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204
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95

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:

d 2 xi
K i1 x1 K i 2 x2 Kii xi KiN xn
dt 2

)(1.113

K ii )
( , K ij x j i

101

. j ) (1.113 N , -
. ) (1.105

: i K11 K 22 2 K , . K12 K 21 K
) (1.113 , x
, xi K : K ij

x1

x
x 2


xN

K NN
K1N
K2 N

K12
K 22

KN 2

K11

K
K 21

K N1

)(1.114

) (1.113 :

d2x
K x
dt 2

)(1.115

, K ,215
. K ij K ji K .216
:

0 . 0

0 . .
. . .

. . 0
. 0 N

1 0

0 2
0 0

.
.
0 0

)(1.116

) D (
1

K D D

)(1.117

D . D ) (1.117 ),(1.115
1

D:
215

216

j i .
. .
" " .

102

 :1

d2D x
1
m
D x
2
dt

)(1.118
1

, D D .
1

, D x :

d 2

dt 2

)(1.119

, ) (1.119 N
. , i , , :

d 2i
ii
dt 2

, m

i 1, 2, , N

)(1.120

N N ,

. i

Ki

m

. i

, N .
, .
, -
. , ,
.
,
. ,
.
) ( ,
, - -
. , ,
.

103

, . , N
, m xi . i
, :

d 2 xi
m 2 Fi x1 , x2 ,..., xN
dt

)(1.121

Fi x1, x2 ,..., xN

) , ( , .
,
. , xi , i
, :

Fi x1 , x2 ,..., xN 0 i

)(1.122

,:

xi xi xi

xi

)(1.123

. ,

Fi x1 x1 , x2 x2 ,..., xN xN Ki1 x1 Ki 2 x2 .... KiN xN

dFi x1 , x2 ,..., xN
dx j

K ij

)(1.124

)(1.125

, K , Kij ,
,:

d 2 x
m 2 K x
dt

)(1.126

x , xi , .
,

104

x1 , x2 ,..., xN

 :1

, K .
) (1.43 .
, ) (1.126 ) (1.115
. , .
,
.

1.3
. ,
) ( ,
. ,
, . , ,
. , )
( .
. ,
,
.
:

. , ,
, )( .
, , ,
. .
, , ,
, , ,
, .

105

1.4
Bekefi, G. & Barrett. A. H. (1977). Electromagnetic vibrations waves and radiation
(Chapter 1). The MIT Press.
French, A.P. (1971). Vibrations and waves (Chapters 1-5). WW Norton & Company.

Morse, P. M. & Ingard, K. U. (1968). Theoretical acoustics (Chapters 1-3). Princeton

University Press.

106

 :1

1.5
1
dx
, x ,
dt

)) (1.23 ( .
.

2
" "
.
. ,

A
, l .1-14 ,

+
+
+

-- -

l
1-14

,
- x
.
, m e . n
: , .

q2
, A
C q
2C
l

0A
l

, C 0 .217

3
, .
. l0 , l ) l0 l
, (.

217 " " .

107

4

, .

5

, .

1-15

)
( . , m
K ,
, .
, z0 t z t
, .
. z t z t z0 z0
, ) . z t ,
(.
. , , , z0 t A0 cos t A0
, , A , , ,

108

 :1

K
.
m

, .
. t 0 ,
, , t 0 .

6
)
) ((1.90 :
1
2Q 2

max 1

)(1.127

:
F0

1
1
4Q 2

X max

)(1.128

7

,
, .

) ) x(t ) X 0 sin(t ( . ,
l . m
. K

1-16

, .
. .

