Disiribuiion anu siaius of naiivc

carnivorous lanu snails in ihc

gcncra Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa
SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION: 101
Vurray Ffforu
Publishcu by
Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion
P.O. Box 1u-42u
Wcllingion, Ncv Zcalanu
Scieuce for Couseriatiou prcscnis ihc rcsulis of invcsiigaiions by DOC siaff, anu by coniracicu scicncc
proviucrs ouisiuc ihc Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion. Publicaiions in ihis scrics arc inicrnally anu
cxicrnally pccr rcvicvcu.
Dcccmbcr 1998, Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion
ISSN 113-2946
ISBN u-48-211-4
This publicaiion originaicu from vork uonc unucr Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion Invcsiigaiion no. 9u,
carricu oui by Vurray Ffforu, Vanaaki Whcnua - Ianucarc Rcscarch, Privaic Bag 193u, Duncuin. Ii vas
approvcu for publicaiion by ihc Dirccior, Scicncc & Rcscarch Inii, Scicncc Tcchnology anu
Informaiion Scrviccs, Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion, Wcllingion.
Caialoguing in Publicaiion
Ffforu, V. G.
Disiribuiion anu siaius of naiivc carnivorous lanu snails in ihc
gcncra Wainuia anu Rhyiiua / Vurray Ffforu. Wcllingion, N.Z. : Dcpi. of
Conscrvaiion, 1998.
1 v. : 3u cm. (Scicncc for conscrvaiion, 113-2946 : 1u1.)
Incluucs bibliographical rcfcrcnccs.
ISBN u482114
1. Snails--Ncv Zcalanu. 2. Rhyiiuiuac. I. Tiilc. II. Scrics:
Scicncc for conscrvaiion (Wcllingion, N.Z.) : 1u1.
594.3u993 2u
zbn98-11233
CONTFNTS
Absiraci 5
1. Inirouuciion 5
2. Backgrounu 5
2.1 Sysicmaiics 9
Spccics-lcvcl iaxonomy 9
2.2 Prcvious rcscarch on Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa 12
2.3 Conscrvaiion siaius 12
3. Objcciivcs 15
4. Vcihous 13
5. Rcsulis 14
5.1 Summary of spccics uisiribuiions 14
5.2 Asscssmcni of conscrvaiion siaius 14
6. Discussion 14
6.1 Disiribuiion 14
6.2 Conscrvaiion 18
Gcncral policy 18
Vulncrablc populaiions 18
Gcncral managcmcni nccus 19
. Rccommcnuaiions 2u
8. Acknovlcugcmcnis 21
9. Rcfcrcnccs 21
Appcnuix 1 24
Alicrnaiivc highcr classificaiions of Ncv Zcalanu Rhyiiuiuac 24
Appcnuix 2 25
Ncv Zcalanu Rhyiiuiuac Disiribuiion Daiabasc 25
Appcnuix 3 26
Plani namcs 26
Appcnuix 4 2
Spccics noics anu uisiribuiion maps 2
Iigurc 4 4u
Appcnuix 5 48
Glossary 48
5
Absiraci
This rcpori ucscribcs ihc uisiribuiion anu conscrvaiion siaius of spccics of
carnivorous lanu snails in ihc cnucmic gcncra Waiuuia Povcll, 193u anu
Rb)tiaa Albcrs, 186u. A uisiribuiion uaiabasc vas compilcu from spccimcns in
muscums anu privaic collcciions, anu by supplcmcniary collcciing. Disiribuiion
maps arc prcscnicu for fificcn spccics or subspccics, ihc majoriiy bcing from
ihc norihcrn Souih Islanu. Scvcral spccics arc knovn as subfossils vcll ouisiuc
ihcir prcscni rangc (c.g., Rb)tiaa greeuuooai greeuuooai, R. ocouuori, R.
otagoeusis, Waiuuia uruuta uasuta). Oihcrs arc rcprcscnicu in largc paris of
ihcir cxiani rangc only by cxircmcly localiscu rclici populaiions. Thcrc is a
nccu for conscrvaiion aciion io improvc ihc ouilook for somc of ihcsc
populaiions, pariicularly W. eauarai ncar Vi Cass in Norih Canicrbury anu W.
uruuta uasuta ai ihc iypc localiiy on D`Irvillc Islanu. Disiinciivc ncv spccics
rcmain io bc ucscribcu in cach gcnus. Volccular mcihous may bc rcquircu io
rcsolvc somc pcrsisicni iaxonomic problcms.
