
a
n
i
) sumarr (
sum

sum
,0
i- .i1
- , BX SI- .
} : n ,a , i-
{
} : i- {
BP= SP
n CX
BX a
i1 SI
AX
CX 0-:
] a[SI AX
SI1-
AX sumarr
:
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
MAX EQU 9
279
.DATA
a DB 9, 0Ah, 4, 5, 6, 8, 1, 4, 12
n DW MAX
i DW 04h
? sumarr DW
.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
;
bx, a
lea
, ;
push bx
, ;
push n
push i
, ;
bx, sumarr
lea
push bx
;
;
sum
call
mov ax,
21h
int
sum PROC
mov bp, sp
;
]mov cx, [bp+6
]mov si, [bp+4
;
; 0
sub cx, si
cx
inc
si
dec
]mov bx, [bp+8

ax, ax
xor
280
]again: add ax, [bx+si

inc si
loop again
; sumarr
]mov bx, [bp+2

mov [bx], ax
ret 8
sum ENDP
END start
7.9

.
7.10
.
.
7.11
;
.
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
.CODE
start:
;
281
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
call outproc
;
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
outproc PROC
jmp endouts
inproc PROC
mov ah, 0Fh
ret
inproc ENDP
endouts:
call inproc
inc ah
mov bh, 0FFh
ret
outproc ENDP
END start
7.7
.
AL .AX
, AX DX- , DX-
.AX-
,
.
282
7.9
) greater(a,b ) (
.
greater PROC
mov bp, sp
ax ;b
]mov ax, [bp+2
a;b-
]cmp ax, [bp+4
b a- ;next
ax ;
ja next
]mov ax, [bp+4
next: ret 4
greater ENDP
, AX ,
. ,
,BX :ax
push ax
; ax
) ( ; a
push a
) ( ; b
push b
call greater
mov bx, ax
;ax
pop ax
7.12
.7.9 AX
, ?
283
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a dw 34
b dw 87
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
;
push a
push b
call greater
mov bx, ax
mov ax, 4c00h
int
;
;
21h
greater PROC
mov bp, sp
push ax
; ax
mov ax, [bp+2]
; ax = b
cmp ax, [bp+4]
; if b > a ?
ja next
mov ax, [bp+4]
; then (b > a ) jump next

; else ( a b) ax =a
next:
pop ax
ret
greater ENDP
END start
; ax
284
7.8
.
,
.
;
.
7.10
.
n 1- ,n 0 .1-
! , , ! ,2 , n
!. n
:
3 -
7 7! = 7654321 -
3! = 321
.
,
. n n>0 ) ""
":("factorial
factorial =1
x n- 1:
factorial = factorialx
x=x1
.
! .n -n ;
! n !):(n-1
285
0! = 1
!1! = 10
!2! = 21 = 21
!3! = 321 = 32
!4!= 4321 = 43
!)n! = n (n-1
n<0
, !:4
! 4
!4! = 4 (4-1)! = 43
! 3
!3! = 3 (3-1)! = 32
! 2
!2! = 2 (2-1)! = 21
! 1
!1! = 1 (1-1)! = 10
0!= 1
, 0! ,:
!:1
1! = 10! = 11 = 1
!:2
2! = 21! = 21 = 2
!:3
3! = 32! = 32 = 6
!:4
4! = 43! = 46 = 24
, :
. , :
0! = 1
" ".
. , ,:
!4! = 43
!) (n-1 ! n.
286
7.11
, ab .
,ab a b- , b
,a:
ab = a+a+.
+a
,
, .x0=0
:
43
a=4, b=3 43 = 42 + 4
a=4, b=2 42 = 41 + 4
a=4, b=1 41 = 40 + 4
)- ( a=4, b=0 40 = 0

41 = 0 + 4
42 = 41 + 4 = 8
43 = 42 + 4 = 12
95
a=9, b=5 95 = 94 + 9
a=9, b=4 94 = 93 + 9
a=9, b=3 93 = 92 + 9
a=9, b=2 92 = 91 + 9
a=9, b=1 91 = 90 + 9
)- ( a=9, b=0 90 = 0

91 = 90 + 9 = 9
92 = 91 + 9 = 18
93 = 92 + 9 = 27
94 = 93 + 9 = 36
93 = 94 + 9 = 45
287
, b=0 ab = 0
, b>1
)ab = a + a(b1
, :
. , : "" "" ,
, 0!=1
. , "" ,
!)n! = n(n1
" ." , "" , ,
, .