109

1.6

1
. : 1 x

x
2

x ... 1
x 0

1
2 1 x

x ... 1
x 0

d 1 x
dx

x 0

1 x 1 x

)(1.129

d sin x
x ... 0 cos x x 0 x ... x
dx x 0

sin x sin x x 0

2
d cos x
1 d cos x
x
x 2 ...
cos x cos x x 0
2
dx
dx
2
x 0
x 0

)(1.130

)(1.131

x2
1
2
1 sin x x 0 x cos x x 0 x ... 1
2
2

x ... 1 x

2
x 0

1 x

x ... 1
x 0

d 1
dx 1 x

x 0

1
1

1 x 1 x

)(1.132

2
) ,(1.11 , exp i
. exp i an n : 0 n :
n

!n

an

):(1.11

)(1.133

cos bn n
n

. i sin cn n :
n

110

 :1

n
!bn n

n-
0

n
-

n-

n 1
cn i 1 2

! n

)(1.134

) , an bn cn ,(1.11
) , ,
( . ):(1.13

exp i exp i cos i sin cos i sin

cos
2
2
exp i exp i cos i sin cos i sin

sin
2i
2i

)(1.135

. zz* ,

, z ,:

cos i sin cos i sin

exp i cos i sin

cos 2 i 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 1

)(1.136

. z ; z r exp i , :

1
1
1
1

exp i exp i
z r exp i r
r

1 1 1
1

z
z r
z
.

)(1.137

, .z

):(1.11

e i 1 cos i sin 1 1 1 0

)(1.138

4
), (1.15

dv
v 0
dt

)(1.139

111

: , m

(1.140)

dv
v0
dt m
:( 1.16)

d

exp t v t exp t
m dt
m
(1.141)

d exp t

dv t

m
exp t v t
exp t
dt

m dt
m

dv t

dv t
exp t v t exp t
exp t
v t
dt
m
m dt
m m
m

5
( 1.23) x2 (t ) x1 (t )

(1.142)

d 2 x1
2 x1 0
2
dt
d 2 x2
2 x2 0
2
dt
: ,

(1.143)

d2
x1 x2 2 x1 x2 0
dt 2

( , )

x1 x2
.(1.23)

112

 :1

6
:(1.29) ( 1.30) ,(1.31)

x t X exp it X exp it
1
1
X iX exp it X iX exp it
2
2
1
1
X exp it exp it iX exp it exp it
2
2
1
1
X exp it exp it X exp it exp it
2
2i

(1.144)

:( 1.13)

(1.145)

x t X cos t X sin t
:

(1.146)

sin sin cos sin cos

:

(1.147)

x t A sin t A sin t cos A cos t sin

:( 1.144)

(1.148)

X A sin
X A cos
:

(1.149)

X 2 X 2 A2 sin 2 cos 2 A2
:

(1.150)

X sin

tan
X cos
.(1.33)

113

7
:( 1.50) ( 1.32)

(1.151)

m dx t
2 2
E
x t
2 dt

2
2
m d

A sin t 2 A sin t
2 dt

2
2
m
A cos t 2 A sin t

2
2
2
1
m
A2 2 cos t sin t mA2 2

2
2

8
:( 1.66) ( 1.67)

X X x0

(1.152)

X X v0
: ,

X v0 x0

(1.153)

: ,

v0 x0

X v0 x0

(1.154)

v0 x0

:( 1.66)

x t X exp t X exp t
(1.155)

x0

v0 x0
v x0
exp t 0
exp t

exp t exp t
exp t exp t
v0

114

 :1

9
: , ,(1.66)

( 1.69)

K 2
K 2

exp
x t exp
t X exp i
t
X
t

m 4m 2
4
m
m
2m

(1.156)

K 2
K
sin
t X cos
t
i
t
exp

2
m 4m 2
2m m 4m

K 2
K 2
sin
t
i
t
X cos

2
m 4m 2
m 4m

K 2
K 2

sin
t X X cos
t
i
X
X
t
exp

m 4m 2
m 4m 2
2m

( 1.70) .(1.11)
. B i X X A X X

10
, x 0 , exp x 1 x
: , .!

x t x0 exp t

(1.157)

exp t v

exp t

x0 exp t

1 t v

x0 exp t

1 t
t
v0 exp t

x0 exp t 1 t v0t exp t

115

exp t

1 exp t

1 1 t

11
. x t xh t x p t : , x p t ,
:

Kx p F0 cos t

dx p
dt

d 2 xp

dt

)(1.158

, xh t , :

d 2 xh
dx
h Kxh 0
2
dt
dt

)(1.159

K x p xh F0 cos t

d x p xh
dt

d 2 x p xh
dt 2

)(1.160

x t xh t x p t ) .(1.81
, xh t ,
.

