TrÖÔØng ÑaÏi HoÏc ÑaØ LaÏt

TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC ÑAØ LAÏT
F7G
GIAÙO TRÌNH
TIEÁNG ANH 4
(Daønh cho sinh vieân ngaønh Toaùn – Tin)
KHOA NGOAÏI NGÖÕ
2001
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -2–
CONTENT
LÔØI TÖÏA ............................................................................................................................ 3
UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS............................................................................................ 4
UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?............................................................................... 11
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 12
UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS ............................................................... 16
UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................... 22
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 23
UNIT 5: STATISTICS..................................................................................................... 31
UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES ................................................................................................. 37
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 38
UNIT 7: CALCULUS...................................................................................................... 44
UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING .................................................................... 50
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 52
UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS .......................................................................... 56
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 57
UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ................................. 62
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 63
GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 70
LÔØI TÖÏA
Nhaèm ñaùp öùng kòp thôøi nhu caàu hoïc Tieáng Anh chuyeân ngaønh cuûa sinh vieân Toaùn –
Tin, chuùng toâi bieân soaïn, bieân taäp moät soá baøi hoïc coù lieân quan in trong giaùo trình naøy.
Vì khaû naêng coù haïn, giaùo trình taát khoâng traùnh khoûi nhöõng sai soùt, kính mong nhaän
ñöôïc söï goùp yù töø phía baïn ñoïc ñeå laàn taùi baûn sau seõ toát hôn.
Thaùng 12 – 2001
Khoa Ngoaïi Ngöõ
Tröôøng Ñaïi hoïc Ñaø Laït
UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS
Pre-reading:
1. Would you like to do science?
2. Which branch of science do you like?
3. You are studying mathematics, why do you like it?
Mathematics plays an important part of your lives. Today mathematics is of the great
use to many sciences, so more and more mathematical books are printed in many
languages, especially in English.
Anyone who works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able to talk
about numbers and shapes. Notice how following numbers and shapes are said in
English.
Numbers:
28% : Twenty-eight per cent.
10.3 : Ten point three
4
: Four ninths (four over nine)
9
42 : Four squared
53 : Five cubed
54 : Five to the power of four
1.623.457 : One million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand,
four hundred and fifty seven.
+ 2 : Absolute value of two.
Derivation of y’= 4x+1 (y’ equals four x plus 1)
Function of y = 2x2 + x + 1 (y equals two x squared plus x plus 1)
+2 : Positive number two
-2 : Negative number two
3
: Three is numerator and four is denominator
4
3
: Fraction three over ten
10
3
2 : Mixed number of integer two three over ten
10
AxB/(A)(B) :Parentheses (A)(B)

AxB/A.B : Dots A.B
3Z
How we can read the following mathematical formulas in English: 2x + 3y – 2 =
4x
(Two x plus three y minus 2 equals three Z devided by four x)
Four basic operations of arithmetic are:Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
6 x 7 = 42 (six times seven is forty two)
The symbols and their expressions:

a. + (Plus) k. % (percent)
b. - (minus) l. > (is more than)
c. x (multiplied by) m. ∈ (is an element of)
d. : (divided by) n. ∞ (infinity)
e. = (is equal to) o. 3 (cube root)
f. ≈ (is equivalent to) p. (square root)
2
g. ≥ (is more than or equal to) q. x (x squared)
h. ⊂ (is a subset of) r. x3 (x cubed)
i. < (is less than) s. x4 (x to the power four)
j. ≤ (is less than or equal to) t. Π (pi) ∞ (infinity)
How would the names of the shapes below be read in English?

