1

P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky

HT08
Lecture 5
Plane Stress
Transformation Equations
Stress elements and plane stress.
Stresses on inclined sections.
Transformation equations.
Principal stresses, angles, and planes.
Maximum shear stress.
2
Normal and shear stresses on inclined sections
To obtain a complete picture of the stresses in a bar, we must
consider the stresses acting on an inclined(as opposed to a
normal) section through the bar.
P P
Normal section
Inclined section
Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.
P
Inclined
section
P
Normal
section
3
P
V
N
P

x
y
The force P can be resolved into components:
Normal force N perpendicular to the inclined plane, N = P cos
Shear force V tangential to the inclined plane V = P sin
If we know the areas on which the forces act, we can calculate
the associated stresses.
x
y
area
A
area A ( / cos )

x
y

area
A
area A ( / cos )
4
( ) 2 cos 1
2
cos
cos
cos
cos
2
x
2

+ = =
= = = =
x
A
P
A
P
Area
N
Area
Force
/
( ) 2 sin
2
cos sin
cos sin
cos
sin
x

x
A
P
A
P
Area
V
Area
Force
= =
=

= =
/
x
y

max
=
x
occurs when = 0

max
=
x
/2 occurs when = -/+45
5
Introduction to stress elements
Stress elements are a useful way to represent stresses acting at some
point on a body. Isolate a small element and show stresses acting on all
faces. Dimensions are infinitesimal, but are drawn to a large scale.
x
y
z
=
x
P A /

x
x
y

x
=
x
P A /
P

x
= A P /
x
y
Area A
6
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
P P
a

x
=
max
= P / A

x
a
Maximum normal stress,
Zero shear stress
7
P P
ab
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
b

x
/2

x
/2

max
=
x
/2
= 45
Maximum shear stress,
Non-zero normal stress
8
Stress Elements and Plane Stress
When working with stress elements, keep in mind that only
one intrinsic state of stress exists at a point in a stressed
body, regardless of the orientation of the element used to
portray the state of stress.
We are really just rotating axes to represent stresses in a
new coordinate system.
x
y

x

x

y
1
x
1
9
y
z
x
Normal stresses
x
,
y
,
z
(tension is positive)

x

x

xy

yx

xz

zx

zy

yz
Shear stresses
xy
=
yx
,

xz
=
zx
,
yz
=
zy
Sign convention for
ab
Subscript a indicates the faceon which the stress acts
(positive x faceis perpendicular to the positive x direction)
Subscript b indicates the direction in which the stress acts
Strictly
x
=
xx
,
y
=
yy
,
z
=
zz
10
When an element is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the x and
y faces are subjected to stresses (
z
= 0 and
zx
=
xz
=
zy
=
yz
= 0).
Such an element could be located on the free surface of a body (no
stresses acting on the free surface).

x

x

xy

yx

xy

yx
x
y
Plane stress element in 2D

x
,
y

xy
=
yx

z
= 0
11
Stresses on Inclined Sections

x

x

xy

yx

xy

yx
x
y
x
y

x1

y
1
x
1

x1

y1

y1

x y 1 1

y x 1 1

x y 1 1

y x 1 1
The stress system is known in terms of coordinate system xy.
We want to find the stresses in terms of the rotated coordinate
system x
1
y
1
.
Why? A material may yield or fail at the maximum value of or . This
value may occur at some angle other than = 0. (Remember that for uni-
axial tension the maximum shear stress occurred when = 45 degrees. )
12
Transformation Equations
y

x1
x

y
1
x
1

x y 1 1

xy

yx

Stresses
y

x1
A sec
x

y
1
x
1

x
A

y
A tan

x y 1 1
A sec

xy
A

yx
A tan

Forces
Left face has area A.
Bottom face has area A tan .
Inclined face has area A sec .
Forces can be found from stresses if
the area on which the stresses act is
known. Force components can then
be summed.
13
y

x1
A sec
x

y
1
x
1

x
A

y
A tan

x y 1 1
A sec

xy
A

yx
A tan

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 cos tan sin tan sin cos sec

: direction in the forces Sum
1
1
= A A A A A
x
yx y xy x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 sin tan cos tan cos sin sec
: direction in the forces Sum
1 1
1
= + A A A A A
y
yx y xy x y x
( ) ( )


2 2
1 1
2 2
1
sin cos cos sin
cos sin 2 sin cos
: gives g simplifyin and Using
+ =
+ + =
=
xy y x y x
xy y x x
yx xy
14
2
2 sin
cos sin
2
2 cos 1
sin
2
2 cos 1
cos
identities tric trigonome following the Using
2 2

=
+
=

2 sin 2 cos
2 2
: for 90 substitute face, on the stresses For
1
1
xy
y x y x
y
y

+
=
+

y x y x
y x
+ = +
1 1
1 1
: gives and for s expression the Summing
( )

