1

! External Work and Strain Energy

! Principle of Work and Energy
! Principle of Virtual Work
! Method of Virtual Work:
! Trusses
! Beams and Frames
! Castigliano's Theorem
! Trusses
! Beams and Frames
DEFLECTIONS: ENERGY METHODS
2
U
e
Eigen work
External Work and Strain Energy
Most energy methods are based on the conservation of energy principle, which states
that the work done by all the external forces acting on a structure, U
e
, is transformed
into internal work or strain energy, U
i
.
U
e
= U
i
L
F
!
x
F
P
x
P
F
!
"
As the magnitude of F is gradually increased
from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
elongation of the bar becomes !.
External Work-Force.
!
Eigen work
Fdx dU
e
"
#
"
x
e
Fdx U
0
#
!
!
"
0
) ( dx x
P
U
e
! "
!
"
!
P x
P
U
e
2
1
)
2
(
0
2
3
P
L
F'
Displacement work
x
F
!
P
E
i
g
e
n


w
o
r
k
(U
e
)
Total
= (Eigen Work)
P
+ (Eigen Work)
F

+ (Displacement work)
P
!
!'
L
!
F' + P
) ' ( ) ' )( ' (
2
1
) )( (
2
1
) ( ! $ ! $ ! " P F P U
Total e
4
10 mm
L
20 kN
L
x (m)
F
0.01 m
20 kN
m N U
e
% " & " 100 ) 10 20 )( 01 . 0 (
2
1
3
5
Displacement work
5 kN
x (m)
F
L
2.5 mm
15 kN
0.0075
E
i
g
e
n


w
o
r
k
L
15 kN
7.5 mm
L
15 kN
7.5 mm
0.01
20 kN
) 10 15 )( 0025 . 0 ( ) 10 5 )( 0025 . 0 (
2
1
) 10 15 )( 0075 . 0 (
2
1
3 3 3
& $ & $ & " W
m N % " $ $ " 100 50 . 37 25 . 6 25 . 56
6
External Work - Moment.
d'
M
' Md dU
e
"
Displacement work
'
M
'
M
E
i
g
e
n


w
o
r
k
''
M' + M
#
"
'
'
0
Md U
e
-----(8-12)
' M U
e
2
1
"
-----(8-13)
Eigen work
' ' '
2
1
2
1
) ( ' ' ' M M M U
Total e
$ $ "
) 14 8 ( ) ' )( ' (
2
1
) ( ( ( ( ( $ $ " ' ' M M U
Total e
7
)*
2
1
"
o
U
Strain Energy-Axial Force.
L
N
!
)
*
#
"
V
dV) )(
2
1
( )*
#
"
V
dV
E
) (
2
1
2
)
#
"
V
i
dV U U
0
#
"
V
dV
A
N
E
2
) (
2
1
#
"
L
Adx
A
N
E
2
) (
2
1
#
"
L
dx
EA
N
)
2
(
2
*
)
" E
A
N
" )
8
Strain Energy-Bending
)
*
)*
2
1
"
o
U
x
dx
w
P
L
#
"
V
dV) )(
2
1
( )*
#
"
V
dV
I
My
E
2
) (
2
1
M
M
dx
d'
d'
#
"
V
dV
I
y M
E
) (
2
1
2
2
2
# #
"
L
A
dx dA y
I
M
E
) )( (
2
1
2
2
2
#
"
L
dx
EI
M
)
2
(
2
#
"
V
i
dV U U
0
#
"
V
dV
E
) (
2
1
2
)
I
My
" )
I
9
+
,
" G
dx
c
d'
+
J
T
T
Strain Energy-Torsion
,
+
,+
2
1
"
o
U
#
"
L
i
dx
GJ
T
U
2
2
J
T-
, "
#
"
V
i
dV U U
0
#
"
V
dV )
2
1
( ,+
#
"
V
dV
G
) (
2
1
2
,
#
"
V
dV
J
T
G
2
) (
2
1 -
# #
"
L A
dx dA
J
T
G
) )( (
2
1
2
2
2
-
10
V
V
dx
dy
+
A
K
Strain Energy-Shear
+
,
" G
,
+
,+
2
1
"
o
U
#
"
V
dV) )(
2
1
( ,+
#
"
V
dV
G
) (
2
1
2
,
#
"
V
i
dV U U
0
# #
"
L A
dx dA
It
Q
G
V
) (
2
2 2
#
"
L
i
dx
GA
V
K U
2
2
#
" dV
It
VQ
G
2
) (
2
1
11
Principle of Work and Energy
P
L
-PL
M diagram
+ .M
x
= 0:
0 " ( ( Px M
Px M ( "
x
P
x
V
M
i e
U U "
#
" !
L
EI
dx M
P
0
2
2 2
1
#
(
" !
L
EI
dx Px
P
0
2
2
) (
2
1
L
EI
x P
P
0
3 2
6 2
1
" !
EI
PL
3
3
" !
12
dL u dV U P % . $ " ! % $ !
#
0 1 1
1 )
2
1
(
Then apply real load P
1
.
A
u
u
L
Principle of Virtual Work
Apply virtual load P' first.
P
1
A
P' = 1
1 ! " .u dL
Real displacements
Virtual loadings
1 ' " .u
'
dL
Real displacements
Virtual loadings
In a similar manner,
u
u
L
dL
i e
U U 0 0 "
!
!
1
Real Work
13
B
Method of Virtual Work : Truss
External Loading.
N
2
N
1
N
3
N
4
N
5
N
6
N
7
N
8
N
9
!
1kN
n
2
n
1
n
3
n
4
n
5
n
6
n
7
n
8
n
9
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of !
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
! = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
P
1
P
2
B
AE
nNL
. " ! % 1
14
Where:
! = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change
1 = coefficient of thermal expansion of member
!T = change in temperature of member
Where:
! = external joint displacement caused by the fabrication errors
!L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as
caused by a fabrication error
L T n ) ( 1 ! . " ! % 1
L n! . " ! % 1
Temperature
1 ! " .u dL
Fabrication Errors and Camber
1 ! " .u dL
dL
dL
15
Example 8-15
The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
A = 400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
(a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is applied to the
truss at C.
(b) If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C
if member AB were 5 mm too short?
(c) If 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted, what would be the
vertical displacement of joint C.
A B
C
4 m 4 m
4 kN
3 m
16
A
B
C
4 kN
N(kN)
A
B
C
n (kN)
SOLUTION
Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
1 kN
0.667
-
0
.
8
3
3
-
0
.
8
3
3
2
+
2
.
5
-
2
.
5
1.5 kN
1.5 kN
4 kN
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
0
Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.
Part (a)
17
!
CV
= +0.133 mm,
0.667
-
0
.
8
3
3
-
0
.
8
3
3
2
+
2
.
5
-
2
.
5
8
5
5
10.67
-
1
0
.
4
1 1
0
.
4
1
A
B
C
n (kN)
1 kN
A
B
C
4 kN
N (kN)
A
B
C
L (m)
=
A
B
C
nNL (kN
2
m)
2
" !
AE
nNL
kN
CV
) )( 1 (
) 10 200 )( 10 400 (
67 . 10
) 67 . 10 41 . 10 41 . 10 (
1
2
6 2 6
m
kN
m
m kN
AE
CV
& &
%
" $ $ ( " !
(
18
Part (b): The member AB were 5 mm too short
5 mm
!
CV
= -3.33 mm,
Part (c): The 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted.
!
CV
= 0.133 - 3.33 = -3.20 mm
!
CV
= -3.20 mm,
A
B
C
n (kN)
1 kN
0.667
-
0
.
8
3
3
-
0
.
8
3
3
) ( ) )( 1 ( L n
CV
! . " !
) 005 . 0 )( 667 . 0 ( ( " !
CV
19
Example 8-16
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B C
D
E F
4 m
4 kN 4 kN
20
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B C
D
E F
4 m
n (kN)
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B C
D
E F
4 m
4 kN 4 kN
N(kN)
SOLUTION
Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.
1 kN
0.667
-
0
.
4
7
1
-
0
.
4
7
1
-
0
.
9
4
3
0.667 0.333
0
.
3
3
3
1
-0.333
4
-
5
.
6
6
0
-
5
.
6
6
4 4
4 4
-4
0.667 kN 0.333 kN
0
4 kN 4 kN
0
21
!
CV
= 1.23 mm,
0.667
-
0
.
4
7
1
-
0
.
4
7
1
-
0
.
9
4
3
0.667 0.333
0
.
3
3
3
1
-0.333
A
B C
D
E F
n (kN)
1 kN
4
-
5
.
6
6
0
-
5
.
6
6
4 4
4 4
-4
A
B C
D
E F
4 kN 4 kN
N(kN)
4
5
.
6
6
5
.
6
6
5
.
6
6
4 4
4 4
4
A
B C
D
E F
L(m)
A
B C
D
E F
nNL(kN
2
m)
=
10.67
1
5
.
0
7
0
3
0
.
1
8
10.67 5.33
5
.
3
3
16
5.33
2
" !
AE
nNL
kN
CV
) )( 1 (
) 10 200 )( 10 400 (
4 . 72
)] 18 . 30 16 ) 67 . 10 ( 2 ) 33 . 5 ( 3 07 . 15 [(
1
2
6 2 6
m
kN
m
m kN
AE
CV
& &
%
" $ $ $ $ " !
(
22
Example 8-17
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Due to
radiant heating from the wall, members are subjected to a temperature change:
member AD is increase +60
o
C, member DC is increase +40
o
C and member AC is
decrease -20
o
C.Also member DC is fabricated 2 mm too short and member AC
3 mm too long. Take 1 = 12(10
-6
) , the cross-section area of each member is A =
400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
2 m
A
B
C D
3 m
20 kN
10 kN
wall
23
2 m
A
B
C
D
3 m
n (kN)
SOLUTION
1 kN
0.667
0
-
1
.
2
0
1
13.33 kN
23.33 kN
20 kN
23.33
0
-
2
4
.
0
4
20
20
0.667 kN
0.667 kN
1 kN
Due to loading forces.
!
CV
= 2.44 mm,
2 m
A
B
C D
3 m
20 kN
10 kN
N (kN)
2
2
3
.
6
1
3 3
A
B
C
D
L (m)
31.13
0
1
0
4
.
1
2
0
60
A
B
C
D
nNL(kN
2
m)
2
" !
AE
nNL
kN
CV
) )( 1 (
) 12 . 104 13 . 31 60 (
) 200 )( 400 (
1
$ $ " !
CV
24
Due to temperature change.
Due to fabrication error.
Total displacement .
1 kN
0.667
0
-
1
.
2
0
1
A
B
C
D
n (kN)
+40
-
2
0
+60
A
B
D
!T (
o
C)
C
2
2
3
.
6
1
3 3
A
B
C
D
L (m)
Fabrication error (mm)
-2
+

