DR.

JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y

REALONDA
MEANINGS OF NAME
Doctor- completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San
Jose (St. Joseph
Protacio- from !ervacio ". which come from a Christian calendar
Mercado- adopted in #$%# by &omigo Lamco (the paternal great-great-
grandfather of Jose 'i(al which the Spanish term mercado means )mar*et+ in ,nglish
Rizal- from the word )'icial+ in Spanish means a field where wheat- cut while still
green- sprouts again
Alozo- old surname of his mother
Y- and
Realoda- it was used by &o.a /eodora from the surname of her godmother
based on the culture by that time
J!e "#$ "%&"- moonlit of 0ednesday between eleven and midnight Jose 'i(al was born in the la*eshore town of
Calamba- Laguna
J!e ''$ "%&"- aged three days old- 'i(al was bapti(ed in the Catholic church
Fat(er R!)io Collates- a 1atangue.o- the parish priest who bapti(ed 'i(al
Fat(er Pedro Casaas- 'i(al+s godfather- native of Calamba and close friend of the 'i(al family
Lie!teat*Geeral Jose Le+er,- the governor general of the "hilippines when 'i(al was born
RIZAL-S PARENTS
Do Fracisco Mercado ."%"%*"%#%/
-born in 1i.an- Laguna on May ##- #2#2
-studied Latin and "hilosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
-became a tenant-farmer of the &ominican-owned hacienda
-a hardy and independent-minded man- who tal*ed less and wor*ed more- and was strong in body and valiant in spirit
-died in Manila on January 3- #242 at the age of 25
-'i(al affectionately called him 0a +odel o) )at(ers1
Do2a Teodora Aloso Realoda ."%'&*"#""/
-born in Manila on 6ovember 2- #278
-educated at the College of Santa 'osa- a well-*nown college for girls in the city
-a remar*able woman- possessing refined culture- literary talent- business ability- and the fortitude of Spartan women
-is a woman of more than ordinary culture9 she *nows literature and spea*s Spanish (according to 'i(al
-died in Manila on :ugust #8- #4## at the age of 23
T3E RIZAL C3ILDREN
-,leven children;two boys and nine girls
#. Sat!ria ."%45*"#"6/
-oldest of the 'i(al children
-nic*named 6eneng
-married Manuel /. <idalgo of /anawan- 1atangas
7. Paciao ."%4"*"#65/
-older brother and confident of Jose 'i(al
-was a second father to 'i(al
-immortali(ed him in 'i(al+s first novel 6oli Me /angere as the wise "ilosopo /asio
-'i(al regarded him as the =most noble of >ilipinos?
-became a combat general in the "hilippine 'evolution
-died on :pril #%- #4%5- an old bachelor aged $4
-had two children by his mistress (Severina &ecena;a boy and a girl
%. Narcisa ."%4'*"#6#/
-her pet name was Sisa
-married to :ntonio Lope( (nephew of >ather Leoncio Lope(- a school teacher of Morong
@. Oli+7ia ."%44*"%%8/
-Apia was her pet name
-married Silvestre Ubaldo- a telegraph operator from Manila
3. L!cia ."%48*"#"#/
-married to Mariano <erbosa of Calamba- who was a nephew of >ather Casanas
-<erbosa died of cholera in #224 and was denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of &r. 'i(al
8. Maria ."%4#*"#94/
#
-1iang was her nic*name
-married &aniel >austino Cru( of 1i.an- Laguna
$. Jose ."%&"*"%#&/
-the greatest >ilipino hero and peerless genius
-nic*name was "epe
-lived with Josephine 1rac*en- Brish girl from <ong Cong
-had a son but this baby-boy died a few hours after birthD 'i(al named him =>rancisco? after his father and buried him
in &apitan
2. Coce7cio ."%&'*"%&4/
-her pet name was Concha
-died of sic*ness at the age of %
-her death was 'i(al+s first sorrow in life
4. Jose)a ."%&4*"#94/
-her pet name was "anggoy
-died an old maid at the age of 25
#5. Triidad ."%&%*"#4"/
-/rining was her pet name
-she died also an old maid in #43# aged 2%
##. Soledad ."%85*"#'#/
-youngest of the 'i(al children
-her pet name was Choleng
-married "antaleon Euintero of Calamba
'i(al always called her sisters &o.a or Se.ora (if married and Se.orita (if single
>rancisco Mercado and /eodora :lonso 'ealonda married on June 72- #2@2- after which they settled down in
Calamba
/he real surname of the 'i(al family was Mercado- which was adopted in #$%# by &omingo Lamco (the paternal
great-great grandfather of Jose 'i(al- who was a full blooded Chinese
'i(al+s family acFuired a second surname;'i(al;which was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor
of Laguna- who was a family friend
RIZAL-S ANCESTRY
FAT3ER-S SIDE
7
Do+i:o La+co
(a Chinese immigrant from
the >u*ien city arrived in
Manila about #845
Ies de la Rosa
(0ell-to-do Chinese
Christian girl of Changchow
Fracisco Mercado Cirila ;erac(a
J!a Mercado
.Rizal-s :rad)at(er/
Cirila Ale<adro
<ad thirteen children- the youngest being >rancisco
Mercado ('i(al+s father
MOT3ER-S SIDE
T3E RIZAL 3OME
-was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times
-it was a two-storey building- rectangular in shape- built of adobe stones and hard-woods and roofed with red tiles
-by day- it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in the gardenD by night- it echoed with
the dulcet notes of family prayers
/he 'i(al family belonged to the principalia- a town aristocracy in Spanish "hilippines
/he 'i(al family had a simple- contented and happy life
C3ILD3OOD YEARS IN CALAM;A
-Calamba was named after a big native Gar
-Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the &ominican Hrder- which also owned all the lands around it
= Rec!erdo A Mi P!e>lo .I Me+or, o) M, To?/- a poem about 'i(al+s beloved town written by
'i(al in #2$8 when he was #3 years old and was student in the :teneo de Manila
/he first memory of 'i(al- in his infancy- was his happy days in the family garden when he was three
years old
:nother childhood memory was the daily :ngelus prayer. 1y nightfall- 'i(al related- his mother gathered
all the children at the house to pray the :ngelus
:nother memory of 'i(al+s infancy was the nocturnal wal* in the town- especially when there was a moon
/he death of little Concha brought 'i(al his first sorrow
:t the age of three- 'i(al began to ta*e a part in the family prayers
0hen 'i(al was five years old- he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible
T(e Stor, o) t(e Mot(- made the profoundest impression on 'i(al
-=died a martyr to its illusions?
:t the age of five- 'i(al began to ma*e s*etches with his pencil and to mould in clay and waI obGects
which attracted his fancy
Sa A@i: M:a Aa>ata .To M, Fello? C(ildre/- 'i(al+s first poem in native language at the age of eight
-reveals 'i(al+s earliest nationalist sentiment
:t the age of eight- 'i(al wrote his first dramatic wor* which was a /agalog comedy
INFL=ENCES ON T3E 3ERO-S ;OY3OOD
%
La@ad!la
(/he last native *ing of /ondo
E!:eio =rs!a
('i(al+s maternal
!reat-great !randfather of
Japanese :ncestry
;ei:+a
(a >ilipina
Re:ia
Ma!el de B!itos
(a >ilipino from "angasinan
;ri:ida
Lorezo Al>erto Aloso
(a prominent Spanish >ilipino
mesti(o of 1i.an
6arcisa- /eodora ('i(al+s mother- !regorio- Manuel at Jose
(# hereditary influence
(7 environmental influence
(% aid of &ivine "rovidence
Tio Jose Al>erto- studied for eleven years in 1ritish school in Calcutta- Bndia and had traveled in ,urope
inspired 'i(al to develop his artistic ability
Tio Ma!el- a hus*y and athletic man- encouraged 'i(al to develop his frail body by means of physical
eIercises
Tio Gre:orio- a boo* lover- intensified 'i(al+s voracious reading of good boo*
Fat(er Leocio Lo7ez- the old and learned parish priest of Calamba- fostered 'i(al+s love for
scholarship and intellectual honesty
EARLY ED=CATION IN CALAM;A AND ;ICAN
/he first teacher of 'i(al was his mother- who was remar*able woman of good character and fine culture
;her mother
Maestro Celestio- 'i(al+s first private tutor
Maestro L!cas Pad!a- 'i(al+s second tutor
Leo Moro,- a former classmate of 'i(al+s father became 'i(al+s tutor that instructed Jose in Spanish
and Latin. <e died five months later
S!da, a)teroo i J!e$ "%&#- 'i(al left Calamba for 1i.an accompanied by "aciano
Maestro J!stiiao AD!io Cr!z- 'i(al+s teacher in a private school in 1i.an
-'i(al described his teacher as follows9 <e was thin- long-nec*ed- with a sharp nose and a body slightly bent
forward
Pedro- the teacher+s son which 'i(al challenged to a fight
Adres Saladaa- challenged 'i(al to an arm-wrestling match
J!ac(o-an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacherD freely give 'i(al lessons in
drawing and painting
Jose G!eEara- 'i(al+s classmate who also loved painting- became apprentices of the old painter
0t(e )aEorite 7aiters o) t(e class1- because of his artistic talent
C(rist+as i "%85-'i(al received a letter from his sister Saturnina- informing him of the arrival of the
steamer /alim which would ta*e him from 1i.an to Calamba
Sat!rda, a)teroo$ Dece+>er "8$ "%85- 'i(al left 1i.an after one year and a half of schooling
Art!ro Ca+7s- a >renchman friend of 'i(al+s father who too* care of him on board
DAILY LIFE IN ;ICAN
-<eard the four o+ cloc* mass then at ten o+ cloc* went home at once and went at school at two and came out at five
-/he day was unusual when 'i(al was not laid out on a bench and given five or siI blows because of fighting
MARTYRDOM OF GOM*;=R*ZA
Ni:(t o) Ja!ar, '5$ "%8'- about 755 >ilipino soldiers and wor*men of the Cavite arsenal under the
leadership of Lamadrid- >ilipino sergeant- rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual
privileges
Fat(ers Mariao Go+ez$ Jose ;!r:os ad Jacito Za+ora- were eIecuted at sunrise of >ebruary #$-
#2$7- by order of !overnor !eneral B(Fuierdo
/he martyrdom of !om-1ur-Ja in #2$7 truly inspired 'i(al to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and
redeem his oppressed people
'i(al dedicated his second novel- ,l >ilibusterismo- to !om-1ur-Ja
INJ=STICE TO 3ERO-S MOT3ER
;e)ore J!e$ "%8'- &o.a /eodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
brother- Jose :lberto- tried to poison the latter+s perfidious wife
Atoio FiEecio del Rosario- Calamba+s gobernadorcillo- help arrest &o.a /eodora
:fter arresting &o.a /eodora- the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to wal* from Calamba to Santa
Cru( (capital of Laguna province- a distance of 35 *ilometers
&o.a /eodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison- where she languished for two years and a half
Messrs. Fracisco de Marcaida ad Ma!el Marza- the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend
&o.a /eodora
SC3OLASTIC TRI=MP3S AT ATENEO DE MANILA ."%8'*"%88/
Ateeo M!ici7al- a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits
Esc!ela Pia .C(arit, Sc(ool/- formerly name of :teneo- a school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by the city government in #2#$
Esc!ela Pia**** Ateeo M!ici7al*** Ateeo de Maila
@
J!e "5$ "%8'- 'i(al accompanied by "aciano went to Manila
Fat(er Ma:i Ferrado- was the college registrar- refused to admit 'i(al in :teneo for two reasons9 (1)
he was late for registration (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age
Ma!el Gerez ;!r:os-because of his intercession- nephew of >ather 1urgos- 'i(al was reluctantly
admitted at the :teneo
Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname ='i(al?. <e registered under this name at :teneo
because their family name =Mercado? had come under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities
'i(al was first boarded in a house outside Bntramuros- on Caraballo Street. /his was owned by a spinster
named /itay who owed the 'i(al family the amount of %55 pesos
JES=IT SYSTEM OF ED=CATION
-it trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious instructions
-Students were divided into two groups9
'oman ,mpire- consisting of internos (boardersD red banner
Carthaginian ,mpire- composed of the eIternos (non-boardersD blue banner
,mperor- the best student in each =empire?
/ribune- the second best
&ecurion- the third best
Centurion-the fourth best
Stand-bearer- the fifth best
/he :teneo students in 'i(al+s time wore a uniform which consisted of =hemp-fabric trousers? and =striped
cotton coat? /he coat material was called rayadillo
FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO ."%8'*"%86/
Fat(er Jose ;ec(- 'i(al+s first professor in :teneo whom he described as a =tall thin man- with a body
slightly bent forward- a harried wal*- an ascetic face- severe and inspired- small deep-sun*en eyes- a
sharp nose that was almost !ree*- and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell toward the chin
A Reli:io!s 7ict!re- 'i(al+s first pri(e for being the brightest pupil in the whole class
/o improve his Spanish- 'i(al too* private lessons in Sata Isa>el Colle:e during the noon recesses. <e
paid three pesos for those eItra Spanish lessons
:t the end of the school year in March- #2$%- 'i(al returned to Calamba for summer vacation
0hen the summer vacation ended- 'i(al returned to Manila for his second year term in :teneo. /his time
he boarded inside Bntramuros at 6o. 8 Magallanes Street. <is landlady was an old widow named &o.a
"epay
SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO ."%86*"%89/
-:t the end of the school year- 'i(al received eIcellent grades in all subGects and a gold medal
T(e Co!t o) Mote Cristo >, AleHader D!+as- the first favorite novel of 'i(al which made a deep
impression on him
=iEersal 3istor, >, Cesar Cat!- 'i(al persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical wor* that
was a great aid in his studies
Dr. Feodor Ja:or- a !erman scientist-traveler who visited the "hilippines in #234-#285 who wrote
/ravels in the "hilippines
-'i(al was impressed in this boo* because of (1) Jagors keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization (2)
his prophecy that someday Spain would lose the hilippines and that !merica would come to succeed her as colonizer
T3IRD YEAR IN ATENEO ."%89*"%84/
-'i(al grades remained eIcellent in all subGects but he won only one medal;in Latin
-:t the end of the school year (March #2$3- 'i(al returned to Calamba for the summer vacation. <e himself was not
impressed by his scholastic wor*
FO=RT3 YEAR IN ATENEO
J!e "&$ "%84- 'i(al became an interno in the :teneo
Padre Fracisco de Pa!la Sac(ez- a great educator and scholar- one of 'i(al+s professors who
inspired him to study harder and to write poetry
-'i(al described this Jesuiot professor as 0+odel o) !7ri:(tess$ earestess$ ad loEe )or t(e adEace+et
o) (is 7!7ils1
'i(al topped all his classmates in all subGects and won five medals at the end of the school term
LAST YEAR IN ATENEO ."%8&*"%88/
-'i(al+s studies continued to fare well. :s a matter-of-fact- he eIcelled in all subGects. /he most brilliant :tenean of his
time- he was truly 0t(e 7ride o) t(e Jes!its1
Marc( '6$ "%88- Commencement &ay- 'i(al- who was #8 years old- received from his :lma Mater-
:teneo Municipal- the degree of 1achelor of :rts- with highest honors
Maria Co:re:atio- a religious society wherein 'i(al was an active member and later became the
secretary
3
'i(al cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of >ather Sanche(
Fat(er Jose Filaclara- advised 'i(al to stop communing with the Muse and pay more attention to more
practical studies
'i(al studied painting under the famous Spanish painter- A:!sti Saez- and sculpture under Ro+!aldo
de Jes!s- noted >ilipino sculptor
'i(al carved an image of the Kirgin Mary on a piece of bati*uling ("hilippine hardwood with his poc*et-
*nife
Fat(er Lleoart- impressed by 'i(al+s sculptural talent- reFuested him to carve for him an image of
Sacred <eart of Jesus
ANECDOTES ON RIZAL$ T3E ATENEAN
FeliH M. RoHas- one of 'i(al+s contemporaries in the :teneo- related an incident of 'i(al+s schooldays
in :teneo which reveals hero+s resignation to pain and forgiveness. 0Neit(er >itteress or racor
to?ards t(e :!ilt, 7art,1
Ma!el Gerez ;!r:os- /his anecdotes illustrates 'i(al+s predilection to help the helpless at the ris* of
his own life
POEMS IRITTEN IN ATENEO
-Bt was &o.a /eodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son- and it was also she who first encouraged him
to write poems. <owever it was >ather Sanche( who inspired 'i(al to ma*e full use of his !od-given gift in poetry
Mi Pri+era Is7iracio .M, First Is7iratio/- #2$@- the first poem 'i(al probably wrote during his days
in :teneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthdayD 'i(al wrote it before he was #@ years old
-Bn #2$3- inspired by >ather Sanche(- 'i(al wrote more poems- as such9
1. >elicitacion (>elicitationi
2. ,l ,mbarFue9 <imno a la >lota de Magallanes (/he &eparture9 <ymn to Magellan+s >leet
3. A ,s ,spanolD ,lcano- el "rimero en dar la Kuelta al Mundo (:nd <e is Spanish9 ,lcano- the >irst to
Circumnavigate the 0orld
4. ,l Combate9 Urbi(tondo- /error de Jolo (/he 1attle9 Urbi(tondo- /error of Jolo
-Bn #2$8- 'i(al wrote poems on various topics-religion- education- childhood memories and war. /hey were as follows9
1. Un 'ecuerdo a Mi "ueblo (Bn Memory of My /own- a tender poem in honor of Calamba- the hero+s natal town
2. :lian(a Bntima ,ntre la 'eligion y la 1uena ,ducacion (Bntimate :lliance 1etween 'eligion and !ood ,ducation-
'i(al showed the importance of religion in education
3. "or la ,ducacion 'ecibe Lustre la "atria (/hrough ,ducation the Country 'eceives Light- 'i(al believed in the
significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation
4. ,l Cautiverio y el /riunfo9 1atalla de Lucena y "rision de 1oabdil (/he Captivity and the /riumph9 1attle of Lucena
and the Bmprisonment of 1oabdil- this martial poem describes the defeat and capture of 1oabdil- last Moorish sultan of
!ranada
5. La ,ntrada /riunfal de los 'eyes Catolices en !ranada (/he /riumphal ,ntry of the Catholic Monarchs into
!ranada- this poem relates the victorious entry of Cing >erdinand and Eueen Bsabel into !ranada- last Moorish
stronghold in Spain
-: year later- in #2$$- 'i(al wrote more poems. Bt was his last years in :teneo. :mong the poems written that year were9
1. ,l <eroismo de Colon (/he <eroism of Columbus- this poem praises Columbus- the discoverer of :merica
2. Colon y Juan BB (Columbus and John BB- this poem relates how Cing Cohn BB of "ortugal missed fame and riches
by his failure to finance the proGected eIpedition of Columbus to the 6ew 0orld
3. !ran Consuelo en la Mayor &esdicha (!reat Solace in !reat Misfortune- this is a legend in verse of the tragic life
of Columbus
4. Un &ialogo :luviso a la &espedida de los Colegiales (: >arewell &ialogue of the Students- this was the last
poem written by 'i(al in :teneoD it is a poignant poem of farewell to his classmate
Al Ni2o Jes!s .To t(e C(ild Jes!s/- this poem was written in #2$3 when 'i(al was #@ years oldD it was
a brief ode
A La Fir:e Maria .To t(e Fir:i Mar,/- another religious poem which doesn+t have eIact date when it
was written
Sa E!stacio$ Martir .St. E!stace$ t(e Mart,r/- a drama based on the prose story of St. ,ustace which
he wrote in poetic verses during the summer vacation of #2$8 and finished it on June 7- #2$8
MEDICAL ST=DIES AT T3E =NIFERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ."%88*"%%'/
-:fter finishing the first year of a course in "hilosophy and Letters (#2$$-#2$2- 'i(al transferred to the medical course
-0Do-t sed (i+ to Maila a:aiJ (e @o?s eo!:(. I) (e :ets to @o? +ore$ t(e S7aiards ?ill c!t o)) (is
(ead.1- &o.a /eodora- vigorously opposed the idea that 'i(al pursue higher learning in the university
8
A7ril "%88- 'i(al who was then nearly #8 years old- matriculated in the University of Santo /omas- ta*ing
the course on "hilosophy and Letters because (1) his father like it (2) he was "still uncertain as to what
career to pursue#
Fat(er Pa>lo Ra+o-'ector of :teneo- who had been good to him during his student days in that
college- as*ing for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao
Bt was during the following term (#2$2-#2$4 that 'i(al- having received the :teneo 'ector+s advice to
study medicine
&uring 'i(al+s first school term in the University of Santo /omas (#2$$-#2$2- 'i(al also studied in
:teneo. <e too* the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (eIpert surveyor
'i(al eIcelled in all subGects in the surveying course in :teneo- obtaining gold medals in agriculture and
topography
NoEe+>er '4$ "%%"- the title was issued to 'i(al for passing the final eIamination in the surveying
course
Liceo Artistico*Literario .Artistic*Literar, L,ce!+/ o) Maila- a society of literary men and artists-
held a literary contest in the year #2$4
A La J!Eet!d Fili7ia .To t(e Fili7io Yo!t(/- 'i(al- who was then #2 years old- submitted this poem
-is an inspiring poem of flawless form. 'i(al beseeched the >ilipino youth to rise from lethargy- to let genius fly
swifter than the wind and descend with art and science to brea* the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people
-this winning poem of 'i(al is a classic in "hilippine literature for two reasons9 (1) it was the great poem in
Spanish written by a $ilipino% whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities (2) it e&pressed for the first time
the nationalistic concept that the $ilipinos% and not the foreigners% were the fair hope of the Fatherland
/he 1oard of Judges- composed of Spaniards- was impressed by 'i(al+s poem and gave it the first pri(e
which consisted of a silver pen- feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon
El Cose<o de los Dioses .T(e Co!cils o) t(e Gods/- an allegorical drama written by 'i(al which he
entered in the literary contest of :rtistic-Literary Lyceum in #225 to commemorate the fourth centennial of
the death of Cervantes
-was a literary masterpiece based on the !ree* classics
/he pri(e was awarded to 'i(al- a gold ring on which was engraved the bust of Cervantes
D.N. del P!zo- a Spanish writer- who won the second pri(e
J!to al Pasi: .;eside t(e Pasi:/- a (ar(uela which was staged by the :teneans on &ecember 2- #225-
on the occasion of the annual celebration of the >eats &ay of the Bmmaculate Conception- "atroness of
the :teneo
- 'i(al wrote it as "resident of the :cademy of Spanish Literature in :teneo
A Fili7ias- a sonnet written by 'i(al for the album of the Society of SculptorsD in this sonnet- he urged all
>ilipino artists to glorify the "hilippines
A>d*el*Azis , Ma(o+a- 'i(al composed a poem in #2$4 which was declaimed by an :tenean- Manuel
>ernande(- on the night of &ecember 2- #2$4- in honor of the :teneo+s "atroness
Al M.R.P. Pa>lo Ra+o- 'i(al composed a poem in #22#- as an eIpression of affection to >ather "ablo
'amon- the :teneo rector- who had been so *ind and helpful to him
Ficeta Y>ardolaza- a pretty girl colegiala who s*illfully played the harp at the 'egalado home- whom
'i(al was infatuated in "a*il
'i(al mentioned /urumba (wherein the people dancing in the streets during the procession in honor of the
miraculous 1irhen Maria de los &olores in Chapter KB of 6oli Me /angere and "agsanGan >alls in his
travel diary (united States;Saturday- May #7- #222- where he said that 6iagara >alls was the 0:reatest
cascades I eEer sa?1 >!t 0ot so >ea!ti)!l or )ie as t(e )alls at Los ;a2os$ Pa:sa<a1
Co+7a2eris+o .Co+rades(i7/- 'i(al founded a secret society of >ilipino students in University of
Santo /omas in #225
Co+7aios o) Je(!- members of the society whose after the valiant <ebrew general
Galicao A7aci>le-'i(al+s cousin from 1atangas who is the secretary of the society
=N3APPY DAYS AT T3E =ST
-'i(al found the atmosphere at the University of Santo /omas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. <e was unhappy at this
&ominican institution of higher learning because (1) the 'ominican professors were hostile to him (2) the $ilipino students
were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards (() the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive
-Bn 'i(al+s novel- ,l >ilibusterismo- he described how the >ilipino students were humiliated and insulted by their
&ominican professors and how bac*ward the method of instruction was- especially in the teaching of the natural sciences.