12
) (1.84
. :

x Re x iIm x

)(1.161

Re x Im x x ,
) (1.84 , F0 exp it F0 cos t iF0 sin t

d2
d
Re x iIm x Re x iIm x K Re x iIm x
2
dt
dt
F0 cos t iF0 sin t
m

)(1.162

. :

d 2 Re x
d Re x

K Re x F0 cos t
2
dt
dt
116

)(1.163

 :1

x(t ) Re x t ,(1.81)
.( )

13
: ,

(1.164)

F0
X cos t
x p (t ) Re
exp
i
t

m 2 2 i

, X
:(1.9)( 1.8)

F0
exp it r exp i exp it
m 2 2 i

(1.165)

(1.166) r

F0

i
t
i
t
exp
exp

m 2 2 i
m 2 2 i

F0

F0
m2 2 2 2 2
2

: m 2 2 i ,

F0
exp it
m 2 2 i
(1.167)

F0 m 2 2 i
m 2 2 i

exp it r exp i exp it

:( 1.9)

(1.168)

m 2 2

arctan

(1.169)

117

x p (t ) r Re exp it i X cos t X Re exp it i

X r

(1.170)

F0
m 2 2 2 2 2
2

m 2 2

arctan

(1.171)

:( 1.170) ,

X
(1.172)

F0
m2 2

2 2

2 2

F0

m2 2

1 2

F0

m2 2

: ,(1.75)

(1.173)

F0

1

1 Q

(1.174)

arctan
arctan
m 2 2
m 2

1
1
arctan

arctan
m
Q

14
:

(1.175)

cos sin

1
sin sin
2

118

 :1

:( 1.93)

F0 X
P
dt sin 2t sin
2 0

(1.176)

: sin 2t

(1.177)

dt sin 2t

dt sin 2t

2
1
cos 2t 0
2

1
1
1
1
cos 4
cos
cos
cos 0

2
2
2
2
:

(1.178)

F0 X
1
P
dt sin F0 X sin

2 0
2

15
.(1.95)
:

(1.179)

tan 2

sin 2
sin 2

cos 2 1 sin 2

(1.180)

tan 2 1 sin 2 sin 2

(1.181)

tan 2 sin 2 1 tan 2

(1.91) , .(1.95) 1 tan 2

:

(1.182)

Q

:

(1.183)

119

1
1
tan arctan

tan
1

sin

1
1 tan 2
1 2

1
1 2
1 tan 2 arctan

) (1.182 ) (1.90 ) (1.178

:

1
2

1
2

1 Q

2

1 Q

m
2

1
1
F
P F0 X sin F0 0
2
2

)(1.184

F02
F02
Q

2
2
2
2m
2m



1 Q2
1 Q2
1 Q2



1

F02

m ). (1.75

16
:

Q
2

1
Q
2 1
1

2
2

F02 Q
F2
0
2m 2 2m

)(1.185

) .(

2

1
2 Q2
2 1
1

1
Q

12

12

12

)(1.186

)(1.187

,
2

12
1 12
1 0

Q
) , ( :

120

)(1.188

 :1

1
1

1
2Q
4Q 2

1
Q
Q

1
2Q

12

)(1.189

,:

12

)(1.190

2Q

12

)(1.191

, 12 12:

)(1.192

).(1.97

17
) (1.81 0 , , :

F
d2x
2 x 0 cos t
2
dt
m
F0 t
sin t
2 m

)(1.193

x p t .

F0
Ft
sin t 0 cos t
2m
2m

dx p
dt

)(1.194

121

Ft
F t
d F0
F
sin t 0 cos t 0 cos t 0 sin t

dt 2m
2m
2m
m

d 2 xp
2

)(1.195

dt

F0
F t
Ft
F
cos t 0 sin t 2 0 sin t 0 cos t
m
m
2m
2m
F0 t
, sin t
2 m

2 xp

d 2 xp
2

dt

)(1.196

x p t ) ,(1.193 .