) AL .(AX
7.12
example
AL AL .0-
:example
AL > 0
AL = AL 1
CALL example :
AL = 0
:
AL=AL1 - ,
, .AL=0
288
:example
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
;al
;
;
mov al, 2
call example
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
example PROC
cmp al, 0
al = 0 ;
; al= al 1
;
je done
al
dec
call example
done: ret
ENDP example
END start
example
, .
, example .000Fh-0018h
: example
, IP .0000
, :
CALL example
, :
289
SP . 2- 00FE
. , ,000A SP
. IP .000F
:
7.14
example
:
IP .000F
AL ,0 ,2
. je 0018 ,
- ,
290
.0013 1 AL
call 000F .0015
:
. SP 2- 00FC
. , ,0018 SP
. IP .000F

. 7.15
:
7.15

291
:
AL ,0 : AL
1- . 7.16
.
7.16

: ) (
AL 0 . ,
.0018
RET :
292
. 0018 SP
IP
. SP 2- 00FC
7.17 :
7.17

: ) (
RET :
. 0018 SP
IP
. SP 2- 00FE
293
7.18

:
:
. 000A SP
IP
. SP 2- 0100
,
.mov ax, 4C00h
294
7.19

, SP .0100h
example AL ?0
7.13
. ,,
! , n .
,
.
! ,n :
,n ! ;n , n!-
,(0!=1) 0 :
295
):factorial(n
n = 1
factorial = 1
)factorial = n factorial(n1
BX n AX . n>0
.n1 ,
n .
!:n
; bx=2
); factorial(2
mov bx, 2
call factorial
finish:
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
factorial PROC
;n=1
bx;
cmp bx, 0
BX >1 ;
jg call_fact
; AX =1
mov ax, 1
jmp done
; n>11
call_fact:
; bx
1 ; bx
); facotiral(bx1
push bx
bx
dec
call factorial
: ; bx
pop bx
bx ax- ; ax
mul bx
ret
done:
ENDP factorial
END start
296
, BX 2
001F .SP=00FEh
.
: )factorial(2
7.20
.
7.20
factorial(2)-
297
: )factorial(1
IP . BX
0- .0016 ,
BX , BX 1- factorial
).factorial(1
7.21 :
push bx
dec bx
); call factorial(1
7.21
factorial(1)-
call factorial
298
: )factorial(0
, IP
. BX 0- .0016
, BX , BX 1-
factorial ).factorial(0
7.22 .
7.22
factorial(0)-
299
: )factorial(0
, BX ,0
0010 : 1 AX
,001E .RET 7.23.
.
7.23
)factorial(0
300
: )factorial(1
001B
bx=1- AXBX = 11 = 1
RET .001E 7.24
.factorial(1)-
7.24
)factorial(1
301
:
001B
bx=2- AXBX = 12 = 2
.RET
. 7.25

7.25

302
7.9
) (macro
) ( ;
. - , ,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
) IP
( .
7.9.1
,
, :
][paramet1, paramet2,
MACRO

ENDM
. ,
. ,
. .
.
7.14
, :DS
MACRO setDS
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
ENDM
303
MACRO ENDM- .
, - .
. :
, ; -
, , .
, setDS ,DS endprogram ,
:
.MODEL SMALL
;
setDS MACRO
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
ENDM
endprogram MACRO
MOV AX, 4c00h

21h
INT
ENDM
.STACK 100h
.DATA
.CODE
start:
;
setDS
;
endprogram
END start
,LST ,
.
304
7.9.2
; ,
,
)" "( )"
"( . ,
;
.
, writeChar .
writeChar MACRO char
mov dl, char
mov ah, 2
int 21h
ENDM
:
'writeChar 'A
-
- , .TAB
; ,
.
7.15
; a, b , c .a>b>c-
swap :
a<b a b-
b<c b c-
a<b a b-
305
:
swap first .second-
- . LOCAL in_order
. ,
. LOCAL
,
.
.MODEL SMALL
swap MACRO first, second

;
; AL
;
LOCAL in_order
mov al, first
cmp al, second
jnb in_order
xchg al, second

mov first, AL
in_order:
ENDM
.STACK 100h
.DATA
a DB 29
b DB 15
c DB 23
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
;
swap a, b
swap b, c
306
swap a, b
;
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
END start
, .lst
.debugger-
7.15
.1 ;
.2 3;
.3 pushreg popreg
.
7.9.3
, .
, .
. ,
IP ;
. ,
-
.
"" ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
- .
307
:
,
. ,
, ,
: ,
.
, :
swap a, b
,a , b
first ] [0000
second ] .[0001 , 'writeChar 'A
, char ' .'A
, . ,
writeChar add
, char add
:
MOV DL, add
,
, .
, swap :
swap MACRO tempreg, first, second
;
LOCAL in_order
mov tempreg, first
cmp tempreg, second
jnb in_order
308
xchg tempreg, second

mov first, tempreg
in_order:
ENDM
, , BL :CL
swap BL, a, b
swap CL, b, c
.