3
A
B
D
C
L T n kN
CV
) ( ) )( 1 ( ! . " ! 1
3 " ( ( $ $ & " !
(
, 84 . 3 )] 61 . 3 )( 20 )( 2 . 1 ( ) 2 )( 40 )( 667 . 0 ( ) 3 )( 60 )( 1 )[( 10 12 (
6
mm
CV
) ( ) )( 1 ( L n kN
CV
! . " !
4 ( " ( $ ( " ! , 93 . 4 ) 003 . 0 )( 2 . 1 ( ) 002 . 0 )( 667 . 0 ( mm
CV
3 " ( $ " ! , 35 . 1 93 . 4 84 . 3 44 . 2 ) ( mm
Total CV
25
Method of Virtual Work : Bending
w
C
A
B
!
C
R
B
R
A
# #
!
" " ! %
L
C
dx
EI
M
m d m ) ( ) )( ( 1 '
Virtual loadings
Real displacements
M
M
dx
d'
d'
-
' - d ds "
dx
EI
M
ds d 5 "
-
'
1
26
Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
w
C
A
B
!
C
R
B
R
A
# #
!
" " ! %
L
C
dx
EI
M
m d m ) ( ) )( ( 1 '
w
C
A
B
R
B
R
A
'
C
# #
" " %
L
C
dx
EI
M
m d m ) ( ) )( ( 1
'
' '
Virtual loadings
Real displacements
Virtual loadings
Real displacements
27
Virtual unit load
C
A
B
w
C
A
B
Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
!
C
Real load
1
R
A
R
B
x
1
x
2
R
B
R
A
x
1
x
2
B
R
B
x
2
v
!2
m
!2
x
1
R
A
v
!1
m
!1
Vertical Displacement
w
B
x
2
R
B
V
2
M
2
x
1
R
A
V
1
M
1
#
!
" ! %
L
C
dx
EI
M
m ) ( 1
28
Virtual unit couple
C
A
B
w
C
A
B
Slope
Real load
x
1
x
2
R
B
R
A
w
B
x
2
R
B
V
2
M
2
x
1
R
A
V
1
M
1
B
R
B
x
2
v
'2
m
'2
R
A
v
'1
m
'1
R
A
x
1
x
2 1
'
C
R
B
#
" %
L
C
dx
EI
M
m ) ( 1
'
'
29
Example 8-18
The beam shown is subjected to a load P