1. Inirouuciion
Thc uisiribuiion anu siaius of spccics in ivo gcncra of carnivorous Ncv Zcalanu
lanu snails (Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa) vcrc ucscribcu by Vanaaki Whcnua for ihc
Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion. Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa form a significani fraciion
of ihc ioial uivcrsiiy of ihc family Rhyiiuiuac in Ncv Zcalanu. Thc family shovs
an iniriguing variciy of carnivorous habiis, incluuing somc bchavioural
auapiaiions ihai may bc uniquc io Ncv Zcalanu. Nciihcr gcnus currcnily has
proiccicu siaius, alihough somc spccics arc largc anu ihcy arc vulncrablc io
many of ihc samc inirouuccu prcuaiors ihai aiiack rclaicu, proiccicu gcncra
(c.g., Pouettipbauta). This rcpori sccks io cncouragc a broaucr vicv of ihc
conscrvaiion nccus of ihc family in Ncv Zcalanu.
2. Backgrounu
Ncv Zcalanu has scvcral gcncra of largc carnivorous rhyiiuiu snails, anu spccics
in Par)pbauta anu Pouettipbauta havc rcccnily bcgun io rcccivc subsianiial
conscrvaiion aiicniion (c.g., Vcaus et at. 1984: Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion
1994a,b). Thc family also occurs in souihcrn Africa (van Bruggcn 198u),
Vauagascar (Fmbcrion 199u), Ausiralia (Smiih 1992), Inuoncsia, anu oihcr
islanus of ihc souihvcsi Pacific (Solcm 1959). Hovcvcr, rhyiiuius arc mosi
uivcrsc in Ncv Zcalanu boih in icrms of absoluic numbcr of spccics anu as a
pcrccniagc of ihc ucscribcu lanu snail fauna (van Bruggcn 198u). Vuch of ihcir
6
uivcrsiiy in Ncv Zcalanu is coniribuicu noi by ihc conspicuous iaxa
(Pouettipbauta, Par)pbauta) bui by scvcral gcncra of smallcr snails (Rb)tiaa,
Waiuuia, Rb)tiaarex, Detos, Detouagapia) anu ihc slugs of ihc gcnus
Scbi:ogtossa (Povcll 199). This rcpori focuscs on ihc ivo mosi acccssiblc,
numcrous anu viucsprcau of ihcsc gcncra.
Ncv Zcalanu rhyiiuiu snails iypically livc unucr fcrn or lcaf liiicr anu in uamp
rock pilcs in unmouificu naiivc forcsi, anu unucr iussock or scrub in ihc
subalpinc zonc. All rhyiiuiu snails arc carnivorcs, as shovn by ihcir simplc,
clongaicu iccih, ihc lack of a jav anu ihc sirong musculaiurc arounu ihc mouih.
Worms anu oihcr snails, ihc common prcy of carnivorous snails ihc vorlu ovcr,
arc caicn also by Ncv Zcalanu rhyiiuius (Dcll 1949). Dciails of ihc fccuing
ccology of ihc various gcncra havc bccn slov io cmcrgc, anu ii has bccn
rccogniscu only in ihc coursc of ihc prcscni siuuy ihai somc Waiuuia spccics
livc largcly on amphipous (Iig. 1b: Ffforu anu Bokcloh 199u: V.G. Ffforu, in
prcss), anu ihai Rb)tiaa spccics havc prchcnsilc iails viih vhich ihcy carry
prcy aboui (Iig 1c: V.G. Ffforu, pcrs. obs.).