- Two dimensional shapes:
B C
B C Circle
Rectangle square
O
A
A
D
B
B
C
Triangle Pentagon
Oval
A C A D
- Three dimensional shapes E
D’ D
C
Cube
C’ C A’
B
Pyramid
A’ A A B
Teaching points:
Active: The simple present
Passive: The simple present
Suffix: - ion
(2)
WORKING WITH VOCABULARY
A. Focus on the reading:

Arithmetic Lives
Equals Multiplication
Formulas Times
Dimensional Said
Plays Who
Choose the best words or phrases above for each sentence, if you need help, look
at the reading again (use each word only once)
1. Any one _______ works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able
to talk about numbers and shapes.
2. Notice how the following numbers and shapes are______ in English.
3. Mathematics ______ an important part of our ________
4. Six _______ seven is forty two
5. How we can read the following mathematical _________ in English.
6. Four basic operations of ___________ are.
7. Addition, subtraction, _________ division.
8. Two x plus three y minus 2 ______ three z divided by four x.
9. Two ______ shapes are…
B. Focus on new context:

Here is more practice with the new words from the reading choose the best word
for each sentence (use each word only once)
Arithmetic Plays
Dimensional Multiplication
Equals Times
Formulas Said
Lives Who
1. If we want to say, for example, that in any circle the diameter is twice the radius we
can write: d ______ 2R
2. _____ is one branch of mathematics.
3. Do you know the girl_______ is standing outside the door.
4. It is _______ that English is an international language.
5. It’s difficult to read mathematical ________ in English
6. When she was seven, she learnt by heart the______ table.
7. _______ out of number today he is absent from lesson again.
8. Because we are students our _______ are different from theirs.
9. Some students don’t understand the term of _______ analysis.
UNDERSTANDING THE READING
A. Comprehension questions:
* Answer the questions about the reading:
1. Why are more and more mathematical books printed in English?
2. Why do scientists and technologists need to be able to talk about numbers and
shapes in English?
3. Why does mathematics play an important part of our lives?
4. Can you read: +2; -2 in English?
5. Can you do the algebraical maths: If 3a+4 is greater than 16, then a must be
a. greater than 4 c. equal to 4 e. greater than 3
b. less than 4 d. less than 5
B. Details: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is False

1. Mathematics is necessary for us because it helps to research
2. Sciences need mathematics
3. Some branches of science don’t need mathematics
4. Two halves of a circle can be called semi-circle
5. A rectangle has four right angles
6. The symbol: ≥ can be read: more than or equal to
C. Main idea: Check b the two most important ideas from the reading
1. Some mathematics symbols
2. How to do maths
3. Mathematics and its use in our lives
4. The names of shapes

5. The methods of studying mathematics
D. Writing
Write two following basic properties of numbers in English
1. 2 x 2 = 4 or (-2)(-3) = +6
2. (+5)(-10) = -50 or (-6)(+8) = -48
WORD STUDY
A. The passive and active in the simple present tense

1. In passive, we are more interested in the objects of the active sentence.
2. This is because the subjects are not important at the moment or because we
don’t know who or what is responsible for the event
Form: The passive is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active
verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the “agent” of the passive verb
Example: Active: My grandfather plants this tree
Passive: This tree is planted by my grandfather
(The example above indicates that the passive of the simple present requires the
simple present form)
The simple present is used: - To express a habit
- To express a fact which is always true
Ex: Vegetarians don’t eat meat
- To express a fact which is always true for a long time
Ex: We study at Dalat University
Practice: Put the verbs in the correct forms, all the verbs are in simple present, either in
the active or in the passive
1. Complex algebraical fraction ________ by the same method used in arithmetic
(simplify)
2. The oldest villagers ________ to attend a meeting (invite)
3. They ________ science books in English (print)
4. English ________ in many parts of the world (speak)
5. The doctor ________ on the patient (operate)
6. She ________ from bad headaches (suffer)
7. She ________ in touch with her family by phoning home every Sunday (keep)
8. Wood ________ in water (not sink)
9. Three persons ________ in a car cash (injure)
10 Water ________ from the rivers by women and children (bring)
11. That film ________ on TV tonight (not show)
B. Word forms: Nouns

Sometimes verbs and nouns are the same forms; sometimes we can change
verbs to nouns by adding suffix.
ION SAME FORM

