EC2401 - WIRELESS COMMUNICATION QUESTION BANK UNIT I 1. Write some examples for wireless communication system.

. Cordless phones, handheld walkie-talkies, pagers, mobiles, remote controllers For home entertainment. 2. What is base station ! fixed station in mobile radio system used for radio communication with mobiles. "t has transmitter and recei#er section. "t is located at the centre of co#erage area. $. What is %&C %obile switching centre coordinates the routing of calls in large ser#ice area. "t connects the base station and mobiles to '&(). "t is also called as %(&*+%obile telephone switching office. ,. What do you mean by forward and re#erse channel Forward channel is a radio channel used for transmission of information from base station to mobile. -e#erse channel is a radio channel used for transmission from mobile to base station. .. What is the function of control channel What are the types Control channel is used for transmission of call setup, call re/uest, call initiation 0 Control. (ypes are forward control channel, re#erse control channel. 1. 2efine cell 3ach cellular base station is allocated to a group of radio channels to be used within a small geographic area called as cell. 4. What is foot print !ctual radio co#erage of a cell is called as footprint. "t is determined from the field measurements or propagation prediction models. 5. What is channel assignment what are the types For efficient utili6ation of radio spectrum a fre/uency reuse scheme with increasing capacity and minimi6ing interference is re/uired. For this channel assignment is used (ypes 7 Fixed channel assignment, dynamic channel assignment. 8. What is fixed channel assignment "f the channels in each cell is allocated to the users within the cell, it will be called as fixed channel assignment. "f all channels are occupied, the call Will be blocked. 19. What is dynamic channel assignment

"f the #oice channels are not allocated permanently in a cell, it will be called as dynamic channel assignment. "n this assignment, channels are dynamically allocated to users by the %&C. 11. What is hand off When a mobile mo#es into a different cell while con#ersation in progress, the %&C automatically transfers the call from one cell to other cell without any interference.(his is called as hand off. 12. 2efine dwell time. (he time o#er which the call may be maintained within a cell without handoff is called as dwell time. (his time is go#erned by factors such as propagation, interference, distance between subscribers and base station. 1$. What is soft handoff "n C2%! system, %&C selects recei#ed signals from a #ariety of base stations with the help of software. (his is called as soft handoff. 1,. What is co channel interference (he interference between the signals from co channel cells is called as co cannel interference. 1.. 2efine co-channel reuse ratio. "t is define as the ratio between the distance between the centers of nearest co channel cells to the radius of the cell. : ; 2<11. 2efine ad=acent channel interference. "nterference resulting from signals which are ad=acent in fre/uency to the desired signal is called ad=acent channel interference. 14. 2efine >rade of ser#ice. "t is defined as the measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system during the busiest hour. 15. What is blocked call clear system+?CC@ "n a system, a user is blocked without access by a system when no channels are a#ailable in the system. (he call blocked by the system is cleared and the user should try again .(his is called ?CC system. 18. What is blocked call delay system "f a channel is not a#ailable immediately, the call re/uest may be delayed until a channel becomes a#ailable. 29. 2efine cell splitting. Cell splitting is the process of subdi#iding congested cells into smaller cells each

with its own base stations and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power. "t increases the capacity of cellular system. 21. What is sectoring &ectoring s a techni/ue for decreasing co-channel interference and thus increasing the system performance by using directional antennas.
UNIT II

22. What is propagation model 'ropagation models that predict the mean signal strength for an arbitrary transmitter A recei#er separation distance are useful in estimating the radio co#erage area of a transmitter. 2$. 2efine large scale propagation model (he propagation models that characteri6e the signal strength o#er large (-- separation distances +se#eral hundreds or thousands of meters. 2,. What is small scale model (he propagation models that characteri6e the rapid fluctuations of the recei#ed signal strength o#er #ery short tra#el distances +a few wa#elengths@ or short time duration. 2.. What is free space propagation model . (he free space propagation model is used to predict recei#ed signal strength, when unobstructed line-of-sight path between transmitter 0 recei#er. 21. 2efine 3"-'. 3"-' of a transmitting system in a gi#en direction as the transmitter power that would be needed, with an isotropic radiator, to produce the same power density in the gi#en direction 3"-';'t>t Where 't-transmitted power in w >t-transmitting antenna gain 24.3xplain path loss (he path loss is defined as the difference+in d?@ between the effecti#e transmitted power 0 the recei#ed power, 0may or may not include the effect of the antenna gains. 25.What is intrinsic impedance0 ?rewster angle "t is defined by the ratio of electric to magnetic field for a uniform plane wa#e in the particular medium. (he ?rewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the origin. 28. What is scattering When a radio wa#e impinges on a rough surface , the reflected energy is spread out in all directions due to scattering. $9. 2efine radar cross section -adar Cross &ection of a scattering ob=ect is defined as the ratio of the power density of