at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.
2a a
A
B
C
P
!
C
30
Real Moment M
A
B
C
2a a
P
A
B
C
2a a
SOLUTION
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
Displacement at C
1 kN
x
1
x
2
-a
m
m
!2
= -x
2
x
1
x
2
-Pa
M
M
2
= -Px
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
Px
M ( "
2
3P
2
P
# # #
( ( $ ( ( " " ! %
!
a a
L
C
dx Px x
EI
dx
Px x
EI
dx
EI
M m
2
0 0
2 2 2 1
1 1
) )( (
1
)
2
)(
2
(
1
1
2
1
1
x
m ( "
!
3 " $ " $ " !
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Px
EI
Px
a a
a
C
3 3 12
8
)
3
( )
12
(
3 3 3
0
3
2
2
3
1
31
A
B
C
2a a
P
A
B
C
2a a
Virtual Moment m
' '' '
Real Moment M
Slope at C
x
1
x
2
-1
m
x
1
x
2
-Pa
M
M
2
= -Px
2
1 kNm
a 2
1
a 2
1
2
1
1
Px
M ( "
2
3P
2
P
M
2
= -Px
2
a
x
m
2
1
1
( "
'
a
x
m
2
1
1
( "
'
1
2
( "
'
m 1
2
( "
'
m
2
1
1
Px
M ( "
# # #
( ( $ ( ( " " %
a a L
C
dx Px
EI
dx
Px
a
x
EI
dx
EI
M m
m kN
0
2 2 1
1
2
0
1
0
) )( 1 (
1
)
2
( )
2
(
1
) )( 1 (
'
'
), (
6
7
)
2
)(
1
( )
3
8
)(
4
)(
1
( )
2
)(
1
( )
3
)(
4
)(
1
(
2 2 3
0
2
2
2
0
3
1
EI
Pa Pa
EI
a
a
P
EI
Px
EI
x
a
P
EI
a a
C
" $ " $ " '
32
!
C
2a a
A
B
C
P
), (
6
7
2
EI
Pa
C
" '
3 " !
EI
Pa
C
3
3
'
C
Conclusion
33
Example 8-19
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
.
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
34
SOLUTION
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
A
5 m
B
1 kN
x
1 kN
x
v
m
! !! !
-1x =
x
Real Moment M
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
x
3x
2
x
V
M
" (
2
3
2
x
Vertical Displacement at B
-1x =
" (
2
3
2
x
EI
m kN x
EI
x
EI
dx
x
x
EI
dx
EI
M m
kN
L
B
3 2
5
0
4
5
0
3
5
0
2
0
375 . 234
)
8
3
(
1
2
3 1
)
2
3
)( (
1
) )( 1 (
%
" " " ( ( " " !
# # #
!
3 " "
& &
%
" !
(
, 69 . 4 00469 . 0
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
375 . 234
4 6 6
3
mm m
m
m
kN
m kN
B
35
SOLUTION
Virtual Moment m
' '' '
A
5 m
B
-1 =
x
Real Moment M
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
" (
2
3
2
x
Slope at B
x
1 kNm
x
v
m
' '' '
1 kNm
x
3x
2
x
V
M
-1 =
" (
2
3
2
x
EI
m kN x
EI
x
EI
dx
x
EI
dx
EI
M m
m kN
L
B
3 2
5
0
3
5
0
5
0
2 2
0
5 . 62
)
6
3
(
1
2
3 1
)
2
3
)( 1 (
1
) )( 1 ( " " " ( ( " " %
# # #
'
'
, 00125 . 0
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
5 . 62
4 6 6
2
rad
m
m
kN
m kN
B
"
& &
%
"
(
'
36
Example 8-20
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
.
A C D
B
5 kN
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
37
A
C
D B
5 kN
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
A
C
D B
2 m 2 m 3 m
1 kN
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
Real Moment M
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
x
3
x
2
6 kN
1 kN
1 1 1
5 . 0 x m "
!
x
1
2 2
5 . 0 x m "
!
m
!
M
14
x
3
x
2
x
1
M
1
= 14 - x
1
M
2
= 6x
2
1 1
5 . 0 x m "
!
2 2
5 . 0 x m "
!
M
1
= 14 - x
1
M
2
= 6x
2
Displacement at B
#
!
" !
L
B
dx
EI
M m
kN
0
) )( 1 (
# # #
$ $ ( "
3
0
3
2
0
2 2 2
2
0
1 1 1
) 0 )( 0 (
1
) 6 )( 5 . 0 (
1
) 14 )( 5 . 0 (
1
dx
EI
dx x x
EI
dx x x
EI
2
0
3
2
2
0
3
1
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
1
2
1 1
)
3
3
)(
1
(
3
5 . 0
2
7
)(
1
( ) 3 (
1
) 5 . 0 7 (
1 x
EI
x x
EI
dx x
EI
dx x x
EI
$ ( " $ ( "
# #
3 " " " " ! , 72 . 1 00172 . 0
) 60 )( 200 (
667 . 20 667 . 20
mm m
EI
B
38
A
C
D B
5 kN
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
A
C
D B
2 m 2 m 3 m
Virtual Moment m
' '' '
Real Moment M
0.25 kN
x
3
x
2
6 kN
1 kN
x
1
m
'
M
14
x
3
x
2
x
1
M
1
= 14 - x
1
M
2
= 6x
2
1 kNm
0.25 kN
0.5
-0.5
m
'1
= 0.25x
1
m
'2
= -0.25x
2
M
1
= 14 - x
1
M
2
= 6x
2
m
'1
= 0.25x
1
m
'2
= -0.25x
2
Slope at B
#
" %
L
B
dx
EI
M m
m kN
0
) )( 1 (
'
'
# # #
$ ( $ ( "
3
0
3
2
0
2 2 2
2
0
1 1 1
) 0 )( 0 (
1
) 6 )( 25 . 0 (
1
) 14 )( 25 . 0 (
1
dx
EI
dx x x
EI
dx x x
EI
# #
( $ ( "
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
1
2
1 1
) 5 . 1 (
1
) 25 . 0 5 . 3 (
1
dx x
EI
dx x x
EI
2
0
3
2
2
0
3
1
2
1
)
3
5 . 1
(
1
)
3
25 . 0
2
5 . 3
(
1 x
EI
x x
EI
( $ ( "
, 000194 . 0
) 60 )( 200 (
333 . 2 333 . 2
rad
EI
B
" " " '
39
Example 8-21
From the structure shown. Determine the slope and displacement at C. Take E =
200 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
.
20 kN
Hinge
30 kNm
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
40
20 kN
Hinge
30 kNm
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
30 kNm
B
C
30/3 = 10 kN
10 kN
20 kN
10 kN 30 kN
30 kN
30 kN
120 kNm
A B
M (kNm)
x (m)
-120
30
41
Real Moment M
Displacement at B
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
20 kN
30 kNm
2EI EI
M (kNm)
30
-120
M
1
= -30x
1

x
1
x
2
M
2
= 10x
2

10 kN
30 kN
120 kNm
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
1 kN
0 kN
1 kN
4 kNm
M (kNm)
x
1
x
2
-4 m
1
= -x
1
m
2
= 0
2
#
" !
L i i
i i
B
dx
I E
M m
0
2
) 30 )( (
4
0
1
1 1
$ ( ( "
#
EI
dx
x x
4
0
)
3
30
(
2
1
3
x
EI
"
3 "
&
" " m
EI
008 . 0
10 40
32 32
3
42
Real Moment M
Slope at the left of B
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
20 kN
30 kNm
2EI EI
M (kNm)
30
-120
M
1
= -30x
1

x
1
x
2
M
2
= 10x
2

10 kN
30 kN
120 kNm
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
0 kN
0
1 kNm
M (kNm)
x
1
x
2
m
1
= -1 m
2
= 0
i L i i
BL
dx
I E
mM
2
#
" ' 0
2
) 30 )( 1 (
4
0
1
1
$ ( ( "
#
EI
dx
x
4
0
)
2
30
(
2
1
2
x
EI
"
1 kNm
-1 -1
rad
EI
003 . 0
10 40
120 120
3
"
&
" "
43
Real Moment M
Slope at the right of B
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
20 kN
30 kNm
2EI EI
M (kNm)
30
-120
M
1
= -30x
1