Cannibalism has bccn suspccicu in somc populaiions of Rb)tiaa perampta anu
Rb)tiaa austratis (Dcll 1949). V. J. Vcaus (pcrs. comm.) noicu R. stepbeueusis
caiing a ucau vcia on Sicphcns Islanu, anu carrion fccuing is also suggcsicu by
ihc occurrcncc of Rb)tiaa spccics insiuc shclls of ucau Pouettipbauta (pcrs.
obs.: K. Walkcr pcrs. comm.).
Waiuuia incluucs four ucscribcu spccics, all from casicrn ccniral Ncv Zcalanu,
an unucscribcu spccics from Iiorulanu anu an cnigmaiic rccoru fromWcsilanu
1
.
Thc shcll of all Waiuuia spccics is ihin anu almosi black, alihough by
iransmiiicu lighi ii appcars uark olivc or rcuuish brovn, anu ii lacks any colour
paiicrn (Iig. 1 a,c). Thc cmbryonic anu carly posi-cmbryonic vhorls
2
ai ihc
apcx of ihc shcll oficn vcaihcr io a ycllov or ian colour. Thc shcll usually
coniains liiilc calcium carbonaic anu is ihcrcforc pliablc vhcn uamp. Auuli
shcll uiamcicr is in ihc rangc 19 mm io 38 mm, anu varics boih bcivccn spccics
anu gcographically viihin cach spccics. Thc shclls of all spccics arc markcu by
obliquc corrugaiions on ihc uppcr surfacc of ihc bouy vhorl rauiaiing from ihc
suiurc iu tbe airectiou of groutb, alihough ihcsc can bc faini in somc spccics.
In mosi spccics, ihc mucus sccrcicu from ihc manilc lip coniains a bluc or
purplc pigmcni. Thc manilc pigmcni is brighi ycllov in ihc unucscribcu
Iiorulanu spccics, vhilc ihc mucus sccrcicu by ihc Iakc Waikarcmoana
populaiion of W. uruuta is colourlcss. Whiic, calcarcous-shcllcu cggs 4-6 mm
long arc laiu in clusicrs of 2-5 in lcaf liiicr. Thcsc arc oficn ihc firsi inuicaiion
ihai Waiuuia occurs in an arca.
Rb)tiaa incluucs aboui icn ucscribcu spccics uisiribuicu from Aucklanu io
Sicvari Islanu, viih ai lcasi onc furihcr unucscribcu spccics from inlanu
Varlborough. Thcy rangc in auuli sizc from aboui 14 mm (R. meesoui) io
33 mm (R. ocouuori). Rb)tiaa is cnucmic io Ncv Zcalanu
3
, bui appcars io bc
1.
Solcm`s (1959) suggcsiion of a closc rclaiionship viih ihc Tasmanian gcnus Metaiitriua vas
rcfuicu by Smiih anu Kcrshav (192) vho synonymiscu ihc laiicr viih 1ictapbauta.
2.
Somc icchnical icrms arc ucfincu in Appcnuix 5.
3.
Ncv Calcuonian spccics prcviously assigncu io Rb)tiaa (c.g., Solcm 1959) havc morc rcccnily
bccn ircaicu in ihc gcnus Pt)cborb)tiaa Vocllcnuorf 19u3 (P. iuaequatis, P. autacospira: Solcm
et at. 1984).
7
a. Wainuia urnula, Orongorongo Valley, Wellington. b. Capture of a live amphipod by Wainuia urnula. Frames from a
video sequence lasting about 1 second.
c. Undescribed Wainuia from Miller Peaks, Murchison Mountains,
Fiordland.
d. Rhytida greenwoodi greenwoodi (Prouse Reserve, Levin) with
eggs laid in captivity.
e. Newly hatched Rhytida oconnori (Canaan, Abel Tasman National
Park) carrying a prey snail on its tail.
f. Rhytida greenwoodi webbi (Dry River, East Takaka) digesting prey
snail (Charopa coma). The tail tip is inserted into the aperture of the
prey shell.