the signal scattered in the direction of the recei#er to the power density of the radio wa#e incident upon the scattering ob=ect 0 has units of s/uares meters $1. )ame some of the outdoor propagation models some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models are 1.Bongely--ice model 2.2urkinCs model $.*kumura model. $2. What is the function of outdoor propagation models (he outdoor propagation models aim to predict signal strength at a particular recei#ing point or in a specific local area. $$. 2efine indoor propagation models (he indoor propagation models are used to characteri6ing radio propagation inside the buildings. $,. %ention some indoor propagation models &ome indoor propagation models are 1.Bong Adistance path loss model 2.3ricession multiple break point model $.!ttenuation factor model. $.. 3xplain small scale fading &mall scale fading is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of a radio signal o#er a short period of time or tra#el distance. $1. What are the factors influencing small scale fading Factors influencing small scale fading are 1.&peed of surrounding ob=ects 2.%ultipath propagation $.&peed of the mobile ,.(ransmission bandwidth of the signal. $4.2efine 2oppler shift (he shift in recei#ed signal fre/uency due to motion is called the 2oppler shift. $5. What flat fading "f the mobile radio channel has a constant gain 0 linear phase response o#er a bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the recei#ed signal will undergo flat fading. $8. What is fre/uency selecti#e fading "f the channel possesses a constant gain 0 linear phase response o#er a bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal , then the channel creates fre/uency selecti#e fading on the recei#ed signal.

,9. 2efine fast fading channel (he channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration. (his type of a channel is called fast fading channel. ,1. 2efine slow fading channel (he channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower than the transmitted baseband signal. (his type of a channel is called slow fading channel.

UNIT-III
,2 Write the ad#antages of %&D o#er :'&D. 1. "n :'&D the phase changes by 89degree or 159 degree .(his creates abrupt amplitude #ariations in the wa#eform, (herefore bandwidth re/uirement of :'&D is more filters of other methods o#ercome these problems , but they ha#e other side effects. 2.%&D o#ercomes those problems. "n %&D the output wa#eform is continuous in phase hence there are no abrupt changes in amplitude. ,$.2efine %-ary transmission system "n digital modulations instead of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits are transmitted simultaneously. (his is called %-ary transmission. ,,.What is /uadrature modulation &ometimes two or more /uadrature carriers are used for modulation. "t is called /uadrature modulation. ,..What is :!% !t high bit rates a combination of !&D and '&D is employed in order to minimi6e the errors in the recei#ed data. (his method is known as E:uadrature !mplitude %odulationF. ,1.2efine :'&D :'&D is a multile#el modulation in which four phase shifts are used for representing four different symbols. ,4. What is linear modulation "n linear modulation techni/ue the amplitude of the transmitted signal #aries linearly with the modulating digital signal. "n general, linear modulation does not ha#e a constant en#elope. ,5. 2efine non linear modulation "n the non linear modulation the amplitude of the carrier is constant, regardless of the #ariation in the modulating signals. )on-linear modulations may ha#e either linear or constant en#elopes depending on whether or not the baseband wa#eform is pulse shaped. ,8. What is the need of >aussian filter

>aussian filter is used before the modulator to reduce the transmitted bandwidth of the signal. "t uses less bandwidth than con#entional F&D. .9. %ention some merits of %&D Constant en#elope &pectral efficiency >ood ?3- performance &elf-synchroni6ing capability %&D is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly attracti#e for use in mobile radio communication systems. .1. >i#e some examples of linear modulation 'ulse shaped :'&D *:'&D .2.What are the techni/ues used to impro#e the recei#ed signal /uality 3/uali6ation , 2i#ersity , Channel coding .$.What is the need of e/uali6ation 3/uali6ation can be used to compensate the "nter &ymbol "nterference created by multipath within time dispersion channel. .,.What is di#ersity 2i#ersity is used to compensate for fading channel impairments and is usually implemented by using two or more recei#ing antennas. 2i#ersity impro#es transmission performance by making use of more than one independently faded #ersion of the transmitted signal. ...2efine spatial di#ersity (he most common di#ersity techni/ue is spatial di#ersity, whereby multiple antennas are strategically spaced and connected to a common recei#ing system. While one antenna sees a signal null, one of the other antenna may sees a signal peak, and the recei#er is able to select the antenna with the best signals at any time. .1.2efine &(C%. Channel coding can also be combined with di#ersity a techni/ue called &pace-(ime Coded %odulation. (he space-time coding is a bandwidth and power efficient method for wireless communication. .4.2efine adapti#e e/uali6ation (o combine "nter &ymbol "nterference, the e/uali6er coefficients should change according to the channel status so as to break channel #ariations. &uch an e/uali6er is called an adapti#e e/uali6er since it adapts to the channel #ariations. .5.2efine training mode in an adapti#e e/uali6er First , a known fixed length training se/uence is sent by the transmitter then the