, . ,
,
.
7.9.4
, , .
.

, .
- :(REPeaT) REPT
REPT

ENDM
,
. :
REPT 3
inc ax
ENDM
309
- :
inc ax
inc ax
inc ax
,
. ,
.
.
.
7.16
'=' . :
.DATA
x DB 0
y DB 0FFh
'asciicode = 'A
rept 10
DB asciicode
asciicode = asciicode + 1
ENDM
,
.
310
311

. , ) ASCII .(2
: , ,
, .- ,
,ASCII ) ,c ,b ,a :'( "
,
0 9-- ASCII 0
ASCII .
8086 ,
)
( .
.

.
8.1
.,
, 5,
":"abcde
"str1 DB "abcde
'str2 DB 'abcde
"str3 DB "a", "b", "c", "d", "e
312
. 5
, ASCII . ,
:
str4 DW a, b, c, d, e
ASCII
.0 8.1 5
, 5 .
8.1

.
.
.,
string1 DB 'abcde$
strLen EQU $ string1
string , strLen
$ .string1
,
.:
)?(string2 DB 80 DUP
8.1
:
. 10
. ) lenStr 100(
. "!"Hello
313
8.2

.

:
. SI ) (
;DS
. DI ) (
.ES
. DF , ,

.
. , .
,
, DS , ES- :
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
-
. .
8.3
MOVS
MOVS , ,SI
.DI :
z
:
MOVSB
314
z
:
MOVSW
:
]ES:[DI] DS:[SI
, ) ( , ,SI
.DI
.
, , SIDI-
.
, ,
) Direction Flag
.(8086 :MOVS
DS[SI]-.ES[DI]-
) DF=0 (
SI = SI+1
DI = DI+1
) (
SI = SI1
DI = DI1
-
1 ,0 CLD.STD-
(Clear Direction flag) CLD
CLD ; 0 ,(Direction Flag) DF

, , ,
.
315
(SeT Direction flag) STD
STD ; 1 DF
, .

, .
MOVS
. ,
SI :DI
SI ; a
mov si, OFFSET a
DI ; b
mov di, OFFSET b
"-" ;
;
cld
movsb

) offset (6 SI
a DI .b
.DS
8.2
SI DI-
.
8.3
,1 SI DI-
MOVSB ?MOVSW
316
8.4
, ,REP
,
REP MOVSB
) REP (REPeat n
. REP -
CX MOVS .
:REP MOVSB
CX 0
MOVSB
CX = CX 1
8.1
a .b
.7
.MODELL SMALL
.STACK 100h
MAX EQU 7
.DATA
"a DB "abcdefg
)?(b DB MAX dup
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
SI ; a
mov si, OFFSET a
DI ; b
317
mov di, OFFSET b

cld
;
CX ;
;
mov cx, MAX

movsb
rep
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
END start
:
. DS ES- ,
SI DI- .DS
. SI.DI-
. ,- .CLD
, STD ,CLD .
. ,MOVSB CX
) .(a
.
REP MOVSB
, , CX;
CX .
8.4
. 8.1 10
.
. b- a ?MAX-
a ?MAX-
.
, ?
. 10 .
318
8.5 (Store a String) STOS

STOS AL ,
,DI , ,
.
STOSB
,ES:[DI] AL : DI .
, AX ,
STOSW
.ES:[DI] AX :
.
:STOSB
MOV byte ptr ES:[DI], AL
0=DF
DI = DI + 1
DI = DI 1
8.6
STOSW
8.2
10- .c
. model small
.STACK 100h
.data
)?(chr DB 10 dup
.code
319
start:
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov di, offset chr
; DI
mov cx, 10
cld
'mov al, 'c
'; al 'c
rep stosb
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
END start
8.6 (Load a String) LODS

SI
:AL

LODSB
]AL byte ptr DS:[SI

.AX
LODSW
:
]AL word ptr DS:[SI
320
:LODSB
]MOV AL , ES:[SI
0=DF
SI = SI + 1
SI = SI 1
- REP .LODS
REP ) LODSB (LODSW
: ,AL
AL , . , AL
. ,
LODS , ,STOS- ,
.
8.3
a b
) '.(' -
.model small
.stack 100h
;
MAX EQU 7
.data
;
;
"a DB "12 45 7
)?(b DB MAX dup
.code
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
321
: , ;
mov si, offset a

mov di, offset b
cmp cx, 0
cld
;
again:
lodsb
' ' =; al
><al
' ' cmp al,

; cont
cont
jne
al ' ' '; '-
'mov al, '-
; b[di] = al
cont: stosb
; cx cx + 1
inc cx
cmp cx, MAX
? ;
jb again
; again
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
end start
8.7
(CoMPare String) CMPS
.CMPS ,
ASCII . :
:

; CMPSB
; CMPSW
: SI DI ?
, ]? ES:[DI] = DS:[ SI
322
,CMP ZF, CF, OF, SF, :

.AF, PF
:CMPSB
]CMP byte ptr ES:[DI],DS:[ SI
DF=0
SI = SI + 1
DI = DI + 1
SI = SI 1
DI = DI 1
-
,
.
8.4
a ,b
) 0 ( ) 1 (
:AX
mov si, offset a
mov di, offset b
mov ax, 1
cld
? ;
; equal
cmpsb
jz equal
;
mov ax, 0
jmp endcmp
equal:
323
, :
z
i i .
,CMPSB , .REP
REP :
i- n:
] DS:[SI] = ES:[DI
,
. CMPS REPeat while) REPZ
(Zero ,(REPeat while Equal) REPE : CMPSB
, .
REPE CMPSB
REPZ CMPSB
:REPZ
CX 0 ZF 0:
]CMP ES:[DI],DS:[ SI
DF=0
SI = SI + 1
DI = DI + 1
SI = SI 1
DI = DI 1
-
324

)REPNZ (REPeat while Not Zero
)REPENE (REPeat while Not Equal
:
CX 0 ZF 1
,
, .
8.5
, .
FFh ,al .0-
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
" a DB "1234567
" b DB "1234567
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
;
mov si, OFFSET a
mov di, PFFSET b
mov cx, 7
cld
325
repz cmpsb
jne else_if
`mov al, 0FFh
jmp end_if
else_if:
mov al, 0
end_if:
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
end start
8.7
.
. : abcdef abedcx -
2 ) .(4 ,2
8.8
(SCAn String) SCAS
(SCAn String) SCAS ) (

) AL .(AX :
SCASB
SCASW
SCASB DI ;AL
SCASW DI .AX
.CF, OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF :
326
:SCASB
AL, ES:[DI] CMP
DF=0
DI := DI + 1
DI := DI 1
-
8.6
' '5 , .7 ''5

FFh ,al .0-
mov di, offset a
'mov al, '5
mov cx, 7
cld
repnz scasb
jne else_if
mov al, 0FFH
jmp end_if
else_if: mov al, 0
end_if:
8.8
.
8.9
. .
- ) ( .
. , .
: .
327
8.9 ") XLAT" (translate

, .
ASCII .
. XLAT
.
XLAT , ;AL
:
z
BX ;
AL .
XLAT
BX + AL ) AL ( .
256 )
.(AL
8.7
0- :9

.DATA
table DB 4695031872
3 :
mov bx, offset table
; AL = 3
mov al, 3
; AL = 5
xlat
328
8.10
)( :
5 ; : ""adrtx
"."fiwyc
329
-
9.1 -
.
) (debugger
. ,
, ,
. ,PC , , ,,
; , , , ,,
. /
,
/ ,
.
.
.
: -
. , ,

.
9.2
DOS
DOS
- DOS . ,Disk Operating System
, 80-
.90-
, "".
330
, .
:
.1 AH ;
.2 ;
.3 .INT 21h
) INT 21h (CALL

,AH ,
.
.
9.2.1 ' :4Ch

' 4Ch .
,SMALL ' ' .
.DOS-
4Ch .DOS
.
4Ch DOS , ,
.
.ERRORLEVEL ERRORLEVEL = 0 ,
0- ) ( .
, ,AL .4Ch
.
.
;
;
;
mov al, 0
mov ah, 4ch
21h
int
331
MOV .mov ax, 4C00h :
9.2.2 ' :2
, .
, DL ASCII .
:
; DL
;
;
mov dl,
mov ah, 2
int 21h
9.1
; .
n n .
. : ","AFCTDR
.AaFfCcTtDdRr :
printChar
.
,
.20h ASCII
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
; 6
"str1 db 6,"AFCTDR
.CODE
start:
332
mov ax, @DATA

mov ds, ax
;
;0-
xor cx, cx
SI ;
mov si, offset str1
; AL = n, SI = SI+1
; CX = n
lodsb
mov cl, al
cld
doloop:
lodsb
];AL = str[SI
;
) ( ;
;
;
;
;
;
cbw
push ax
call printChar
add ax, 20h
push ax
call printChar
pop ax
loop doloop
mov ax, 4c00h

21h
int
printChar PROC
mov bp, sp
;
; 2
; DOS
]mov dl, [bp+2

mov ah, 2
21h
int
ret 2
printChar ENDP
END start
333
9.2.3 ' :9
' 9
.
, .DX ; ' '$
. : ' ,'GOOD-BYE
' ;'GOOD-BYE$ ' '$ .
,
:str
DX ;
mov dx, offset str
;
;
mov ah, 9
21h
int
9.1
.
" "$ ,printString
.
9.2.4 ' :1
. ,
AL ASCII .
. '' ) .(echo ctrl+break
.DOS
:
;
;
AL , ASCII .
mov ah, 1
21h
int
334
9.2
. getChar
printChar .
9.2.5 ' :0Ah