x
1
x
2
M
2
= 10x
2

10 kN
30 kN
120 kNm
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
1/3 kN
1/3 kN
4/3 kNm
M (kNm)
x
1
x
2
i L i i
BR
dx
I E
mM
2
#
" '
# #
$ ( $ ( ( "
3
0
2
2
2
4
0
1
1
1
) 10 )(
3
1 (
2
) 30 )(
3
(
EI
dx
x
x
EI
dx
x
x
3
0
4
0
)
9
10
2
10
(
1
)
3
10
(
2
1
3
2
2
2
3
1
x x
EI
x
EI
$ ( $ "
1 kNm
-4/3 m
1
= -x
1
/3 m
2
= -1 + x
2
/3
-1
rad
EI EI
0023 . 0
10 40
67 . 91
) 30 45 (
1 67 . 106
3
"
&
" $ ( $ "
44
20 kN
Hinge
30 kNm
A
B
C
4 m 3 m
2EI EI
!
B
= 8 mm rad
BR
0023 . 0 " '
Deflected Curve
rad
BL
003 . 0 " '
45
Example 8-22
(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
(b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
1.5 EI
EI
46
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
x
1
x
2
1
x
2
x
1
M
2
= 12 x
2
12 kN
16 kN
12 kN
m
2
= 1.2 x
2
m
1
= x
1
1.2 kN
1 kN
1.2 kN
Real Moment M
M
1
= 16 x
1
- x
1
2
M
2
= 12 x
2
m
2
= 1.2 x
2
m
1
= x
1
M
1
= 16 x
1
- x
1
2
# # #
$ ( " " ! %
!
6
0
5
0
2 2 2 1
2
1 1 1
) 12 )( 2 . 1 (
1
) 16 )( (
5 . 1
1
1 dx x x
EI
dx x x x
EI
dx
EI
M m
L
CH
# #
$ ( "
5
0
2
2
2
6
0
1
3
1
2
1
) 4 . 14 (
1
) 16 (
5 . 1
1
dx x
EI
dx x x
EI
6 $ " " $ " $ ( " ! , 8 . 28
) 200 )( 200 (
1152 600 552
)
3
4 . 14
(
1
)
4 3
16
(
5 . 1
1
5
0
3
2
6
0
4
1
3
1
mm
EI EI
x
EI
x x
EI
CH
1.5 EI
EI
A
C
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
1.5 EI
EI
47
A
C
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
x
1
x
2
x
2
x
1
M
2
= 12 x
2
12 kN
16 kN
12 kN
m
2
= 1-x
2
/5
m
1
= 0
1/5 kN
0
Real Moment M Virtual Moment m
' '' '
M
1
= 16 x
1
- x
1
2
1 kNm
1/5 kN
M
2
= 12 x
2
m
2
= 1-x
2
/5
m
1
= 0 M
1
= 16 x
1
- x
1
2
# # #
( $ ( " " %
6
0
5
0
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
) 12 )(
5
1 (
1
) 16 )( 0 (
5 . 1
1
1 dx x
x
EI
dx x x
EI
dx
EI
M m
L
C
'
'
#
( $ "
5
0
2
2
2
2
)
5
12
12 (
1
0 dx
x
x
EI
, 00125 . 0
) 200 )( 200 (
50 50
)
3 5
12
2
12
(
1
5
0
3
2
2
2
rad
EI
x x
EI
C
$ " " "
&
( " '
1.5 EI
EI
1.5 EI
EI
48
+
+
60
60
M , kNm
16
-12
-
+
V , kN
4
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
12 kN
16 kN
12 kN
!
CH
= 28.87 mm
'
C
= 0.00125 rad ,
49
Example 8-23
Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(10
6
) mm
4
.
5 kN
3 m
60
o
2 m
A
B
C
50
Virtual Moment m
! !! !
Real Moment M
3 m
B
C
30
o
Displacement at C
3 m
B
C
30
o
x
1
1 kN
x
1
1 kN
C
30
o
n
!1
v
!1
m
!1
= -0.5x
1
1.5 m
1.5 kNm
1 kN
m
!1
= -0.5x
1
x
1
5 kN
1.5 m
M
1
= -2.5x
1
x
1
5 kN
C
30
o
N
1
V
1
7.5 kNm
M
1
= -2.5x
1
x
2
2 m
A
1.5 kNm
m
!2
= -1.5
x
2
5 kN
2 m
A
7.5 kNm
M
2
= -7.5
x
2
1.5 kNm
1 kN
v
!2
n
!2
m
!2
= -1.5
x
2
7.5 kNm
5 kN
N
2
V
2
M
2
= -7.5
#
!
" ! %
L
CV
dx
EI
M m
1
# #
( ( $ ( ( "
2
0
2 1 1
3
0
1
) 5 . 7 )( 5 . 1 (
1
) 5 . 2 ( ) 5 . 0 (
1
dx
EI
dx x x
EI
) 15 )( 200 (
75 . 33 75 . 33
) 25 . 11 (
1
)
3
25 . 1
(
1
2
0
3
0
2
2
3
1
" " $ " !
EI
x
EI
x
EI
CV
= 11.25 mm ,
51
Virtual Moment m
' '' '
Real Moment M
3 m
B
C
30
o
x
1
1.5 m
1 kNm
x
2
2 m
A
1 kNm
m
'1
= -1
m
'2
= -1
2 m
A
3 m
B
C
30
o
x
1
5 kN
1.5 m
7.5 kNm
x
2
7.5 kNm
5 kN
M
1
= -2.5x
1
M
2
=- 7.5
x
1
5 kN
C
30
o
N
1
V
1
#
" %
L
C
dx
EI
M m
'
' 1
# #
( ( $ ( ( "
2
0
2 1 1
3
0
) 5 . 7 )( 1 (
1
) 5 . 2 ( ) 1 (
1
dx
EI
dx x
EI
) 15 )( 200 (
25 . 26 25 . 26
) 5 . 7 (
1
)
2
5 . 2
(
1
2
0
3
0
2
2
1
" " $ "
EI
x
EI
x
EI
C
' = 0.00875 rad,
Slope at C
1 kNm
x
1 C
30
o
n
'1
v
'1
1 kNm
m
'1
= -1 M
1
= -2.5x
1
x
2
1 kNm
n
'2
v
'2
m
'2
= -1
x
2
7.5 kNm
5 kN
N
2
V
2
M
2
= -7.5
52
Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature
Axial Load
Where
n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
d!
# #
" ! "
L
i
dx
EA
N
n d n U ) (
53
Bending
Where
n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load
M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis
d'
# #
" "
L
i
dx
EI
M
m d m U ) ( '
54
Torsion
Where
t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load
T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = 7c
4
/2, where c is the
radius of the cross-sectional area
d'
# #
" "
L
i
dx
GJ
T
t d t U ) ( '
55
Shear
Where
v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area:
K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K = 10/9 for circular cross sections
K 1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
A = cross-sectional area of a member
5
d8
# #
" "
L
i
dx
GA
KV
v d v U ) ( 8
56
Axial
#
! "
L
i
dx T n U ) (1
Bending
#
!
"
L
i
dx
c
T
m U )
2
1
Temperature Displacement :
Where
!9 = Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
1 = Coefficient of thermal expansion
d!
d'
57
Temperature
dx
T
1
T
2
T
2
> T
1
dx y
c
T
y d )
2
( ) (
!
"1 '
dx
c
T
d )
2
( ) (
!
"1 '
#
" ' md U
temp
#
!
"
L
temp
dx
c
T
m U
0
)
2
(1
T
2
c
c
T
1
!T = T
2
- T
1
c
T
2
!
" :
T
1
T
2
y
y
c
T
2
!
y
T
2
> T
1
T
1
O
d'
2
2 1
T T
T
m
$
"
d'
M
M
58
Example 8-24
From the beam below Determine :
(a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the mid-span C, what would be the displacement at
point C. Due to shear and bending moment.
(b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55
o
C , the temperature at
the bottom surface is 30
o
C and the room temperature is 25
o
C.