<e related in Chapter LBBB- =/he Class in "hysics?
S3ATTERING T3E MYT3 A;O=T RIZAL AND T3E PONTIFICAL =ST
/his can be very eIhaustive as B deal with historical facts apropos of the relationship of Jose 'i(al with the University of
Santo /omas. B am indebted to >r. >idel Killaroel- H"- the eminent historian and former archivist of the US/ :rchives for
giving me the distinct privilege (without going through the norms and policies of touring the archives and letting me
eIamined some important documents pertaining but not principally to the history of the "hilippines. :s a pioneering
institution of learning M from the martyrdom of !ome(- 1urgos and Jamora- to the propaganda movement- to the
revolution of #248- to the birth of the 'epublic in #242- to the commonwealth period and finally to the restoration of
$
independence in #4@8 M it is therefore presumptuous to assume the US/ has had a hand in the ma*ing of the history of
the "hilippines.
Sadly- in spite of some efforts of few academicians and historians to present a more truthful history of the US/ during the
Spanish era- many still were caught off guard and instead decided to rely on meager source materials. 0orse- some
merely copied what pre-war and post-war authors written in the past #55 years. 6ew generation writers- historians and
biographers of Jose 'i(al are no eIception to such historians li*e 'etana- Craig- 'ussel- Laudbac*- Coates- <ernande(
and Jaide who had pictured a villain character of the university.
:s what >r. Killaroel said- none of the biographers and historians too* the time of loo*ing into the original academic
records of 'i(al. 6either there were efforts on their part to ma*e a study on US/ based on the archival records of the
"ontifical University. =Bt has been treated inadeFuately- at times- with a good deal of misunderstanding- eIaggeration or
preGudice.?
/he second confusion was their failure to understand the underlying principles behind the anti-friars and anti-US/ writings
of 'i(al particularly the ,l >ili.
:fter seeing the documents at the US/ :rchives and reading >r. Killaroel+s well-written study on 'i(al and the University
of Santo /omas- B can only scoff at those who bas* at their ignorance and use many of the myths to advance their cause.
Such is the case of some peIers here who undoubtedly use these myths for their own good. Bn the words of &r. Serafin
Euiason- former chairman of the 6ational <istorical Bnstitue- =it is a great virtue of his (>r. Killaroel study that he sweeps
away many of the myths which have passed for facts for almost three Fuarters of a century. <e has solved many difficult
Fuestions and the readers can be grateful for a valuable and devoted piece of wor*.?
/his thread intends to rectify some issues pertaining to the negative pictures proGected about 'i(al+s relationship with his
alma mater- the University of Santo /omas based on the study by >r. Killaroel who had diligently dug through the archival
materials of US/ and :rchivo de la "rovincia del Sto. 'osario. 0as 'i(al discriminated and treated shabbily by the
&ominicansN 0hy did he leave US/N 0hy did he critici(e the University years laterN <ow are the stories of ,l
>ilibusterismo to be understoodN
3ere are so+e eHcer7ts )ro+ Fr. Fidel Fillaroel-s st!d,K
MYT3K
'i(al complained about his grades in US/ and was discriminated and treated shabbily by the &ominicans.
FACTSK
(# 'i(al entered the US/ in #2$$- enrolling in the "re-Law Course- which was made up of philosophical subGects. /he
course was commonly called metaphysics. <e passed the course brilliantly with the highest grades in spite of his initial
indifference to philosophy and his youthful distractions through the year. /hen he opted for the career of medicine. :nd in
#2$2-#2$4 he too* simultaneously the "re-Medical Course and the >irst Aear of MedicineD this was against the rules- but
'i(al was favored with a dispensation. /he "re-Medicine Course was also called :mpliacion- because the student- having
ta*en already "hysics- Chemistry and 6atural <istory in the high school- now too* an advanced course on the same
subGects ('i(al did not ta*e in Santo /omas the =class of physics? described in ,l >ili but rather in :teneo.
Bn his courses of medicine- 'i(al was a good student- above-average- though not eIcellentD but none of his classmates
were eIcellent either. Summing up- in the 7# subGects ta*en in US/- 'i(al obtained one aprobado (passing grade- eight
bueno (good- siI notable (very good and siI sobresaliente (eIcellent. MaGority of students in 'i(al+s time- or in any time-
would have been satisfied with the above grades. Bt is possible that 'i(al was not- but it is a fact that he never complained
about his grades- there is not a single word in his wor*s showing displeasure at the unfairness of US/.
Aet many of his biographers are angry- unreasonably angry (including anti-ust peIersN at the treatment given to the
national hero by his alma mater. <ow could 'i(al- after a perfect record of =,Icellent? in the high school (:teneo now
receive such =low? grades at US/N /he critics had to loo* for an eIplanation- and since they did not find fault in 'i(al- then
they had to blame the &ominicans and US/. :nd from 'etana to :ustin Craig- from >ran* Laubac* to :ustin Coates and
to Fuite a long line of >ilipino biographers (with some eIceptions- we only hear the same repeated lamentation that every
school child must now learn in the teItboo*s9 that 'i(al was =below his usual standards?- and for the eItremely serious
charge that the =&ominican professors were hostile to him? and =the >ilipino students were racially discriminated? (Jaide-
and that there was =eIcessive harping on the alleged intellectual superiority of the Spanish (because he was white to the
>ilipino- a brown man- and Bndio (JM <ernande(- and so on. :n obGective historian must sFuarely face and honestly
answer these grave statements- which sound li*e accusations.
0as 'i(al =far below his usual standards?N 0hat standards- in the first placeN Bf by usual standards we mean the grades
of his :teneo high school studies- the comparison is unfair. 6obody places elementary or high school standards against
college or University standards. /hey belong to different levels. :t :teneo municipal- 'i(al was eIcellent- though not the
only eIcellent student. :t the US/- none of his classmates ever got near to *eeping a straight record of ,Icellent. :nd this
was because Medicine was a different *ind of stuff altogether.
/herefore- if we are to arrive at a Gust appreciation of 'i(al+s performance at the US/- we should compare- not his grades
in the high school with those in the university- but 'i(al+s grades in Medicine against those of his classmates. Bn the first
year of medicine- 'i(al+s class was made up of 7@ students- but due to academic failures- seventeen of them were left by
the roadside before they reached the fourth year- when only seven too* the final eIaminations. :nd in this fourth (and for
'i(al last year- he landed in second place behind Cornelio Mapa. : persecuted 'i(al would have probably ended by the
2
same roadside as the seventeen =debarred? classmates- or would have never boasted of being second when he left for
Spain in #227.
(7 Bt can hardy be said that 'i(al was discriminated and treated shabbily by the &ominicans since he was granted the
rare privilege of studying simultaneously in the "reparatory Course of Medicine and the >irst Aear of Medicine.
'ecords li*ewise show that siI Spaniards were enrolled with 'i(al in the first year of Medicine- of whom three were
"eninsular and three "hilippine-born. Bf the criticism of some biographers were true- these siI students would have been
favored by the friars. Aet at the end of the fourth year there remained only one "hilippine-born Spaniard- Jose
'esurreccion y "adilla- who managed to get only a poor passing grade (aprobado- last among successful students- and
who in the following year received a crushing suspenso. Bt would be un*ind to reGoice over failures- whether of Spanish or
of >ilipinos- but the biographers of 'i(al will not be convincing unless they prove with valid documents the eIistence of
=racial discrimination? in US/ in the #4th century when it came to academic grades.
(% 'i(al+s inclinations and abilities must be ta*en into account. 0hile he was undoubtedly inclined to- and remar*ably
fitted for- the arts and letters- he was not much attracted to Medicine. ="erhaps M says Leon Ma. !uerrero M Medicine was
not his real vocation?. Medicine was a convenient career ta*en up in consideration of the poor health of 'i(al+s mother-
whom he wanted to help- and eventually helped as a physician.
(@ 0hen 'i(al transferred to Spain and continued his studies at the University of Madrid- he showed there similar
characteristics. <e was sobresaliente in the humanistic studies (literature- languages- history- while in Medicine he fared
worse than at the University of Santo /omas. Ae no historian or biographer has ever complained about his poor
performance in Madrid or hinted that 'i(al was discriminated against in that Central University.
(3 'i(al had &ominican friends in the persons of >r. ,varisto :rias and >r. JoaFuin >onseca. Bt was while studying at
US/ that 'i(al obtained public recognition as a poet. Bt was the &ominicanD >r. :rias who helped him cultivate his craft in
poetry. &uring his /homasian years- 'i(al composed the best poems of his pre-,uropean period- one of them being : la
Juventud >ilipina- winner of the first pri(e in the contest organi(ed by the Liceo :rtistico-Literario in #2$4.
MYT3K
'i(al is said to have left US/ for the following reasons9
a. because a certain professor of US/ caused him displeasure (". "astells- SJ- #24$
b. because the atmosphere in US/ (meaning /homistic atmosphere suffocated him- and =it is presumed that
because of it he left? (,. 'etana- #45$
c. because in his class of medicine the lay professor made a statement contrary to the teItboo* and then he refused
to permit discussion or to give eIplanationsD =so 'i(al decided he was wasting his time to remain in the University?
(Craig- #454
d. because he found unfriendliness in the University- (Laubac*- #4%8
e. because US/ could not give =fuller learning? to the youth- and its =usefulness was almost- if not altogether nil.? (&.
:bella- #483
FACTK
/wenty authors Fuoting from the same erroneous source commit the same error twenty times over. /herefore- what the
Fuoted authors have said must be submitted to scrutiny. More significantly- all the authors Fuoted above have one thing in
common9 none of them Fuote any historical source- li*e words from 'i(al+s correspondence- his articles- etc. Bf any source
is ever mentioned it is infallibly the novel ,l >ili.
1ut is there not- we as*- a better source to support historical facts than a novelN Bn the present case- there seems to be no
other- and for one fundamental reason9 because 'i(al never revealed in clear terms why he left the "hilippines in #227.
6either he nor his brother "aciano- nor his uncle :ntonio 'ivera- nor his most intimate friends. 6ot a clear word from
them- who were the only persons who could have *nown. /his fact leads us to conclude that the writers who put the
blame for 'i(al+s departure on the University of Santo /omas are only guessing- honestly guessing of course- but
mista*enly.
Bt is almost needless to enter into discussion with those writers who lay the responsibility for 'i(al+s departure at the door
of US/. 1ut let us face the Fuestion sFuarely.
(# Bt has been stated that a certain professor- more concretely a lay professor of medicine- disagreed with the teItboo*
and refused to entertain discussion on the topics of his subGect (so "astells and Craig. /his professor is identified by
Craig as one who- some years later- was classmate of 'i(al at the University of Madrid. <e was &r. Jose >ranco who- as
professor of 'i(al in Santo /omas- had threatened to fail the whole medical class (". "astells. 1ut granting that "rofessor
>ranco was spea*ing seriously- it is Fuite improbable that 'i(al decided to leave the "hilippines for an incident with one
professor- who besides did not fail him in the final eIaminations. 'i(al+s companions and friends did not seem to have
noticed any misunderstanding between 'i(al and any professor- as shown in a letter of Jose M. Cecilio9 =Aour departure
without notice has caused surprise among many friends to the point of stirring their curiosity. /hey as* whether there were
serious matters going on which prompted you to leave.?
(7 /o attribute 'i(al+s departure to what oneauthor calls =rampant bigotry- discrimination and persecution? eIisting in
US/- whether said in general or whether specifically referring to 'i(al- is a gratuitous accusation eIpressed in ready-
made phrases loaded with feeling. B presume that an educational policy li*e the one implied in such words has never
eIisted in any school or university anywhere in any period. :s for 'i(al- we have already eIplained with academic records
on hand- that there was in fact a discrimination in his favor when he was allowed to ta*e simultaneously the "reparatory
course of Medicine and the >irst Course of Medicine "roper. :nd finally- he was one of the seven- out of 78- who reached
4
the beginning of the fifth year course- which he started in Madrid. :ll this has been shown here without rhetoric- without
feeling and only with the aid of laconic- diplomatic record as basis.
(% /hat the US/ did not provide =fuller learning? to its students- and that this prompted some of them li*e 'i(al to go
abroad- as suggested by some authors- might be as true then as it can be true at any other period of her history. /his can
also be said of any "hilippine university today. /he temptation to try better institutions abroad is always better- and those
who can afford it- occasionally fall for it. /here is no denying that- in the last Fuarter of the #4th century- ,urope offered to
the students of science- philosophy- literature and every aspect of material progress- hori(ons of learning that no colonial
land in other continents could possibly give in such measure. 1ut if many student li*e 'i(al went abroad is search of =fuller
learning? and profited from that eIperience- it would be wrong to conclude that a university li*e US/ was therefore
worthless. 0hether by choice or by the force of circumstances many more students stayed behind than left for ,urope-
and those who remained received a tertiary education of such Fuality that enabled them to become builders of the
"hilippine 'epublic. /homasians trained here and only here were "edro "elae( and Jose 1urgos- :polinario Mabini and
Cayetano :rellano- Manuel :raullo and the Mapa brothers- Sergio Hsmena and Manuel L. Eue(on- Leon Maria !uererro
and :nacleto del 'osario- >elipe Calderon and ,pifanio de los Santos- etc. and most of the men of the Malolos Congress-
all belonging to the generation of 'i(al.
Until further historical research can proGect more light on the life of 'i(al- little more remains to be said on this point. /his
little more is reduced to the following9 Bf neither the US/ records nor the correspondence of 'i(al with "aciano and his
family nor his letters to or from his intimate friends can support the alleged misunderstanding between 'i(al and the
UniversityD if those documents do not eIplain the reasons for 'i(al+s departure for Spain- then i believe that the only valid
recourse left to the historian is the recourse to the oral tradition. :nd two traditions come handily on our way- one
preserved in 'i(al+s own family and another in the University of Santo /omas.
MYT3K
/he =Class of "hysics? (Chapter #% in ,l >ilibusterismo is autobiographical of 'i(al+s stay in US/ and that 'i(al+s anti-
friars and anti-US/ writings are reflective of how the national hero loathed the University.
FACTK
(# 0hile in ,urope (#227-#247- 'i(al changed considerably in at least one aspect- in his attitude towards religion. <e
gave up some basic and essential tenets of his faith and ceased to be a practicing Catholic. /his was due mainly to his
continuous association with many rationalist thin*ers and liberal politicians of Spain and other countries of ,urope. : new
rationalistic approach to life and his affiliation to freemasonry accentuated his anti-clerical sentiments and his antipathy for
the Catholic Church- for her belief and eIternal manifestations (dogmas- rites and rituals and devotional life. /hese
changes in 'i(al must be ta*en into account when assessing his ironic criticism of the Church- the religious Hrders and
the University of Santo /omas. <istory showed that the attac*s thrown by propagandists at Santo /omas- particularly the
Church- were Gust part and parcel of the clash between liberalism and /homism. :nd that the attac* thrown at Santo
/omas - which was under the 'oyal patronage of Spain- was not uniFue since every university in ,urope li*e HIford
received the same fate for upholding /homism. /he Katican in an encyclical endorsed /homism as an instrument to
counteract rationalism- which at that time began to penetrate all spheres of society.