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns
Subtract - Subtraction Play - Play
Communicate - Communication Change - Change
Act - Action Work -Work
Retract - Retraction Use - Use
PRACTICE: Choose the correct forms of the words above to complete each sentence
(use each word only once)
1. We can ________ the form of y-x by factoring out -1
2. The government plans to make important ________ to the tax system
3. In the serf system people could ________ a sheep for a hammer
4. Casino is a place where people ________ gambling games for money
5. Youth is the time for ________, Age is the time for repose
6. I didn’t get into ________ with him for long
7. If we _______7 from 10, we have 3
8. Many of Shakespear’s ________ are tragedies under the feudalism
9. He is a person who ________ kindly toward everyone
10. I saw her last on the flight to Hanoi since then we haven’t ___________for years
11. The boss ________ the workers too hard
12. The ________ of building the bridge spaning Danh River took two years
13. Ten from seven is a very simple ________
BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS
Vocabulary review
Match each word in column A with the word in column B that has opposite meaning:
A B
1. Negative number Less than or equal to
2. Subtracting Is the same as
3. Greater than Positive number
4. Absolute value Less than
5. Negative infinity Multiplication
6. Not equal to Minimum value
7. Greater than or equal to Positive infinity
Adding
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 10 –
CONTEXT CLUES
Choose the answer that is closest in the meaning to each word or phrase
underlined use context clue:
1. He knew it was a waste of time to carry on studying archaeology and the moment he
started gaderning again
a. conitnue b. begin
c. finish d. start
2. It is very dry today will you help me water the plants?
a. moisten b. wet
c. irrigate d. sprinkle
3. Can you please tell me a little about yourself?
a. speak b. talk
c. say to d. explain
4. Do you mind my turning the TV on now?
a. show b. disapprove
c. want d. like
5. The enjoyable thing about travelling by train rather than by car is that you can sleep
or read during the journey
a. cheerful b. pleasurable
c. interested d. pleased
6. She had taken over the cooking at home for her father’s dinner parties and she had
started to make up her own recipes
a. discover b. do
c. invent d. work
7. She has always enjoyed taking care of her sister
a. training b. looking after
c. bringing d. training
UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
1. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that

operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are
capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or
demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters,
and characters. The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what
we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that
magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
2. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason,
computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of
instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or
logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The
program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide
the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place
called memory.
3. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most
computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers have
circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division,
multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating
with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these
machines wouldn’t be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly
minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots,
aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.
4. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched
cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which might
be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting
information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two
common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a
CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
5. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions
which computer circuits can make are not of the type: ‘Who would win a war between
two countries? or ‘Who is the richest person in the world?’ Unfortunately, the computer
can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two
numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
6. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands,
of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a
problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can
replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the
instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. There are times
when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are
limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person
tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses
can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-
logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can
do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate
the other choices?
_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jobs are done.
_______ 2. Instructions and data must be given to the computer to act on.
_______ 3. Computers are machines capable of processing and outputting data.
_______ 4. Without computers, many tasks would take much longer to do.
2. Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the
information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false
statements become true.
_______ 1. A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received
information to do so.
_______ 2. All computer accept and process information in the form of instructions
and characters.
_______ 3. The information necessary for solving problems is found in the memory
of the computer.
_______ 4. Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, make decisions,
and communicate in some way with the user.
_______ 5. Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’t communicate
with the user.
_______ 6. There are many different devices used for feeding information into a
computer.
_______ 7. There aren’t as many different types of devices used for giving results
as there are for accepting information.
_______ 8. Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to.
_______ 9. Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to rest unless there
is a breakdown.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give line
references.
_________1. Computers accept information, perform mathematical and/or logical
operations then supply new information.
_________ 2. All computers have three basic capabilities.
_________ 3. A computer is a machine that can be made to operate by receiving
signals.
_________ 4. A computer cannot work without being told what to do.
_________ 5. A computer can make three types of decisions.
_________ 6. The fundamental job of a computer is processing information.
_________ 7. A computer can do the work of hundreds of people in a very short
time.
_________ 8. The memory of a computer is used for storing information.
4. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) for
the following words.
1. complex intricate____________
2. fundamental ___________________
3. a way ___________________
4. uninterested ___________________
5. accomplishment ___________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)
for the following words.
6. large tiny________________
7. receiving ___________________
8. reject ___________________
9. unusual ___________________
10. small ___________________
5. Content review
Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in the
Glossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words
(some can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e.
singular or plural.
core device data
circuit terminal switch
program memory medium
CRT display
1. Every computer has circuits for performing arithmetic operations, operating
_____________ or magnetized _____________.
2. A ___________ with a screen is normally referred to as a __________ unit.
3. A computer is a ___________ that processes information in the form of
__________ and ______________ and can store this information in a
_____________.
4. Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are different _______________ for
inputting information.
Focus: Contextual reference
Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is
smoother to read. When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who,
whose, that, such, one and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and
those, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned
earlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your thoughts back to
something that has already been mentioned. Thus they serve as synonyms or
substitutes. Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former,
the latter, the first, second, etc., the last.
Sample paragraph
A computer like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and
more efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster
then any human. The speed at which a computer works can replace weeks or even
months of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time
saved offsets their cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in
business, industry and research.