18
dx

dt

, F :

dx dx
dt
dt

dt
0

dx
W
F dx 0 F dt dt

X
X sin t

)(1.197

:
2

X

2

)(1.198

) (1.90 X:

1
2

2 F02
2 2 2

1 Q

2
F
F02
Q
1
0

2
2
2
2m

2
2
1 Q
1 Q


2

)(1.199

) (1.94
.

122

 :1

) (1.81
:

d 2 x dx
dx dx dx
dx
0 dt m dt 2 dt Kx dt 0 dt dt dt F0 cos t dt

)(1.200

.
,
2
d m dx K 2
dx d 2 x
dx
Kx
x m
2
dt 2 dt
dt dt
dt
2

dx
, x t
dt

)(1.201

2
2
d m dx K 2 m dx K 2
0 dt dt 2 dt 2 x 2 dt 2 x 0

)(1.202

,
.

19
) (1.105 :

d 2 x1 x2
m
2 K x1 x2 K x2 x1 3K x1 x2
dt 2

2 x1 x2

)(1.203

20
t 0 ):(1.112

1
A1 A2
2

x2 0

1
A1 A2
2

x1 0

)(1.204

123

A2 x1 0 x2 0

A1 x1 0 x2 0

)(1.205

) (1.112 , , t 0:

1
1B1 2 B2
2

v 0 v 0
2

v2 0

B2

1
1B1 2 B2
2

v 0 v 0
1

v1 0

B1

)(1.206

)(1.207

21

, B1 B2
, ) (1.112 :

1
A1 cos 1t A2 cos 2t
2
1
x2 t A1 cos 1t A2 cos 2t
2
x1 t

)(1.208

, A2 0

) (1.205 :

x1 0 x2 0

)(1.209

, , 2 , A1 0
) A1 x1 0 x2 0 ) ,((1.205 :

x1 0 x2 0

124

)(1.210

 :1

1.7
1
:

dx
dt

)(1.211

. :

d
dx
d 2x
2
dt
dt
dt

)(1.212

d
, ,
dt
d
0
dt

, :

d
dx
d 2x
dx d 2 x

2 x 2 2 x
dt
dt
dt
dt dt

)(1.213

, 2 , 0 1

)(1.214

, i ) (1.211 :

dx
i x
dt

dx
i x
dt

)(1.215

* d
d
i * 0
i 0
dt
dt

)(1.216

) ,(1.15 0 exp i t :

, 0 exp it , 0

0 .

125

2
.
A l ,
. mn :
2

1
dx
Ek mnA l
2
dt

)(1.217

x .
,
. q neA x A x .

q2
, q
2C

, C . , ,

A , l

, C 0A 0
l

. :

q2
1

A le2 n2 x 2
2C 2 0

EP

)(1.218

dx 2 e 2 n 2
1
E EK EP mnA l
x
2
dt m 0

)(1.219

,
) ,(1.50 :

e2 n
m 0

126

)(1.220

 :1

3
. , x

l 2 x 2

, l 2 x 2 l0 l0

. ,

l 2 x 2 l0 l l0 l l0 :

,:

l 2 x 2 l l l0

)(1.221

x l :

x2
l l0
2l

)(1.222

. x l l l0 , l0 l
, . x l :

4
:
2

dx t
, EK m
2 dt

EP K x 2 t
2

x t A sin t

1
1
, sin 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 2

2
2

)(1.223

)(1.224
, cos 2 :

EP K A2sin 2 t K A2 1 cos 2t 2
2
4
EK m 2 cos 2 t K A2 1 cos 2t 2
2
4

)(1.225

) .(1.22
. ,
127

.
2

, :

4
1
4

cos 2t 2 dt cos
sin
t 2
t 2
0

4

0
1
1

sin 4 2
sin 2
4
4
1

)(1.226

, 2 .

EP K A2 1 cos 2t 2 = K A2
4
4
EK K A2 1 cos 2t 2 K A2
4
4

)(1.227

, :

EK EP

)(1.228

,
,
:
j

r F
j

1
2

EK

)(1.229

r j ' j F j .