What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the
the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B.
(c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical displacement of
the beam at its midpoint C.
Take 1 = 12(10
-6
)/
o
C. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
and A = 35
(10
3
) mm
2
. The cross-section area is rectangular.
A B
C
2 m 2 m
59
A B
1 kN
x x
A B
C
2 m 2 m
P
SOLUTION
#
" !
L
i i
bending
dx
EI
M m
#
"
2 /
0
)
2
)(
2
( 2
L
EI
dx Px x
2 /
0
)
3 4
(
2
3
L
Px
EI &
"
) 200 )( 200 ( 48
) 4 ( 60
48
3 3
" "
EI
PL
= 2 mm,
#
" !
L
i i
shear
dx
GA
V Kv
#
"
2 /
0
)
2
)(
2
1
( 2
L
GA
dx P
K
) 35000 )( 80 ( 4
) 4 )( 60 ( 2 . 1
4 2
2 /
0
" " "
GA
KPL
GA
KPx
L
= 0.026 mm,
shear bending C
! $ ! " !
= 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm,
P/2
P/2
M
diagram
PL/4
x x
x
P
2
x
P
2
P/2
P/2
V
diagram
Part (a) :
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
m
diagram
0
.
5
x
0
.5
x
1
0.5
0.5
v
diagram
60
Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C
SOLUTION
A B
1 kN
x x
m
diagram
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
0
.
5
x
0
.5
x
1
T
room
= 25
o
C ,
T
1
=55
o
C
T
2
=30
o
C
260 mm
Temperature profile
5 . 42
2
30 55
"
$
"
m
T
!
C
= -2.31 mm ,
#
!
" !
L
C
dx
c
T m
kN
0
2
) (
) )( 1 (
1
- Bending
#
!
"
2
0
) 5 . 0 (
2
) (
2 dx x
c
T 1
2
0
)
2
5 . 0
(
) 10 260 (
) 25 )( 10 12 (
2
2
3
6
x
(
(
&
( &
"
A B
C
2 m 2 m
55
o
C,
30
o
C
260 m
61
A B
1 kN
Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B
x
0 0
T
room
= 25
o
C ,
T
1
=55
o
C
T
2
=30
o
C
260 mm
Temperature profile
5 . 42
2
30 55
"
$
"
m
T
!
BH
= 0.84 mm ,
#
! " !
L
BH
dx T n kN ) ( ) )( 1 ( 1
- Axial
#
! "
4
0
) 1 ( ) ( dx T 1
4
0
) )( 25 5 . 42 )( 10 12 (
6
x ( & "
(
1 kN
1 1
n
diagram
!
BH
= 0.84 mm
!
Cv
= 2.31 mm ,
A B
C
2 m 2 m
55
o
C
30
o
C
260 m
Deflected curve
A B
C
62
P
A
B
C
55
o
C
30
o
C
260 m
Part (c) :
!
C
= -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm,
A B
C
!
C
= 2.03 mm
P
=
A B
55
o
C,
30
o
C
!
C
= 2.31 mm
+
!
BH
= 0.84 mm
63
Example 8-25
Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the
temperature at top surface of member BC is 30
o
C , the temperature at the bottom
surface is 55
o
C and the room temperature is 25
o
C.Take 1 = 12(10
-6
)/
o
C, E = 200
GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
and A = 35(10
3
) mm
2
for both members.
The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA
EI,AE,GA
260 mm
64
B
C
Moment, m (kNm)
A
B
C
Shear, v (kN)
A
5 m
6 m
A
C
B
Virtual load
1
x
2
x
1
1.2 kN
1 kN
1.2 kN
1.2
1
1.2
1
1
1
-1.2 -1.2
6
6
1x
1
1.2x
2
B
C
Axial, n (kN)
A
+
+
65
B
C
Shear, V (kN)
A
B
C
Axial, N (kN)
A
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
x
1
x
2
12 kN
16 kN
12 kN
Real load
12
4
12
4
16
4
16 - 2x
1
-12 -12
60
16x
1
- x
1
2
12x
2
60
B
C
Moment, M (kNm)
A
66
Due to Axial
x
1
x
2
AE
1.5AE
5 m
6 m
B
C
Virtual Axial, n (kN)
A
1.2
1
1.2
1
B
C
Real Axial, N (kN)
A
12
4
12
4
2
" !
i i
i i i
CH
E A
L N n
kN ) )( 1 (
AE AE
) 5 )( 4 )( 1 (
5 . 1
) 6 )( 12 )( 2 . 1 (
$ "
AE
m kN %
"
2
6 . 77
6 " "
& &
%
" !
(
(
, 0111 . 0 ) 10 ( 109 . 1
) 10 200 )( 10 35000 (
6 . 77
5
2
6 2 6
mm m
m
kN
m
m kN
CH
67
Due to Shear
x
1
x
2
1.5GA
5 m
6 m
GA
B
C
Virtual Shear, v (kN)
A
1
1
-1.2 -1.2
B
C
Real Shear, V (kN)
A
16
4
16 - 2x
1
-12 -12
#
" !
L
CH
dx
GA
V
K kN
0
) ( ) )( 1 (
8
2
5
0
1
6
0
1
) 12 )( 2 . 1 (
2 . 1
5 . 1
) 2 16 )( 1 (
2 . 1 dx
GA
dx
GA
x
# #
( (
$
(
"
GA
m kN
x
GA
x
x
GA
%
" $ ( "
2
5
0
2
6
0
2
1
1
4 . 134
) 4 . 14 )(
2 . 1
( )
2
2
16 )(
5 . 1
2 . 1
(
6 " "
& &
%
" !
(
(
, 048 . 0 ) 10 ( 8 . 4
) 10 35000 )( 10 80 (
4 . 134
5
2 6
2
6
mm m
m
m
kN
m kN
CH
68
Due to Bending
x
1
x
2
1.5EI
5 m
6 m
EI
B
C
Virtual Moment, m (kNm)
A
6
6
1x
1
1.2x
2
B
C
Real Moment, M (kNm)
A
60
16x
1
- x
1
2
12x
2
60
#
" !
L
CH
dx
EI
mM
kN
0
) )( 1 (
# #
$ ( "
5
0
2 2 2
6
0
1
2
1 1 1
) 12 )( 2 . 1 (
1
) 16 )( (
5 . 1
1
dx x x
EI
dx x x x
EI
EI
m kN x
EI
x x
EI
3 2
5
0
3
2
6
0
4
1
3
1
1152
)
3
4 . 14
(
1
)
4 3
16
(
5 . 1
1 %
" $ ( "
6 $ " "
& &
%
" !
(
, 8 . 28 0288 . 0
) 10 200 )( 10 200 (
1152
4 6
2
6
3
mm m
m
m
kN
m kN
CH
69
T
1
=30
o
C
T
2
=55
o
C
260 mm
Temperature
profile
Due to Temperature
!
CH
= 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm ,
T
m
= 42.5
o
C
- Bending
- Axial
!
CH
= 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm ,
A
B
C
5 m
x
1
x
2
260 mm
30
o
C
55
o
C
T
room
= 25
o
C
B
C
m (kNm)
A
6
6
1x
1
1.2x
2
B
C
n (kN)
A
1.2
1
1.2
1
+
+
2
5
0
3
6
2
0
) 10 260 (
) 30 55 )( 10 12 )( 2 . 1 (
2
) (
) )( 1 ( dx
x
dx
c
T m
kN
L
CH
# # (
(
&
( &
"
!
" !
1
2
5
0
6
0
) 25 5 . 42 )( 10 12 )( 1 ( ) ( ) )( 1 ( dx dx T n kN
L
CH
# #
( & " ! " !
(
1
70
A
B
C
2 kN/m
4 kN
Total Displacement
Temp CH Bending CH Shear CH Axial CH Total CH
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ! $ ! $ ! $ ! " !
= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm
!
CH
= 47.21 mm
71
P
1
P
2
P
i
+ dP
i
P
!
Castiglianos Theorem
!
Pi
+ d!
Pi
U
U*
i
i
dP
P
U
dU
;
;
"
U = U*
Pi i i
i
dP dP
P
U
! "
;
;
) (
dU = dU*
U
i
= f (P
1
, P
2
,, P
n
)
i
Pi
P
U
;
;
" !
P
1
P
2
P
i
!
Pi
dP
i
(dP
i
)!
Pi
" dU*