2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
: stress plane for equations ation transform the gives
1 1
1
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
x
+

=
+

+
+
=
HLT, page 108
Can be used to find
y1
, instead of eqn above.
15
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Determine the stresses acting on an element
oriented 30 clockwise with respect to the original element.
80 MPa 80 MPa
50 MPa
x
y
50 MPa
25 MPa
Define the stresses in terms of the
established sign convention:

x
= -80 MPa
y
= 50 MPa

xy
= -25 MPa
We need to find
x1
,
y1
, and

x1y1
when = -30.
Substitute numerical values into the transformation equations:
( ) ( ) ( ) MPa 9 . 25 30 2 sin 25 30 2 cos
2
50 80
2
50 80
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
1
1
= +

+
+
=
+

+
+
=
x
xy
y x y x
x

16
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) MPa 8 . 68 30 2 cos 25 30 2 sin
2
50 80
2 cos 2 sin
2
1 1
1 1
= +

=
+

=
y x
xy
y x
y x

( ) ( ) ( ) MPa 15 . 4 30 2 sin 25 30 2 cos

2
50 80
2
50 80
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
1
1
=

+
=

+
=
y
xy
y x y x
y

Note that
y1
could also be obtained
(a) by substituting +60 into the
equation for
x1
or (b) by using the
equation
x
+
y
=
x1
+
y1
+60
25.8 MPa
25.8 MPa
4.15 MPa
x
y
4.15 MPa
68.8 MPa
x
1
y
1
-30
o
(from Hibbeler, Ex. 15.2)
17
Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses (
1
and
2
) are
known as the principal stresses. To find the principal stresses,
we must differentiate the transformation equations.
( ) ( )
( )
y x
xy
p
xy y x
x
xy
y x
x
xy
y x y x
x
d
d
d
d

=
= + =
= +

=
+

+
+
=
2
2 tan
0 2 cos 2 2 sin
0 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
1
1
1

p
are principal angles associated with
the principal stresses (HLT, page 108)
There are two values of 2
p
in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of
p
in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular.
18

2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2
2 tan
1 xy
y x y x
x
y x
xy
p
+

+
+
=

=
We can now solve for the principal stresses by substituting for
p
in the stress transformation equation for
x1
. This tells us which
principal stress is associated with which principal angle.
2
p

xy
(
x

y
) / 2
R
R
R
R
xy
p
y x
p
xy
y x

=
+

=
2 sin
2
2 cos
2
2
2
2

+
+
=
R R
xy
xy
y x y x y x

2 2 2
1
19
Substituting for R and re-arranging gives the larger of the two
principal stresses:
2
2
1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
+
=
To find the smaller principal stress, use
1
+
2
=
x
+
y
.
2
2
1 2
2 2
xy
y x y x
y x


+

+
= + =
These equations can be combined to give:
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
=
Principal stresses
(HLT page 108)
To find out which principal stress goes with which principal angle,
we could use the equations for sin
p
and cos
p
or for
x1
.
20
The planes on which the principal stresses act are called the
principal planes. What shear stresses act on the principal planes?
Solving either equation gives the same expression for tan 2
p
Hence, the shear stresses are zero on the principal planes.
( )
( )
( ) 0 2 cos 2 2 sin
0 2 cos 2 2 sin
0 2 cos 2 sin
2
0 and 0 for equations the Compare
1
1 1
1 1 1
= + =
= +
= +

=
= =

xy y x
x
xy y x
xy
y x
y x
x y x
d
d
d d
21
Principal Stresses
2
2
2 , 1
2 2
xy
y x y x

+
=
y x
xy
p

=
2
2 tan
Principal Angles defining the Principal Planes
x
y

p1

p2

x

x

xy

yx

xy

yx
x
y
22
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Determine the principal stresses and draw the
corresponding stress element.
80 MPa 80 MPa
50 MPa
x
y
50 MPa
25 MPa
Define the stresses in terms of the
established sign convention:

x
= -80 MPa
y
= 50 MPa

xy
= -25 MPa
( )
MPa 6 . 84 MPa 6 . 54
6 . 69 15 25
2
50 80
2
50 80
2 2
2 1
2
2
2 , 1
2
2
2 , 1
= =
= +

+
=
+

+
=

xy
y x y x
23
( )
=
+ =
=


=

=
5 . 100 , 5 . 10
180 21.0 and 0 . 21 2
3846 . 0
50 80
25 2
2 tan
2
2 tan
p
p
p
y x
xy
p

( ) ( ) ( ) MPa 6 . 84 5 . 10 2 sin 25 5 . 10 2 cos

2
50 80
2
50 80
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
1
1
= +

+
+
=
+

+
+
=
x
xy
y x y x
x

But we must check which angle goes with which principal stress.

