SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

M. Sc. Environmental Engineering

LECTURE SLIDES
Padma Sunder Joshi

LECTURE DESIGN
Theory Lectures Assignments Home Assignment 1 Home Assignment 2 Term paper 1 Term paper 2 Observation tour in KV Class Assessment
P S Joshi, IOE Pulchowk Campus

5 points 5 points 10 points 10 points 10 points

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Each students has to attend not less than 70% classes to be eligible for final examination

LECTURE DESIGN

CONTACT HOUR DISTRIBUTION

1. Introduction 2. Sources and types of SW 3. Collection, transfer and transport 4. Disposal of solid wastes 5. SW treatments/resource recovery 6. Overview of SWM in Nepal 7. Course related activities 4 lectures 6 lectures 12 lectures 12 lectures 10 lectures 4 lectures 12 lectures Total 60 lectures

P S Joshi, IOE Pulchowk Campus

LECTURE DESIGN

Reference Books
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
George Tchobanoglous, Kilary Theisen, Samuel Vigil; McGraw-Hill Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Howard Peavy, Donald Rowe, George Tchobanoglous; McGraw-Hill Inc. Frank Kreith, McGraw-Hill Inc.

HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN NEPAL: A REVIEW
NPC/IUCN National Conservation Strategy Implementation Program

INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The World Bank

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LECTURE I

INTRODUCTION

P S Joshi, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture I INTRODUCTION

What is waste?
Anything rejected, useless or worthless Subjective and relative Things in wrong place

What is solid waste?

Generic term used to describe the things we throw away including garbage, refuge and trash Wastes arising from human and animal activities that are discarded as useless and unwanted that are solid in nature Includes heterogeneous throwaways from urban communities as well as homogeneous accumulation of agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes.
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Basel Convention 1997 Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed off or are required to be disposed off by the provision of national law.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of USA (RCRA) The term ''solid waste'' means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges which are point sources subject to permits under section 1342 of title 33, or source, special nuclear, or byproduct material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the Control of: Generation Storage Collection Transfer Transport Processing, and disposal The scope of the study includes: Administrative Financial Legal, and Engineering functions Accordance with the best principles of: Public health Economics Engineering Conservation Aesthetics And, other environmental considerations The solution may involve complex inter disciplinary relationship among such fields as: Political science, urban & regional planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography, communication, conservation, engineering, material science, etc. etc.
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

In natural ecosystem there is no waste

Crops as food for man/ animals Produce waste

Plants produce crops

Waste as nutrients for plants

There is no waste in nature

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

In domesticated ecosystem there is little waste

Short circuiting natural ecosystem Agriculture

Man

Food

Animal Husbandry

Organic Waste

There is nominal waste in domesticated ecosystem

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

In fabricated ecosystem there is always problem of waste

Waste
(Heat, sound, air pollution)

Energy

Resources
(food, minerals, water, etc.)

CITY

Finished products

Raw materials

Waste
(Waste water and solid waste)

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION Material flow and generation of SW in a technological society Raw materials
Residual debris

Manufacturing Processing & recovery Consumer

Residual waste materials

Secondary manufacturing

Final disposal
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Raw materials production and recovered materials Waste materials flow

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

In fabricated ecosystem there is always problem of waste

Depletion of resources

Resource

from one place

is used

in other place

Accumulation of waste Why there was no problem of SWM in natural ecosystem? Why there was little problem of SWM in domesticated ecosystem? Why there is huge problem of SWM in fabricated ecosystem?
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

dilute Nature has capacity to disperse degrade absorb

reduce the impact of unwanted residues

in air
(atmosphere)

in water
& GWT)

(surface

in land (dumping, spreading)

ASSIMILATION CAPACITY When assimilation capacity of nature exceeds

Littering of solid waste in streets- breeding of rats- bubonic plague Impact on public health due to improper storage, collection and dispersal of SW Ecological impact- pollution of air, water and land

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Development of SWM
Industrial revolution (1750 ~1850) boomed urban population Motivated by public health concerns Two major sources of waste: domestic and industrial

Early waste management concepts Out of sight out of mind Dilute and disperse
Factories located on river banks- easy transportation, source of water, source of cooling water and WASTE DISPOSAL

Concentrate and contain

Emerged due to growth and lack of space CONTAINMENT did not always happen NIMBY

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

. Development of SWM Common methods of final disposal of SWM were

Dumping on land Dumping in water Ploughing into the soil Feeding the hogs Reduction, and Burning/incineration