(7 Crucially affecting this new attitude of criticism were the events that occurred in Calamba from #22$ onwards as a
result of the famous agrarian litigation between his family and the &ominican <acienda. 0hatever reasons for dissension
might have eIisted in previous years due to worsening economic conditions affecting the country at large- 'i(al+s personal
intervention in the affair in #22$ precipitated the legal suit. /he case ended in the courts with an adverse sentence against
the family and other tenants and the tragic deportation of some of 'i(al+s immediate relatives. /hat social Fuestion and
lawsuit had nothing to do with the US/- but it surely soured 'i(al+s pen when writing about an educational institution that
was run by the owners of Calamba <acienda. 0e have here another factor for his critical attitudeD again he had not in
mind any past academic eIperience.
(% /he novel ,l >ili was written precisely during the years of the Calamba agrarian crisis (any student of literature or a
practicing writer would agree that if there are things that affect the consciousness of a writer- it would be the moment- the
milieu- and the race.
/he =Class of "hysics? is the subGect of chapter #% of the >ili- a subGect that some historians and biographers have used
and abused lavishly. /hey have a reason- because the story comes in very handily to illustrate the student years of 'i(al
at the US/- regardless of the novelistic character of the source.
/he practical Fuestion here is whether the story of the =Class of "hysics? really happened on even one day- whether it
reflects educational methods practiced in US/ in the #4th century- or whether 'i(al was Gust creating a scene suitable to
the aims of the novel- that is- to attac* and discredit the religious institutes. Some biographers easily believe 'etana+s
remar* that =this chapter is an accurate picture of what happened in the "ontifical University of Manila when 'i(al studied
there.? a remar* written of course- when 'etana had turned into a bitter enemy of the religious orders.
1ut even ta*ing for granted that 'i(al based his story on some incident that happened during his university years- this is
no reason to conclude that the general life of the University was similar. :nd as for the blea* picture of the physical
classroom itself- the US/ still possess the schedules of classes in those years- and the Class of "hysics is invariably
assigned to the "hysics Laboratories- not to an ordinary classroom.
>inally- :ustin Coates+ statement that this chapter of the >ili is =clearly autobiographical? is totally unacceptable- if by
autobiographical he meant that the eIperience of "lacido was actually felt by 'i(al personally or by some of his
classmates. :nd the reason is very simple9 'i(al did not ta*e "hysics at the US/. <e had ta*en that course at the :teneo
#5
Municipal in #2$8-#2$$. 'afael "alma who too* up "hysics and Chemistry in #245 at :teneo Municipal- a little over ten
years after 'i(al- recalled later that the laboratory materials in use at the :teneo for teaching 6atural <istory and "hysics
were =very poor? ('afael "alma- My :utobiography- Manila #43%.
/he whole chapter is a caricature- very useful for the aims of the novelD it is not 'i(al+s biography.
IN S=NNY SPAIN ."%%'*"%%4/
-:fter finishing the @
th
year of the medical course in the University of Santo /omas- 'i(al decided to complete his studies
in Spain
-:side from completing his studies in Spain- 'i(al has his 0secret +issio1;was to observe keenly the life and culture%
languages and customs% industries and commerce% and government and laws of the )uropean nations in order to prepare
himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny
-/his 'i(alian secret mission was li*ewise disclosed by "aciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila- May 75-
#247
-'i(al+s departure for Spain was *ept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars
Jose Mercado- 'i(al used this nameD a cousin from 1i.an
Ma, 6$ "%%'- 'i(al departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore
SINGAPORE
Doato Lec(a- the ship captain from :sturias- Spain befriended 'i(al
-'i(al described him as an affable man- 0+!c( +ore re)ied t(a (is ot(er co!tr,+e ad collea:!es t(at I
(aEe +et.1
'i(al played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than he
Ma, %$ "%%'- while the steamer was approaching Singapore- 'i(al saw a beautiful island- fascinated by
its scenic beauty- he remembered =Tali+ Islad ?it( t(e S!so: Dala:a1
Ma, #$ "%%'- the Salvadora doc*ed at Singapore
3otel de la Paz- 'i(al registered here and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the city- which was
a colony of ,ngland
FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOM;O
Bn Singapore- 'i(al transferred to another ship &Gemnah- a >rench steamer- which left Singapore for
,urope on May ##- #227
Ma, "8$ "%%'- &Gemnah reached "oint !alle- a seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lan*a
'i(al wrote on his travel diary9 0T(e :eeral a77earace o) Poit Galle is 7ict!resD!e >!t loel, ad
D!iet ad at t(e sa+e ti+e sad1
Colo+>o- capital of Ceylon
-'i(al was enamoured by Colombo because of its scenic beauty and elegant buildings
-0Colo+>o is +ore >ea!ti)!l$ s+art ad ele:at t(a Si:a7ore$ Poit Galle ad Maila1
>or the first time- 'i(al sighted the barren coast of :frica- which he called an 0i(os7ita>le lad >!t
)a+o!s1
Ade- city hotter than Manila
-'i(al was amused to see the camels- for the first time
Cit, o) S!ez- the 'ed Sea terminal of the Sue( Canal
-'i(al was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his family
S!ez Caal- canal which built by >erdinand de Lesseps (>rench diplomat-engineer which was
inaugurated on 6ovember #$- #284
Port Said- the Mediterranean terminal of the Sue( Canal
NAPLES AND MARSEILLES
J!e ""$ "%%'- 'i(al reached 6aples
-'i(al was pleased on this Btalian city because of its business activity- its lively people- and its panoramic beauty
Ni:(t o) J!e "'$ "%%'- the steamer doc*ed at the >rench harbor of Marseilles
'i(al visited the famous Chateau d+Bf- where &antes- hero of the Count of Monte Cristo- was imprisoned
'i(al stayed two and a half days in Marseilles
;ARCELONA
A)teroo o) Ma, "4$ "%%'- 'i(al left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain
'i(al crossed the "yrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier town of "ort 1ou
J!e "&$ "%%'- 'i(al finally reached his destination;1arcelona
'i(al+s first impression of 1arcelona- the greatest city of Catalu.a and Spain+s second largest city- was
unfavorable
Las Ra+>las- the most famous street in 1arcelona
A+or Patrio .LoEe o) Co!tr,/- nationalistic essay- 'i(al+s first article written on Spain+s soil
-under his pen-name Lao: Laa- appeared in print in &iariong /agalog on :ugust 75- #227
##
-it was published in two teIts;Spanish and /agalog;the Spanish teIt was the one originally written by 'i(al in
1arcelona- the tagalog teIt was a /agalog translation made by M.<. del "ilar
;asilio Teodoro Mora- a friend of 'i(al in Manila and the publisher of &iariong /agalog where 'i(al
sent this article
Diario: Ta:alo:- the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and /agalog
Los Fia<es .TraEels/- 'i(al+s second article for &iariong /agalog
ReEista de Madrid .ReEie? o) Madrid/- 'i(al+s third article written in Madrid on 6ovember 74- #227 but
returned to him because the &iariong /agalog had ceased publication for lac* of funds
'i(al received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces according to
"aciano+s letter- dated September #3- #227
:nother sad news from the "hilippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of
Leonor 'ivera
Bn one of his letters (dated May 78- #227- "aciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical
course in Madrid
'i(al left 1arcelona in the fall of #227 and established himself in Madrid- the capital of Spain
LIFE IN MADRID
NoEe+>er 6$ "%%'- 'i(al enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid in
two courses;Medicine and "hilosophy and Letters
Acade+, o) Fie Arts o) Sa Ferado- 'i(al studied painting and sculpture
'i(al+s only eItravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery tic*et in every draw of the Madrid
Lottery
'i(al spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house- attending the reunions of >ilipino
students at the house of the "aterno brothers (:ntonio- MaIimo and "edro and practicing fencing and
shooting at the gymnasium
Ati:!a Ca)L de LeEate-during the summer twilights- this is where 'i(al sipped coffee and fraterni(ed
with the students from Cuba- MeIico- :rgentina- etc
Hn Saturday evenings- 'i(al visited the home of &on "ablo Hrtiga y 'ey who lived with his son ('afael
and daughter (Consuelo
Circ!lo 3is7ao*Fili7io .3is7ao*P(ili77ie Circle/- a society of Spaniards and >ilipinos which 'i(al
Goined shortly after his arrival in Madrid in #227
Me Pide Fersos .T(e, As@ Me For Ferses/- upon the reFuest of the members of this society- 'i(al+s
wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during the 6ew Aear+s ,ve reception of the Madrid
>ilipinos held in the evening of &ecember %#- #227
-in this sad poem- 'i(al poured out the cry of his agoni(ing heart
'i(al economi(ed on his living eIpenses- and with the money he saved- he purchased boo*s from a
second-hand boo* store owned by a certain Se.or 'oses
;eec(er Sto?e-s =cle To+-s Ca>i ad E!:ee S!e-s T(e Iaderi: Je?- these two boo*s
aroused 'i(al+s sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people
FIRST FISIT TO PARIS ."%%6/
-&uring his first summer vacation in Madrid- 'i(al went to "aris- gay capital of >rance
-/he prices of food- drin*s- theatre- tic*ets- laundry- hotel accommodations- and transportation were too high for 'i(al+s
slender purse so that he commented in a letter to his family9 0Paris is t(e costliest ca7ital i E!ro7e.1
J!e "8 to A!:!st '5$ "%%6- 'i(al soGourn in "aris
3otel de Paris- located on %$ 'ue de Maubange wherein 'i(al billeted but later- he moved to a cheaper
hotel on #7@ 'ue de 'ennes in the Latin Euarter
Laeec 3os7ital- where 'i(al observed &r. 6icaise treating his patients
Lari>oisiere 3os7ital- where 'i(al observed the eIamination of different diseases of women
'i(al was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and freely c ritici(ed the government policies
and lambasted the friars- which could not be done in "hilippines
Marc( "%%6- 'i(al Goined the Masonic lodge called Acacia i Madrid
'i(al+s reason for becoming a mason was to secure >reemansory+s aid in his fight against the friars in the
"hilippines
Lod:e Solidaridad .Madrid/ M 'i(al transferred where he became a Master Mason on 6ovember #3-
#245
Fe>r!ar, "4$ "%#'- 'i(al was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le !rand Hrient de >rance in
"aris
Sciece$ Firt!e ad La>or- 'i(al+s only Masonic writingD a lecture which he delivered in #224 at Lodge
Solidaridad- Madrid
:fter 'i(al+s departure for Spain- things turned from bad to worse in Calamba9 (1) harvests of rice and
sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) the manager of the 'ominican*owned hacienda
increased the rentals of the lands (() a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys+ &ue to hard times in
#7
Calamba- the monthly allowances of 'i(al in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they
never arrived
J!e '9$ "%%9- a touching incident in 'i(al+s life in Madrid wherein he was bro*e and was unable to ta*e
brea*fast
-'i(al attended his class at the university- participated in the contest in !ree* language and won the gold medal
EEei: o) J!e '4$ "%%9- a banFuet was sponsored by the >ilipino community to celebrate the double
victory of the >ilipino artist in the 6ational ,Iposition of >ine :rts in Madrid;Luna+s Spoliarium winning
the first pri(e and <idalgo+s Christian Kirgins ,Iposed to the "opulace (Kirgenes Cristianas ,Ipuestas al
"opulacho- second pri(e
NoEe+>er '5$ '"$ ad ''$ "%%9- the serene city of Madrid eIploded in bloody riots by the students of the
Central University
/hese student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Mi:!el Mora,ta- professor of history-
at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on 6ovember 75- in which he proclaimed 0t(e )reedo+
o) sciece ad t(e teac(er1
/he 'ector- who also too* the side of the students- was forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor
Cre!s- 0a Eer, !7o7!lar +a$ disli@ed >, eEer,>od,1
NoEe+>er '&$ "%%9- 'i(al wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his family
J!e '"$ "%%9- 'i(al completed his medical course in SpainD he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
/he neIt academic year (#22@-#223- 'i(al studied and passed all subGects leading to the degree of
&octor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis reFuired for graduation nor paid the corresponding
fees- he was not awarded his &octor+s diploma
J!e "#$ "%%4- on his 7@
th
birthday- 'i(al was awarded the degree of Licentiate in "hilosophy and Letters
by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of 0EHcellet1K .So>resaliete/
NoEe+>er '&$ "%%9- a letter to 'i(al+s family written in Madrid wherein he said =My doctorate is not of
very much value to meO because although it is useful to a university professor- yet- B believe they
(&ominican friars;J will never appoint me as such in the College of Santo /omas. B say the same thing
of philosophy and letters which may serve also for a professorship- but B doubt if the &ominican fathers
will grant it to me.?
PARIS TO ;ERLIN ."%%4*"%%8/
-'i(al went to "aris and !ermany in order to speciali(e in ophthalmology;'i(al chose this branch of medicine because
he wanted to cure his mother+s eye ailment
IN GAY PARIS ."%%4*"%%&/
MaHi+o Fiola- a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel- 1ulacan- 'i(al+s friend
Se2or E!se>io Coro+ias- editor of the newspaper La "ublicidad and made a crayon s*etch of &on
Miguel Morayta- owner of La "ublicidad and a stasman
'i(al gave ,ditor Corominas an article on the Carolines Euestion- then a controversial issue- for
publication
6ovember #223 - 'i(al was living in "aris where he soGourned for about four months
Dr. Lo!is de Iec@ert ."%4'*"#5&/- leading >rench ophthalmologist wherein 'i(al wor*ed as an
assistant from 6ovember #223 to >ebruary #228
Paz Pardo de TaEera- was a pretty girl- who was engaged to Juan Luna
:t the studio of Luna- 'i(al spent many happy hours. 'i(al helped Luna by posing as model in several
paintings
Bn Luna+s canvas 0T(e Deat( o) Cleo7atra$0 'i(al posed as an ,gyptian priest. Bn another of Luna+s
great paintings- 0T(e ;lood Co+7act$1 he posed as Si*atuna- with /rinidad "ardo de /avera ta*ing the
role of Lega(pi
NoEe+>er '8$ "%8%- 'i(al told ,nriFue Lete that he 0leared t(e sol)e::io$ t(e 7iao$ t(e Eoice
c!lt!re i oe +ot( ad a (al)1
1y sheer determination and constant practice- 'i(al came to play the flute fairly well. <e was a flutist in
various impromptu reunions of >ilipinos in "aris
Ali Ma: La(i .A, Race/-a patriotic song written by 'i(al which asserts that any race aspires for
freedom
La De7ortacio .De7ortatio/- a sad dan(a which 'i(al composed in &apitan during his eIile
IN 3ISTORIC 3EIDEL;ERG
Fe>r!ar, "$ "%%&- 'i(al reluctantly left gay "aris fro !ermany
Fe>r!ar, 6$ "%%&- 'i(al arrived in <eidelberg- a historic city in !ermany famous for its old university and
romantic surroundings
C(ess Pla,er-s Cl!>- a club wherein the students made 'i(al as a member because of being a good
chess player
Dr. Otto ;ec@er- distinguished !erman ophthalmologist where 'i(al wor*ed;=iEersit, E,e 3os7ital
#%
A7ril ''$ "%%&- 'i(al wrote a fine poem 0A Las Flores de 3eidel>er:1 .To t(e Flo?ers o) 3eidel>er:/
Bn the spring of #228- 'i(al was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool ban*s of the 6ec*ar
'iver. :mong them was his favorite flower;t(e li:(t >l!e 0)or:et*+e*ot1
Iil(el+s)eld- a mountainous village near <eidelberg where 'i(al spent a three-month summer vacation
Dr. Aarl =ll+er- a *ind "rotestant pastor where 'i(al stayed- who became his good friend and admirer
J!e '4$ "%%&- 'i(al ended his soGourn at "astor Ullmer+s home
Ma, '#$ "%%8- 'i(al wrote from Munich (Muchen to >riedrich (>rit(- son of "astor Ullmer
J!l, 6"$ "%%&- 'i(al wrote his first letter in !erman (which he had improved after his stay with the
Ullmers to "rofessor 1lumentritt- &irector of the :teneo of Leitmerit(- :ustria
Arit+etica .Arit(+etic/-'i(al sent this boo* he mentioned and was published in two languages;
Spanish and /agalog;by the University of Santo /omas "ress in #282. the author was R!)io ;altazar
3eradez- a native of Santa Cru(- Laguna
A!:!st &$ "%%&- the famous University of <eidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration

IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN
A!:!st #$ "%%&- 'i(al left <eidelberg
A!:!st "9$ "%%&- boarded by a train. 'i(al arrived in Leip(ig
Pro)essor Friedric( Ratzel- a famous !erman historian- 'i(al befriend with him
Dr. 3as Me,er- !erman anthropologist- a friend of 'i(al
Bn Leip(ig- 'i(al translated Schiller+s 0illiam /ell from !erman into /agalog so that >ilipino might *now
the story of that champion of Swiss independence
'i(al also translated into /agalog for his nephews and niece <ans :ndersen+s >airy /ales
'i(al found out that the cost of living in Leip(ig was cheapest in ,urope so that he stayed two months and
a half
1ecause of his *nowledge of !erman- Spanish- and other ,uropean languages- 'i(al wor*ed as proof-
reader in a publisher+s firm
Octo>er '#$ "%%&- 'i(al left Leip(ig for &resden where he met Dr. Adol7( ;. Me,er- &irector of the
:nthropological and ,thnological Museum
'i(al heard Mass in a Catholic churchD evidently- this Mass impressed him very much- for he wrote on his
diary9 0Tr!l, I (aEe eEer i +, li)e (eard a Mass ?(ose +!sic (ad :reater s!>li+it, ad
itoatio.1
Mori: o) NoEe+>er "$ "%%&- 'i(al left &resden by train reaching 1erlin in the evening
;ERLIN
'i(al was enchanted by 1erlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race preGudice
'i(al met for the first time Dr. Feodor Ja:or- celebrated !erman scientist-traveler and author of /ravels
in the "hilippines- a boo* which 'i(al read and admired during his student days in Manila
Dr. R!dol) Firc(o?- introduced to 'i(al by &r. JagorD famous !erman anthropologist
Dr. 3as Firc(o?- son of &r. 'udolf Kirchow- professor of &escriptive :natomy
Dr. I. Joest- noted !erman geographer
Dr. Erest Sc(?ei::er ."%65*"#54/- famous !erman ophthalmologist where 'i(al wor*ed
'i(al became a member of the :nthropological Society- the ,thnological Society- and the !eographical
Society of 1erlin- upon the recommendation of &r. Jagor and &r. Meyer
Ta:alisc(e Fer@!st .Ta:alo: Metrical Art/- 'i(al wrote this scholarly paper in !erman which he read
before the society in :pril #22$
-this paper was published by the society in the same year- and elicited favorable comments from all scientific
Fuarters
'i(al lived in 1erlin- famous capital of unified !ermany for five reasons9 (1) to gain further knowledge of
ophthalmology (2) to further his studies of sciences and languages (() to observe the economic and
political conditions of the ,erman nation (-) to associate with famous ,erman scientists and scholars (.)