1
= 54.6 MPa with
p1
= 100.5

2
= -84.6 MPa with
p2
= 10.5
84.6 MPa
84.6 MPa
54.6 MPa
x
y
54.6 MPa
10.5
o
100.5
o
24
The two principal stresses determined so far are the principal
stresses in the xy plane. But remember that the stress element
is 3D, so there are always three principal stresses.
y
x

x
,
y
,
xy
=
yx
=
y
p
z
p
x
p

3
= 0

1
,
2
,
3
=0
Usually we take
1
>
2
>
3
. Since principal stresses can be com-
pressive as well as tensile,
3
could be a negative (compressive)
stress, rather than the zero stress.
25
Maximum Shear Stress
( )
( )

=
= =
+

=
xy
y x
s
xy y x
y x
xy
y x
y x
d
d

2
2 tan
0 2 sin 2 2 cos
2 cos 2 sin
2
1 1
1 1
To find the maximum shear stress, we must differentiate the trans-
formation equation for shear.
There are two values of 2
s
in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of
s
in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the maximum shear stresses act are mutually
perpendicular.
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes have equal magnitudes,
the maximum positive and negative shear stresses differ only in sign.
26
2
s

xy
(

y
)

/

2
R
( )

2 cos 2 sin
2
2
2 tan
1 1 xy
y x
y x
xy
y x
s
+

=
We can now solve for the maximum shear stress by substituting for

s
in the stress transformation equation for
x1y1
.
R
R
R
y x
s
xy
s
xy
y x
2
2 sin
2 cos
2
2
2
2

=
=
+

=
max min
2
2
max
2


= +

=
xy
y x
27
Use equations for sin
s
and cos
s
or
x1y1
to find out which face
has the positive shear stress and which the negative.
What normal stresses act on the planes with maximum shear stress?
Substitute for
s
in the equations for
x1
and
y1
to get
s
y x
y x


=
+
= =
2
1 1
x
y

max

max

max

max

x

x

xy

yx

xy

yx
x
y
28
Example: The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below. Determine the maximum shear stresses and
draw the corresponding stress element.
80 MPa 80 MPa
50 MPa
x
y
50 MPa
25 MPa
Define the stresses in terms of the
established sign convention:

x
= -80 MPa
y
= 50 MPa

xy
= -25 MPa
( ) MPa 6 . 69 25
2
50 80
2
2
2
max
2
2
max
= +

=
+

xy
y x
MPa 15
2
50 80
2
=
+
=
+
=
s
y x
s

29
( )
=
+ =
=

=
5 . 55 , 5 . 34
180 0 . 69 and 0 . 69 2
6 . 2
25 2
50 80
2
2 tan
s
s
xy
y x
s

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) MPa 6 . 69 5 . 34 2 cos 25 5 . 34 2 sin
2
50 80
2 cos 2 sin
2
1 1
1 1
= +

=
+

=
y x
xy
y x
y x

But we must check which angle goes

with which shear stress.

max
= 69.6 MPa with
smax
= 55.5

min
= -69.6 MPa with
smin
= -34.5
15 MPa
15 MPa
15 MPa
x
y
15 MPa
69.6 MPa
-34.5
o
55.5
o
30
Finally, we can ask how the principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses are related and how the principal angles and maximum
shear angles are related.
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 1
max
max 2 1
2
2
2 1
2
2
2 , 1

=
=
+

=
+

+
=
xy
y x
xy
y x y x
p
p
s
y x
xy
p
xy
y x
s

2 cot
2 tan
1
2 tan
2
2 tan
2
2 tan
=

=
31
( )
=
=
=
=
= +
= +
= +
45
45
90 2 2
0 2 2 cos
0 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin
0
2 sin
2 cos
2 cos
2 sin
0 2 cot 2 tan
p s
p s
p s
p s
p s p s
p
p
s
s
p s

So, the planes of maximum shear stress (
s
) occur at 45 to
the principal planes (
p
).
32
80 MPa 80 MPa
50 MPa
x
y
50 MPa
25 MPa
Original Problem

x
= -80,
y
= 50,
xy
= 25
84.6 MPa
84.6 MPa
54.6 MPa
x
y
54.6 MPa
10.5
o
100.5
o
Principal Stresses

1
= 54.6,
2
= 0,
3
= -84.6
15 MPa
15 MPa
15 MPa
x
y
15 MPa
69.6 MPa
-34.5
o
55.5
o
Maximum Shear

max
= 69.6,
s
= -15
=
=
=
5 . 55 , 5 . 34
45 5 . 10
45
s
s
p s

( )
MPa 6 . 69
2
6 . 84 6 . 54
2
max
max
2 1
max
=

=