ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

LESSON 15
PROJECTION OF POINTS
Introduction
Points in Space
A Point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants,
formed by the two references planes of projections, namely, H.P
and V.P. see figure 8.4, showing the four quadrants formed by
H.P. and V.P.
Positions of a Point
When a point lies in the first quadrants, it will be above H.P.
and in front of V.P.
When the point lies in the second quadrant, it will be above
H.P. and behind V.P.
When the point lies in the third quadrant, it will be below H.P.
and behind V.P.
When the point lies in the fourth quadrant, it will be in front of
V.P. and Below H.P.
After knowing the distances of a point from H.P. and V.P.,
projections on H.P. and V.P are found by extending the
projectors perpendicular to both the planes. Projection on H.P.
is called Top View and Projection on V.P. is called Front View.
System of Notation
1. In this text, the actual points in space are denoted by capital
letters A, B, C etc.
2. Their front view are denoted by their corresponding lower
case letters with dashes a, b, c, etc., and their top view by
the lower case letters a, b, c etc.
3. Projectors are always drawn as continuous thin lines (2H
pencil)
NOTE: 1. Students are advised to make their own paper/
cardboard/Perspex model if H.P. and V.P. as shown in the
pictorial view in fig. 8.4. The model will facilitate developing a
good concept of the relative position of the points lying in any
of the four quadrants.
2. Since the projections of points, lies and planes are the basic
chapter for the forthcoming topics on solids (viz., projection of
solids, sections, Development, Conversion of Pictorial to
orthographic View etc.), the students should follow these basic
chapters carefully to draw the projections. In this chapter,
therefore, a series of pictorial views are illustrated to visualize
easily the different position occupied by a point with respect to
H.P. and V.P.
Projection of a Point in the First Quadrant
Problem 1: (Fig. 9.1).
Point A is 20mm above H.P. and 30mm in front of V.P. Draw
its front view and top view.

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1. Look at the pictorial view. The point A lies in the first

quadrant.
2. To Obtain the front view a, look from the front:
Point A is 20mm above H.P. Aa is the projection
perpendicular to V.P. Hence a is the front view if the point
A and it is 20mm above the XY line.
3. To obtain the top view, look from the top:
Point A is 30mm in front of V.P. Aa is the projector
perpendicular to H.P. Hence a is the top view of the point A
and it is 30mm in front of XY.
4. To convert the projections a and a obtained in the pictorial
view into orthographic projections:
Rotate the H.P. about the XY line through 900 in the CW
direction as shown in fig. (i).
After rotation, the first quadrant is opened out and the H.P.
occupies the position (dotted lines) vertically below the V.P.
Also, the point an on H.P. will trace a quadrant of a circle with o
as center and o as radius. Now a occupies the position just
below o. Here the line joining a and a, called the projector, is
perpendicular to XY. See fig. (ii).
To draw the orthographic projections: Fig. (iii).
5. Front Views: Draw the XY line and draw a projector at any
point on it. Mark a 20mm above XY on the projector.
6. Top Views: On the same projector, mark a 30mm below
XY.
Rule 1. XY line represents H.P. in the front view and V.P. in the
top view. Therefore while drawing the front view and top view
on the drawing sheet, the squares or rectangles for individual
planes are unnecessary and are discarded.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

2. Reader are advised to draw only the orthographic projections

shown in fig. (iii) as the solution and not the figs. (i) and (ii).
Problem 2: (Fig. 9.2)
Draw the projection of a point A lying on H.P. and 30mm in
front of V.P.
To draw the point front view, look at the pictorial view from the
front:
1. Point A is lying on H.P. and so its front view a lies on XY
line in fig.(i).
2. Therefore in the orthographic projection, draw the XY line.
Mark a on it. Fig.(ii).
To draw the top view, look at the pictorial view from the top:
3. Point A is 30mm in front of V.P. therefore its top view a lies
on H.P. itself and in front of XY.
4. Rotate the H.P. through 900 in CW direction. After rotation,
the H.P. occupies the position (dotted lines) Vertically below
the V.P. Also a (top view of the point) on H.P. comes
vertically below a.
5. Therefore in the orthographic projection, mark a 30 mm
below XY on the projector drawn from a.

Problem 5: (fig. 9.5)

A point B is 25mm above H.P. and 35mm behind V.P. draw its
projections.
1. To obtain the front view b, look from the front: The
point B lies in the IInd quadrant. Point B is 25mm above
H.P. b is the front view of B and is 25mm above XY.
2. To obtain the top view b, look from the top: Point B is 35
mm behind V.P. b is the top view of B and is 35mm behind
XY.
3. To convert the projection b and b obtained in the pictorial
view into orthographic projections, rotate H.P. about XY
through 900 in CW direction.
After rotate, the H.P. coincides with V.P. and both the front and
top views are seen above XY. Now, b on H.P. will trace a
quadrant of a circle with o as center and ob as radius. Now b
occupies the position above o.
4. Front Views: Draw the XY line and draw a projector at any
point on it. Mark b 25mm above XY on this Projector.

Problem 3: (fig.9.3)
Draw the projections of a point A lying on V.P. and 35mm
above H.P.
To draw the front view, look at the pictorial view from the
front:
1. Point A is 35 mm above H.P. Hence a is 35 mm above XY.
2. Therefore in the orthographic projection (fig.ii), mark a 35
mm above XY.
To draw the top view, look at the pictorial view from the top:
3. Point A is on V.P. So, its top view lies on XY itself.

5. Top view: Mark b 35 mm above XY on the same projector.

Problem 6: (Fig. 9.6)
A point C is 35 mm below H.P. and 25mm behind V.P. draw its
projections.
The point C lies in the IIIrd quadrant.
Front view: C is 35 mm below H.P. Hence c is 35mm below
XY.
Draw XY and draw a projector at any point on it. Mark c
35mm below XY on the projector.
Top View: C is 25 mm behind V.P. soc is 25mm behind XY.
Hence in the orthographic projection mark c 25 mm above XY
on the above projector.

4. The top view a does not lie on H.P., so in this case the H.P.
need not be rotated. Therefore mark a on XY on the
projector drawn from a

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The point D is in lVth quadrant.

Front View: D is 30mm below H.P. Hence d is 30mm below
XY. Draw XY line and draw a projector perpendicular to it.
Mark d 30mm below XY on the projector.
Top View: D is 40mm in front of V.P.; so d is 40 mm in front
of XY. Therefore mark d 40mm below XY.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Problem 7: (fig.9.7)
A point D is 30 mm below H.P and 40mm in front of V.P.
draw its projections.