to publish his novel% /oli 0e 1angere
Mada+e L!cie Cerdole-'i(al+s professor of >rench in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the
>rench language
=ter de Lide- the most popular boulevard of 1erlin wherein 'i(al enGoyed promenading- sipping
beer in the city+s inns and tal*ing with the friendly 1erliners
Marc( ""$ "%%&- one of 'i(al+s important letters written while he was in !ermany that addressed to his
sister- /rinidad
-in this letter- 'i(al eIpressed his high regard and admiration for !erman womanhood
-/he !erman woman- said 'i(al to his sister- is serious- diligent- educated- and friendly. She is not gossipy-
frivolous and Fuarrelsome
:side from the !erman women- 'i(al admired the !erman customs which he observed well
NOLI ME TANGERE P=;LIS3ED IN ;ERLIN ."%%8/
#@
-/he blea* winter of #228 in 1erlin was 'i(al+s dar*est winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat
bro*e. /he diamond ring which his sister- Saturnina- gave him was in the pawnshop. Bt was memorable in the life of 'i(al
for two reasons (1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry% sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him
great 2oy after enduring so much sufferings% because his first novel% /oli 0e 1angere came off the press in 0arch% 1334
3arriet ;eec(er Sto?e-s =cle To+-s Ca>i- inspired &r. 'i(al to prepare a novel that would depict the
miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants
Ja!ar, '$ "%%9- in a reunion of >ilipinos in the "aterno residence in Madrid- 'i(al proposed the writings
of a novel about the "hilippines by a group of >ilipinos
/oward the end of #22@- 'i(al began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it
0hen 'i(al went to "aris- in #223- after completing his studies in the Central University of Madrid- he
continued writing the novel- finishing one half of the second half
'i(al finished the last fourth of the novel in !ermany. <e wrote the last few chapters of the 6oli in
0ilhelmsfeld in :pril-June- #228
Bn 1erlin during the winter days of >ebruary- #228- 'i(al made the final revisions on the manuscript of the
6oli
MaHi+o Fiola- 'i(al+s friend from 1ulacan- arrived in 1erlin at the height of 'i(al despondency and
loaned him the needed funds to publish the novelD saEior o) Noli
:fter the Christmas season - 'i(al put the finishing touches on his novel. /o save printing eIpenses- he
deleted certain passages in his manuscript- including a whole chapter;0Elias ad Salo+e1
Fe>r!ar, '"$ "%%8- the 6oli was finally finished and ready for printing
;erlier ;!c(dr!c@rei*Actio*Gesselsc(a)t- a printing shop which charged the lowest rate- that is-
%55 pesos for 7-55 copies of the novel
Marc( '"$ "%%8- the 6oli Me /angere came off the press
Marc( '#$ "%%8- 'i(al- in to*en of his appreciation and gratitude- gave Kiola the galley proofs of the 6oli
carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy- with the following
inscription9 0To +, dear )ried$ MaHi+o Fiola$ t(e )irst to read ad a77reciate +, ?or@MJose Rizal1
/he title Noli Me Ta:ere is a Latin phrase which means
0To!c( Me Not1. Bt is not originally conceived by 'i(al- for he
admitted ta*ing it from the 1ible
'i(al- writing to >eliI <idalgo in >rench on March 3- #22$- said9
=6oli Me /angere- words ta*en from the !ospel of St. Lu*e-
signify =do not touch me? but 'i(al made a mista*e- it should be
the !ospel of St. John (Chapter 75 Kerses #% to #$
'i(al dedicated his 6oli Me /angere to the P(ili77iesM0To
M, Fat(erlad1
/he cover of 6oli Me /angere was designed by 'i(al. Bt is a
*etch of eIplicit symbols. : woman+s head atop a Maria Clara
bodice represents the nation and the women- victims of the
social cancer. Hne of the causes of the cancer is symboli(ed in
the friar+s feet- outsi(ed in relation to the woman+s head. /he
other aggravating causes of oppression and discrimination are
shown in the guard+s helmet and the iron chains- the teacher+s
whip and the alfere(+s scourge. : slight cluster of bamboo stands at
the bac*dropD these are the people- forever in the bac*ground of
their own country+s history. /here are a cross- a ma(e- flowers and thorny plants- a flameD these are
indicative of the religious policy- the misdirected ardor- the people strangled as a result of these all
/he novel 6oli Me /angere contains 8% chapters and an epilogue
Dr. Atoio Ma. Re:idor- >ilipino patriot and lawyer who had been eIiled due to his complicity in the
Cavite Mutiny of #2$7- read avidly the 6oli and was very much impressed by its author
C3ARACTERS OF NOLI
/he 6oli Me /angere was a true story of the "hilippine conditions during the last decades of Spanish rule
Maria Clara-was Leonor 'ivera- although in real life she became unfaithful and married an ,nglishman
I>arra ad Elias- represented 'i(al himself
Tasio-the philosopher was 'i(al+s elder brother "aciano
Padre SalEi-was identified by 'i(alists as "adre :ntonio "iernavieGa- the hated :ugustinian friar in Cavite
who was *illed by the patriots during the 'evolution
Ca7ita Tia:o-was Captain <ilario Sunico of San 6icolas
Do2a Fictoria- was &o.a :gustina Medel
;asilio ad Cris7i- were the Crisostomo brothers of <agonoy
Padre Da+aso- typical of a domineering friar during the days of 'i(al- who was arrogant- immoral and
anti->ilipino
#3
RIZAL-S GRAND TO=R OF E=ROPE IIT3 FIOLA ."%%8/
Ma, ""$ "%%8- 'i(al and Kiola left 1erlin by train
Dresde* one of the best cities in !ermany
Pro+et(e!s ;o!d-painting wherein 'i(al was deeply impressed
Tesc(e .o? Deci$ Czec(osloEa@ia/- neIt stopover after leaving &resedn
LEITMERITZ
At "K657+ o) Ma, "6$ "%%8- the train- with 'i(al and Kiola on board- arrived at the railroad station of
Leitmerit(- 1ohemia
-for the first time- the two great scholars;'i(al and 1lumentritt;met in person
Pro)essor ;l!+etritt- a *ind-hearted- old :ustrian professor
Ma, "6 to Ma, "&$ "%%8- 'i(al and Kiola stayed in Leitmerit(
;!r:o+aster- town mayor
To!rist-s Cl!> o) Leit+eritz-which 1lumentritt was the secretaryD 'i(al spo*e eItemporaneously in
fluent !ermany to the officers and members
Dr. Carlos Cze7ela@- renowned scientist of ,urope
Pro)essor Ro>ert Al!tsc(a@- an eminent naturalist
Ma, "&$ "%%8 at #K94 AM- 'i(al and Kiola left Leitmerit( by train
PRAG=E
Dr. Iill@o++- professor of natural history in the University of "rague
:ccording to Kiola$ 0ot(i: o) i+7ortace (a77eed1 in this city
FIENNA
Ma, '5$ "%%8- 'i(al and Kiola arrived in the beautiful city of Kienna- capital of :ustria-<ungary
Kienna was truly the 0B!ee o) Da!>e1 because of its beautiful buildings- religious images- haunting
walt(es and maGestic charm
Nor)etals- one of the greatest :ustrian novelists was favorably impressed by 'i(al- and years later he
spo*e highly of 'i(al- 0?(ose :ei!s (e so +!c( ad+ired.1
3otel Metro7ole- where 'i(al and Kiola stayed
Bn Kienna- 'i(al received his lost diamond stic*pin
DAN=;IAN FOYAGE TO LINTZ
Ma, '9$ "%%8- 'i(al and Kiola left Kienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of the &anube 'iver
'i(al particularly noticed that the passengers on the river boat were using paper nap*ins during the
meals- which was a novelty to him. Kiola- commented that the paper nap*ins were 0+ore (,:ieic ad
ecoo+ical t(a clot( a7@is1
FROM LINTZ TO R3EINFALL
M!ic(- where 'i(al and Kiola soGourned for a short time to savor the famous Munich beer- reputed to be
the best in !ermany
N!re+>er:- one of the oldest cities of !ermany
T(e Cat(edral o) =l+- the largest and tallest cathedral in all !ermany
>rom Ulm- they went to Stuttgart- 1aden and then 'heinfall (Cascade of the 'hine. :t 'heinfall- they
saw the waterfall- 0t(e +ost >ea!ti)!l ?ater)all o) E!ro7e1
CROSSING T3E FRONTIER TO SIITZERLAND
J!e ' to 6$ "%%8- stayed at Schaffhausen- Swit(erland
GENEFA
/his Swiss city is one of the most beautiful cities in ,urope- visited by world tourists every year
J!e "#$ "%%8- 'i(al treated Kiola to a blow-out. Bt was his 78
th
birthday
'i(al and Kiola spent fifteen delightful days in !eneva
J!e '6$ "%%8- Kiola and 'i(al parted ways;Kiola returned to 1arcelona while 'i(al continued the tour
to Btaly
EH7ositio o) t(e P(ili77ies i Madrid$ S7ai- 'i(al was outraged by this degradation of his fellow
countrymen the Bgorots of 6orthern Lu(on
RIZAL IN ITALY
J!e '8$ "%%8- 'i(al reached 'ome- t(e 0Eteral Cit,? and also called the 0Cit, o) t(e Caesars1
'i(al was thrilled by the sights and memories of the ,ternal City. &escribing to 1lumentritt- the 0:rade!r
t(at ?as Ro+e1- he wrote on June 7$- #22$
#8
J!e '#$ "%%8- the >east &ay of St. "eter and St. "aul- 'i(al visited for the first time the Katican- the
0Cit, o) t(e Po7es1 and the capital of Christendom
,very night- after sightseeing the whole day- 'i(al returned to his hotel- very tired. 0I a+ tired as a do:$1
he wrote to 1lumentritt- 0>!t I ?ill slee7 as a God1
:fter a wee* of wonderful soGourn in 'ome- 'i(al prepared to return to the "hilippines. <e had already
written to his father that he was coming home
FIRST 3OMECOMING ."%%8*"%%%/
-1ecause of the publication of the 6oli Me /angere and the uproar it caused among the friars- 'i(al was warned by
"aciano (his brother- Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law- Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio and other friends not to return
home.
-'i(al was determined to return to the "hilippines for the following reasons9 (1) to operate on his mothers eyes (2) to
serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants (() to find out for himself how /oli and his other
writings were affecting $ilipinos and Spaniards in the hilippines and (-) to in5uire why 6eonor 7ivera remained silent
J!l, '#$ "%%8- 'i(al wrote to his father- announcing his homecoming- 0o t(e "4
t(
o) J!l,$ I s(all
e+>ar@ )or o!r co!tr,$ so t(at )ro+ t(e "4
t(
to t(e 65
t(
o) A!:!st$ ?e s(all see eac( ot(er1
DELIG3TF=L TRIP TO MANILA
-'i(al left 'ome by train for Marseilles- a >rench port- which he reached without mishap.
J!l, 6$ "%%8-'i(al boarded the steamer &Gemnah- the same streamer which brought him to ,urope 3
years ago
J!l, 65$ "%%8-at Saigon- 'i(al transferred to another steamer- <aiphong- which was Manila-bounded
A!:!st '$ "%%8- the steamer left Saigon for Manila
ARRIFAL IN MANILA
A!:!st 6$ "%%8- the moon was full and 'i(al slept soundly the whole night. /he calm sea- illuminated by
the silvery moonlight- was a magnificent sight to him
6ear midnight of :ugust 3- #22$ - the <aiphong arrived in Manila
3APPY 3OMECOMING
A!:!st %$ "%%8- 'i(al returned to Calamba
Bn Calamba- 'i(al established a medical clinic. <is first patient was his mother- who was almost blind.
'i(al- who came to be called 0Doctor =li+a1 because he came from !ermany- treated their ailments
and soon he acFuired a lucrative medical practice
'i(al opened a gymnasium for young fol*s- where he introduced ,uropean sports
'i(al suffered one failure during his siI months of soGourn in Calamba;his failure to see Leonor 'ivera
STORM OFER T3E NOLI
GoEeror Geeral E+ilio Terrero ."%%4*"%%%/-reFuesting 'i(al to come to MalacaPang "alace
Do Jose TaEiel de Adrade-a young Spanish lieutenant assigned by !overnor !eneral /errero to
posed as bodyguard of 'i(al
Ms:r. Pedro Pa,o .a Do+iica/- sent a copy of 6oli to Fat(er Rector Gre:orio Ec(aEarria of the
University of Sto. /omas for eIamination by a committee of the faculty
/he report of the faculty members of University of Santo /omas stated that the 6oli was 0(eretical$
i+7io!s$ ad scadalo!s i t(e reli:io!s order ad ati*7atriotic$ s!>EersiEe o) 7!>lic order$
i<!rio!s to t(e :oEer+et o) S7ai ad its )!ctio i t(e P(ili77ie Islads i t(e 7olitical
order1
Per+aet Co++issio o) Cesors(i7-a committee composed of priest and laymen
Fr. SalEador Fot- :ugustinian cura of /ondo- head of the committee
-found the novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain- and recommended 0t(at t(e
i+7ortatio$ re7rod!ctio$ ad circ!latio o) t(is 7ericio!s >oo@ i t(e islads >e a>sol!tel, 7ro(i>ited.1
Fr. Jose Rodri:!ez- :ugustinian priest- published a series of eight pamphlets under the general heading
C!estioes de S!+o Iteres .B!estios o) S!7re+e Iterest/ to blast the 6oli and other anti-Spanish
writings
Ficete ;arrates- Spanish academician of Madrid- who formerly critici(ed the 6oli in an article
published in La Es7aNa Modera .a e?s7a7er o) Madrid/ in January- #245
0hat marred 'i(al+s happy days in Calamba with Lt. :ndrade were (1) the death of his older sister%
8limpia% and (2) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was "a ,erman spy% an agent of
9ismarck% a rotestant% a 0ason% a witch% a soul beyond salvation% etc+#
ReE. Ficete Garcia-a >ilipino Catholic priest-scholar- a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a
/agalog translator of the famous Bmitation of Christ by /homas :. Cempis
-writing under the penname J!sto Desiderio Ma:ala:- wrote a defense of the 6oli which was published in
Singapore as an appendiI to a pamphlet dated July #2- #222- he blasted the arguments of >r. 'odrigue(
'i(al- himself defended his novel against 1arrantes+ attac*- in a letter written in 1russels- 1elgium in
>ebruary #225.
#$
FAREIELL TO CALAM;A
/he friars as*ed !overnor !eneral /errero to deport him- but latter refused because there was no valid
charge against 'i(al in court.
'i(al was compelled to leave Calamba for two reasons9 (1) his presence in :alamba was 2eopardizing
the safety and happiness of his family and friends (2) he could fight better his enemies and serve his
countrys cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries
Shortly before 'i(al left Calamba in #222- his friend from Lipa reFuested him to write a poem in
commemoration of the town+s elevation to a villa (city by virtue of the 1ecerra Law of #222
3i+o Al Tra>a<o .3,+ to La>or/- a poem written by 'i(al dedicated to the industrious fol*s of Lipa
IN 3ONGAONG AND MACAO ."%%%/
-<ounded by powerful enemies- 'i(al was forced to leave his country for a second time in >ebruary #222. <e was then a
full-grown man of 7$ years of age- a practicing physician- and a recogni(ed man-of-letters

T3E TRIP TO 3ONGAONG
Fe>r!ar, 6$ "%%%-'i(al left Manila for <ong Cong on board the Jafiro
Fe>r!ar, 8$ "%%%- Jafiro made a brief stopover at :moy
'i(al did not get off his ship at :moy for three reasons9 (1) he was not feeling well (2) it was raining hard
(() he heard that the city was dirty
Fe>r!ar, %$ "%%%- 'i(al arrived in <ong Cong
Fictoria 3otel- 'i(al stayed while in <ong Cong. <e was welcomed by >ilipino residents- including Jose
Maria 1asa- 1albino Mauricio- and Manuel Ariarte (son of >rancisco Ariarte (son of >rancisco Ariarte-
alcalde mayor of Laguna
Jose Saiz de Farada- a Spaniard- who was a former secretary of !overnor !eneral /errero-
shadowed 'i(al+s movement in <ong Cong
-it is believed that he was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on 'i(al
03o: Ao:1$ wrote 'i(al to 1lumentritt on >ebruary #8- #222- 0is a s+all$ >!t Eer, clea cit,.1
FISIT TO MACAO
-Macao is a "ortuguese colony near <ong Cong.
-:ccording to 'i(al- the city of Macao is s+all$ lo?$ ad :loo+,. /here are many Gun*s- sampans- but few steamers. Bt
loo*s sad and is almost dead.
Fe>r!ar, "%$ "%%%- 'i(al- accompanied by 1asa- boarded the ferry steamer- Ciu-Ciang for Macao
Do J!a Fracisco Lecaros- : filipino gentleman married to a "ortuguese lady
-'i(al and 1asa stayed at his home while in Macao
Fe>r!ar, "%$ "%%%- 'i(al witnessed a Catholic possession- in which the devotees were dressed in blue
and purple dresses and were carrying unlighted candles
Fe>r!ar, '5$ "%%%- 'i(al and 1asa returned to <ong Cong- again on board the ferry steamer Ciu Ciang
DEPART=RE FROM 3ONG AONG
Fe>r!ar, ''$ "%%%- 'i(al left <ong Cong on board the Hceanic- an :merican steamer- his destination was Japan
'i(al+s cabin mate was a 1ritish "rotestant missionary who called 'i(al 0a :ood +a1
ROMANTIC INTERL=DE IN JAPAN ."%%%/
-Hne of the happiest interludes in the life of 'i(al was his soGourn in the Land of the Cherry 1lossoms for one month and a
half (>ebruary 72-:pril #%- #222
Fe>r!ar, '%$ "%%%- early in the morning of /uesday- 'i(al arrived in Ao*ohama. <e registered at the
!rand <otel
To@,o 3otel- 'i(al stayed here from March 7 to March $
'i(al wrote to "rofessor 1lumentritt9 0To@,o is +ore eH7esiEe t(e Paris. T(e ?alls are >!ilt i
c,clo7ea +aer. T(e streets are lar:e ad ?ide.1
J!a Perez Ca>allero-secretary of the Spanish Legation- who visited 'i(al at his hotel who latter invited
him to live at the Spanish Legation
'i(al accepted the invitation for two reasons9 (1) he could economize his living e&penses by staying at
the legation (2) he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities
Marc( 8$ "%%%- 'i(al chec*ed out of /o*yo <otel and lived at the Spanish Legation
'i(al was favorably impressed by Japan. /he things which favorably impressed 'i(al in Japan were9 (1)
the beauty of the country;its flowers% mountains% streams and scenic panoramas% (2) the cleanliness%
politeness% and industry of the Japanese people (()the pictures5ue dress and simple charm of the
Japanese women (-) there were very few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and
night% and in hotel room one could safely leave money on the table (.) beggars were rarely seen in the
city% streets% unlike in 0anila and other cities
#2
Ric@s(a?s-popular mode of transportation drawn by men that 'i(al did not li*e in Japan
A7ril "6$ "%%%-'i(al left Japan and boarded the 1elgic- an ,nglish steamer- at Ao*ohama- bound for the
United States
Tetc(o S!e(iro- a fighting Japanese Gournalist- novelist and champion of human rights- who was forced
by the Japanese government to leave the country
-passenger which 'i(al befriended on board the 1elgic
A7ril "6 to Dece+>er "$ "%%%- eight months of intimate acFuaintanceship of 'i(al and /etcho
Dece+>er "$ "%%%- after a last warm handsha*e and bidding each other =goodbye?- 'i(al and /etcho
parted ways;never to meet again
RIZAL-S FISIT TO T3E =NITED STATES ."%%%/
A7ril '%$ "%%%- the steamer 1elgic- with 'i(al on board- doc*ed at San >rancisco on Saturday morning
Ma, 9$ "%%%- >riday afternoon- the day 'i(al was permitted to go ashore
Palace 3otel- 'i(al registered here which was then considered a first-class hotel in the city
'i(al stayed in San >rancisco for two days;May @ to 8- #222
Ma, &$ "%%%-Sunday- @9%5"M- 'i(al left San >rancisco for Ha*land
Ma, "6$ "%%%-Sunday morning- 'i(al reached 6ew Aor*- thus ending his trip across the :merican
continent
'i(al stayed three days in this city- which he called the 0>i: to?.1
Ma, "&$ "%%%- 'i(al left 6ew Aor* for Liverpool on board the City of 'ome. :ccording to 'i(al- this
steamer was 0t(e secod lar:est s(i7 i t(e ?orld$ t(e lar:est >ei: t(e Great Easter1
'i(al had good and bad impressions of the United States. /he good impressions were (1) the material
progress of the country as shown in the great cities% huge farms% flourishing industries and busy factories
(2) the drive and energy of the !merican people (() the natural beauty of the land (-) the high standard of
living (.) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants
Hne bad impression 'i(al had of :merica was the lac* of racial eFuality9 0A+erica is t(e lad 7ar
eHcellece o) )reedo+ >!t ol, )or t(e ?(ites1
RIZAL IN LONDON ."%%%*"%%#/
-:fter visiting the United States- 'i(al lived in London from May- #222 to March- #224 for three reasons9 (1) to improve his
knowledge of the )nglish language (2) to study and annotate 0orgas Sucesos de las <slas $ilipinas% a rare copy of which
he heard to be available in the 9ritish 0useum (() 6ondon was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish
tyranny
TRIP ACROSS T3E ATLANTIC
/he trans-:tlantic voyage of 'i(al from 6ew Aor* to Liverpool was a pleasant one.