Exercise 1.
Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word, or
words, that the underlined words refer to. Then join the underlined and the with
arrows.
Computer are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of
communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and
of making three kinds of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking. They
accept date and instructions as input, and after processing it, they output the results.
When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered.
The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the
programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while
processing the data.
The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has
evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the
mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in
common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.
Exercise 2
Now look back at the text ‘What is a computer?’ and find out what the words in
bold typeface refer to.
1. that operate switches (p. 1) electronic circuits___
2. which accept information (p. 2) __________________
3. or part of it (p. 2) __________________
4. which tells the computers (p. 2) __________________
5. which prints the new information (p. 4) __________________
6. which shows the results (p. 4) __________________
7. which can make decisions (p. 5) __________________
8. It can find the solution (p. 6) __________________
9. it has no originality (p. 6) __________________
10. tells it what to do (p. 6) __________________
UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS
It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and that arithmetic,
the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics. Numbers consist of whole
numbers (integers) which are formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and
by combinations of them. For example, 247- two hundred and forty seven- is a
number formed by three digits. Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes
expressed in terms of fractions, but in scientific usage they are given as decimals.
This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if
decimals are used instead of fractions. The main operations are: to add, subtract,
multiply and divide; to square, cube or raise to any other power; to take a square,
cube or any other root and to find a ratio or proportion between pairs of numbers or
a series of numbers. Thus, the decimal, or ten-scale, system is used for scientific
purposes throughout the world even in countries whose national systems of weights
and measurements are based upon other scales. The other scale in general use
nowadays is the binary, or two-scale, in which numbers are expressed are
expressed by combinations of only two digits, 0 and 1. Thus, in the binary scale, 2 is
expressed as 010, 3 is given as 011, 4 is represented as 100, etc. This scale is
perfectly adapted to the ‘off-on’ pulses of electricity, so it is widely used in
electronic computers: because of its simplicity it is often called ‘the lazy
schoolboy’s dream’!
Other branches of mathematics such as algebra and geometry are also

extensively used in many sciences and even in some areas of philosophy. More
specialized extensions; such as probability theory and group theory, are now
applied to an increasing range of activities, from economics and the design of
experiments to war and politics. Finally, a knowledge of statistics, is required by
every type of scientist for the analysis of data. Moreover, even an elementary
knowledge of this branch of mathematics is sufficient to enable the journalist to
avoid misleading his readers, or the ordinary citizen to detect the attempts which
are constantly made to deceive him.
I. Comprehension
1. What is the relationship of mathematics to the other sciences?
2. What’s the science of numbers called?
3. Name a two-digit integer.
4. Name two ways of expressing parts of the number one (unity)
5. Name the common arithmetical operations. Using actual numbers, give

examples of each.
6. What are the two number-systems commonly used throughout the world?
7. Give examples of numbers in the binary system.
8. What are the advantages of each system?
9. Name some other branches of mathematics.
10. What branch of mathematics is very useful to the ordinary citizen? Why?
II. Word study