FI GURE 1. PHOTOGRAPHS OF VARI OUS Wai nui a AND Rhyt i da SNAI LS.
9
closcly rclaicu io ihc Ausiralian gcnus Austrorb)tiaa Smiih 198
4
. Thc shcll of
Rb)tiaa spccics is morc hcavily calcificu ihan ihai of Waiuuia spccics. In lifc ii
is usually a iransluccni ycllovish-brovn, rcvcaling bloichcs of black pigmcni on
ihc manilc of ihc animal insiuc (c.g., Iig 1c). Fxccpi for Rb)tiaa ocouuori,
vhich lays largc cggs, ihc cggs arc smallcr ihan ihosc of Waiuuia spp. anu somc
spccics (c.g., Rb)tiaa greeuuooai, R. stepbeueusis) may lay morc ihan 12 cggs
in a clusicr.
2 . 1 S Y S T F V A T I C S
Climo (19) rauically rcviscu ihc iaxonomy of Ncv Zcalanu Rhyiiuiuac on ihc
basis of ihc ucgrcc of rcuuciion of ihc rcprouuciivc sysicm (Appcnuix 1). Hc
ircaicu Waiuuia Povcll 193u as a subgcnus of Rb)tiaa Albcrs 186u, vhich hc
placcu in ihc subfamily Rhyiiuinac. Hc iransfcrrcu ihc Norih Aucklanu spccics
of Rb)tiaa, in vhich ihc shcll has an anglcu raihcr ihan a rounucu pcriphcry, io
Rb)tiaarex Povcll 1948 in ihc subfamily Paryphaniinac. Paryphaniinac seusu
Climo vcrc ucfincu as having a grcaily rcuuccu pcnis anu lacking a spcrm
sioragc organ or spcrmaihcca. Parkinson (199) largcly cnuorscu Climo`s
iaxonomic ircaimcni of Rb)tiaa anu Waiuuia. This siuuy ucals viih ihc spccics
of Rb)tiaa as ihai gcnus vas uclincaicu by Climo (19). Hovcvcr, ihc
ccological anu morphological uiffcrcnccs bcivccn Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa arc
consiucrablc, anu for prcscni purposcs ihcy arc ircaicu as uisiinci ai ihc gcncric
lcvcl as in ihc classificaiion of Povcll (199). I. Brook (pcrs. comm.) is
collcciing uisiribuiion rccorus of spccics in ihc gcnus Rb)tiaarex from
Norihlanu anu ihc Thrcc Kings Islanus. Whilc ihc classificaiion of Ncv Zcalanu
rhyiiuius of Climo (19) purporicu io rcflcci rclaiionships of iaxa, ihcrc has
bccn no robusi analysis of phylogcny bascu on a suiic of morphological or
molccular characicrs.
SpccIcs-IcvcI taxonomy
Thc spccics anu subspccics io bc consiucrcu arc lisicu in Tablc 1. Noics on
somc problcmaiic iaxa arc proviucu hcrc io suppori ihc spccics iucniificaiions
uscu in ihis rcpori. Thcy rcprcscni hypoihcscs raihcr ihan final ucicrminaiions.
Scvcral ncv spccics namcs arc probably rcquircu, noiviihsianuing ihc
consiucrablc iniraspccific variaiion (Parkinson 199: pcrs. obs.).
Waiuuia fat t ai Povcl l , 1946
Rcccni collcciing has shovn ihc uisiribuiion of W. fattai Povcll from Kaikoura
io bc coniiguous viih ihai of W. eauarai (Suicr) from Canicrbury. Populaiions
from boih arcas vary consiucrably in maximum sizc anu shcll coiling, vhich
ihcrcforc cannoi bc uscu io scparaic ihcm. Rauula anu uici arc similar. As ii vas
impossiblc io rcliably assign any populaiion io W. fattai, all arc ircaicu hcrc as
bclonging io W. eauarai.
4.