recei#ers e/uali6ers may adapt to a proper setting of minimum bit error detection where the training se/uence is a pseudo random binary signal or a fixed and prescribed bit pattern. .8.What is tracking mode in an adapti#e e/uali6er "mmediately following this training se/uence the user data is sent and the adapti#e e/uali6er at the recei#er utili6es a recursi#e algorithm to e#aluate the channel and estimate filter coefficients to compensate for the distortion created by multipath in the channel. 19.Write a short note on linear e/uali6ers and non linear e/uali6ers Binear e/uali6ers7 "f the output d+t@ is not used in the feedback path to adapt the e/uali6er. his type of e/uali6ers is called linear e/uali6er. )onlinear e/uali6ers7 "f the output d+t@ is fed back to change the subse/uent outputs of the e/uali6ers is called non linear e/uali6ers. 11.Why non linear e/uali6ers are preferred (he linear e/uali6ers are #ery effecti#e in e/uali6ing channels where "&" is not se#ere. (he se#erity of the "&" is directly related to the spectral characteristics. "n this case that there are spectral noise in the transfer function of the effecti#e channel, the additi#e noise at the recei#er input will be dramatically enhanced by the linear e/uali6er. (o o#ercome this problem non linear e/uali6ers are used. 12.What are the nonlinear e/uali6ation methods used 2ecision feedback e/uali6ation %aximum likelihood symbol detection %aximum likelihood se/uence estimation 1$.What are the factors used in adapti#e algorithms -ate of con#ergence %is ad=ustments computational complexity 1,.2efine %&3 in e/uali6ers (he mean s/uare error is a error between the desired e/uali6er output and the actual e/uali6er output.B%& e/uali6ers are used to minimi6e to %&3. 1..Write the ad#antages of B%& algorithm. (he B%& e/uali6er maximi6es the signal to distortion at its output within the constraints of the e/uali6er filter length. Bow computational complexity simple program 11.What are the ad#antages of -B& algorithm. 1.Fast con#ergence.

2.>ood tracking ability. "f smaller #alue of weighting coefficient (he e/uali6er has better tracking ability. 14.2efine di#ersity concept "f one radio path undergoes a deep fade, another independent path may ha#e a strong signal. ?y ha#ing more than one path to select from, both the instantaneous and a#erage &)-s at the recei#er may be impro#ed often by as much as 29d? to $9d?.

UNIT-IV
15. What are the two types of linear predicti#e coders i@ %ultipulse excited Binear predicti#e coder ii@&tochastic or code excited linear predicti#e coder 18. What is the criterion for the selection of speech coders for mobile communication ?ecause of the limited bandwidth, it is re/uired to compress speech to maximi6e the number of users on the system. *ther criterion includes end-to-end encoding delay, the algorithmic complexity of the coder, dc power re/uirements, compatibility, robustness. 49.What is multiple access %ultiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum. "t is re/uired to achie#e high capacity by simultaneously allocating the bandwidth to mulitple users. 41.What is fre/uency di#ision duplexing "t is duplexing done using fre/uency techni/ues.F22 pro#ides two distinct bands of fre/uencies for e#ery user. (he forward band pro#ides traffic from th base station to the mobile, and the re#erse band pro#ides traffic from the mobile to the base station. 42.What are the multiple access techni/ues i@Fre/uency di#ision multiple access ii@(ime di#ision multiple access iii@Code di#ision multiple access 4$.What is a wide band system "n wideband system, the transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much larger than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. (hus multipath fading does not greatly #ary the recei#ed signal power within a wideband channel. 4,. What are the nonlinear effects in F2%! "n F2%!, many channels share the same antenna at the base station. (he power amplifiers are nonlinear which causes signal spreading in the fre/uency domain and generate inter modulation fre/uencies. "t is undesirable and can result in interference. 4..What is time di#ision multiple access (ime di#ision multiple access systems di#ide the radio spectrum into time slots and in each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or recei#e.