'i(al entertained the :merican and ,uropean passengers with his marvelous s*ills with the yo-yo as an
offensive weapon.
Aoyo-is a small wooden disc attached to a string from the finger.
Ma, '9$ "%%%-'i(al arrived at Liverpool- ,ngland
Adel7(i 3otel-'i(al spend the night here while staying for one day in this port city
:ccording to 'i(al- 0LiEer7ool is a >i: ad >ea!ti)!l cit, ad its cele>rated 7ort is ?ort(, o) its
:reat )a+e. T(e etrace is +a:i)icet ad t(e c!sto+(o!se is D!ite :ood.1
LIFE IN LONDON
Ma, '4$ "%%%- a day after doc*ing at Liverpool- 'i(al went to London
'i(al stayed as guest at the home o) Dr. Atoio Ma. Re:idor- an eIile of #2$7 and a practicing lawyer
in London. 1y the end of May- 'i(al found a modest boarding place at 6o. %$ Chalcot Crescent- "rimrose
<ill
Dr. Rei(old Rozt- librarian of the Ministry of >oreign :ffairs and an authority on Malayan languages and
customs
-<e was impressed by 'i(al+s learning and character and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the
1ritish Museum. <e called Rizal 0a 7earl o) a +a1 .!a 7erla de (o+>re/
1oth good and bad news from home reached 'i(al in London. Hf the bad news- were the in2ustices
committed by the Spanish authorities on the $ilipino people and the 7izal $amily
/he greatest achievement of 'i(al in London was t(e aotati: o) Mor:a-s >oo@$ S!cesos de las
Islas Fili7ias .3istorical EEets o) t(e P(ili77ie Islads/- which was published in MeIico- #854.
Se7te+>er "%%%- 'i(al visited "aris for a wee* in order to search for more historical materials in the
1ibliotheFue 6ationale
'i(al was entertained in this gay >rench metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife ("as "ardo de /avera-
who proudly showed him their little son :ndres (nic*name Luling
Dece+>er ""$ "%%%-'i(al went to Spain- visiting Madrid and 1arcelona
'i(al met- for the first time- Marcelo <. del "ilar and Mariano "once- two titans of the "ropaganda
Movement
#4
Dece+>er '9$ "%%%-'i(al returned to London and spent Christmas and 6ew Aear+s &ay with the
1ec*etts
'i(al sent as Christmas gift to 1lumentritt a bust of ,mperador :ugustus and a bust of Julius Caesar to
another friend- &r. Carlos C(epela* ("olish scholar
T(e Li)e ad AdEet!res o) Faletie FoH$ t(e FetriloD!ist-a Christmas gift from 'i(al+s landlady-
Mrs 1ec*ett
RIZAL ;ECOMES LEADER OF FILIPINOS IN E=ROPE
Asociacio La Solidaridad .Solidaridad Associatio/- a patriotic society- which cooperate in the
crusade fro reforms- was inaugurated on &ecember %#- #222- with the following officers9 !alicano
:pacible (presidentD !raciano Lope( Jaena (vice-presidentD Manuel Santa Maria (secretaryD Mariano
"once (treasurer and Jose Ma. "anganiban (accountant
1y unanimous vote of all members- 'i(al was chosen honorary president
Ja!ar, '%$ "%%#- 'i(al wrote a letter addressed to the members of the :sociacion La Solidaridad
RIZAL AND T3E LA SOLIDARIDAD NEISPAPER
Fe>r!ar, "4$ "%%#- !raciano Lope( Jaena founded the patriotic newspaper called La Solidaridad in
1arcelona
La Solidadridad-fortnightly periodical which served as the organ of the "ropaganda Movement
Bts aims were as follows9 (1) to work peacefully for political and social reforms (2) to portray the
deplorable conditions of the hilippines so that Spain may remedy them (() to oppose the evil forces of
reaction and medievalism (-) to advocate liberal ideas and progress (.) to champion the legitimate
aspirations of the $ilipino people to life% democracy and happiness
Los A:ric!ltores Fili7ios .T(e Fili7io Far+ers/- 'i(al+s first article which appeared in La
Solidaridad which is published on March 73- #224- siI days after he left London for "aris
ARTICLES P=;LIS3ED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD
-'i(al wrote articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his oppressed people and to point out the evils of Spanish rule in the
"hilippines
#. =: La &efensa? (/o La &efensa- :pril %5- #224- this was a reply to an anti->ilipino writing of a Spanish author
"atricio de la ,scosura which was published by La &efensa on March %5- #224
7. =La Kerdad "ara /odos? (/he /ruth >or :ll- May %#- #224- 'i(al+s defense against the Spanish charges that the
native local officials were ignorant and depraved
%. =Kicente 1arrantes+ /eatro /agalo?- June #3- #224- in this article- 'i(al eIposes 1arrabtes+ ignorance on the
/agalog theatrical art
@.=Una "rofanacion? (: "rofanation- July %#- #224- a bitter attac* against the friars for denying Christian burial to
Mariano <erbosa in Calamba because he was a brother-in-law of 'i(al. <erbosa- husband of lucia died of cholera on
May 7%- #224
3. =Kerdades 6uevas? (6ew /ruths- July %#- #224- a reply to Kicente 1elloc Sanche(+ letter published in La "atria-
Madrid newspaper- on July @- #224- which asserted that the granting of reforms in the "hilippines would ruin the
=peaceful and maternal rule? of the friars
8. =Crueldad? (Cruelty- :ugust #3- #224- a brilliant defense of 1lumentritt from the scutrillous attac* of his enemies
$. =&iferencias+ (&ifferences- September #3- #224- a reply to a biased article entitled =Hld /ruths? published in La
"atria on :ugust #@- #224- which ridiculed those >ilipinos who as*ed for reforms
2.=BnconseFuencias? (BnconseFuences- 6ovember %5- #224- a defense of :ntonio Luna against the attac* of "ablo
Mir &eas in the 1arcelona newspaper ,l "uieblo Soberano
4. =Llanto y 'isas? (/ears and Laughter- 6ovember %5- #224- a denunciation of Spanish racial preGudice against
brown >ilipinos
#5. =Bngratitudes? (Bngratitude- January #3- #245- a reply to !overnor !eneral Kaleriano 0eyler who-
while visiting Calamba- told the people that they =should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of
their ungrateful sons.?
Simultaneous with 'i(al retirement from the "ropaganda Movement- 'i(al ceased writing articles for La
Solidaridad
A!:!st 8$ "%#"- M.<. del "ilar wrote to 'i(al begging forgiveness for any resentment and reFuesting
'i(al to resume writing for the La Solidaridad
'i(al stopped writing for La Solidaridad- it was because of several reasons9 (1) 7izal need to work on his
book (2) =e wanted other $ilipinos to work also (() 7izal considered it very important to the party that
there be unity in the work (-) 0arcelo =+ del ilar is already at the top and 7izal also have his own ideas%
it is better to leave del ilar alone to direct the policy
IRITINGS IN LONDON
0hile busy in research studies at the 1ritish Museum- 'i(al received news on >ray 'odrigue(+ unabated
attac* on his 6oli
La Fisio del Fra, Rodri:!ez .T(e Fisio o) Fra, Rodri:!ez/-pamphlet wrote by 'i(al which
published in 1arcelona under his nom-de-plume Di+as Ala: in order to defense his novel
75
-Bn La Kision del >ray 'odrigue(- 'i(al demonstrated two things9 (1) his profound knowledge of religion (2) his
biting satire
Letter to t(e Yo!: Io+e o) Malolos- a famous letter wrote by 'i(al on >ebruary 77- #224 in
/agalog
-this letter is to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn
Spanish- despite the opposition of >r. >elipe !arcia- a Spanish parish priest of Malolos
/he main points of this letter were9 (1) a $ilipino mother should teach her children love of ,od% fatherland%
and mankind (2) the $ilipino mother should be glad% like the Spartan mother% to offer her sons in the
defense of the fatherland (() a $ilipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor (-) a
$ilipino woman should educate herself% aside from retaining her good racial virtues (.) $aith is not merely
reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures% but rather it is living the real :hristian way% with good
morals and good manners
Dr Rei(old Rost- editor of /rubner+s 'ecord- a Gournal devoted to :sian studies- reFuest 'i(al to
contribute some articles. Bn response to his reFuest- the latter prepared two articles;(1) Specimens of
1agal $olklore% which published in the 2ournal in 0ay% 133> (2) 1wo )astern $ables% published in June%
133>
Marc( "#$ "%%#- 'i(al bade goodbye to the *ind 1ec*ett >amily and left London for "aris
RIZAL-S SECOND SOJO=RN IN PARIS AND T3E =NIFERSAL EGPOSITION IN "%%#
-Bn March- #224- it was eItremely difficult for a visitor to find living Fuarters in "aris
Faleti Fet!ra- a friend of 'i(al where he lived;6o. @3 'ue Maubeuge- where he polished his
annotated edition of Morga+s boo*
'i(al used most of his time in the reading room of the 1ibliotheFue 6ationale (6ational Library chec*ing
up his historical annotations on Morga+s boo*
'i(al was a good friend of the three "ardo de /averas;&r. /rinidad <. "ardo de /avera- a physician by
vocation and philologist by avocation- &r. >eliI "ardo de /avera- also physician by vocation and an artist
and sculptor by avocation- and "a( "ardo de /avera- wife of Juan Luna
J!e '9$ "%%#- a baby girl was born to Juan Luna and "a( "ardo de /avera- she was their second child
<er baptismal godfather was 'i(al- who chose her name =Maria de la "a(- 1lanca- Laureana-
<ermenegilda Juana Luna y "ardo de /avera?
Ma, &$ "%%#- opening of Universal ,Iposition of "aris
/he greatest attraction of this eIposition was the ,iffel /ower- 42@ feet high- which was built by :leIander
,iffel- celebrated >rench engineer
AIDLAT CL=;
Marc( "#$ "%%#-the same day when he arrived in "aris from London- 'i(al organi(ed his paisanos
(compatriots into a society called Cidlat Club
Aidlat Cl!>-purely a social society of a temporary nature
-founded by 'i(al simply to bring together young >ilipinos in the >rench capital so that they could enGoy their
soGourn in the city during the duration of the Universal ,Iposition
INDIOS ;RAFOS
'i(al was enchanted by the dignified and proud bearing of the :merican Bndians in a 1uffalo 1ull show
Idios ;raEos .;raEe Idias/- replaced the ephemeral Cidlat Club
-its members pledged to eIcel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreigners
-practised with great enthusiasm the use of the sword and pistol and 'i(al taught them Gudo- an :sian art of self-
defense- that he learned in Japan
R.D.L.M SOCIETY
Sociedad R.D.L.M. .R.D.L.M Societ,/- a mysterious society founded by 'i(al in "aris during the
Universal ,Iposition of #224
-its eIistence and role in the crusade reforms are really enigmatic
-Hf numerous letters written by 'i(al and his fellow propagandists- only two mentioned this secret society- as
follows (1) 7izals 6etter to Jose 0aria 9asa% aris% September 21% 133> (2) 7izals 6etter to 0arcelo =+ del ilar% aris%
/ovember -% 133>
:ccording to &r. Leoncio Lope(-'i(al- grandnephew of the hero- the society has a symbol or countersign
represented by a circle divided into three parts by two semi-circles having in the center the intwerloc*ed
letters B and 1 meaning Bndios 1ravos and the letter '.&.L.M. placed outside an upper- lower- left and
right sides of the circle
/he letters '.&.L.M. are believed to be the initials of the society+s secret name 'edencion de los Malayos
('edemption of the Malays;'edemption of the Malay 'ace
Bt was patterned after >reemasonry. Bt had various degrees of membership- 0?it( t(e +e+>ers ot
@o?i: eac( ot(er.1
7#
/he aim of the secret society- as stated by 'i(al- was "the propagation of all useful knowledge;scientific%
artistic% and literary% etc+;in the hilippines. ,vidently- there was another aim that is- the redemption of
the Malay race
Bt must be noted that 'i(al was inspired by a famous boo* entitled MaI <avelaar (#285 written by
Multatuli (pseudonym of ,.&. &e**er- &utch author
ANNOTATED EDITION OF MORGA P=;LIS3ED
'i(al+s outstanding achievement in "aris was the publication in #245 of his annotated edition of Morga+s
Sucesos- which he wrote in the 1ritish Museum. Bt was printed by !arnier >reres. /he prologue was
written by "rofessor 1lumentritt upon the reFuest of 'i(al
'i(al dedicated his new edition of Morga to the >ilipino people so that they would *now of their glorious
past
/he title page of 'i(al+s annotated edition of Morga reads9 ="aris- Liberia de !arnier <ermanos- #245?
T(e P(ili77ies Iit(i a Cet!r,-article written by 'i(al which he eIpressed his views on the Spanish
coloni(ation in the "hilippines and predicted with ama(ing accuracy the tragic end of Spain+s sovereignty
in :sia
T(e Idolece o) t(e Fili7ios- other essay of 'i(al is also a prestigious wor* of historical scholarship. Bt
is an able defense of the alleged indolence of the >ilipinos
-'i(al made a critical study of the causes why his people did not wor* hard during the Spanish regime. <is main
thesis was that the >ilipinos are not by nature indolent
Iteratioal Associatio o) Fili7iolo:ists-association proposed by 'i(al to establish ta*ing
advantage of world attention which was then focused at the Universal ,Iposition in #224 in "aris and
have its inaugural convention in the >rench capital
Pro<ect )or Fili7io Colle:e i 3o: Ao:- another magnificent proGect of 'i(al in "aris which also
fi((led out was his plan to establish a modern college in <ong Cong
Por Tele)oo-another satirical wor* as a reply to another slanderer- Fr. SalEador Fot- who
masterminded the banning of his 6oli- in the fall of #224
-it was published in boo*let form in 1arcelona- #224- this satirical pamphlet under the authorship of 0Di+as
Ala:1 is a witty satire which ridicules >ather >ont
Shortly after 6ew Aear- 'i(al made a brief visit to London. Bt may be due to two reasons9 (1) to check up
his annotated edition of 0orgas Sucesos with the original copy in the 9ritish 0useum (2) to see ,ertrude
9eckett for the last time
IN ;ELGIAN ;R=SSELS ."%#5/
-Ja!ar, '%$ "%#5- 'i(al left "aris for 1russels- capital of 1elgium
-/wo reasons impelled 'i(al to leave "aris- namely (1) the cost of living in aris was very high because of the ?niversal
)&position (2) the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works% especially the writing of his second novel% )l
$ilibusterismo
LIFE IN ;R=SSELS
'i(al was accompanied by Jose :lbert when he moved to 1russels. /hey lived in a modest boarding
house on %2 'ue "hilippe Champagne- which was run by two Jacoby sisters (Su(anne and Marie. Later
:lbert- left the city and was replaced by Jose :leGandro- an engineering student
'i(al was the first to advocate the >ilipini(ation of its orthography
So>re la N!eEa Orto:ra)ia de la Le:!a Ta:ala .T(e Ne? Ort(o:ra7(, o) t(e Ta:alo: La:!a:e/-
was published in La Solidaridad on :pril #3- #245
-in this article- he laid down the rules of the new /agalog orthography and with modesty and sincerity- he gave
credit for the adoption of this new orthography to &r. /rinidad <. "ardo de /avera- author of the celebrated wor* ,l
Sanscrito en la Lengua /agala (Sans*rit in the tagalog Language which was published in "aris- #22@
QQ =B put this on record-? wrote 'i(al- =so that when the history of this orthography is traced- which is already being adopted
by the enlightened /agalists- that what is Caesar+s be given to Caesar. /his innovation is due solely to &r. "ardo de
/avera+s studies on /agalismo. B was one of its (ealous propagandists.?QQ
Letters from home which 'i(al received in 1russels worried him. (1) the :alamba agrarian trouble was
getting worse (2) the 'ominican 8rder filed a suit in court to dispossess the 7izal family of their lands in
:alamba
Bn his moment of despair- 'i(al had bad dreams during the nights in 1russels when he was restless
because he was always thin*ing of his unhappy family in Calamba
'i(al feared that he would not live long. <e was not afraid to die- but he wanted to finish his second novel
before he went to his grave.