5
, .
, z0 t , , z0 t z t ,
) (
,

128

dz t
dt

d 2 z0 t z t
dt 2

. m

 :1

. z0 ,

. K z t z0

dz t
K z t z0
dt

d 2 z0 t z t
2

dt

)(1.230

, z t z t z0 ,
:

d 2 z t
d z t
d 2 z0 t
m

K z t m
dt 2
dt
dt 2

)(1.231

, z0 t A0 cos t , ) (1.81
. F0 m A0 ) (1.90 ) (1.91 :
2

z p t A cos t

)(1.232

m2 A0
2

m2 2 2
2

m 2 2

, arctan (1.233) K m

,A

, ,:

A0

m2 A0
2

2 2

m
2

)(1.234

m 2 2

arctan

)(1.235

, ,
) (
) .(
. , .

129

m2 A0
2

2 2

m
2

)(1.236

0
m 2 2

arctan

)(1.237

, .
:

, . zh t
:

d 2 zh t
d zh t

K zh t 0
m
2
dt
dt

)(1.238

, , zh t X exp t X exp t X

2 4mK
2m

)(1.239

z t zh t z p t X exp t X exp t A cos t

)(1.240

, X . ,

d z t
t 0 , z 0 0 0
dt t 0

z 0 X X A cos 0
d z t
X X A sin 0
dt t 0

)(1.241

X , :

X A cos X A sin 0
130

)(1.242

 :1

A
cos sin

A
X
cos sin

)(1.243

)(1.244

6
, ) (1.90 :

F0

2 Q 2 1 2 2

1
2

F0

1 Q 2 1

)(1.245

, :

1 2Q 2 1 2

2 Q 2 1 2

F
dX
0
d

)(1.246

) (

, 1 2Q 2 1 2 0:

1
2Q 2

)(1.247

1
2Q 2

)(1.248

)
.(

131

, ) (1.247 ) (1.245:

1
1
4Q 2

F0

F0

1
2

1
1
Q 2 1 1
1
2
2
2Q
2Q

X max

)(1.249

7
x1 x2 . ,
:
dx

dt1 l x1 K x2 x1 K x1 X t
mg

d 2 x1
2

dt

d 2 x2
dx mg
dt2 l x2 K x1 x2
dt 2

m
)(1.250

" , X (t ) X 0 exp it ,
x j (t ) X j exp it . j 1, 2
:
mg

2
m i l 2 K X 1 KX 2 X 0

mg

2
m i l K X 2 KX 1 0

)(1.251

. , X 2 X1
:

X0K
2 K m 2 i mgl K K 2

i mgl

X2

)(1.252

, x(t ) X 0 sin(t ) Im X 0 exp it Im

. x2 (t ) Im X 2 exp it

. X (t ) X 0 exp it ,
). X 2 ,(1.252

132

 :1

1.8 :

. ,
. , ,
, , , .
"" " " "3 .

1.8.1
, , .
:

x = x, y, z

)(1.253

, y , x z .
, :

x = x1 , x2 , x3

)(1.254

2 ,1 3 y , x z.
) ( ) , ( :

x = x2 y 2 z 2

)(1.255

:
. :
3

u v u1 , u2 , u3 v1 , v2 , v3 u1v1 u2 v2 u3v3 ui vi

)(1.256

i 1

. :
(1.257) u v u1 , u2 , u3 v1 , v2 , v3 u2v3 u3v2 , u3v1 u1v3 , u1v2 u2 v1

133

.. u v v u ,

w u v u v w v w u

)(1.258

u v w x u w v x u x v w

)(1.259

:
:

i, j, k 1, 2,3 2,3,1 3,1, 2

i, j, k 3, 2,1 2,1,3 1,3, 2

1
0

ijk

)(1.260

,
) , i, j, k k ,
.( k , i, j
.,

ijk kji

)(1.261

u v k ijk ui v j

)(1.262

ij

k ) ( . ,

, k 3 , j 2 , i 1 , 123 1 j 1 , i 2
, 213 1:

u v 3 123u1v2 213u2v1 u1v2 u2v1

)(1.263
) ,(1.257
).(1.262

134

 :1

: ) (1.258)(1.259
,
. ) (1.256 :

u v ui vi

)(1.264

) (1.262 :

u v k ijk ui v j

)(1.265

) .(1.258 ,
:

w u v wk u v k wk ijk ui v j ijk ui v j wk

)(1.266

- ,
:

ijk ui v j wk kij wk ui v j jki v j wk ui

)(1.267

) ,(1.258
.
) ,(1.259 :

ijk nmk in jm im jn

)(1.268

ij :