41.What is fast and slow fre/uency hopping "f the rate of change of the carrier fre/uency is greater than the symbol rate, then the system is referred to as fast fre/uency hopping. "f the rate of change of the carrier fre/uency is lesser than the symbol rate, then the system is referred to as slow fre/uency hopping. 44.2efine capacity of cellular systems "t can be defined as the maximum number of channels or users that can be pro#ided in a fixed fre/uency band. 45.2efine forward channel interference For a particular subscriber unti, the desired base station will pro#ide the desired forward channel while the surrounding co-channel base stations will pro#ide the forward channel interference. 48.2efine adapti#e channel allocation !dapti#e channel allocation in (2%! eliminates system planning since it is not re/uired to plan fre/uencies for cells. 59.What are #ocoders Gocoders are speech coders that are used for signal compression. Gocoders are based on priori knowledge about the signal to be coded, and hence are signal specific. 51.What is narrow band system "n narrow band multiple access system, the #ariable radio spectrum is di#ided into a large number of narrowband channels. (he channels are operated using F22. 52.2efine &2%! &pace di#ision multiple access controls the radiated energy for each user in space. "t ser#es different users by using spot beam antennas. 5$.&tate some of the features of C2%! H Isers of C2%! share the same fre/uency. H C2%! has soft capacity limit. H %ultipath fading may be substantially reduced H Channel data rates are #ery high 5,.2efine efficiency of (2%! (he efficiency of a (2%! is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data that contains information as opposed to pro#iding o#erhead for the access scheme. 5..What are the features of (2%! H (2%! shares a single carrier fre/uency with se#eral users, where each user makes use of non o#erlapping time slots. H 2ata transmission occurs in bursts. HJandoff process is much simpler

H2uplexers are not re/uired, since transmission and reception occurs at different time slots. 51.What is time di#ison multiplexing (22 uses time instead of fre/uency to pro#ide both a forward and re#erse link. %ultiple users share a single radio channel by taking turns in the time domain. 54.What are the features of F2%! H F2%! channel carries only one phone circuit at a time H (he bandwidth of F2%! channels are relati#ely narrow as each channel supports only one circuit per carrier. 55.Why the second generation was de#eloped (he second A generation systems ha#e been de#eloped to pro#ide higher /uality signals, higher data rate for support of digital ser#ices and greater capacity. 58.What are second generation are a#ailable i@>lobal &ystem %obile +>&%@ in 3urope ii@"nterim standard iii@'acific 2igital Cellular i#@"nterim standard-8. 89.Write ad#antages 2> o#er 1>. i@)atural integration with the e#ol#ing digital wireless network ii@Jigher data rate iii@ Flexibility for capacity expansion 81.What are ser#ice offered by >&% i@ (elephone ser#ices ii@ ?earer or 2ata ser#ices iii@ &upplementary ser#ices 82.What is the function of )&& in >&% (he )&& managing the switching function of the systems and allows the %&Cs to communicate with other networks such as '&() and "&2). 8$.2efine !bis "nterface. (he interface which connects a ?ase (ranscei#er &tation +?(&@ to a ?ase &tation Controller +?&C@ is called the !bis "nterface. 8,.2efine ! "nterface. (he interface between a ?&C and a %&C is called the ! interface , which is standardi6ed within >&% 8..What is the function of GB(he GB- is a database which temporarily stores the "%&" and customer information for

each roaming subscriber who is #isiting the co#erage area of a particular %&C. 81.What are the basic channels a#ailable in >&% i@(raffic Channels +(CJs@ ii@Control Channels +CCJs@ 84.2efine the bursts. 2ata is transmitted small portions called bursts. 85.Write types of (CJ channels of >&% i@Full-rate (CJ ii@Jalf-rate (CJ 88.What is the need guard period+space@ (he guard period is used to a#oid o#erlapping with other bursts due to different path delays and to gi#e the transmitter time to turn on and off. 199.Why 2ummy burst is used 2ummy burst is used as filter information for unused time slots on the forward link. 191.2efine burst formatting in >&%. ?urst formatting adds binary data to the ciphered blocks, in order to help synchroni6ation and e/uali6ation of the recei#ed signal. 192.What is the need of pilot channel (he pilot channel is intended to pro#ide a reference signal for all %&& within a cell pro#ides the phase reference for coherent demodulation. 19$.What are the super#isory signals are used !%'& (he super#isory signals are the super#isory audio tone+&!(@ and signaling tone+&(@. 19,.What are the ad#antages of )-!%'& o#er !%'& )-!%'& pro#ided three uses in a $9kJ6 !%'& by using F2%! and 19kJ6 channel and pro#ided three times the capacity of !%'&. 19..2efine 'iconet. (he simplest ?luetooth networks called piconet can ha#e from two to eight nodes. 'iconet is a collection of ?luetooth de#ices which are synchroni6ed to the same hopping se/uence. 191.What is ?luetooth ?luetooth is an open specification for the short range wireless #oice and data communication thatCs was originally de#eloped for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all o#er the world.