Bn the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family- 'i(al planned to go home. <e could not stay in
1russels writing a boo* while his parents- relatives- and friends in the distant "hilippines were persecuted
J!l, '#$ "%#5- another letter to "once written at 1russels by 'i(al- he announced that he was leaving
1russels at the beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid about the %
rd
or @
th
(:ugust
0To +, M!se-1 .A MiO/- #245- 'i(al wrote this pathetic poem- it was against a bac*ground of mental
anguish in 1russels- during those sad days when he was worried by family disasters
77
MISFORT=NES IN MADRID ."%#5*#"/
-,arly in :ugust- #245- 'i(al arrived in Madrid
-Upon arrival in Madrid- 'i(al immediately sought help of the >ilipino colony- /he :sociacion <ispano->ilipina- and the
liberal Spanish newspaper in securing Gustice for the oppressed Calamba tenants
El Res!+e- a Madrid newspaper which sympathi(ed with the >ilipino cause- said9 0To coEer t(e ear$
o7e t(e 7!rse$ ad )old t(e ar+sMt(is is t(e S7ais( coloial 7olic,
La E7oca- an anti->ilipino newspaper in Madrid
1. Jose Ma. "anganiban- his talented co-wor*er in the "ropaganda Movement- died in 1arcelona on :ugust
#4- #245- after a lingering illness
2. :borted &uel with :ntonio Luna;Luna was bitter because of his frustrated romance with 6ellie
1oustead. &eep in his heart- he was blaming 'i(al for his failure to win her- although 'i(al had previously eIplained to
him that he had nothing to do about it. Luna uttered certain unsavory remar*s about 6ellie- 'i(al heard him and
angered by the slanderous remar*s- he challenged Luna- his friend- to a duel. >ortunately- Luna reali(ed that he had
made a fool of himself during his drun*en state- he apologi(ed for his bad remar*s about the girl and 'i(al accepted his
apology and they became good friends again
3. 'i(al challenges 'etana to &uel ;Ieceslao E. Retaa- his bitter enemy of the pen- a talented Spanish
scholar- was then a press agent of the friars in Spain. <e used to attac* the >ilipinos in various newspapers in Madrid
and other cities in Spain. 'etana wrote an article in La ,poca- asserting that the family and friends of 'i(al had not paid
their rents so they were eGected from their lands in Calamba by the &ominicans. Such as insult stirred 'i(al to action-
immediately he sent his seconds to 'etana with his challenge to a duel
4. Bnfidelity of Leonor 'ivera ;'i(al received a letter from Leonor- announcing her coming marriage to an
,nglishman (the choice of her mother and as*ing his forgivefess
5. 'i(al-&el "ilar 'ivalry ;toward the closing days of #245 phere arose an unfortunate rivalry between 'i(al
and M.<. del "ilar for supremacy. 1ecause of this- the >ilipinos were divided ibto two hostile camps;the Rizalistas
ad t(e Pilaristas. /he sitFation was becoming eIplosive and critical. &espite of winning the votes- 'i(al graciously
declined the coveted position
'i(al wrote a brief note than*ing his compatriots for electing him as 'esponsible. Bt was the last
time he saw Madrid
;IARRITZ FACATION
-/o see* solace for his disappointments in Madrid- 'i(al too* a vacation in the resort city of 1iarrit( on the fabulous
>rench 'iviera. <e was a guest of the rich 1oustead family at its winter residence;Killa ,liada
Fe>r!ar,$ "%#"- 'i(al arrived in 1iarrit(
>rustrated in romance- 'i(al found consolation in writing. ,vidently- while wooing 6ellie and enGoying so
0+a, +a:i)icet +ooli:(t i:(ts1 with her- he *ept wor*ing on his second novel which he began to
write in Calamba #22$
Marc( '#$ "%#"- the eve of his departure from 1iarrit( to "aris- he finished the manuscript of ,l
>ilibusterismo
Marc( 65$ "%#"-'i(al bade farewell to the hospitable and friendly 1ousteads and proceeded to "aris by
train
A7ril 9$ "%#"-'i(al wrote to his friend- Jose Ma. 1asa- in <ong Cong from "aris- eIpressing his desire to
go to that 1ritish colony and practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living
Middle o) A7ril$ "%#"- 'i(al was bac* in 1russels
Since abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January- #24#- owing to the intrigues of his Gealous
compatriots- 'i(al retired from the "ropaganda Movement or reform crusade
Ma, "$ "%#"-'i(al notified the "ropaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly allowance and
devote the money to some better cause
'i(al+s notification was contained in a letter addressed to Mr. :.L. Lorena (pseudonym of &eodato
:rellano
Ma, 65$ "%#"-revision of the finished manuscript of ,l >ilibusterismo was mostly completed
J!e "6$ "%#"-'i(al informed 1asa that he was negotiating with a printing firm
EL FILI;=STERISMO P=;LIS3ED IN G3ENT ."%#"/
-'i(al was busy revising and polishing the manuscript of ,l >ilibusterismo so that it could be ready for the press
-'i(al had begun writing it in Hctober- #22$- while practicing medicine in Calamba- the following year (#222- in LondonD
he made some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters already written. <e wrote more chapters in "aris and
Madrid- and finished the manuscript in 1iarrit( on March 74- #24#. Bt too* him- therefore- three years to write his second
novel
J!l, 4$ "%#"- 'i(al left 1russels for !hent- a famous university city in 1elgium
'i(al reasons for moving to !hent were (1) the cost of printing in ,hent was cheaper than in 9russels (2)
to escape from the enticing attraction of etite Suzanne
7%
'i(al met two compatriots while in !hent- Jose :leGandro (from "ampanga and ,dilberto ,vangelista
(from Manila- both studying engineering in the world-famed University of !hent
F. Me,er*Fa Loo Press .No. && Fiaadere Street/-a printing shop that give 'i(al the lowest Fuotation
for the publication of his novel- who was willing to print his boo* on installment basis
A!:!st &$ "%#"-the printing of his boo* had to be suspended because 'i(al could no longer give the
necessary funds to the printer
Faleti Fet!ra- the savior of the >ili
-0hen Kentura learned of 'i(al+s predicament and immediately sent him the
necessary funds
Se7te+>er "%$ "%#"- ,l >ilibusterismo came off the press
-'i(al immediately sent on this date two printed copies to <ong Cong;one
for 1asa and other for SiIto Lope(
'i(al gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed
printed copy to Kalentin Kentura
La P!>licidad- a 1arcelona newspaper- wherein it published a
tribute eulogi(ing the novel+s original style ?(ic( 0is co+7ara>le
ol, to t(e s!>li+e AleHader D!+as1 and may well be offered as
0a +odel ad a 7recio!s <e?el i t(e o? decadet literat!re o)
S7ai1
El N!eEo Re:i+e- the liberal Madrid newspaper that seriali(ed
the novel in its issues of Hctober- #24#
'i(al dedicated ,l >ilibusterismo to !om-1ur-Ja (&on Mariano
!ome(- $% years oldD &on Jose 1urgos- %3 years oldD Jacinto
Jamora- %$ years old
/he original manuscript of ,l >ilibusterismo in 'i(al+s own
handwriting in now preserved in the >ilipiana &ivision of the 1ureau of "ublic Libraries- Manila. Bt
consists of 7$5 pages of long sheets of paper
/wo features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed boo*- namely9 the FOREIORD ad t(e
IARNING. /hese were not put into print to save printing cost
/he title page of ,l >ilibusterismo contains an inscription written by >erdinand 1lumentritt
,l >ilibusterismo is a seFuel to the 6oli. Bt has little humor- less idealism and less romance than the 6oli
Me /angere. Bt is more revolutionary- more tragic than the first novel
/he characters in ,l >ilibusterismo were drawn by 'i(al from real life. Padre Floretio was >ather
Leoncio Lope(- 'i(al+s friend and priest of CalambaD Isa:ai- the poet was Kicente Blustre- 1atangue.o
friend of 'i(al in Madrid and Pa!lita Go+ez- the girl who loved Bsagani but married Juanito "elae(- was
Leonor 'ivera
COMPARISON ;ETIEEN NOLI ad FILI
NOLI ME TANGERE EL FILI;=STERISMO
R6oli is a romantic novel
Rit is a =wor* of the heart?;a boo* of feeling?
Rit has freshness- color- humor- lightness- and wit
Rit contains 8@ chapters
R>ili is a political novel
Rit is a =wor* of the head?;a boo* of the thought
Rit contains bitterness- hatred- pain- violence- and sorrow
Rit contains %2 chapters
/he original intention of 'i(al was to ma*e the >ili longer than the 6oli
/he friends of 'i(al and our 'i(alistas today differ in opinion as to which is the superior novel;the 6oli or
the >ili. 'i(al himself considered the 6oli as superior to the >ili as a novel- thereby agreeing with M.<. del
"ilar who had the same opinion
Se7te+>er ''$ "%#"-four days after the >ili came off the press- 'i(al wrote to 1lumentritt9 =B am thin*ing
of writing a third novel- a novel in the modern sense of the word- but this time politics will not find much
space in it- but ethics will play the principal role.?
Octo>er "%$ "%#"- 'i(al boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for <ong Cong
-during the voyage- 'i(al began writing the third novel in /agalog- which he intended for /agalog readers
/he unfinished novel has no title. Bt consists of @@ pages (%%cm I 7# cm in 'i(al+s handwriting- still in
manuscript form- it is preserved in the 6ational Library- Manila
-/he story of this unfinished novel begins with the solemn burial of "rince /agulima. /he hero of the novel was
Camandagan- a descendant of La*an-&ula- last *ing of /ondo
-Bt is said that 'i(al was fortunate not to have finsihed this novel- because it would have caused greater scandal
and more Spanish vengeance on him
Ma@a+isa* other unfinished novel of 'i(al in /agalog written in a light sarcastic style and is incomplete
for only two chapters are finished. /he manuscript consists of 75 pages- %@.7cm I 77cm
7@
Da7ita-another novel which 'i(al started to write but it is unfinished- written in ironic Spanish. <e wrote
it during his eIile in &apitan to depict the town life and customs. /he manuscript consists of 2 pages-
7%cm I #8cm
: novel in Spanish about the life in "ili- a town in Laguna- is also unfinished. /he manuscript consists of
#@$ pages- 2? I 8.3?- without title
:nother unfinished novel of 'i(al- also without title is about Cristobal- a youthful >ilipino student who has
returned from ,urope. /he manuscript consist of %@ pages- 2 S? I 8 T?
/he beginnings of another novel are contained in two noteboo*s;the first noteboo* contains %# written
pages- %3.3 cm I 77 cm and second #7 written pages- 77cm I #$cm. this unfinished novel is written in
Spanish and style is ironic
OP3T3ALMIC S=RGEON IN 3ONG AONG ."%#"*"%#'/
-'i(al left ,urope for <ong Cong- where he lived from 6ovember- #24# to June- #247. <is reasons for leaving ,urope
were (1) life was unbearable in )urope because of his political differences with 0+=+ del ilar and other $ilipinos in Spain
(2) to be near his idolized hilippines and family
Octo>er 6$ "%#"-two wee*s after the publication of >ili- 'i(al left !hent for "aris- where he stayed a few
days to say goodbye to the Lunas- the "ardo de /averas- the Kenturas and other friendsD 'i(al
proceeded by train to Marseilles
Octo>er "%$ "%#"- 'i(al boarded the steamer Melbourne bound for <ong Cong
Fat(er F!c(s- a /yrolese- 'i(al enGoyed playing chess. 'i(al describe him to 1lumentritt as 03e is a )ie
)ello?$ A Fat(er Da+aso ?it(o!t 7ride ad +alice1
NoEe+>er '5$ "%#"-'i(al arrived in <ong Cong
'i(al established his residence at 6o. 3 &+ :guilar Street 6o. 7 'ednaIola /errace- where he also
opened his medical clinic
Dece+>er "$ "%#"- 'i(al wrote his parents as*ing their permission to return home.
-Hn the same date- his brother-in-law- Manuel /. <idalgo- sent him a letter relating the sad news of the
0de7ortatio o) t?et,*)iEe 7ersos )ro+ Cala+>a$ icl!di: )at(er$ Nee:$ Sisa$ L!cia$ Paciao ad t(e rest o)
!s.1
/he Christmas of #24# in <ong Cong was one of the happiest Auletide celebrations in 'i(al+s life9 >or he
had a happy family reunion
Ja!ar, 6"$ "%#'- 'i(al wrote to 1lumentritt- recounting pleasant life in <ong Cong
/o earn a living for himself and for his family- 'i(al practiced medicine
Dr. Lorezo P. MarD!es- a "ortuguese physician- who became 'i(al+s friend and admirer- who helped
him to build up a wide clientele. Bn recognition of 'i(al+s s*ill as an ophthalmic surgeon- he turned over to
him many of his eye cases
'i(al successfully operated on his mother+s left eye so that she was able to read and write again.
;ORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT
'i(al planned to move the landless >ilipino families >ilipino families to 6orth 1orneo (Sabah- rich 1ritish-
owned island and carve out of its virgin wildness a 0Ne? Cala+>a1
Marc( 8$ "%#'- 'i(al went to Sanda*an on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the 1ritish authorities
for the establishment of a >ilipino colony
'i(al loo*ed over the land up the 1eng*o*a 'iver in Maradu 1ay which was offered by the 1ritish 6orth
1orneo Company
A7ril '5$ "%#'- 'i(al was bac* in <ong Cong
<idalgo- 'i(al+s brother-in-law- obGected to the coloni(ation proGect
GoEeror Faleriao Ie,ler- Cubans odiously called 0T(e ;!tc(er1
GoEeror E!lo:io Des7!<ol- the Count of Caspe- a new governor general after 0eyler
Dece+>er '6$ "%#"- first letter of 'i(al to !overnor &espuGol
Marc( '"$ "%#'- 'i(al+s second letter and gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would reach !overnor
&espuGol+s hand
-in this second letter- he reFuested the governor general to permit the landless >ilipinos to establish themselves in
1orneo
&espuGol could not approve the >ilipino immigration to 1orneo- alleging that 0t(e P(ili77ies lac@ed
la>orers1 and 0it ?as ot Eer, 7atriotic to :o o)) ad c!ltiEate )orei: soil.1
IRITINGS IN 3ONG AONG
0A: M:a Aara7ata Na: Tao- which is a /agalog translation of =/he 'ights of Man? proclaimed by
the >rench 'evolution in #$24
0A la Nacio Es7a2ola1 .To t(e S7ais( Natio- 'i(al wrote in #24#- which is an appeal to Spain to
right the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants
0Sa M:a Aa>a>a,a1 .To +, Co!tr,+e/- another proclamation written in &ecember- #24#
eIplaining the Calamba agrarian situation
73
T(e 3o: Ao: Tele:ra7(- a 1ritish daily newspaper whose editor is Mr. >ra(ier Smith- a friend of
'i(al
-'i(al contributed articles to this newspaper
0=a Fisita a la Fictoria Gaol1 .A Fisit to Fictoria Gaol/- 'i(al wrote on March 7- #247- an account of
his visit to the colonial prison of <ong Cong
-in this article- 'i(al contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane 1ritish prison
system
0Coloisatio d! ;ritis( Nort( ;oreo$ 7ar de Fa+illes de Iles P(ili77ies1 .Coloizatio o)
;ritis( Nort( ;oreo >, Fa+ilies )ro+ t(e P(ili77ie Islads/* an article in >rench which 'i(al
elaborated on the same idea in aonther article in Spanish- ="royecto de Coloni(acion del 1ritish 6orth
1orneo por los >ilipinos? ("roGect of the Coloni(ation of 1ritish 6orth 1orneo by the >ilipinos
0La Mao Ro<a1 .T(e Red 3ad/- 'i(al wrote in June- #247- which was printed in sheet form in <ong
Cong
-it denounces the freFuent outbrea*s of intentional fires in Manila
Costit!tio o) La Li:a Fili7ia- the most important writing made by 'i(al during his <ong Cong
soGourn- which was printed in <ong Cong- #247
-to deceive the Spanish authorities- the printed copies carried the false information that the printing was done by
t(e LONDON PRINTING PRESS
Do+i:o Fraco-a friend of 'i(al in Manila whom the copies of the printed Liga constitution were sent
DECISION TO RET=RN TO MANILA
Ma,$ "%#'- 'i(al made up his mind to return to Manila.
/his decision was spurred by the following9 (1) to confer with ,overnor 'espu2ol regarding his 9orneo
colonization pro2ect (2) to establish the 6a 6iga $ilipina in 0anila (() to prove that )duardo de 6ete was
wrong in attacking him in 0adrid that he (7izal)% being comfortable and safe in =ong @ong% had
abandoned the countrys cause
Lete+s attac*- which was printed in La Solidaridad on :pril #3- #247- portrayed 'i(al as co?ardl,$
e:oistic$ o77ort!isticMa 7atriot i ?ords ol,
J!e '5$ "%#'- 'i(al wrote two letters which he sealed- inscribed on each envelope 0to >e o7eed
a)ter +, deat(1 and gave them to his friend &r. MarFues for safe*eeping
/he first letter- addressed /H MA ":',6/S- 1',/<',6- :6& >'B,6&S. /he second letter-
addressed /H /<, >BLB"B6HS
J!e '"$ "%#'- 'i(al penned another letter in <ong Cong for !overnor &espuGol- incidentally his third
letter to that discourteous Spanish chief eIecutive
Bmmediately after 'i(al+s departure from <ong Cong- the Spanish consul general who issued the
government guarantee of safety- sent a cablegram to !overnor &espuGol that the victim 0is i t(e tra71.
Hn the same day (June 7#- #247- a secret case was filed in Manila against 'i(al and his followers =for
anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation?
L!is de la Torre- secretary of &espuGol- ordered to find out if 'i(al was naturali(ed as a !erman citi(en
SECOND 3OMECOMING AND T3E LIGA FILIPINA
-'i(al+s bold return to Manila in June- #247 was his second homecoming
-'i(al firmly believed that the fight for >ilipino liberties had assumed a new phase9 it must be fought in the "hilippines not
in Spain. 0T(e >attle)ield is i t(e P(ili77ies$1 he told countrymen in ,urope- 0T(ere is ?(ere ?e s(o!ld +eetO
T(ere ?e ?ill (el7 oe aot(er$ t(ere to:et(er ?e ?ill s!))er or tri!+7( 7er(a7s.1
ARRIFAL IN MANILA IIT3 SISTER
J!e '&$ "%#'- Sunday at #7955 noon- 'i(al and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of late Mariano <erbosa
arrived in Manila
Bn the afternoon- at @955 o+cloc*- he went to Malaca.ang "alace to see* audience with the Spanish
governor general- !eneral ,ulogio &espuGol- Conde de Caspe
J!e '8$ "%#'- at 8955pm- 'i(al boarded a train in /utuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos
(1ulacan- San >ernando ("ampanga- /arlac (/arlac- and 1acolor ("ampanga
'i(al returned by train to Manila on the neIt day- June 72- at 3 o+cloc* in the afternoon
FO=NDLING OF T3E LIGA FILIPINA
J!l, 6$ "%#'- on the evening of Sunday- following his morning interview with !overnor !eneral &espuGol-
'i(al attended a meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese->ilipino mesti(o- &oroteo HngGunco- on
Alaya Street- /ondo- Manila
'i(al eIplained the obGectives of the Liga >ilipina- a civic league of >ilipinos- which he desired to establish
and its role in the socio*economic life of the people+
/he officers of the new league were elected- as follows9 :mbrosio Salvador ("residentD &eodato :rellano
(SecretaryD 1onifacio :revalo (/reasurerD and :gustin de la 'osa (>iscal
=!s Istar O+i!+ .Oe Li@e All/- the motto of the Liga >ilipina
78
/he governing body of the league was the Supreme Council which had Gurisdiction over the whole
country. Bt was composed of a president- a secretary- a treasurer- and a fiscal. /here was a "rovincial
Council in every province and a "opular Council in every town
/he duties of the Liga members are as follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme :ouncil (2) to help in
recruiting new members (() to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the 6iga authorities (-) to have
symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his council (.) to report to the
fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the 6iga (A) to behave well as befits a good $ilipino (4) to
help fellow members in all ways
RIZAL ARRESTED AND JAILED IN FORT SANTIAGO
J!l, &$ "%#'- 0ednesday- 'i(al went to Malaca.ang "alace to resume his series of interviews with
governor general
Po>res Frailles .Poor Friars/- incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia+s pillow casesD it is
under the authorship of >r. Jacinto and printed by the Bmprenta de los :migos del "ais- Manila
'i(al was placed under arrest and escorted to >ort Santiago by 'amon &espuGol- nephew and aide of
!overnor !eneral &espuGol
J!l, 8$ "%#'- the !aceta de Manila published the story of 'i(al+s arrest which produced indignant
commotion among the >ilipino people- particlarly the members of the newly organi(ed Liga >ilipina
/he same issue of the !aceta (Guly $- #247 contained !overnor !eneral &espuGol+s decree deporting
'i(al to =one of the islands in the South?