1 i j
0 i j

ij

)(1.269

) (1.258 ,
.
) (1.262 ):(1.259

135

u v w x u v k w x k ijk ui v j nmk wn xm ijk nmk ui v j wn xm

)(1.270

) (1.268 :

u v w x in jm im jn ui v j wn xm

)(1.271

, , , inui un in i n
.

u v w x unvm wn xm umvn wn xm un wn vm xm um xm vn wn

)(1.272

) ) ((1.264:

u v w x un wn vm xm um xm vn wn u w v x u x v w

)(1.273

1.8.2
.
.
) ( . , .
. x .,
. , .
. :

A x Ax x , Ay x , Az x

)(1.274

, .

,
z y x

y , x , z .

, .
:

136

 :1

, ,
x y z

)(1.275

,
:

, ,
x y z

)(1.276

:
:

x 0

)(1.277

, z f x, y z , xy
. x z f x, y x
) .(1.277 x ,
, x + x x , x + x :

x + x 0

)(1.278

x:

x + x x x x = x x = 0
)(1.279
x ) .(1.277
x x , . x
) ,(1.369 ,
x , . x ,
, :

x
x

)(1.280

137

, : x z f x, y

f
f
x , y ,1

f f
1
x y

)(1.281
) (1.275 . :
) ,(1.256 ,

Ax Ay Az

x
y
z

)(1.282

A A
Ax Az Ay Ax
A z y ,
,

z x
x y
y z

)(1.283

" ".

:

A 0

)(1.284
)(1.285

: ) (1.284)(1.288
.
:

1 , 2 , 3

k k

k ; :

138

)(1.286
)(1.287

 :1

A i Ai

)(1.288

k :

Ak ijk i Aj

)(1.289

):(1.284

A k Ak k ijk i Aj ijk k i Aj

)(1.290

, ijk ) (1.261:

A ijk i k Aj kji i k Aj ijk k i Aj

)(1.291

.
k ):(1.285

ijk i j

)(1.292

, , i j
. ijk
, :

2
2
2
2 2 2
x y
z
2

)(1.293

, :

2 2 2

x 2 y 2 z 2

)(1.294

,
:

139

2 A 2 A 2 A
2 Ay 2 Ay 2 Ay 2 Az 2 Az 2 Az
2 A 2x 2x 2x ,

2 ,
2 2
x
y
z
x 2
y 2
z
x 2
y
z

)(1.295

)(1.296

A A A

)(1.297

: ) (1.296 )(1.297
) (1.296 :

i i i i 2

)(1.298

) .(1.297 k :

ijk i A j ijk i nmj n Am kij nmj i n Am

)(1.299

.
) j ) (1.268 k j ( :

kmin i n Am k m Am m m Ak

kn im

A
k

)(1.300

2
m m , m Am A ) A

) .((1.288 ) ,(1.297
:

140

k A 2 Ak A 2 A

)(1.301

 :1

1.8.3
,
) , ( x0 , x1 ) x0 :( x1
df x
dx dx f x1 f x0
x0
x1

D xy ,C , , Ax x, y
Ay x, y . D :