.
,
> .<ENTER , -
. ,
> .<ENTER , -
.
, , , . ' 0Ah
, ) 0Dh ASCII
(CR Carriage Return
>.<ENTER
n ,
, n+3 .9.1
9.1

)(
.1 +
- .
.
- .
n+1
) + (0Dh
- .
335
, DX
. ,
10 .
.
10 ; inpBuffer
DB 10
DB 0
)11 dup(0
DB
(D) ASCII .return

.
dx ;
mov dx, inpBuffer
mov ah, 1
21h
int
9.2
, .
:
printString ;
getString
printChar .
:
. outMessage1 ;outMessage2-
.
. ;inpBuffer .
0Dh, 0Ah .
, , ,
. " "$ .
336
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
outMessage1 DB " input string: ", 0Dh, 0Ah, "$"
outMessage2 DB " the string is:", 0Dh, 0Ah, "$"

inpBuffer
DB 10
DB 0
DB 11 dup(0)
.CODE
start:
;
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
;
mov bx, offset outMessage1
push bx
call
printString
pop
bx
;
mov bx , offset inpBuffer

push bx
call
getString
pop bx
;
mov bx, offset outMessage2
push bx
call
printString
pop bx
;
xor cx, cx
mov si, offset inpBuffer+1
337
lodsb
mov cl, al
cld
;
;
do_loop:
lodsb
cbw
push ax
;
call printChar
pop ax
loop do_loop
;
mov ax, 4c00h
21h
int
;
printChar PROC
mov bp, sp
;
]mov dl, [bp+2

mov ah, 2
21h
int
ret 2
printChar ENDP
;
getString PROC
mov bp, sp
;
]mov dx, [bp+2

mov ah, 0Ah
21h
int
ret 2
getString ENDP
338
;
printString PROC
mov bp, sp
;
]mov dx, [bp+2

mov ah, 9
21h
int
ret 2
printString ENDP
END start
9.3
) 0 ,(9-
.
9.3 8086
- , , ,
- . - MS-DOS .
,DOS
; ,
. ).(Interrupt
, ) (CPU-
) ( . ,
, ) .interrupt service routine (ISR
, ,
. .
- , .
(Universal Serial Bus) USB
339
.
- . :
.int
DOS .
) (exception ,
,0- .
) ,(trap . , 8086
(Trap Flag) TF ,1 1
. , , ,
- ) .(single step -
TF ,1 .1 .
8086 , . ,
8086- ) (Type . 8086- 256-
; 0.255-
, ,
" " ) (IVTInterrupt Vector Table .
,
. ) - (
) ( ,
, .

, ,
- ,int :
,
, - .
, CS .IP 8086-
, .
340
: 8086- CS
, ,IP ?
CS
. .
,
. : CS .
,
)
( . ,
, :
) ZF( ,- , . 9.1
,8086-
.
9.1
) 8086- (
, 8086-
, ,
.
341
,CS- IP- , IF.TF-

(Interrupt Flag) IF
) (IF=1- ) .(IF=0-
. , ,
;
. , ,
,
.
).(ISR Interrupt Service Routine
) ,(ISR 8086-
.003FFh 00000h ,
.
, 9.2 : 0
,0 1
,1 ,
.255
4 ,
, . ,
256 4 = 1024 , .8086-
8086- ,
. ,N- 8086-
,4 N . ,
,4- . 8086-
.
9.4 .
342
9.2
. ;8086- .
9.3
.00BAh ,
,0622h - 0623h .5 :
SP = 004Fh
, CF.IF-
.5
343
9.2
5

00014h
78h
00015h
02h
00016h
D3h
00017h
C6h
9.3 .
,
,CS:IP = 00BAh:0624h ,0201h .SP = 004Fh- 8086-
, , CS IP
6-
) , ( . , SP
, .0049h 8086- 5
. 54 = 00014h
.54+3 = 00017h- 8086- IP
, CS .
,
.C6D3h:0278h
344
9.3
5
345
9.4 ,IF . ,
) 9.3 (9.4 .
9.4