J!l, "9$ "%#'$ s(ortl, a)ter +idi:(t .t(at is "'K65 a+ o) J!l, "4$ "%#'/ M 'i(al was brought under
heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for &apitan. /his steamer under Captain &elgras
departed at #955 :M- July #3- sailing south- passing Mindoro and "anay and reaching &apitan on
Sunday- the #$
th
of July at $955 in the evening
Ca7tai Ricardo Caricero- Spanish commandant of &apitan whom Captain &elgras handed 'i(al
J!l, "8$ "%#'* J!l, 6"$ '%#&- 'i(al began his eIile in lonely &apitan- a period of four years
EGILE IN DAPITAN$ "%#'*"%#&
-'i(al lived in eIile far-away Da7ita- a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary Gurisdiction of the
Jesuits- from #247 to #248
-'i(al practiced medicine- pursued scientific studies- continued his artistic and literary wor*s- widened his *nowledge of
languages- established a school for boys- promoted developments proGects- invented a wooden machine for ma*ing
bric*s- and engaged in farming and commerce
;EGINNING OF EGILE IN DAPITAN
/he steamer Cebu which brought 'i(al to &apitan carried a letter from >ather "ablo "astells- Superior of
the Jesuit Society in the "hilippine- to >ather :ntonio Hbach- Jesuit parish priest of &apitan
'i(al lived in the house of the commandant- Captain Carnicero
A Do Ricardo Caricero- 'i(al wrote a poem on :ugust 78- #247- on the occasion of the captain+s
birthday
Se7te+>er '"$ "%8#'- the mail boat 1utuan was approaching the town- with colored pennants flying in
the sea bree(es
;!t!a* the mail boat- brought the happy tidings that the Lottery /ic*et no. 4$%8 Gointly owned by Captain
Carcinero- &r. Jose 'i(al- and >rancisco ,Fuilior (Spanish resident of &ipolog- a neighboring town of
&apitan won the second pri(e of "75-555 in the government-owned Manila Lottery
'i(al+s winning in the Manila Lottery reveals an aspect of his lighter side. <e never dran* hard liFuor and
never smo*ed but he was a lottery addict;this was his only vice
&uring his eIile in &apitan- 'i(al had a long and scholarly debate with >ather "astells on religion.
Bn all his letters to >ather "astells- 'i(al revealed his anti-Catholic ideas which he had acFuired in ,urope
and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars
:ccording to 'i(al- individual Gudgment is a gift from !od and everybody should use it li*e a lantern to
show the way and that self-esteem- if moderated by Gudgment- saves man from unworthy acts
I+itacio de Cristo .I+itatio o) C(rist/- a famous Catholic boo* by >ather /homas a Cempis which
>ather "astells gave to 'i(al
Mr. J!a Lardet- a businessman- a >rench acFuaintance in &apitan- 'i(al challenge in a duel;this man
purchased many logs from the lands of 'i(al
Atoio Mirada- a &apitan merchant and friend of 'i(al
Fat(er Jose Filaclara- cura of &ipolog
Pa>lo Mercado-friar+s spy and posing as a relative- secretly visited 'i(al at his house on the night of
6ovember %- #24#
-he introduced himself as a friend and relative- showing a photo of 'i(al and a pair of buttons with the initials
=".M.? ("ablo Mercado as evidence of his *inship with the 'i(al family
Ca7tai J!a Sit:es- who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May @- #24% as commandant of &apitan-
'i(al denounced to him the impostor
7$
Florecio Na+aa- the real name of ="ablo Mercado?
-a native of Cagayan de Misamis- single and about %5 years old. <e was hired by the 'ecollect friars to a secret
mission in &apitan;to introduce himself to 'i(al as a friend and relative- to spy on 'i(al+s activities- and to filch certain
letters and writings of 'i(al which might incriminate him in the revolutionary movement.
As 7(,sicia i Da7ita;'i(al practiced Medicine in &apitan. <e had many patients- but most of them
were poor so that he even gave them free medicine.
-:s a physician- 'i(al became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. <e studied the
medicinal plants of the "hilippines and their curative values.
A!:!st "%#6- 'i(al+s mother and sister- Maria- arrived in &apitan and lived with him for one year and a
half. 'i(al operated on his mother+s right eye
Rizal (eld t(e title o) eH7ert s!rEe,or .7erito a:ri+esor/- which obtained from the :teneo
-Bn &apitan- 'i(al applied his *nowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterwor*s in order to furnish
clean water to the townspeople
Mr. 3.F. Ca+ero-an :merican engineer who praised 'i(al+s engineering
COMM=NITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN
0hen 'i(al arrived in &apitan- he decided to improve it- to the best of his !od-given talents and to
awa*en the civic consciousness of its people
(# Constructing the town+s first water system
(7 &raining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested &apitan
(% ,Fuip the town with its lighting system;this lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps placed in the dar*
streets of &apitan
(@ 1eautification of &apitan;remodeled the town pla(a in order to enhance its beauty
Rizal as Teac(er;'i(al eIile to &apitan gives him the opportunity to put into practice his educational
ideas. Bn #24% he established a school which eIisted until the end of his eIile in July- #248. 'i(al taught
his boys reading- writing- languages (Spanish and ,nglish- geography- history- mathematics (arithmetic
and geometry- industrial wor*- nature study- morals and gymnastics. <e trained them how to collect
specimens of plants and animals- to love wor* and to =behave li*e men?
3,+ to Talisa, .3i+o A Talisa,/- 'i(al wrote this poem in honor of /alisay for his pupils to sing
Cotri>!tios to Sciece;during his four-year eIile in &apitan- 'i(al built up a rich collection of
concology which consisted of %@8 shells representing 75% species. 'i(al also conducted anthropological-
ethnographical- archaeological- geological- and geographical studies- as revealed by his voluminous
correspondence with his scientists friends in ,urope.
Li:!istic St!dies;Bn &apitan- he learned the 1isayan- Subanum- and Malay languages. <e wrote
/agalog grammar- made a comparative study of the 1isayan and Malayan languages and studied
1isayan (Cebuan- and Subanum languages
-1y this time- 'i(al could ran* with the world+s great linguists. <e *new 77 languages;1agalog% <lokano% 9isayan%
Subanun% Spanish% 6atin% ,reek% )nglish% $rench% ,erman% !rabic% 0alay% =ebrew% Sanskrit% 'utch% :atalan% <talian%
:hinese% Japanese% ortuguese% Swedish% and 7ussian
Artistic ?or@s i Da7ita;'i(al continued his artistic pursuits in &apitan. 'i(al made s*etches of
persons and things that attracted him in &apitan.
-T(e Mot(er-s ReEe:e- a statuette made by 'i(al representing the mother-dog *illing the crocodile- by way of
avenging her lost puppy
-Hther sculptural wor*s of 'i(al in &apitan were a bust of >ather !uerrico (one of his :teneo professors- a statue
of a girl called =the &apitan !irl?- a woodcarving of Josephine 1rac*en (his wife and a bust of St. "aul which he gave to
>ather "astells
Rizal as Far+er;Bn &apitan- 'i(al devoted much of his time to agriculture. 'i(al introduced modern
methods of agriculture which he had observed in ,urope and :merica. <e encouraged the &apitan
farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods
Rizal as ;!siess+a;'i(al engaged in business in partnership with 'amon Carreon- a &apitan
merchant- he made profitable business ventures in fishing- copra- and hemp industries
-Ja!ar, "#$ "%#6-'i(al wrote a letter to <idalgo eIpressing his plan to improve the fishing industry of &apitan
-/he most profitable business venture of 'i(al in &apitan was in the hemp industry. May #@- #24%-'i(al formed a
business partnership with 'amon Carreon in lime manufacturing
-Ja!ar, "$ "%#4-'i(al organi(ed the Cooperative :ssociation of &apitan >armers to brea* the Chinese
monopoly on business in &apitan
Rizal-s IEetiEe A>ilit,;'i(al invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to 1lumentritt. <e
called it =sulpu*an?. /his uniFue cigarette lighter was made of wood. =Bts mechanism?- said 'i(al =is based
on the principle of compressed air.?
-&uring his eIile in &apitan- he invited a wooden machine for ma*ing bric*s
M, Retreat .Mi Retiro/- 'i(al wrote this beautiful poem about his serene life as an eIile in &apitan and
sent it to her mother on Hctober 77- #243- which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever
penned by 'i(al.
RIZAL AND T3E AATIP=NAN
72
Adres ;oi)acio- the =!reat "lebeian?- sowing the seeds of an armed uprising;the secret
revolutionary society- called Aati7!a- which he founded on July $- #247
Ma, '$ "%#&- a secret meeting of the Catipunan at a little river called 1itu*ang Mano* near the town of
"asig- &r. "io Kalen(uela was named emissary to &apitan- in order to inform 'i(al of the plan of the
Catipunan to launch a revolution for freedom+s sa*e
J!e "4$ "%#&-Kalen(uela left Manila on board the steamer Kenus
/o camouflage Kalen(uela+s real mission- he brought with him a blind man 'aymundo Mata and a guide-
ostensibly going to &apitan to solicit 'i(al+s eIpert medical advice
J!e '"$ "%#&-evening- &r. "io Kalen(uela arrived in &apitan
'i(al obGected to 1onifacio+s audacious proGect to plunge the country in bloody revolution because he was
of sincere belief that it was premature- for two reasons9 (1) the people are not ready for a revolution (2)
arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution
'i(al had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba- which was then in the throes of a revolution and
a ranging yellow fever epidemic. /here was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the
Spanish troops and the Cubans people
Dece+>er "8$ "%#4- 'i(al wrote to !overnor !eneral 'amon 1lanco- &espuGol+s successor- offering his
services as military doctor in Cuba
J!l, 65$ "%#&- 'i(al received the letter from !overnor !eneral 1lanco dated July #- #248 notifying him of
acceptance of his offer.
0T(e So: o) t(e TraEeler1 .El Cato del Fia<ero/ -'i(al wrote this heart-warming poem because of his
Goy in receiving the gladsome news from Malaca.ang
J!l, 6"$ "%#&- 'i(al+s four-year eIile in &apitan came to an end
-Midnight of that date- 'i(al embar*ed on board the steamer ,spa.a
:s farewell music- the town brass band strangely played the dolorous F!eral Marc( o) C(o7i. 'i(al
must have felt it deeply- for with his presentment of death- it seemed an obseFuy or a regimen
'i(al wrote in his diary- 0I (aEe >ee i t(at district )o!r ,ears$ t(irtee da,s ad a )e? (o!rs1
LAST TRIP A;ROAD ."%#&/
-6o longer an eIile- 'i(al had a pleasant trip from &apitan to Manila- with delightful stopovers in &umaguete- Cebu- Bloilo-
Capi(- and 'omblon
Isla de L!zo-a regular steamer that 'i(al missed which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in
Manila 1ay
Castilla- a Spanish cruiser wherein 'i(al was *ept as a =guest? on board
A!:!st '&$ "%#&- :ndres 1onifacio and the Catipunan raised the cry of revolution in the hills of
1alintawa*- a few miles north of Manila
Se7te+>er 6$ "%#&- 'i(al left for Spain on the steamer Bsla de "anay
J!l, 6"$ "%#&- 'i(al left &apitan at midnight on board the ,spa.a sailed northward
A!:!st "$ "%#&- at dawn of Saturday- it anchored at &umaguete- capitan of 6egros Hriental
*0D!+a:!ete1 wrote 'i(al in his travel diary =spreads out on the beach. /here are big houses- some with
galvani(ed iron roofing. Hutstanding are the house of a lady- whose name B have forgotten- which is occupied by the
government and another one Gust begun with many ipil post
3errero Re:idor- 'i(al friend and former classmate- who was the Gudge of the province- &umaguete
/he ,spa.a left &umaguete about #955pm and reached Cebu the following morning
0I Ce>!- 'i(al wrote in his diary 0I did t?o o7eratios o) stra>oto+,$ oe o7eratio o t(e ears ad
aot(er o) t!+or.1
Bn the morning of Monday- :ugust %- #248- 'i(al left Cebu going to Bloilo. 'i(al landed at Bloilo- went
shopping in the city and visited Molo. >rom Bloilo- 'i(al+s ship sailed to Capi(. :fter a brief stopover- it
proceeded towards Manila via 'omblon
A!:!st &$ "%#&- morning of /hursday- the ,spa.a arrived in Manila 1ay
'i(al was not able to catch the mail ship Bsla de Lu(on for Spain because it had departed the previous
day at 3955pm
6ear midnight of the same day- :ugust 8- 'i(al was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla- by order
of !overnor !eneral 'amon 1lanco. <e was given good accommodation by the gallant captain- ,nriFue
Santalo
:ugust 8 to September 7- #248 - 'i(al stayed on the cruiser pending the availability of Spain-bound
steamer
O=T;REAA OF P3ILIPPINE REFOL=TION
A!:!st "#$ "%#&- the Catipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered
by >ray Mariano !il- :ugustinian cura of /ondo
A!:!st '&$ "%#&- the 0Cr, o) ;alita?a@? which raised by 1onifacio and his valiant Catipuneros
74
A!:!st 65$ "%#&- sunrise- the revolutionists led by 1onifacio and Jacinto attac*ed San Juan- near the
city of Manila
-in the afternoon- after the 1attle of San Juan- !overnor !eneral 1lanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight
provinces for rising in arms against Spain;Maila .as a 7roEice/$ ;!laca$ CaEite$ ;ata:as$ La:!a$ Pa+7a:a$
N!eEa Eci<a$ ad Tarlac
'i(al learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles around Manila through the newspapers
he read on the Castilla. <e was worried for two reasons9 (1) the violent revolution which he sincerely
believed to be premature and would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and
property had started (2) it would arouse Spanish vengeance against all $ilipino patriots
A!:!st 65$ "%#&- 'i(al received from !overnor !eneral 1lanco two letters of introduction for the
Minister of 0ar and Minister of Colonies- which a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for
the raging revolution
Se7te+>er '$ "%#&- the day before 'i(al departure for Spain- 'i(al- on board the Castilla- wrote to his
mother
-:t 8955pm- 'i(al was transferred to the steamer Bsla de "anay which was sailing for 1arcelona- Spain
/he neIt morning- September %- this steamer left Manila 1ay
/he Bsla de "anay arrived at Singapore in the evening of September $
Do Pedro RoHas- rich Manila creole industrialist and 'i(al+s friend that advised him to stay on
Singapore and ta*e advantage of the protection of the 1ritish law
Do Ma!el Ca+!s- headed several >ilipino residents in Singapore- boarded the steamer- urging 'i(al
to stay in Singapore to save his life
/he Bsla de "anay- with 'i(al on board- left Singapore at #955pm- September 2
Se7te+>er '4$ "%#&- 'i(al saw the steamer Bsal de Lu(on- leaving the Sue( Canal- crammed with
Spanish troops
Se7te+>er '8$ "%#&- 'i(al heard from the passengers that a telegram arrived from Manila reporting the
eIecution of >rancisco 'oIas- !enato and Hsorio
Se7te+>er '%$ "#%&- a day after the steamer had left "ort Said (Mediterranean terminus of the Sue(
Canal- a passenger told 'i(al the bad news that he would be arrested by order of !overnor !eneral
1lanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco- opposite !ibraltar
Se7te+>er '#$ "%#&- 'i(al wrote in his travel diary9 /here are people on board who do nothing but
slander me and invent fanciful stories about me. B+m going to become a legendary personage
Se7te+>er 65$ "%#&- at @955pm- 'i(al was officially notofied by Captain :lemany that he should stay in
his cabin until further orders from Manila
-about 8973pm- the steamer anchored at Malta. 1eing confined to his cabin- 'i(al was not able to visit the famous
island-fortress of the Christian crusaders
Octo>er 6$ "%#&- at #5955am- the Bsla de "anay arrived in 1arcelona- with 'i(al- a prisoner on board
/he trip from Manila to 1arcelona lasted eIactly %5 days. 'i(al was *ept under heavy guard in his cabin
for three days
Geeral E!lo:io Des7!<ol- military commander of 1arcelona who ordered his banishment to &apitan in
July #247
Octo>er &$ "%#&- at %955am- 'i(al was awa*ened by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous
prison-fortress named MonGuich
:bout 7955 in the afternoon- 'i(al was ta*en out of prison by the guards and brought to the headFuarters
of !eneral &espuGol
Colo- a transport ship bac* to Manila
'i(al was ta*en aboard the Colon- which was 0)!ll o) soldiers ad o))icers ad t(eir )a+ilies.1
Octo>er &$ "%#&- at 2955pm- the ship left 1arcelona with 'i(al on board

LAST 3OMECOMING AND TRIAL
-'i(al+s homecoming in #248- the last in his life- was his saddest return to his beloved native land. <e *new he was facing
the supreme test- which might mean the sacrifice of his life- but he was unafraid
-/he trial that was held shortly after 'i(al+s homecoming was one of history+s moc*eries of Gustice
A MARTYR-S LAST 3OMECOMING
Octo>er &$ "%#&- /uesday- 'i(al leaved 1arcelona- 'i(al conscientiously recorded the events on his
diary
Octo>er %$ "%#&- a friendly officer told 'i(al that the Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the
bloody revolution in the "hilippines and were blaming him for it
Octo>er ""$ "%#&- before reaching "ort Said- 'i(al+s diary was ta*en away and was critically scrutini(ed
by the authorities
NoEe+>er '$ "%#&-the diary was returned to 'i(al
Attore, 3!:( >ort-an ,nglish lawyer in Singapore
-his friends (&r. :ntonio Ma. 'egidor and SiIto Lope( dispatched frantic telegrams to >ort to rescue 'i(al from
the Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore by means of writ of habeas corpus
%5
C(ie) J!stice Loiel CoH- denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish troops to
the "hilippines
NoEe+>er 6$ "%#&- the Colon reached Manila- where it was greeted with wild reGoicings by the Spaniards
and friars because it brought more reinforcements and military supplies
NoEe+>er '5$ "%#&- the preliminary investigation on 'i(al began
Coloel Fracisco OliEe-the Gudge advocate
/wo *inds of evidence were presented against 'i(al- namely documentary and testimonial. /he
documentary evidence consisted of fifteen eIhibits- as follows9
(# : letter of :ntonio Luna to Mariano "once- dated Madrid- Hctober #8- #222- showing 'i(al+s connection with the
>ilipino reform campaign in Spain
(7 : letter of 'i(al to his family- dated Madrid- :ugust 75- #245- stating that the deportations are good for they will
encourage the people to hate tyranny
(% : letter from Marcelo <. del "ilar to &eodato :rellano- dated Madrid- January $- #224- implicating 'i(al in the
"ropaganda campaign in Spain
(@ : poem entitled Cundiman- allegedly written by 'i(al in Manila on September #7- #24#
(3 : letter of Carlos Hliver to an unidentified person dated 1arcelona- September #2- #24#- describing 'i(al as the man
to free the "hilippines from Spanish oppression
(8 : Masonic document- dated Manila- >ebruary 4- #247- honoring 'i(al for his patriotic services
($ : letter signed &imasalang ('i(al+s pseudonym to /enlu( (Juan Julueta+s pseudonym- dated <ong Cong- May 7@-
#247- stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for >ilipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities
(2 : letter of &imasalang to an unidentified committee- dated <ong Cong- June #- #247- soliciting the aid of the
committee in the =patriotic wor*?
(4 :n anonymous and undated letter to the ,ditor of the <ong Cong /elegraph- censuring the banishment of 'i(al to
&apitan
(#5 : letter of Bdefonso Laurel to 'i(al- dated Manila- September %- #247- saying that the >ilipino people loo* up to him
('i(al as their savior
(## : letter of Bdefonso Laurel to 'i(al- dated Manila- September #$- #24%- informing an unidentified correspondent of
the arrest and banishment of &oroteo Cortes and :mbrosio Salvador
(#7 : letter of Marcelo <. del "ilar to &on Juan :. /enlu( (Juan Julueta- dated Madrid- June #- #24% recommending
the establishment of a special organi(ation- independent of Masonry- to help the cause of the >ilipino people
(#% /ranscript of a speech of "ing*ian (,milio Jacinto- in reunion of the Catipunan on July 7%- #24%- in which the
following cry was- uttered =Long Live the "hilippinesU Long live &octor 'i(alU UnityU?
(#@ /ranscript of a speech of /i*-/i* (Jose /uriano Santiago in the same Catipunan reunion- where in the *atipuneros
shouted9 =Long live the eminent &octor 'i(alU &eath to the oppressor nationU?