Thc rauulac of Austrorb)tiaa capittacea anu Rb)tiaa spp. arc boih of Smiihs (198) Typc IV, bui
R. greeuuooai, ihc spccics mosi similar io A. capittacea, has much coarscr anu morc irrcgular
shcll sculpiurc.
1u
Waiuuia n. sp. Ii orul anu
Vuscum of Ncv Zcalanu rccorus anu rcccni collcciing uocumcni ihc prcscncc
in norihcrn Iiorulanu of a ncv spccics of Waiuuia. Iis mosi uisiinciivc
characicrisiic is ihc brighi ycllov-orangc colour of ihc manilc sccrciion,
conirasiing viih ihc bluc-purplc coloraiion of all oihcr Waiuuia spp.
Waiuuia cf. eauarai Vi Tuhua, Wcsil anu
Parkinson (199) rcfcrrcu io an cnigmaiic Wcsilanu Waiuuia collccicu by J.I.
Tovnscnu on Vi Tuhua ncar Iakc Kanicrc. Fxisiing spccimcns from Vi Tuhua
in J.I. Tovnscnu`s collcciion all rcscmblc R. perampta as ucfincu hcrc, anu uo
noi suppori ihc noiion of a Wcsilanu Waiuuia. Hovcvcr, ihc glossy, black shcll
of a spccimcn collccicu alivc on Vi Tuhua by K. Walkcr & G. Fllioii clcarly
bclongs io a Waiuuia spccics. Ii may bclong io an unucscribcu spccics, bui ii is
ircaicu hcrc as bclonging io an ouilying populaiion of W. eauarai (Suicr).
Waiuuia uruut a uasuta Povcl l , 1946
Povcll (1946) ucfincu ihc subspccics Waiuuia uruuta uasuta from Vi Vauuc
on D`Irvillc Islanu. Scaiicrcu populaiions of W. uruuta-likc snails from ihc
Richmonu Rangc anu Varlborough, souih io Kckcrcngu, sharc scvcral
characicrs viih W. uruuta uasuta, incluuing a rauula inicrmcuiaic bcivccn
Norih Islanu W. uruuta anu ihai of W. eauarai. Thc unusual shcll ouilinc,
TABIF 1. ARFA OI DI STRI BITI ON OI FXTANT AND SIBIOSSI I TAXA OI
Rb)t i aa AND Wai uui a.
TAXON VAXI VIV SHFII NIVBFR OI 1u uuu m GRI D SQIARFS
DI AVFTFR ( mm) FXTANT SIBIOSSI I
a
Waiuuia ctarki Povcll, 1936 3u
b
5 u
Waiuuia eauarai (Suicr, 1899) 38
b
28 2
Waiuuia uruuta uasuta Povcll, 1946 31
b
1u 1
Waiuuia uruuta uruuta (Pfciffcr, 1855) 28.5
b
38 2
Waiuuia n.sp. (Iiorulanu) 28
b
6 u
All Waiuuia spp. 38 8 5
Rb)tiaa austratis Huiion, 1883 13.5
c
16 1
Rb)tiaa greeuuooai greeuuooai Gray, 185u 2
c
1u1 13
Rb)tiaa greeuuooai uebbi Povcll, 1949 26.5
c
6 4
Rb)tiaa meesoui Suicr, 1891 11.5
c
62 1
Rb)tiaa ocouuori Povcll 1946 33
c
2 6
Rb)tiaa otagoeusis Povcll, 193u 18
c
21 1
Rb)tiaa patuta
u
Huiion, 1883 28
c
55 1
Rb)tiaa perampta
u
Povcll, 1946 15
c
8u 5
Rb)tiaa stepbeueusis Povcll, 193u 34
b
1 4
Rb)tiaa n.sp. (Wairau Rivcr) 24
b
3 u
All Rb)tiaa spp. 34 3u2 21
a.
Fxcluuing griu squarcs from vhich livc populaiions knovn.
b.
V.G. Ffforu unpubl. uaia
c.
Povcll (199)
u.