i
i
dP
P
U
dU
;
;
"
P
!
72
Axial Load
#
;
;
" !
L i
Pi
dx
AE
N
P
)
2
(
2
#
;
;
"
L i
dx
AE
N
P
N
) (
n
!
Bending
)
2
(
2
#
;
;
" !
L i
Pi
dx
EI
M
P
#
;
;
" dx
EI
M
P
M
i
) (
m
!
Shear
#
;
;
" !
L i
Pi
dx
GA
KV
P
)
2
(
2
#
;
;
" dx
GA
V
P
V
K
i
) (
v
!
Load Displacement :
Where
! = external displacement of the truss, beam or frame
P = external force applied to the truss, beam or frame in the direction of !
N = internal axial force in the member caused by both the force P and the loads
on the truss, beam or frame
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam
V = internal moment in the beam or frame caused by both the force P and the real
loads on the beam
73
Axial
) ) ( (
#
!
;
;
" !
L i
Pi
dx T N
P
1
#
!
;
;
" dx T
P
N
i
) )( ( 1
n
!
Bending
#
!
;
;
" !
L i
Pi
dx
c
T
M
P
) )
2
( ( 1
#
!
;
;
" dx
c
T
P
M
i
)
2
)( ( 1
Temperature Displacement :
Where
!9 = Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
1 = Coefficient of thermal expansion
m
!
74
Bending
)
2
(
2
#
;
;
"
L i
Mi
dx
EI
M
M
'
#
;
;
"
L i
dx
EI
M
M
M
) (
m
'
Slope :
Where
' = external slope of the beam or frame
M
i
= external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of '
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam
i
Mi
M
U
;
;
" '
75
Castiglianos Theorem : Truss
N
2
N
1
N
3
N
4
N
5
N
6
N
7
N
8
N
9
P
2
;
;
" !
i
i i
L
AE
N
P
N
) (
Where:
! = external joint displacement of the truss
P = external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of !
N = internal force in a member cause by both the force P and the loads on the truss
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
P
1
P
2
B
76
Example 8-26
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown in the figure
below. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure
is A = 400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
A B
C
4 m 4 m
4 kN
3 m
77
=
A
B
C
L
P
N
N ) (
;
;
A
B
C
N: Virtual Load P
A
B
C 4 kN
5

m
3 m
4 m 4 m
N: Real Load
SOLUTION
2
+
2
.
5
-
2
.
5
P
0.667P
-
0
.
8
3
3
P
-
0
.
8
3
3
P
0
2
;
;
" !
AE
L
P
N
N
CV
) (
1.5 kN
1.5 kN
4 kN
0.5P
0.5P
10.656
-
1
0
.
4
1 1
0
.
4
1
) 10 200 )( 10 400 (
67 . 10
) 67 . 10 41 . 10 41 . 10 (
1
2
6 2 6
m
kN
m
m kN
AE
CV
& &
%
" $ $ ( " !
(
!
CV
= 0.133 mm,
2
+
2
.
5
-
2
.
5
0.667P
-
0
.
8
3
3
P
-
0
.
8
3
3
P
+
78
Example 8-27
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
4 m 4 m 4 m
A
B C
D
E F
4 m
4 kN 4 kN
79
=
A
B C
D
E F
L
P
N
N ) (
;
;
A
B C
D
E F
N: Virtual Load P
A
B C
D
E F
4 kN 4 kN
N: Real Load
4 m 4 m 4 m
4 m
5
.
6
5
7

m
SOLUTION
P
0.667P 0.333P
0 4
-
5
.
6
5
7
0
-
5
.
6
5
7
4 4
4 4
-4
4 kN 4 kN
0
0.667P
-
0
.
4
7
1
P
-
0
.
4
7
1
P
-
0
.
9
4
3
P
0.667P 0.333P
0
.
3
3
3
P
1P
-0.333P
2
;
;
" !
AE
L
P
N
N
CV
) (
) 10 200 )( 10 400 (
4 . 72
)] 18 . 30 16 ) 67 . 10 ( 2 ) 33 . 5 ( 3 07 . 15 [
1
2
6 2 6
m
kN
m
m kN
AE
CV
& &
%
" $ $ $ $ " !
(
!
CV
= 1.23 mm,
4
-
5
.
6
5
7
0
-
5
.
6
5
7
4 4
4 4
-4
0.667P
-
0
.
4
7
1
P
-
0
.
4
7
1
P
-
0
.
9
4
3
P
0.667P 0.333P
0
.
3
3
3
P
1P
-0.333P
10.67
1
5
.
0
7
0
3
0
.
1
8
10.67 5.33
5
.
3
3
16
5.33
+
80
Example 8-28
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm
2
and E = 200 GPa.
2 m
A
B
C D
3 m
20 kN
10 kN
wall
81
2 m
A
B
C
D
3 m
N: Virtual Load P
2 m
A
B
C D
3 m
20 kN
10 kN
N: Real Load
3
.
6
1