194.What is &catternet *ne ?luetooth de#ices can operate simultaneously on two piconet acting as a bridge between the two. ! conglomeration of two or more piconet is called a scatter net.

PART-B
1. 3xplain in detail the e#olution of wireless communication +5 %arks@ 3xplanation of different standards in different years %obile radio system standards 2. Write short notes on different trends in cellular radio 0 personal communication.+5%arks@ 3xplanation of different trends in cellular radio 3xplanation of different trends in personal communication $. Write short notes on fre/uency reuse 0 channel assignment . +11 %arks@ Concept of fre/uency reuse Fixed channel assignment 2ynamic channel assignment ,. 3xplain the different hand off strategies used in wireless communication +5 %arks@ Concept of Jandoff 2ifferent types of handoff .. 3xplain in detail the different techni/ues used to impro#e co#erage 0capacity of cellular system .+11 %arks@ 3xplanation of cell splitting 3xplanation of sectoring 3xplanation of micro 6one co#erage 1.3xplain the free space propagation model +5 %arks@ Free space model 0 e/uation 'ath loss model explanation 4.What is reflection . 3xplain in detail the reflection from dielectric and conductors. +11 %arks@ 3xplanation of reflection 0 reflection coefficient from dielectric. 3xplanation of reflection from conductors. 5. Write short notes on diffraction and scattering . +11 %arks@ 3xplanation of diffraction 0 fresnel 6one geometry 3xplanation of scattering. 8.3xplain in detail the indoor 0 outdoor propagation model . +11 %arks@ *utdoor propagation model A longley rice model ,durkin model

explanation "ndoor model A partition loss ,log distance path loss model. 19.3xplain in detail the small scale multipath propagation and its different measurements. +11 %arks@ 3xplanation of small scale multipath propagation %easurements Aspread spectrum sliding channel sounding, fre/uency domain channel sounding. 11.Write short notes on small scale fading. +5 %arks@ 3xplanation of small scale fading Flat fading, fre/uency selecti#e fading types 12.3xplain in detail the generation 0 detection of %&D techni/ue +11 %arks@ 'rinciple of %&D %&D transmitter block diagram 0explanation %&D recei#er block diagram 0explanation 1$. 3xplain in detail the generation 0 detection of >%&D modulation +11 %arks@ 'rinciple of >%&D >%&D transmitter block diagram 0explanation >%&D recei#er block diagram 0explanation 1,.Write short notes on %-ary :!% 0 %-ary F&D. +11 %arks@ 'rinciple 0 generation of %-ary :!% 'rinciple 0 generation of %-ary F&D 1.. 3xplain the performance of digital modulation in slow flat fading channel.+11 %arks@ 3xplanation 0 comparison of digital modulation 'erformance results for !&D,F&D,:'&D,%&D 11.3xplain the working principle of -!D3 -ecei#er +5 %arks@ ?lock diagram of -!D3 recei#er Working principle 14.3xplain the working principle of Binear predicti#e coder +11 %arks@ ?lock diagram of Binear predicti#e coder Working principle !d#antages 15.3xplain the working principle of >&% codec with neat block diagram. +11 %arks@ ?lock diagram of >&% codec Working principle

 !d#antages 18.3xplain in detail the (2%! 0 F2%! multiple access techni/ues. +11 %arks@ (2%! working principle 0ad#antages F2%! working principle 0ad#antages 29. 3xplain in detail the C2%! multiple access techni/ue. +11 %arks@ C2%! working principle !d#antages 0 comparison with other techni/ues. 21. Compare the performance of (2%! ,F2%!, C2%! ,&2%! techni/ues . +5 %arks@ 'rinciples of (2%! ,F2%!, C2%! ,&2%! Comparison of abo#e techni/ues. 22.3xplain in detail the 1>,2>,$> generation systems 0 their standards .+11 marks@ 3xplanation of generation models of 1>,2>,$> 3xplanation of their standards 2$. 3xplain about !%'& with neat diagram. +11 marks@ &tructure of !%'& 3xplanation of !%'& 2,. 3xplain forward 0 re#erse channel parameters of "&-8. C2%!. +11 marks@ 3xplanation of "&-8. system 2ifferent forward channels and details 2ifferent re#erse channels and details 2.. 2raw the functional block diagram 23C( system and explain its working principle +11 marks@ &tructure of 23C( system Working principle Aexplanation 21. Write short notes on WBB. +5 marks@ WBB working principle 3xplanation, ad#antages !pplications