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

The Love Canal Incident

Love canal, Niagara City, USA is an unfinished hydropower project abandoned after excavation of the canal The canal was used for dumping solid waste including toxic chemical waste from 1930 to 1952 More than 20 000 tonnes of waste containing over 248 chemicals were dumped in the canal Following the sale of the land a housing estate and a school was built on the landfill In 1977 foul smelling liquid and sludge seeped into the basements of the housing Various toxic elements were found in air, water and soil of the area Effects as ill health, birth defects, low growth rate of children were noted The area was declared Federal Disaster Area, people evacuated Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabilities Act, 1980 was introduced in USA and made the producer of the waste responsible for the consequences
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

The Minamata Case (1953~1956)

Discharge of mercuric sulphate used in plastic manufacturing plant in river River water was polluted with mercuric sulphate Effect on human being due to eating fish Minamata Disease - 43 dead and 18000 victims 1993 Supreme Court of Japan penalized the polluters

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Development of SWM
Three levels in recent development of SWM Level I
Small scale approach- collection by hand carts Uncontrolled waste dumping- waste feeding to animal, applied in field Extensive use of human resource for management of waste

(1960 1975)

Level II

(1976 1990)

Debate on SWM was global Development of sectoral policies Environmentally acceptable land filling/sanitary land filling Incineration technologies applied Use of equipments
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Development of SWM

Level III

(1990 onwards)

Development of concept of Integrated Solid Waste Management Comprehensive planning, awareness building and the discipline became important function of municipalities 3R principles: serving the nature

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Development of SWM in Nepal (Quick review) Traditional system in Kathmandu

SWM was incorporated in the culture

Being the important urban centre of the time Kathmandu had waste management system at that time They had a unique urban setting with concentric circles

Humane domain Agricultural domain Devine domain

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Traditional SWM system in Kathmandu

The domesticated ecosystem agrarian society Recycling the resource: SAAGAA the manure pit emptied at least twice a year the story of hiding Shiva the motivation to clean

Residential buildings

Saagaa- the compost pit

The feudal caste system was utilized for waste management farmers and untouchable class are involved in unloading the pits street sweeping and toilet/sewer cleaning was solely with Chyame the untouchable ones They were dominated and exploited by the society. They were paid by rest over food, used clothes etc.
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Traditional SWM system in Kathmandu

In 1917 SAFAI ADDA, the sanitary office was established to take charge of solid waste, especially the street sweeping The city of Kathmandu observed major urbanization thrust after the success of democratic movement in 1950 Kathmandu Municipality was established whose major responsibility was to keep the city clean Until 80s the city office use to sweep the streets and dump the waste on the waste land or river banks Pair of buffalo rib bones, shoulder basket and bamboo broom were the tools they were using with few tractors

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

The German Project

In 1980 German Government came up with a comprehensive SWM project

Phase I (1980~82) First formal waste management system introduced Introduction of basic collection and disposal system in selected few wards of the municipalities Improvement in collection equipments and tools Street cleaning and collection of domestic waste along main roads and public places Establishment of dumping site at Teku A composting plant was established at pilot level
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Phase II (1984~86)

Activities of phase I continued and expanded Clearing of waste heaps in inner courtyards and river banks of the valley initiated Introduction of public toilets, bathing places and mobile toilets A full scale composting plant establishment at Teku Construction of sanitary landfill site at Gokarna Public awareness campaign on solid waste management

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Phase III (1987~90)

Enactment of Solid Waste Management Act 1988 Establishment of a separate entity called Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre Tariff system for services were introduced Initiated to mobilize funds for self-sustaining the waste management system In 1990 composting plant was closed due to public opposition
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Phase IV (1990~93)

Although the project period was completed in 1990, there was no smooth transfer of activities . Therefore the project was extended until 1993. More educative programmes were brought in Development of alternative landfill site at Syuchatar Institutional development and transfer of responsibilities to national staff
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P S Joshi, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Lecture I INTRODUCTION

..The German Project +ve side of the German Project

The project was pioneer in SWM in Nepal It introduced system approach in SWM It has mechanized the system, introduced mechanical composting system Established sanitary landfill site Initiated public awareness activities although in later stage only Institutional development and transfer of responsibilities to national staff

-ve side of the German Project

Institutional sustainability was missing Financial sustainability was missing Community participation and awareness part was missing