m
13.333 kN
23.333 kN
20 kN
23.333
0
-
2
4
.
0
3
6
20
20
SOLUTION
P
0.667P
0
-
1
.
2
P
0
1P
0.667 P
0.667P
1P
) 12 . 104 13 . 31 60 (
1
$ $ " !
AE
CV
!
CV
= 2.44 mm,
2
;
;
" !
AE
L
P
N
N
CV
) (
) 10 200 )( 10 400 (
25 . 195
2
6 2 6
m
kN
m
m kN
& &
%
"
(
31.126
0
1
0
4
.
1
2
4
0
60
23.333
0
-
2
4
.
0
3
6
20
20
0.667P
0
-
1
.
2
P
0
1P
+
L
P
N
N ) (
;
;
A
B
C
D
82
w
C
A
B
Castiglianos Theorem : Beams and Frames
!
C
#
;
;
" !
L
dx
EI
M
P
M
) (
P
x
1
x
2
R
B
R
A
Displacement
w
B
x
2
R
B
V
2
M
2
x
1
R
A
V
1
M
1
Where:
! = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
P = external force applied to the beam or frame in the direction of !
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
83
w
A
B
#
;
;
"
L
dx
EI
M
M
M
)
'
( '
Slope
x
1
x
2
R
B
R
A
M
'
w
B
x
2
R
B
V
2
M
2
x
1
R
A
V
1
M
1
Where:
! = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
M = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of '
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
84
Example 8-29
The beam shown is subjected to a load P

at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.
2a a
A
B
C
P
!
C
85
A
B
C
2a a
SOLUTION
Displacement at C
#
;
;
" !
L
C
dx
EI
M
P
M
) (
# #
;
;
$
;
;
"
a a
dx M
P
M
EI
dx M
P
M
EI
0
2 2
2
2
0
1 1
1
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
# #
( ( $ ( ( "
a a
dx Px x
EI
dx
Px x
EI
0
2 2 2
2
0
1
1 1
) )( (
1
)
2
)(
2
(
1
, )
3
)( (
1
)
3
)(
4
(
1
3
3
2
3
1
0
2
0
EI
Pa x
P
EI
x P
EI
a a
C
" $ " !
x
1
x
2
-Pa
M
2
= -Px
2
2
1
1
Px
M ( "
2
3P
2
P
P
M
diagram
86
A
B
C
2a a
P
Slope at C
x
1
x
2
a
M
P
2
5 . 1 $
a
M
P
2
5 . 0 $
M
A
x
1
a
M
P
2
5 . 0 $
V
1
M
1
)
2
5 . 0 (
1
1
a
Mx
Px $ ( "
C
P
x
2
M
V
2
M
2
M Px ( ( "
2
# #
;
;
$
;
;
"
a a
C
dx M
M
M
EI
dx M
M
M
EI
0
2 2
2
2
0
1 1
1
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
'
# #
( ( ( $ ( ( ( "
a a
dx M Px
EI
dx
a
Mx
Px
a
x
EI
0
2 2
2
0
1
1
1
1
) )( 1 (
1
)
2
5 . 0 )(
2
(
1
,
6
7
2 3
2
)
2
)( (
1
)
3
)(
4
(
1
3 2 3
2
2
3
1
0
2
0
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
EI
Pa x
P
EI
x P
EI
a a
C
" $ " $ " '
0 0
87
Example 8-30
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(10
6
) mm
4
.
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
88
SOLUTION
x
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
Displacement at B
#
;
;
" !
L
B
dx
EI
M
P
M
) ( ) (
EI
m kN
3 2
375 . 234 %
"
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
375 . 234
4 6 6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
(
& &
%
"
!
B
= 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,
P
" ( (
2
3
2
x
Px
x
3x
2
x
V
M
P
#
( ( ( "
5
0
2
)
2
3
)( (
1
dx
x
Px x
EI
0
#
"
5
0
3
2
3 1 x
EI
)
8
3
(
1
5
0
4
x
EI
"
89
x
A
5 m
B
3 kN/m
slope at B
#
;
;
"
L
B
dx
EI
M
M
M
)
'
( '
EI
m kN
3 2
5 . 62 %
"
) 10 250 )( 10 200 (
5 . 62
4 6 6
3
m
m
kN
m kN
(
& &
%
"
'
B
= 0.00125 rad,
" ( (
2
3
'
2
x
M
#
( ( ( "
5
0
2
)
2
3
' )( 1 (
1
dx
x
M
EI
0
#
"
5
0
2
2
3 1 x
EI
)
6
3
(
1
5
0
3
x
EI
"
x
3x
2
x
V
M
M
M
A B
Deflected curve
'
B
= 0.00125 rad
!
B
= 4.69mm,
90
Example 8-31
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(10
6
) mm
4
.
A C D
B
5 kN
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
91
A
C
D B
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
P
x
3
x
2
x
1
M
diagram
14
2
0
2
0
)
3
3
)(
1
( )
3
5 . 0
2
7
)(
1
(
3
2
3
1
2
1
x
EI
x x
EI
$ ( "
) 60 )( 200 (
667 . 20 667 . 20
" "
EI
SOLUTION
Displacement at B
#
;
;
" !
L
B
dx
EI
M
P
M
) ( ) (
5
1
1 1
2
0
1
)
2 2
7
14 ( )
2
(
1
dx
P x x x
EI
$ ( "
#
#
$ $
2
0
2
2 2 2
)
2 2
7
)(
2
(
1
dx
Px x x
EI
5
# #
$ ( "
2
0
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
0
1
) 3 (
1
) 5 . 0 7 (
1
dx x
EI
dx x x
EI
!
B
= 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,
2 2
7 P
$
2 2
7 P
(
V
diagram
)
2 2
7
(
P
$ (
)
2 2
7
(
P
( (
2 2
7
2 2
2
Px x
M $ "
2 2
7
14
1 1
1
Px x
M $ ( "
#
$
3
0
3
) 0 )( 0 ( dx
92
A
C
D B
14 kNm
2 m 2 m 3 m
5 kN
x
3
x
2
x
1
M
diagram
SOLUTION
Slope at B
#
;
;
"
L
B
dx
EI
M
M
M
0
)
'
( '
1 1
2
0
1
)
4
'
14 ( )
4
(
1
dx
M
x
x
EI
$ ( "
#
#
$
3
0
3
) 0 )( 0 ( dx
#
( ( $
2
0
2
2
2
2
)
4
'
6 )(
4
(
1
dx
x M
x
x
EI
0
0
4
'
6
M
(
V
diagram
M
4
'
1
M
(
)
4
'
1 (
M
( (
)
4
'
6 (
M
( (
14
1 1
)
4
'
1 ( 14 x
M
M ( ( "
2 2
)
4
'
6 ( x
M
M ( "
1
2
1
2
0
1
) 25 . 0 5 . 3 (
1
dx x x
EI
( "
#
) 60 )( 200 (
333 . 2 333 . 2
" "
EI
'
B
= 0.000194 rad,
2
0
2
0
)
3
5 . 1
(
1
)
3
25 . 0
2
5 . 3
(
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
x
EI
x x
EI
( $ ( "
#
( $
2
0
2
2
2
) 5 . 1 (
1
dx x
EI
!
B
= 1.72 mm
'
B
= 0.000194 rad
A
C
D
B
93
Example 8-32
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure
below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
.
20 kN
Hinge
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
94
20 kN
P
x
2
= (22.5 + P)x
3
- (75 + 6P)
= -(2.5 + P)x
1
= 10 - 2.5x
1
SOLUTION
75 + 6P
22.5 + P
2.5 kN
0
P
10 kNm
2.5 kN
0
2.5 kN
10 kNm
2.5 kN
V
1
M
1
x
1
P
2.5 kN
V
2
M
2
x
2
75 + 6P
22.5 + P
V
3
M
3
x
3
x
1 x
3
20 kN
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
95
20 kN
10 kNm
A
B C
4 m
3 m 3 m
I 2I
= (22.5 + P)x
3
- (75 + 6P)
= -(2.5 + P)x
2
= 10 - 2.5x
1
10 kNm
2.5 kN
V
1
M
1
x
1
75 + 6P
22.5 + P
V
3
M
3
P
2.5 kN
V
2
M
2
x
2
x
3
x
2
P
x
3
x
1
#
;
;
" !
L
B
dx
EI
M
P
M
) (
3 3 3
3
0
3
) 6 75 5 . 22 ( ) 6 (
2
1
dx P P x x x
EI
( ( $ ( $
#
2 2 2
3
0
2 1 1
4
0
) 5 . 2 ( ) (
2
1
) 5 . 2 10 ( ) 0 (
1
dx P x x x
EI
dx x
EI
( ( ( $ ( "
# #
0
0 0
# #
$ ( $ $ "
3
0
3 3
2
3
3
0
2
2
2
) 450 210 5 . 22 (
2
1
) 5 . 2 (
2
1
0 dx x x
EI
dx x
EI
) 200 )( 200 (
315 315 75 . 303 25 . 11
" " $ " !
EI EI EI
B = 7.875 mm,
0
96
Example 8-33
Determine the displacement of hinge B and the slope to the right of hinge B
of the steel beam shown in the figure below.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
.
3 m
4 m
20 kN
Hinge
30 kNm
A
B
C
2EI EI
5 kN/m
97
20 kN
SOLUTION
3 m
4 m
30 kNm
A
B
C
2EI EI
5 kN/m
P
M
30 kNm
A
B
5 kN/m
15 kN
17.5 kN
2.5 kN
B
C
2EI
P
M
17.5 kN
P + 17.5
4(P + 17.5) + M
98
20 kN
= (P + 17.5)x
2
- 4(P+17.5) - M
1
2
1
5 . 2
2
5
30 x
x
( ( "
3 m
4 m
30 kNm
A
B
C
2EI EI
5 kN/m
x
1 x
2
P
M
2.5 kN
P + 17.5
4(P + 17.5) + M
x
1
30 kNm
A
5x
1
2.5 kN
V
1
M
1
C 2EI
4(P + 17.5) + M
P + 17.5
x
2
V
3
M
3
#
;
;
" !
L
B
dx
P
M
M
EI
) (
1
#
( ( ( ( $ $ "
4
0
2 2 2 2
) 4 )( ' 70 4 5 . 17 (
2
1
0 dx x M P x Px
EI
0
20 20
The displacement of hinge B
3 " " " " , 10 01 . 0
) 200 )( 200 ( 2
800
2
800
mm m
EI
99
20 kN
= (P + 17.5)x
2
- 4(P+17.5) - M
1
2
1
5 . 2
2
5
30 x
x
( ( "
3 m
4 m
30 kNm
A
B
C
2EI EI
5 kN/m
x
1 x
2
P
M
2.5 kN
P + 17.5
4(P + 17.5) + M
x
1
30 kNm
A
5x
1
2.5 kN
V
1
M
1
C 2EI
4(P + 17.5) + M
P + 17.5
x
2
V
3
M
3
#
;
;
" !
L
B
dx
M
M
M
EI
)
'
(
1
#
( ( ( ( $ $ "
4
0
2 2 2
) 1 )( ' 70 4 5 . 17 (
2
1
0 dx M P x Px
EI
0
20 20
The slope to the right of hinge B
rad
EI
3
10 75 . 3
) 200 )( 200 ( 2
300
2
300
(
& " " "
100
Example 8-34
Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(10
6
) mm
4
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2 kN/m
4 kN
1.5 EI
EI
101
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2