346
9.4
) (
,C6D3h:03B2h 8086- .
.
9.4 .
) CS:IP = C6D3h:03B3h : (,
,SP = 0049h . , CS
IP ,
,CS:IP = 00BAh:0624h : . ,
, CF .IF- SP 6-
, .SP = 004Fh
9.4
, DOS
. DOS 35h
DOS .35h
AL ES
) ( BX - .AL ES
BX .
.ES:DX
, ES:BX :5 .
mov ah, 35h
mov al, 5
21h
int
347
. DOS 25h
.25h
:
AL
DS
DX
, 5 myProc
) (.
;
;
;
DS ;
DS ;
;
mov ah, 25h

mov al, 5
push seg myProc
pop ds
mov dx, offset myProc
21h
int
offset
. mov dx, offset myProc offset
myProc .dx
seg push seg myProc
.myProc
.
FAR .IRET
.
:
name PROC FAR
iret
name ENDP
348
9.5
, 0 .
. .
:
mov cl, 0
div cl
, .divide by zero :
0 . ,
.
. ,6
.
,
.
,
.
: 0 . myProc ,
. ,0 .
.
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
.DATA
'outMessage db 0Dh, 0Ah, ' divide by zero ', 0Dh, 0Ah, '$
.CODE
start:
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, ax
0 ; ES:BX
mov ah, 35h
mov al, 0
21h
int
349
; myProc 0
mov ah, 25h
mov al, 0
mov dx, offset myProc
push seg myProc
pop ds
int
21h
; myProc 0-
mov cl, 0
div
cl
; 0 .
mov ah, 25h

mov al, 0
mov dx, bx
push es
pop es
int
21h
exit :
mov ax, 4c00h
int
21h
;
myProc PROC
mov bp, sp
add word ptr [ bp], 2
lea
dx, byte ptr cs:outMessage
mov ah , 9
int
21h
iret
myProc ENDP
END start
350
9.5 INOUT-
, / ,
. ,4
8086 1M / 8086
.64K / ) .(port
/ ,
100h 100h .
, .
M / IO / .
,
/ . ,
Read / Write )
( ) (.

. mov ax, var .add var, 18
IN OUT-.
. IN
:
, IN
) IN ,(INput
- . :
AL AX .
.AL
. OUT
:
, OUT
351
') 'OUT (OUTput

- . :
. , :
AL AX .
:
.
0 255- )(.
. ,FFh-
DX . :
,0379h
:DX
MOV DX, 379h
IN AL, DX
: DX
, .AL
9.6
.0378h
037h .
mov dx, 0378h
in al, dx
neg al
out 037h, al
352
353
10.1

,
: , , ,
. ,
,
, , ,
.

, ,
- .-
, .
"- "
, .
1965 ) (
)" .("Moore's Law , ,
' , , .
, ' 18.
10.1 , ,
.
354
x 86
140000
)(
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1979
1982
1985
1989
1993
1997
1999
2000
2004
10.1
) (
) (
, - .
, ,
.
, .
.
86 .
.10.1
; ) 1 = (.
: 0.003mm
"" 29,000; 0.0018mm 25,000,000
355
. , 200 )
4.77MHz 1000MHz (.
1) 1MHz ( .
" " . ,
.
,
ADD . ADD 8086
3 17- ) ( .
1MHz 58,000 330,000- ,
1000MHz 58,000,000 330,000,000- ADD.
, .

/ ,
. , ) ,(DQ
16 , , P5
)( 32 , .

. , 4 8086 20
.1Mbyte P5
64 ) 264= 64GB .(10.1
, ,
, .
,
. ,
- " "
).(pipelining
356
10.1
80x86

8088
)( )(
MHz
5
16
29,000
3 1979
80286
1982
1.5
134,000
16
80386
1985
1.5
275,000
32
16
80486
1989
1,200,000
32
25
Pentium
1993
0.8
3,100,000
32
60
Pentium II
1997
0.35
7,500,000
32
233
Pentium III
1999
0.25
9,500,000
32
450
Pentium 4
2000
0.18
42,000,000
32
1500
"Pentium 4 "Prescott
2004
0.09
125,000,000
32
3600
10.2
,
.
, .
16- 32- ,
64 . ,
: F ,G
)( .
.
,
.(Extended) E ;10.2
, ) EIP ( .
32 ,
, 32 . 32
, 8 16.
357
10.2

:
eax
neg
L3
je
eax
neg
L1:
xchg eax, edx

eax, edx
sub
L2
jg
L1
jne
eax, edx
add
L2:
L3:
, 32.
. ,
, , LFS, LGS
, CDQ ) 32(
) 64( . ,(Convert Doubleword to Quadword) CDQ
358
80386 , CBW ,5
EAX .EDX
); eax 5 (FFFFFFFBh
mov eax, 0FFFFFFFBh
; edx FFFFFFFFh, eax FFFFFFFBh
cdq
, CMPXCHG
INS OUTS- - . ,
32.