Ax
dxAx dyAy
y
C

Ay

dxdy x

)(1.302

,C , ) .(1-17

1-17

141

:
C , y f x
x0 , x1 .1-17 ) (1.302
:
x

1
A x, y
A x, y
dxdy x
dx dy x
y
y
D
x0
f x

x1

x1

x0

x0

x0

x1

x1

x0

dxAx x, f x dxAx x, f x

)(1.303

dxAx x, f x dxAx x, f x dxAx

C

dxAy
C

Ay x, y
x

dxdy

)(1.304

, x g y
, x . y

) (1.302 .1-17
,
,1-18 .
,

1-18

. 1-17

, ,
) .(1-18
, .C

142

 :1

V , S A x
. , :

dV A x
dsn A x
S

)(1.305

A x , V

, S , A x
, n , , .1-19 , ds
. S
:

.
, .1-19

n = nx , n y , nz

, ) (1.305
1-19

Ax Ay Az
dxdydz

ds nx Ax ny Ay nz Az
x y z S
V

)(1.306

, , : z

Az
dsnz Az
z
S

dxdydz

)(1.307

z f x, y , S
C xy ) .(1-19,

143

x, y

Az x, y, z
A x, y, z
dxdy dz z
z
z
D
f x , y

dxdydz

)(1.308

dxdy A x, y, f x, y A x, y, f x, y
D

D xy

,C

.1-19
, dxdy nz ds , nz cos
n ) z (1-20
:

dxdy dxdy

nz
cos

ds

)(1.309

1-20
. xy

dxdy nz ds , :

dxdy A x, y, f x, y A x, y, f x, y
dsn A

)(1.310

) .(1.307 :

Ax
dsnx Ax
x
S

dxdydz
V

dsny Ay
S

Ay
y

dxdydz

)(1.311

) (1.307 ) (1.306
.1-19
,
. ,
, , , .
, .

144

 :1

:
),(1.305

A x u x v x v x u x

)(1.312

v x u x . ,
:

A x u x 2 v x v x 2u x

)(1.313

) ( , :

v x v x u x
n
n

n A x u x

)(1.314

n
n

)(1.315

. ) (1.312:

dV u x v x v x u x
ds u x n v x v x n u x
2

)(1.316

) ( .

S ,218 ,
,C A x
.
1-21

218

- , -
. -
. ,
, .

145

dsn A C d l A

)(1.317

ds n , S , dl
.C
. , ,C
) n .(1-21

" :
. S
D xy n , z:

Ax
y

Ay
x

n A Az
)(1.318

, , ds dxdy ) (1.317 :

Ax

Ay

dsn A dxdy x
D

)(1.319

) .(1.302
. ) (1.317 ) ,(1.302
dl , xy , dl = dx, dy,0 . dl A = dxAx dyAy

:
, , , ,
. , ,
. z f x, y , , ,
, xy . :

146

 :1

(1.320)

Az Ay

nx
y

dsn A ds
S

Ax Az

ny
x
z

Ay Ax

nz x y

: ,(1.309) ,(1.281) n , z f x, y

(1.321)

dsn A dxdy
S

f Az Ay f Ax Az

z y z
x
x y

Ay Ax

y
x

.(1-22 ) xy S D
,(1.317)

d l A = C dxA

(1.322)

dyAy dzAz

. xy
: dz

dz

(1.323)

:( 1.322)

1-22

d l A = C dx A
C

f
f
dx
dy
x
y

f
f

Az dy Ay
Az
x
y

(1.324)
.(1-22 ) D xy C D
:( 1.302)

d l A = C dx A
C

(1.325)

147

f
f

Az dy Ay
Az
x
y

f
f

Az Ax
Ay
Az
y

x

dxdy
x
y
D

, Ai Ai x, y, f x, y , D
:

f
f

Ay Az
Ax Az

y
x

x
y
Ay Ay f Az f Az f f
2 f

Az
x
z x x y z x y
xy

Ax Ax f Az f Az f f
2 f

Az
y
z y y x z x y
xy

(1.326)
: ,

f
f

Ay Az
Ax Az

x
y
A A f Az f Ax Ax f Az f
y y

x
z x x y y
z y y x

f Az Ay f Ax Az Ay Ax

x y
z y z
x x
y

(1.327)
:( 1.438) ,

(1.328)

f Az

d l A = dxdy x y
C
D

Ay f Ax Az Ay Ax

z y z
x x
y

.(1.317) ,(1.321)

148

 :1

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