Synonyms
Find words in the passage which mean approximately the same as:
1. entire __________ 2. simpler ____________
3. usually __________ 4. in the place of ____________
5. widely __________ 6. be put to use in ____________
7. lastly __________ 8. continually ____________
9. discover __________ 10. kind, sort ____________
11. system of measurement _________________________
12. action of trying to do something _________________________
13. cause someone to make a mistake by
giving wrong or incomplete information _________________________
Word building
∗ Use the suffix –ion, -ment, -ity to form nouns from the following words:
add calculate simple equip
subtract isolate able adjust
divide explain available improve
multiply measure stable move
∗ Add the prefix-suffix –en to form verbs from the following:
able wide large length
strength tight weak loose
short deep height
Revision exercise
Complete the following by choosing appropriate words from the above exercises.
The main ____________ of the scientist is the _________ and _________ of the
world around us. To ____________ him to do this, he uses many different kinds of
_____________, and in order to make them more _________ to his purposes he
frequently makes ____________ to them which lead to their __________. For
example, he may ___________ a part which is too weak, __________ one which is
too short and _____________ something which is too loose, and thus causes too
much ___________, so that the instrument does not have the necessary
_____________. So even the most specialized scientist needs to be an engineer,
sometimes!
Vocabulary in context
Use appropriate words from the text to complete the following:
1.Many scientists consider _____________ as the base of mathematics.
2.We can form numbers from ____________ (or ______________).
3.An integer is usually formed by ________________.
4.____________ are parts of numbers smaller than 1, which are in some other
usages expressed in terms of fractions.
5.It is easier to perform__________ if decimals are used instead of
______________.
6.The scale in which numbers are expressed by combination of two digits 0 and1
is called _____________.
7.In the field of mathematics, __________ and ____________ are considered to
be specialized extensions.
8.In the binary scale 3 is _______________ as 011.
9.Algebra and geometry are ______________ of mathematics.
10. The branches of mathematics are _____________used in both natural and
social sciences.
III. Revision
Use correct prepositions to complete these sentences.
1.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are represented _________ fractions, but in
scientific usage ______________ decimals.
2.It’s not easy to find proportion __________ pairs of numbers.
3.The ten-scale is used ____________ the world.
4.Some countries use systems of weights and measurements based ________
other scales.
5.Another scale ____________ general use is the binary one.
6.Some mathematical extensions are being applied ___________ an increasing
range of activities.
7.In computer science, people use some other scales _________ the ten one.
IV. Structure study

A. It preparatory subject
Study the example:
It’s easy to perform various mathematical operations.
In this sentence, It is not the real subject. It stands for ‘to perform various
mathematical operations’ which is the real subject. So the above sentence means
To perform various mathematical operations is easy
When the subject of a sentence is a To-infinitive or a That-clause, we usually begin
the sentence with It and put the real subject later.
It’s nice to be with you.
It worried me a bit that she didn’t phone.
Exercises:
∗ Complete these pairs of sentences using It as a preparatory subject.
1. Set theory is difficult. We can’t study it well.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. We can’t go on like this. This fact is obvious.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was. It shocked me.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. We all missed the train. It was a pity.
………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Statistical methods are useful. It’s worth studying this branch.
…………………………………………………………………………………
∗ Complete the following sentences in a suitable way.
1. It appears ……………………………………………………………
2. Is it customary ……………………………………………………….
3. Will it suit you ………………………………………………………..
4. It cost me $ 5…………………………………………………………
5. It would be much to his annoyance…………………………………
B. Participle as adjective
Both –ing form and –ed form can be used as adjectives. Care must be taken not to
confuse them. –Ing forms mean ‘having this effect’; -ed forms mean ‘affected in
this way’
Exercise
Complete these sentences with –ing form or –ed form. The first letter(s) of the
participle are given each time.
1. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ex___________ about it.
2. The s___________ jewelry was recovered.
3. Success in one’s work is a sa___________ experience.
4. The te_____________ villagers ran for their lives.