Probably compriscs scvcral spccics (scc Scciion 2.1)
11
ihoughi by Povcll io characicrisc ihc Vi Vauuc subspccics, is iypical of only a
fcv agcu spccimcns (incluuing ihc holoiypc): ihc shcll ouilinc of oihcr
spccimcns from ihc samc siic morc rcscmblcs ihc iypical subspccics. Waiuuia
uruuta uasuta is uscu for boih ihc D`Irvillc Islanu populaiion anu rclaicu
populaiions on Arapava Islanu anu ihc Souih Islanu mainlanu. In fuiurc ihis
iaxon may bc raiscu io full spccics rank.
Rb)tiaa citriua Huiion 1883
Thc iypc localiiy of boih Rb)tiaa citriua anu Rb)tiaa patuta Huiion 1883 is
Grcymouih`. Somc auihors havc sircsscu uiffcrcnccs of shcll coloraiion anu
coiling, bui I havc bccn unablc io ucicci ihcsc oncc allovancc is mauc for agc-
rclaicu changcs in shcll shapc. Thc iypc of R. citriua in Canicrbury Vuscum is a
shcll from a juvcnilc animal vhich is incviiably morc iighily coilcu ihan ihai of
an auuli. Somc prcvious rccorus of R. citriua probably rclaic io R. perampta as
ucfincu bclov, bui I havc gcncrally incluucu rccorus of R. citriua` viih R.
patuta.
Rb)tiaa n. sp. `, Icvi s Pass
Parkinson (199) ucscribcu bui uiu noi namc a mcuium-largc spccics from
spccimcns collccicu by B.W. Thomas in ihc casicrn Icvis Pass arca. Thc
spccimcns vcrc losi in a filing cabinci ai Aucklanu Insiiiuic anu Vuscum uniil
carly 1993 (N. Garuncr pcrs. comm.). Oihcr spccimcns havc sincc bccn
collccicu in ihai arca anu in ihc vcsicrn Icvis Pass. Shcll morphology anu
microsculpiurc appcar io grauc inio ihai of R. patuta aboui ihc Varuia Rivcr, so
ihc casicrn rccorus arc hcrc aiiribuicu io R. patuta.
Rb)tiaa stepbeueusis Povcl l , 193u
Povcll (199) rccogniscu ihrcc subspccics of Rb)tiaa greeuuooai: R. g.
greeuuooai (Norih Islanu anu subfossil in norihcrn S.I.), R. g. uebbi (Fasi
Takaka), anu R. g. stepbeueusis (Sicphcns Islanu anu subfossil ncar Takaka
5
).
Parkinson (199) ircaicu R. stepbeueusis as a full spccics, vhich appcars io
makc morc scnsc, as iis uisiribuiion (Appcnuix 4) inicrminglcs viih ihai of R. g.
uebbi, alihough ihcrc arc no sympairic populaiions cxiani.
Rb)tiaa meesoui perampt a` Povcl l , 1946
Povcll (1946) uisiinguishcu a vcsicrn variani of Rb)tiaa meesoui as
subspccics R. m. perampta. Parkinson (199: 9) asscricu, hovcvcr, ihai Apari
from iis small sizc ihcrc is liiilc in common bcivccn R. perampta] anu R.
meesoui`, inuicaiing ihai ihc iaxa may bc uisiinci ai ihc spccics lcvcl. I follov
Parkinson in ircaiing R. perampta as a uisiinci spccics, bui ii musi bc
acknovlcugcu ihai somc vcsi Nclson shclls, incluuing ihc holoiypc of R.
perampta`, havc ihc gcncral appcarancc of R. meesoui (flai, glossy, viuc
umbilicus). Oihcrs, incluuing ihosc from ihc vcll-knovn siic of Vi Arihur (c.g.,
Dcll 1949), morc rcscmblc shclls of a small, unuisiinguishcu Rb)tiaa spccics
occurring ai lcasi as far souih as Vi Grccnlanu. Ii sccms likcly ihai ihcrc arc ai
lcasi ivo spccics involvcu, bui all vcsicrn rccorus arc mappcu for ihc iimc
bcing as R. perampta.
5.