(#3 : poem by Laong Laan ('i(al- entitled : /alisay in which the author ma*es the &apitan schoolboys sing that they
*now how to fight their rights
/he testimonial evidence consisted of the oral testimonies of Martin Constantino- :guedo del 'osario-
Jose 'eyes- Moises Salvador- Jose &i(on- &omingo >ranco- &eodato :rellano- :mbrosio Salvador-
"edro Serrano La*taw- &r. "io Kalen(uela- :ntonio Sala(ar- >rancisco Euison- and /imoteo "ae(
NoEe+>er '&$ "%#&- after the preliminary investigation- Colonel Hlive transmitted the records of the case
to !overnor &omingue( as special Judge :dvocate to institute the corresponding action against 'i(al
:fter studying the papers- Judge advocate !eneral- &on 6icolas de la "e.a- submitted the following
recommendations9 (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial (2) he should be kept in prison (() an
order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of one million pesos as indemnity (-) he
should be defended in court by an army officer% not by a civilian lawyer
/he only right given to 'i(al by the Spanish authorities was to choose his defense counsel
Dece+>er %$ "%#&- >east &ay of the Bmmaculate Conception- a list of #55 first and second lieutenants in
the Spanish :rmy was presented to 'i(al
Do L!is TaEiel de Adrade- #
st
Lieutenant of the :rtillery- chosen by 'i(al to defend him
-brother of Lt. Jose /aviel de :ndrade- 'i(al+s =bodyguard? in Calamba in #22$
Dece+>er ""$ "%#&- the information of charges was formally read to 'i(al in his prison cell- with his
counsel present
'i(al was accused of being 0t(e 7rici7al or:aizer ad t(e liEi: so!l o) t(e Fili7io is!rrectio$
t(e )o!der o) societies$ 7eriodicals$ ad >oo@s dedicated to )o+eti: ad 7ro7a:ati: ideas o)
re>ellio.1
Dece+>er "6$ "%#&- &omingue( forwarded the papers of the 'i(al case to Malaca.ang "alace
Dece+>er "4$ "%#&- 'i(al wrote the Mai)esto to 3is Peo7le in his prison cell at >ort Santiago-
appealing to them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of
education and industry
Dece+>er '4$ "%#&- a dar* and cheerless Christmas for 'i(al- his last on earth- was the saddest in
'i(al+s life
Dece+>er '&$ "%#&- at 2955am- the court-martial of 'i(al started in the military building called Cuartel de
,spa.a
Lt. Col. To:ores Ar<oa- considered the trial over and ordered the hall cleared. :fter a short deliberation-
the military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death
%#
Dece+>er '%$ "%#&- "olavieGa approved the decision of the court-martial and ordered 'i(al to be shot at
$955 in the morning of &ecember %5 at 1agumbayan >ield (Luneta
MARTYRDOM AT ;AG=M;AYAN
-:fter the court-martial- 'i(al returned to his cell in >ort Santiago to prepare his rende(vous with destiny
-&uring his last 7@ hours on earth;from 8955am &ecember 74 to 8955am &ecember %5- #248;he was busy meeting
visitors
Satia:o MataiH- Spanish newspaper correspondent
Pearl o) t(e Oriet Sea- 'i(al called the "hilippines
Pearl o) t(e Oriet- 'i(al+s last poem in an article entitled 0=)ort!ate P(ili77ies1 published in /he
<ong Cong /elegraph on September 7@- #247
LAST 3O=RS OF RIZAL
DECEM;ER '#$ "%#&
&K55a+
VCaptain 'afael &omingue(- who was designated by !overnor !eneral Camilo "olavieGa to ta*e charge of all
arrangements for the eIecution of the condemned prisoner- read the death sentence to 'i(al;to be s &ecember #3-
#248 shot at the bac* by a firing sFuad at $955am in 1agumbayan (Luneta
8K55a+
V'i(al was moved to the prison chapel- where he spent his last moments. <is first visitors were >ather Miguel
Saderra Mata ('ector of :teneo Municipal- and >ather Luis Ki(a- Jesuit teacher
8K"4a+
V 'i(al- in a Govial mood- reminded >r. Ki(a of the statuette of the Sacred <eart of Jesus which he had carved with his
pen *nife as an :teneo student. >r. Ki(a- got the statuette from his poc*et and gave it to 'i(al. /he hero happily
received it and placed it on his writing table
%K55a+
V >r. :ntonio 'osell arrived to relieve >ather Ki(a. 'i(al invited him to Goin him at brea*fats- which he did. :fter
brea*fast- Lt. Luis /aviel de :ndrade ('i(al+s defense counsel came- and 'i(al than*ed him for his gallant services
#K55a+
V >r. >ederico >aura arrived. 'i(al reminded him that he said that ('i(al would someday lose his head for writing the
6oli. =>ather?- 'i(al remar*ed- =Aou are indeed a prophet.?
"5K55a+
V >ather Jose Kilaclara ('i(al+s teachet at the :teneo and Kicente 1alaguer (Jesuit missionary in &apitan who had
befriended 'i(al during the latter+s eIile visited the hero. :fter them came Spanish Gournalist- Santiago MataiI- who
interviewed 'i(al for his newspaper ,l <eraldo de Madrid
"'K55a+ .oo/ to 6K657+
V 'i(al was left alone in his cell. <e too* lunch after which he was busy writing. Bt was probably during this time when
he finished his farewell poem and hid it inside his alcohol coo*ing stove which was given to him as a gift by "a( "ardo
de /avera (wife of Juan Luna during his visit to "aris in #245. at the same time- he wrote his last letter to "rofessor
1lumentritt in !erman
6K657+
V >ather 1alaguer returned to >ort Santiago and discussed with 'i(al about his retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in
his writings and membership in Masonry
9K557+
V 'i(al+s mother arrived. 'i(al *nelt down before her and *issed her hands- begging her to forgive him. /rinidad
entered the cell to fetch her mother. :s they were leaving- 'i(al gave to /rinidad the alcohol coo*ing stove-
whispering to her in ,nglishD =/here is something inside? /his =something? was 'i(al+s farewell poem. :fter the
departure of &o.a /eodora and /rinidad- >athers Kilaclara and ,stanislao March entered the cell- followed by >ather
'osell
&K557+
V 'i(al received a new visitor- &on Silvino Lope( /u.on- the &ean of the Manila Cathedral. >athers 1alaguer and
March left- leaving Kilaclara with 'i(al and &on SBlvino
%K557+
V 'i(al had his last supper. <e informed Captain &omingue( who was with him that he forgave his enemies- including
the military Gudges who condemned him to death
#K657+
V 'i(al was visited by &on !aspar Cesta.o- the fiscal of the 'oyal :udiencia of Manila. :s a gracious host- 'i(al
offered him the best chair in the cell. :fter a pleasant conversation- the fiscal left with a good impression of 'i(al+s
intelligence and noble character
"5K557+
V/he draft of the retraction sent by the anti->ilipino :rchbishop 1ernardino 6o(aleda (#245-#45% was submitted by
>ather 1alaguer to 'i(al for signature- but the hero reGected it because it was too long and he did not li*e it.
DECEM;ER 65$ "%#&
6K55a+
V'i(al heard Mass- confessed his sins- and too* <oly Communion
4K65a+
%7
V'i(al too* his last brea*fast on earth. :fter this- he wrote two letters- the first addressed to his family and the second
to his older brother "aciano.
VJosephine 1rac*en- accompanied by a sister of 'i(al (Josefa- arrived. Josephine- with tears in her eyes- bade him
farewell. 'i(al embraced her for the last time and before she left- 'i(al gave her a last gift;a religious boo*- Bmitation
of Christ by >ather /homas a Cempis
&K55a+
V :s the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to 1agumbayan- 'i(al wrote his last letter to his beloved
parents.
A>o!t &K65a+
Va trumpet sounded at >ort Santiago- a signal to begin the death march to 1agumbayan- the designated place for the
eIecution
V'i(al was dressed elegantly in blac* suit- blac* derby hat- blac* shoes- white shirt and blac* tie. <is arms were tied
behind from elbow to elbow. 1ut the rope was Fuite loose to give his arms freedom of movement
&r. >elipe 'ui( Castillo- a Spanish military physician- as*ed 'i(al permission to feel his pulse and was
ama(ed to find it normal showing that 'i(al was not afraid to die
8K56a+
V'i(al died in the bloom of manhood;aged 64 ,ears$ )iEe +ot(s ad "" da,s
Mi =lti+o Adios .Last Fare?ell/- farewell poem of 'i(al that originally was without title and was
unsigned.
Fat(er Mariao Dacaa,- a >ilipino priest-patriot- who gave the title Ultimo :dios (Last >arewell and
under such title the poem was published for the first time in La Bndependencia (!eneral :ntonio Luna+s
newspaper on September 73- #242
Bmmediately after 'i(al+s eIecution the Spanish spectators shouted 0FiEa Es7a2aP1 0M!erte a los
Traidores- .0Lo: LiEe S7aiP 0Deat( to t(e TraitorsP1/ and the Spanish Military 1and- Goining the
Gubilance over 'i(al+s death- played the gay Marc(a de Cadiz
1y 'i(al+s writings- which awa*ened >ilipino nationalism and paved the way for the "hilippine 'evolution-
he proved that 07e is +i:(tier t(a t(e s?ord1
I3Y IS RIZAL O=R GREATEST NATIONAL 3ERO
(# 'i(al is our greatest hero because- as a towering figure in the "ropaganda Campaign- he too* an =admirable part? in
that movement which roughly covered the period from #227-#248
(7 'i(al+s writings contributed tremendously to the formation of >ilipino nationality
(% 'i(al becomes the greatest >ilipino hero because no >ilipino has yet been born who could eFual or surpass 'i(al as
=a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger- or fortitude in suffering.?
(@ 'i(al is the greatest >ilipino hero that ever lived because he is =a man honored after death by public worship-
because of eIceptional service to man*ind?
I3O MADE RIZAL T3E FOREMOST NATIONAL 3ERO OF T3E P3ILIPPINES
V6o single person or groups of persons were responsible for ma*ing the !reatest Malayan the 6umber Hne <ero of his
people. 'i(al himself- his own people- and the foreigners all together contributed to ma*e him the greatest hero and
martyr of his people. 6o amount of adulation and canoni(ation by both >ilipinos and foreigners could convert 'i(al into
a great hero if he did not possess in himself what "alma calls =eIcellent Fualities and merits?
ROMANCES OF RIZAL
>irst romance;0t(at 7ai)!l eH7eriece ?(ic( co+es to earl, all adolescets1
J!lia
-from &ampalit- Los 1a.os- Laguna
Se:!da Aati:>a@
-'i(al first romance that was then siIteen years old
-a pretty fourteen-year old 1atangue.a from Lipa
-Bn 'i(al+s own wordsK 0S(e ?as rat(er s(ort$ ?it( e,es t(at ?ere eloD!et ad ardetat ti+es ad la:!id at
ot(ers$ ros,*c(ee@ed$ ?it( a ec(ati: ad 7roEocatiEe s+ile t(at reEealed Eer, >ea!ti)!l teet( ad t(e air
o) a s,l7(J (er etire sel) di))!sed a +,sterio!s c(ar+.1
-she was the sister of 'i(al+s friend- Mariano Catigba*
-close friend of 'i(al+s sister Hlimpia- was a boarding student in La Concordia College
-engaged to be married to her town mate- Manuel Lu(
Q/he love of 'i(al and Segunda was indeed =a Love at first sight?
Q/he last time they tal*ed to each other was one /hursday in &ecember- #2$$ when the Christmas vacation was
about to begin
Q'i(al returned home- da(ed and desolate- with his first romance =ruined by his own shyness and reserve.?
Miss L .Jacita I>ardo Laza/
-young woman in Calamba
-'i(al describe her as =fair with seductive and attractive eyes
Q:fter visiting her in her house several times- 'i(al suddenly stopped his wooing- and the romance died a natural
death
%%
Q'i(al gave two reasons for his change of heart namely (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart
(2) his father did not like the family of "0iss 6#
Leoor Falez!ela
Q&uring 'i(al sophomore year at the University of Santo /omas- he boarded in the house of &o.a Concha Leyva in
Bntramuros wherein the neIt-door neighbors of &o.a Concha were Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Kalen(uela
-charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Kalen(uela from "agsanGan- Laguna
-a tall girl with a regal bearing
-'i(al sent her love notes written in invisible in*;in* consisted of common table salt and water;the secret of reading
any note written in the invisible in* by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the words may appear
-Hrang was her pet name
-'i(al stopped short of proposing marriage to Hrang
Leoor RiEera
-'i(al+s cousin from Camiling- /arlac
QBn #2$4- at the start of his Gunior year at the university- 'i(al lived in =Casa /omasina? at 6o. 8 Calle Santo /omas-
Bntramuros owned by his uncle :ntonio 'ivera
-a student at La Concordia College- where Soledad- youngest sister- was then studying
-born in Camiling- /arlac on :pril ##- #28$
-she was a frail- pretty girl 0teder as a >!ddi: )lo?er ?it( @idl,$ ?ist)!l e,es
-in her letters to 'i(al- she signed her name as =/aimis? in order to camouflage their intimate relationship from their
parents and friends
-died on :ugust 72- #24%
Cos!elo Orti:a , Perez
- a young woman in Madrid
-prettier of &on "ablo Hrtiga y 'ey+s daughters
-'i(al was attracted by Consuelo+s beauty and vivacity
-'i(al composed a lovely poem on :ugust 77- #22% dedicated to her- etitled A La Se2orita C.O.,.P .to Miss
C.O.,.P/ eIpressing his admirations for her
Q1efore 'i(al romance with Consuelo could blossom into a serious affair- he suddenly bac*ed out for two reasons9 (#
he was still engaged to Leonor 'ivera (7 his friends and co-wor*er in the "ropaganda Movement- ,duardo de Lete-
was madly in love with Consuelo and he had no wish to brea* their friendship because of a pretty girl
Sei@o =s!i
-'i(al affectionately called her H-Sei-San
-a pretty Japanese girl that 'i(al saw wal*ing past the legation gate
-'i(al was attracted by her regal loveliness and charm
-a lonely samurai+s daughter of 7% years old and had never yet eIperienced the ecstasy of true love
-'i(al saw in her the Fualities of his ideal womanhood;beauty- charm- modesty and intelligence
Q/he beautiful romance between 'i(al and H-Sei-San inevitably came to a dolorous ending. Sacrificing his personal
happiness- 'i(al had to carry on his libertarian mission in ,urope- leaving behind the lovely H-Sei-San
-married Mr. :lfred Charlton- a 1ritish teacher of chemistry- and was blessed by only one child;Auri*o
-died on May #- #4@$ at the age of 25
Gertr!de ;ec@ett
-oldest of the three 1ec*ett sisters
-called !ettie or /ottie by her friends
-a buIom ,nglish girl with brown hair- blue eyes- and rosy chee*s
-'i(al affectionately called her =!ettie?- in reciprocationD she fondly called him ="ettie?
Q'i(al suddenly reali(ed that he could not marry !ettie for he had a mission to fulfill in life
Petite S!zae Jaco>,
-pretty niece of his landladies
Q'i(al found certain bliss in the company of this pretty 1elgian girl
Q'i(al might flirted with "etite Su(anne- but he could not stoop low to a deceptive amorous relationship
-she fell in love with 'i(al and cried when 'i(al left toward the end of July- #245 for Madrid- stopping for a few days in
"aris
Nellie ;o!stead
-the prettier and younger daughter of ,duardo 1oustead
-'i(al found her to be a real >ilipina- highly intelligent- vivacious in temperament- and morally upright
-also called 6elly
Q'i(al wrote to his intimate friends- eIcept "rofessor 1lumentritt- of his love for 6ellie and his intention to propose
marriage to her
Q'i(al+s marriage proposal failed for two reasons9 (# he refused to give up his Catholic faith and be converted to
"rotestantism- as 6elly demanded (7 6elly+s mother did not li*e 'i(al as a son-in-law
Jose7(ie ;rac@e
-an Brish girl of sweet eighteen- =slender- a chestnut blond- with blue eyes- dressed with elegant simplicity- with an
atmosphere of light gayety.?
-born in <ong Cong on Hctober %- #2$8 of Brish parents;James 1rac*en- a corporal in the 1ritish garrison and
,li(abeth Jane Macbride
-she was adopted by Mr. !eorge /aufer- who later became blind
Q'i(al and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight
Q:fter a whirlwind romance for one month- they agreed to marry but >ather Hbach- the priest of &apitan- refused to
marry them without the permission of the 1ishop of Cebu
QSince no priest would marry them- 'i(al and Josephine held hands together and married themselves before the eyes
of !od. /hey lived as man and wife in &apitan
%@
-'i(al wrote a poem for Josephine
QBn the early part of #248- 'i(al was eItremely happy because Josephine was eIpecting a baby
QUnfortunately- 'i(al played a pran* on her- frightening her so that she prematurely gave birth to an eight-month baby
boy who loved only for three hours
Q/he lost son of 'i(al was named =>rancisco? in honor of &on >rancisco (hero+s father and was buried in &apitan
RIZAL AS ;OY MAGICIAN
-Since early manhood 'i(al had been interested in magic. 0ith his deIterous hands- he learned vicarious tric*s- such
as ma*ing a coin appear or disappear in his fingers and ma*ing hand*erchief vanish in thin air. <e entertained his town
fol*s with magic-lantern eIhibitions. <e also gained s*ill in manipulating marionettes (puppet shows
-Bn later years when he attained manhood- he continued his *een predilection for magic. <e read many boo*s on magic
and attended the performances of the famous magicians in the world. Bn Chapter LKBB and LKBBB of his second novel- ,l
>ilibusterismo (/reason- he revealed his wide *nowledge of magic
RIZAL AS LOFER OF ;OOAS
-: favorite pastime of 'i(al in Madrid was reading. Bnstead of gambling and flirting with women- as many young >ilipino
did in Spanish metropolis- he stayed at home and read voraciously until midnight. Since early childhood- he li*ed to read
-'i(al economi(ed on his living eIpenses- and with the money he saved- he purchased boo*s form a second-hand boo*
store owned by certain Se.or 'oses. <e was able to build a fair-si(ed private library
-'i(al was deeply affected by 1eecher Stowe+s Uncle /om+s Cabin and ,ugene Sue+s /he 0andering Jew. /hese
boo*s aroused his sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people
RIZAL AS A MASON
-Bn Spain- 'i(al came in close contact with prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards- who were mostly
Mason.
-'i(al was impressed by the way the Spanish Masons openly and freely critici(ed the government policies and
lambasted the friars- which could not be done in "hilippines
-'i(al+s reason for becoming a mason was to secure >reemasonry+s aid in his fight against the friars in the "hilippines.
Since the friars used the Catholic religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power and wealth and to persecute the
>ilipino patriots- he intended to utili(e >reemasonry as his shield to combat them
-:s a mason- 'i(al played a lu*ewarm role in >reemasonry

RIZAL AS M=SICIAN
-'i(al had no natural aptitude for music- and this he admitted. 1ut he studied music because many of his schoolmates
at the :teneo were ta*ing music lessons.
-1y sheer determination and constant practice- 'i(al came to play flute fairly well. <e was a flutist in various impromptu
reunions of >ilipinos in "aris.
RIZAL AS 3ISTORIAN
-'i(al+s research studies in the 1ritish Museum (London and in 1ibliotheFue 6ationale ("aris enriched his historical
*nowledge. <is splendid annotations to Morga+s boo* showed his familiarity with the basic principles of historiography.
-:s 'i(al once told Bsabelo de los 'eyes9 =: historian ought to be rigorously impartedO B never assert anything on my
own authority. B cite teIts and when B do- B have them before me.?
-<is *nowledge of foreign languages enabled 'i(al to read historical documents and boo*s in languages in which they
were originally written
%3