).(debuging
10.3 " " )(pipelining

,
, .
- ,
.
) (
- .
).(pipelining
,
.
, . 10.3
, , .
4 6
, 10 ,
) 40 = 4(4 + 6 .
359
10.3

, :
. ,
,
. 10.4
.
.
10.4

360
10.4 ,
) ( ,
. 28 .-

. ,
, , ,
, .
, )
( , ,
. , ,
.
, 8086 ,
: ) (BIU Bus Interface Unit
) (EU Execution Unit ,,
.
10.5
8086
,8086 .
;
, ,
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- .
,
.
, .
361
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386 )( 16 . , ,
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.

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) (MUL
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; op1-
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362
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10.6 ,
.
10.6

, 14
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, . , ,80486
5 4 20 .

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( .
.
363
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F
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(EXECUTE) E ;
W
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.
10.7
4
, :
10.8
4
10.8 7 .

, . ; ,
364
: ;
. ,
. "" ) .(hazard
,
.
:
Structural Hazards , :
, ,
.
Data Hazards
, , .
Control Hazards ,
.
)(hazard
""
. .
. Structural Hazards-
) (to stall .,
Structural Hazards :
10.9
structural hazard
365
) D (10.9 ) ,(MOV AL, var1

,- F
, .
,
, .
, ,
. 10.9
, 8
.7
10.9
structural hazard
. :
,
) ,(ALU ,
.
.
. Data Hazard-
,
; .Data Hazards
:
add ax, bx
sub cx, ax
inc dx
366
,AX
, ) AX ( .
,10.10 ,
D SUB W ADD
; .AX-
,
.
10.10
data hazard
D ,
AX.
10.10
data hazard
, ,
. , .
, 2- .
367
,
- ) WB .(AX ,
, D2 . AX
) .(data forwarding 10.11
.
10.11
)(data forwarding
, , E
, W
) .(AX
10.12

) ( ,
, .
.data hazard
368

,
, .
:
add ax, bx
sub cx, ax
inc dx
, INC DX ,
SUB CX, AX .ADD AX, BX
, :
add ax, bx
inc dx
sub cx, ax

,NOP , ,
, .
10.13
NOP data hazard
) NOP (,
stall .
369
. Control Hazard-
Control
.Hazard
.
,
,
.IP ,
. : , -
, , .
- .
,10.14 , ,JMP
) next
.(MOV
10.14
,
.D ) ADD DX, AX
.(F ),(E
ADD ,D INC ) .(F
,
,MOV .next ,
370
, ,IP
,
.MOV ,
""
, .
.

, .
10.14
,
.JMP 3 .
,
CMP .Data hazard
:
10.15
371
,10.15 JNZ
CX .DX--
,
. , , 10.15
. JNZ 2 ,
.-
,ADD JNZ
. 5- . 3
, , 6 , 5 , 11
.2
10.15
,
.control hazard
) .(branch prediction ,
, "" .
.
, , ,
, .
) ,(W
. , :
mov cx, 100
mov ax, 0
next: add ax, cx
dec cx
jnz next
inc bx
372
CX ,ZF
) NEXT ( , , ,
.next
,
.JNZ , 99 ) ,(100

.
10.16 .CX = 2-
JNZ
. E ,JNZ , ,
,
; .INC BX
10.16
, , ,
. 100
, 99 100-
.
373
SUPERSCALAR
) (Pipelines )
( .- .Superscalar I
) U Pipeline (V Pipeline- .10.17 , I
. III .
Clock 1 Clock 2 Clock 3 Clock 4 Clock 5 Clock 6 Clock 7 Clock 8
I7
I5
I3
I1
PF u
I8
I6
I4
I2
PF v
I7
I5
I3
I1
D1 u
I8
I6
I4
I2
D1 u
I7
I5
I3
I1
D2 u
I8
I6
I4
I2
D2 v
I7
I5
I3
I1
EX u
I8
I6
I4
I2
EX v
I7
I5
I3
I1
WB u
I8
I6
I4
I2
WB v
10.17

, ,
- , .2
v-pipeline , ,u-pipeline-
, .
.486 ,
U , V .
,486
.
374
10.17 8 I1-I8 .
, 10.17 ,(PreFetch) PF
, ) (
. ,
. ,
.
, .
, 10.17 ,D1- .
- . -
:
.
, 10.17 ,D2-
.
) ( , .
, 10.17 ,EX- .ALU-

- .
. , (u-pipeline) U
,(v-pipeline) V
(u-pipeline) U
.(v-pipeline) V
, 10.17 ,WB- .
, .
,
- .
375
10.4
10.4.1
86 ,
, . :
"" )(Real mode

,8086 1MB .
, 20- .
.
)(Protected mode
) (;
- , )
( ) 80386
.(4GB-
"-" )(Virtual real mode
8086 : ""
"" 8086
.1MB
) 40385- (4GB- "".
10.2 ,
.
376
10.2

)(
CS
IP
SS
SP, BP
DS
,BX, DI, SI
8 16
ES
DI
CS
EIP
SS
ESP , EBP
DS
,EBX, EAX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI

8 32
ES
EDI
FS
GS
MODE
REAL MODE
) 16(
PROTECTED
MODE
) 32(
10.4.2
:
-
.
, ,ALU-
, , - ) 1 109(.
) ( .
- ,
, .
, 100- ) 100
( .
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.
377
: . ; .
- .
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, .
. :
, , .80GB
, .
, .
, ) 1 ( .
10000 .
10.1
, ,80GB
64.
,
, , , ,
;
.
) (cache memory , )(virtual memory
.
10.4.3 )(Cache Memory

, .
KB MB; 10-
-.
,
;
.
378
10.18

,
) ( .
, ,
, .
, - .
, .

, , ,
.
,
.

) ;(locality of reference ,
.
;
) .(Hit ratio
) ( , .
) 8KB (80386 .70-80%
32KB- .85-90%-
,32KB- ,
"" , ,
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, .DOS
379
:
.
: 1
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1 . ,
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)structural
(hazard .
: ,
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.
, :
, ;
.

,F D
.
10.4.4 )(
,
. , ) ,
( ) 8086 .(64KB-
380
,
. ,
.
Descriptor Tables . )(
8 : ) 32( ,
) 20( , .

,
.
, .
, . 10.19
;
.Selector
10.19
)(selector
) (:
13 . Index- .
. ) TI- (Table Indicator
) (.
2 . ) RPL- (Request Privilege Level
.
) .(10.20
. 13 ,
;
. .
381
10.20

Base 10.20 ) (4GB

Limit .
;
:
z
)GDT (Global Descriptor Table

.
)LDT (Local Descriptor Table

, .
, GDT
. , LDT
.
,
. GDT LDT- , TI
Selector- , ' ,'1
) (LDT ' '0 ).(GDT
382
,
. 4
,
.
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.
, :
z
GDTR ,GDT
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LDTR LDT .
- , - ,
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,
.
.
;
, .
383
- ) ,(Dual-Core processors
, ,
10.4.5 )(Virtual memeory

,
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.
) .(virtual memory
,
, .
,
, , .
,
.
, .
)
( )
( . , ,
, .
) ,(paging
"- " ) (page frames ,
) (pages . 86
.4Kbyte , )
.(TLB .
: ,
.:
32 20 :
12- .
384
10.21
, .
220 ) (1Mbyte .
. , 3-.
12 bit
10 bit
10 bit
210 .1 Kbyte
.
.
, , ,

. , ) (
.

,
,
. ,
, ,
.

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"

)(Direct addressing mode

)(Indirect Addressing Register

)(Direct Indexed Mode

)(Base Relative Addressing

- )(Based Indexed Addressing Modes

(Store a String) STOS

(Load a String) LODS

(CoMPare String) CMPS

(SCAn String) SCAS

" " )(pipelining

"" "" ," : ".

mov AX, count1

.2 ,Hardware System Architecture

, , 85 95- " " ,

= K10 = (an1an2...a2a1a0a1a2...am )10

25=32 24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1

1024 512 256 128

50678 = 583 + 082 + 681 + 780 = 5512 + 0 + 68 + 71 = 2615

1AF16 = 1162 + A161 + F160 = 1256 + 1016 + 151 + 71 = 431

A6B216 = 10163 + 6162 + 11161 + 2160 = 104096 + 6256 +

IEEE Standard 754 floating point

8 ) (23-30 126 .127-,

5 + 127 = 132 = 100001012

55 + 127 = 122 = 011110102 :

. ) Quadruple Words (Quad Word

A1F16 = A 162 + 1 161 + F 160 = 2591

= (an1bn3 + an2bn4 + + a2) b + a1

1010112 10002 = 1010110002

) , ,11 > 10- 11 < 100 :

1001101000002 : 10002 = 1001101002

)(12 + 15) (20 10

)(64) + (80)= (144

(13) (23) = (13) + 23

- , 80,80386 ,80286 ,80186 ,8086 :

mov ax, 0FF00h

BL AL- ,.BL = AL = 00h :

) :(Carry Flag ' '1

)' '0 ; ''1

( 216 = 65536 = 64K .

mov ax, 0FFh

mov ax, @DATA

mov ax, 4C00h

mov ax, @DATA

mov ax, 4C00h

mov ax, @DATA

mov ax, 4C00h

Tera (ten) Byte

5.2.1 (MOVe) MOV

mov al, 10h

mov ax, var1

mov var2, 10h

mov ax, var1

5.2.2 (eXCHanGe) XCHG

mov bl, 0F0h

xchg al, var

ADD SUB- .5.3

sub ax, var

add ax, var

sub ax, 10h

add ax, 10h

sub var, 10h

add var, 10h