Povcll (1949) rcfcrs io a spccimcn in Canicrbury Vuscum anu J.I. Tovnscnu (pcrs. comm.)
ucscribcs a largc spccimcn from a poiholc norih of Kairuru, Takaka Hill.
12
2 . 2 P R F V I O I S R F S F A R C H O N W a i u u i a A N D
R b ) t i a a
Rcscarch on Rb)tiaa anu Waiuuia ihis ccniury has bccn rcsiricicu largcly io
ihc ucscripiion of ncv iaxa by Povcll (193u, 1936, 1946, 1949) anu Dcll
(1955), anu subscqucni rcvisions by Parkinson (191, 199) anu Climo (194,
19: scc also Climo 195). O`Connor (1945) rccorucu cgg mcasurcmcnis of
scvcral spccics.
Disiribuiion uaia arc crucial io ihc sciiing of conscrvaiion prioriiics (c.g.,
Shcrlcy 1989: Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion 1994b). Publishcu uaia on ihc
uisiribuiion of Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa arc scarcc anu incomplcic, alihough ihcrc
arc cxicnsivc muscum collcciions, anu privaic collcciors havc rccorucu many
oihcr populaiions. Ior cxamplc, collcciing ovcr ihc pasi half ccniury has
consiucrably cxicnucu ihc uisiribuiions of Waiuuia eauarai anu W. uruuta as
mappcu by Povcll (193u). Tc Punga (1953) rc-prcscnicu Povcll`s rccorus of
Waiuuia uruuta from arounu Cook Siraii io suppori his argumcni for a rcccni
lanu briugc in ihc vcsi. Ilcming (198) mappcu ihc rangcs of Rb)tiaarex spp.
anu Rb)tiaa greeuuooai norih of laiiiuuc 38
o
S from uaia in Povcll (1949).
Isolaicu uisiribuiion rccorus havc bccn publishcu by Allan (193), Garuncr
(19), Iorman (198), Oglc (1981), Solcm et at. (1981), Brook et at. (1982),
Fllioii (1985), Spurr (1985), Vason (1988), Worihy & Holuavay (1995) anu
oihcrs. Dcll (1954) uciailcu ihc uisiribuiion of Rb)tiaa austratis anu Fllioii
(199) ucscribcu ihc uisiribuiion of Waiuuia eauarai. Prcliminary rcsulis from
ihc prcscni siuuy appcarcu in a rcpori on possum-vulncrablc spccics in ihc
Nclson/Varlborough conscrvancy (Rosc 1994, unpubl. Ianucarc Rcscarch
coniraci rcpori).
2 . 3 C O N S F R V A T I O N S T A T I S
Iivc
6
iaxa consiucrcu hcrc vcrc assigncu io Caicgory I` in a rcccni rcvision of
prioriiy rankings for spccics conscrvaiion (Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion 1994b)
(Rb)tiaa greeuuooai uebbi, R. stepbeueusis, R. ocouuori, R. Wairau Rivcr`,
Waiuuia uruuta uasuta). Nonc is lisicu in ihc schcuulc io ihc Wilulifc Aci
1953 as a proiccicu spccics. Iiiilc cviucncc has prcviously bccn auvanccu on
ihc conscrvaiion siaius of Rb)tiaa or Waiuuia spccics. Thc local uisiribuiion of
Rb)tiaa greeuuooai greeuuooai on Rakiiu Islanu vas consiucrcu by Brook et
at. (1982) io bc influcnccu by vcka prcuaiion. An unpublishcu projcci by
Bokcloh (199u) cxamincu ihc cviucncc for prcuaiion by inirouuccu prcuaiors
on Waiuuia uruuta anu shovcu ihai ihcy vcrc rcauily caicn by possums, rais,
anu hcugchogs in capiiviiy. Solcm et at. (1981) rcfcrrcu io a populaiion of
R. greeuuooai greeuuooai vhich apparcnily hau bccn rcccnily cxicrminaicu
as a rcsuli of firc anu habiiai mouificaiion.
6.