k
N
/
m
1.5 EI
EI
12 kN
Horizontal Displacement at C
P
SOLUTION
2
)
5
6
5
36
( x
P
$ "
12 + P
5
6
5
36 P
$
5
6
5
36 P
$
A
2x
1
12 + P
5
6
5
36 P
$
x
1
V
1
M
1
C P
5
6
5
36 P
$
V
2
M
2
x
2
2
1 1
) 12 ( x x P ( $ "
x
1
x
2
#
;
;
" !
L
i i
CH
dx
EI
M
P
M
) (
# #
$ $ ( $ "
5
0
2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 1
6
0
1
)
5
6
5
36
)(
5
6
(
1
) 12 ( ) (
5 . 1
1
dx
Px x x
EI
dx x x P x x
EI
# #
$ ( "
5
0
2
2
2
6
0
1
3
1
2
1
) 4 . 14 (
1
) 16 (
5 . 1
1
dx x
EI
dx x x
EI
) 200 )( 200 (
1152 600 552
)
3
4 . 14
(
1
)
4 3
16
(
5 . 1
1
5
0
6
0
3
2
4
1
3
1
" $ " $ ( " !
EI EI
x
EI
x x
EI
CH
= + 28.8 mm ,
4
4
102
A
B
C
5 m
6 m
2

k
N
/
m
1.5 EI
EI
12 kN
4 kN
Slope C
5
'
12
M
(
x
1
x
2
M
5
'
12
M
(
16
2
)
5
'
12 ( ' x
M
M ( $ "
4 N
5
'
12
M
(
V
2
M
2
x
2
M
2
1 1
16 x x ( "
A
2x
1
16
5
'
12
M
(
x
1
V
1
M
1
#
;
;
"
L
i i
C
dx
EI
M
M
M
0
)
'
( '
# #
( $ ( $ ( "
5
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1
6
0
)
5
'
12 ' )(
5
1 (
1
) 16 ( ) 0 (
5 . 1
1
dx
x M
x M
x
EI
dx x x
EI
#
( $ "
5
0
2
2
2
2
)
5
12
12 (
1
0 dx
x
x
EI
) 200 )( 200 (
50 50
)
3 5
12
2
12
(
1
5
0
3
2
2
2
" "
&
( "
EI
x x
EI
C
'
= + 0.00125 rad ,
0
0
0