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

The endeavors of last decade

Confusion and duplication of authority Vested interest of politicians and bureaucrats Bribing the locals, landfill site problem and anarchy in waste management Strengthening of municipal fleet for SWM by donation Increase in awareness of local people civil society initiatives Involvement of NGOs and private sector in local level waste collection systems Breaking the sweeper monopoly and formal acceptance of private sector in SWM Reuse Recycle & Reduce are getting popular- debate on land filling versus composting started
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Dont look from THROW AWAY side Look from CONSERVATION side Resource Management Principles Efficiency : in economy in finance in environment in resource use Definition SUSTAINABILITY

Selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives and goals
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Functional Elements of SWM System

Waste generation

Waste handling, separation, storage, and processing at the source Collection Separation, Processing and transformation of SW Disposal
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Transfer & transport

Lecture I INTRODUCTION

ISWM Objectives of a sustainable solid waste management program can be summarized as:
Protection of public health and promotion of urban hygiene, Avoid the accumulation of solid waste in the urban environment in order to reduce its negative impact on urban drainage, air quality and the environment, Stimulate the public and the industry to prevent waste production, encouragement of recovery, recycling and reuse of particular waste fractions, and Creation of a high degree public participation in order to establish a cost-effective solid waste management program that is affordable by its intended beneficiaries

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Lecture I INTRODUCTION
STAKEHOLDERS Local authorities and Govt. NGOs/CBOs Service users Informal sector Private sector Donor agencies WASTE SYSTEM ELEMENTS
Generation & separation Collection & transfer Treatment & disposal

ISWM Diagram

Process Time

Reduction Reuse Recycle Recover

ASPECTS Technical Environmental Financial / economical Socio-cultural Institutional Policy/legal/political

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ISWM.

Lecture I INTRODUCTION Waste Management Hierarchy Waste Prevention

Product substitution Non production of material

Hierarchy of ISWM
Source reduction Recycling Recovery (waste transformation) Energy Recovery Residual management
Landfill Gas Recovery Materials/ Waste Minimization

Source Reduction
Waste Minimizati on Product formulation Process Modification Equipment redesign

Recycling
Materials sorting Materials separation Materials refining New product development

Present Emphasi

Recycling

Treatment
Thermal destruction Chemical destruction Physical, Biological Higher Technolo y

Landfill Disposal

Disposal
Landfill Residual Repository Past Emphasis
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Residual management

ISWM

Disposal of waste after minimizing Waste that can not be recycled Residual matter from Material Recover Facilities (MRF) Residue from recovery of conversion products and energy Land fill or Ocean dumping

Recovery (waste transformation)

Reduce volume of waste for disposal Destruction of harmful substances Recovery of resources through alteration of physical, biological or chemical properties of waste to recover the conversion product Biological: Composting, EM Chemical: Heat, electricity, methane Physical : Briquette- heat
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

ISWM

Recycling
Reduce volume of waste for disposal Reduce the consumption of source resources Separation and collection of waste materials at source Itemwise separation: paper, glass, battery adopting financial incentives to separate Processing of the separated waste Reuse of the recycled products Create pride on reuse/recycled paper Reuse of construction waste: much under research
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

ISWM

Reduction at source
Implemented at the point of waste generation by the generator At household level, at industry level or at commercial units Household level by selective buying pattern: buying goods with longer life buying goods with less packaging: bulk buying Reuse: one side used paper, toys, using empty cans, bottles, etc Using cotton bags against plastic Industries Design, manufacturing and packaging of products with minimal value of materials
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Basic information for ISWM design

Know your waste
The source of waste The composition of waste The density of waste

Know your city and neighborhood

Road and traffic capacity Traffic condition Space for temporary storage of waste Land use
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

Know your citizens and clients

Ability to pay Willingness to pay Community composition, homogeneity Their attitude towards waste and its management

Know all waste management activities in your city

Waste managed by municipality/authority Waste managed by scavengers Waste managed by recycling Waste managed by animal feeding Waste managed by composting, etc.
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Lecture I INTRODUCTION

In Europe approximately 35% of MSW ends up in landfill sites: for Austria, Denmark and the Netherlands ~10% for Greece, Italy and UK 40~45%

ISWM

Future challenges and opportunities

1. Changing consumption habits in society 2. Reducing volume of waste at source 3. Making landfill safer Less toxic material deposition Selection of landfill for long term containment 5. Development of new technologies Conservation of nature Cost effective
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