A sixih iaxon (Waiuuia Kckcrcngu) is lisicu in Dcparimcni of Conscrvaiion (1994b), bui ihis is
noi uisiinci from Waiuuia uruuta uasuta as uscu hcrc.
13
3. Objcciivcs
- To map ihc uisiribuiions of all cxiani spccics of Waiuuia anu Rb)tiaa.
- To asscss ihc conscrvaiion siaius of cach spccics anu iucniify nccu for urgcni
conscrvaiion managcmcni.
4. Vcihous
Disiribuiion rccorus vcrc obiaincu from collcciions in ihc Vuscum of Ncv
Zcalanu (NVNZ), Aucklanu Insiiiuic anu Vuscum (AIV), Canicrbury Vuscum
(CV) anu Oiago Vuscum (OV), supplcmcnicu by ihc pcrsonal rccorus of Ian
Tovnscnu, Daviu Roscoc, Jim Goulsionc, Norm Garuncr, Bcvcrlcy Flioii, Brucc
Hazclvoou, Kaih Walkcr (DOC Nclson), Richaru Parrish (DOC Whangarci),
Gcoff Walls (DOC Napicr), Brian Pairick anu Brucc VcKinlay (DOC Duncuin)
anu Pcicr Jamicson (ihc laiicr couricsy of Gracmc Vason, Anihropology
Dcparimcni, Oiago Inivcrsiiy). Richaru Parrish anu Kaih Walkcr proviucu
rccorus from ihc NZ Wilulifc Scrvicc Iauna Survcy of Varlborough. Oihcr
inuiviuuals coniribuicu auuiiional rccorus.
Iicluvork for parallcl siuuics on uici anu sysicmaiics proviucu auuiiional
rccorus, pariicularly of Wainuia spccics. Scarchcs vcrc conuucicu pariicularly
unucr uccp lcaf liiicr, among looscly pilcu rocks unucr vcgciaiion, anu unucr
ihc ucau skiris of ihc fcrns Btecbuum aiscotor anu Pot)sticbum iestitum. All
cmpiy shclls vcrc collccicu. Ising a spoilighi ai nighi, livc snails vcrc also
founu cravling on moss, ircc irunks anu rocks (csp. Rb)tiaa n.sp. Wairau Rivcr:
also R. patuta, Ohikinui Vallcy, B.W. Thomas, pcrs. comm.: R. perampta,
Rccfion, V.J. Vcaus pcrs. comm.).
Rccorus vcrc cnicrcu in a Parauox uaiabasc viih a griu rcfcrcncc io ihc ncarcsi
1uu m on ihc Ncv Zcalanu Vap Griu (NZVG). Disiribuiion uaia havc
accumulaicu ovcr a pcriou of aboui 1uu ycars, anu no aiicmpi vas mauc io
uisiinguish olucr from morc rcccni rccorus. Hovcvcr, ihc grcai majoriiy of
olucr siic rccorus havc bccn confirmcu in ihc lasi 25 ycars. A fcv significani
cxccpiions arc noicu in ihc spccics accounis. Thc ficlus of a sianuaru
uisiribuiion rccoru arc lisicu in Appcnuix 2. Somc griu rcfcrcnccs vcrc
proviucu by collcciors on ihc Ncv Zcalanu Yaru Griu: ihcsc vcrc iranslaicu io
ihc NZVG using ciihcr Guyon Warrcn`s program GRDCON or VAP (Pickaru
unpubl. 1994). If an original griu rcfcrcncc vas lacking anu ihc siic ucscripiion
vas rcasonably spccific ihcn a griu rcfcrcncc vas csiimaicu from ihc
appropriaic map: ihcsc scconuary griu rcfcrcnccs arc uisiinguishcu by an
inscricu` couc in ihc uaiabasc.
Disiribuiion maps vcrc prcparcu using ihc ArcVicv 2 Gcographic Informaiion
Sysicm (FSRI 1994). Scicniific namcs of planis rcfcrrcu io in ihc icxi arc givcn
in Appcnuix 3.
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