5. I found myself in an em_____________ situation last night.
6. A da_____________ earthquake occurred recently.
7. I elbowed my way through the cr____________ room.
8. Why do you always look so b____________? Is your life really so b________?
9. No one lives in that d__________ house except a few ghosts.
10. Parents have a la___________ effect on their children.
C. Revision: Passive Voice

Exercise:
(a) Make the following sentences Passive thus eliminating the unspecified
doer of the action and emphasizing the object or the main verb.
1. People apply mathematics in many different activities.
2. People use the binary scale in electronic computers.
3. People from the square of a number by multiplying the number by itself.
4. In the binary scale, people express numbers by combination of 0 and 1.
5. People usually use decimals rather than fractions for scientific purposes.
6. People develop new products everyday.
7. People call mathematics ‘the language of science’
8. People use the decimal system even in countries with non-decimalized systems
of weights and measurements.
9. It is easier to perform mathematical operations with computers if we use the
binary system instead of the decimal system.
10. People use electronic computers for many different purposes.
11. People often find relationships in incomplete data.
12. People make attempts to deceive the ordinary citizen.
Note: If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object),
or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given, e.g.
‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientist’
Notice that there is a small problem of word-order in all but the most simple form
of this type of sentence
e.g. The scientific investigator applies logical and persistent thought to his
problems (active sentence)
becomes:
Logical and persistent thought is applied by the scientific investigator to his
problems (passive sentence).
The order of words is thus: object-verb in the Passive-subject-rest of sentence.
(b) Make the following sentences Passive, mentioning the doer of the action
but shifting the emphasis to the object:
1.A combination of the digits 0-9 forms integers.
2.Engineers require an advanced knowledge of algebra and geometry.
3.Scientists, especially physicists and engineers, often use electronic computers.
4.Journalists, who seldom have a knowledge of statistics, frequently mislead the
ordinary citizen.
5.Every day, applied scientists and technologists produce new drugs, fibres,
chemicals and equipment.
6.A combination of two elements forms a chemical compound.
7.The ordinary citizen often requires an elementary knowledge of statistics.
8.Economists also use mathematics.
9.Every type of scientist requires a knowledge of statistics.
10. Scientists use accurate systems of measurements.
11. Philosophers employ specialized extensions of mathematics.
12. Physicists also use probability theory.
(c) Make up sentences similar to the ones given in Exercises (a) and (b)
above, and then change them from Active to Passive.
UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS
1. Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared

pieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the information
that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding
information or making comparisons is called processing. Computers are made up of
millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous
speeds, through complex circuits with different functions.
2. All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or
design. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after
which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented
to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and
the result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur
in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. For example, in
clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing
together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment.
INPUT ----------------> COMPUTER -----------------> OUTPUT
SEC. STORAGE
3. Above figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a

computer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or,
usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term ‘computer’ includes those parts
of hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and the
high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual
execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such
as card readers and keyboards (two common examples of input devices). When data or
programs need to be saved for long periods of time, they are stored on various
secondary memory devices or storage devices such as magnetic tapes or magnetic
disks.
4. Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but
this is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to a
certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these

instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, a
computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited
only by the imagination of those using it.
5. In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use
today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover,
their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were
needed to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computing
power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper.
6. In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in
which many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routine
and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting,
creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of
work that did not exist before their development.
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did you
eliminate the other choices?
_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which we live.
_______ 2. All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storage device.
_______ 3. Computers have decreased man’s workload.
_______ 4. All computers have the same basic hardware components.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the
information in the text. Then, make the necessary changes so that the false
________ 1. All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the
computer will understand it.
________ 2. Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be
either stored or moved about at high speeds.
________ 3. Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results.
________ 4. The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone.
________ 5. The processor is the central component of a computer system.
________ 6. All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU.
________ 7. Memory devices are used for storing information.
________ 8. Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.
________ 9. Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to
operate them than in the past.
________ 10. Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much.
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line
references
________ 1. All computers are basically the same.
________ 2. The arithmetic and/or decision-making operations are performed.
________ 3. Computers are limited by man’s imagination more than anything else.
________ 4. All the equipment used in a computer system is the hardware.
________ 5. Computers are electronic machines used for processing data.
________ 6. If programs or data need to be kept for a long time, they are stored on
tapes or disks.
________ 7. First the computer accepts data.
________ 8. Finally, new information is presented to the user.
4. Contextual reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.
1. which are termed data (paragraph. 1) ________________
2. or moving them (paragraph. 1) ________________
3. the machine acts on it (paragraph. 2) ________________
4. they are stored on (paragraph. 3) _________________
5. it is not a single-purpose machine (paragraph. 4) _________________
6. the kinds of things it can do (paragraph. 4) _________________
7. of those using it (paragraph. 4) _________________
8. they were very expensive to own (paragraph. 5) _________________
9. Moreover, their size and reliability (paragraph. 5) _________________
10. that did not exist (paragraph. 6) _________________
Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) for the
following words.
1. called _______________
2. tremendous _______________
3. ideas _______________
4. react _______________
5. take away _______________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)
for the following words.
6. taken away _______________
7. wide _______________
8. limited _______________
9. immovable _______________
10. after _______________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then check
the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary
a. A computer is limited in its ability by the __________ of man
b. Some people are good at inventing __________ stories.
c. It is practically impossible to _________ the speed at which a computer
calculates numbers.
2. addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additive
a. Many terminals can be _____________ to a basic system if the need arises.
b. ____________ and subtraction are two basic mathematical operations.
c. When buying a system there is often no ____________ charge for the
programs.
3. complication, complicate, complicated, complicating, complicatedly
a. There can be many ____________ involved in setting up a computer in and
old building.
b. It is sometimes a very ______________ process getting into a computer
installation for security reasons.
c. It is sometimes very _____________ to explain computer concepts.
4. difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate
a. There isn’t a very big ____________ in flowcharting for a program to be
written in Cobol or Fortran.
b. There are many ______________ computer manufacturers today, and a
buyer must be able to _______________ between the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
c. The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problem often
____________ greatly.
5. reliably, rely on, reliable, reliability
a. Computers are ____________ machines.
b. If you don’t know the meaning of a computer term, you cannot always
__________ an all-purpose dictionary for the answer.
c. Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and ____________.
7a. Content review

Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in Glossary.
Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some can be
used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular of plural.
processing hardware magnetic tape
input processor magnetic disk
output secondary memory personnel
single-purpose
1. Information ____________ takes place in the _____________ not in the
___________ device or ______________ device.
2. The ____________ refers to all the electromechanical device used in a
computer installation.
3. __________ and ______________ units are used as _____________ storage
devices.
4. A computer isn’t usually a _____________ machine and may require quite
specialized _____________ to operate it and all it related equipment.
7b. Content review

Summarize the text on ‘Characteristics’ by completing the following table
SYSTEM COMPONENTS PARTS

Hardware 1.
2. Control Unit
3.
Peripheral devices 1.
A.
2.
B. others 3.
4.
5.
6.
Organizing information
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea. In nearly every
paragraph, there is one idea that is more important than all the others. This idea is
called the main idea of the paragraph and is usually found at the beginning of the
paragraph.
Sample paragraph
All computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities. They
have circuits for performing arithmetic operations. They all have a way of
communicating with the person(s) using them. They also have circuits for making
decisions.
In sample paragraph, the first sentence ‘All computers, whether large or small,
have the same basic capabilities’ expresses the main idea of the paragraph.
All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic
Example
All computers, [topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities.
[about the topic]
In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much of
your studying you need to grasp details. It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and
understand details than main ideas. You will find it helpful if you think of details as
growing out of the main idea. In sample paragraph, there are three major details
growing out of the main idea. These are the major details:
1. They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.
2. They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them.
3. They also have circuits for making decisions.
A major detail often has minor details growing out of it. These minor details tell more
about a major detail, just as major details tell more about a main idea. In studying,
you often find a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp and
remember. Breaking up a paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main
idea, major details and minor details will help you to understand and remember what
it is about.
Exercise 1
Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the
block diagram after reading the following paragraph.
The computer has changed the production of copy in the newspaper industry.
There are three steps involved in the process: input, correction and output. First, the
computer numbers each story, counts words and gives a listing of the length of each
story. Then a page is made up, advertisements are placed in, the copy is shifted or
deleted and corrections are made. Finally, the computer hyphenates words and the
result of all this is a newspaper page.
MAIN The computer has changed the production of copy in the

IDEA newspaper industry.
|
MAJOR
DETAILS
|
MINOR
DETAIL
Exercise 2
Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the
diagram after reading the following paragraph.
Railways use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give
immediate information on the status of its trains. The computer system is connected
by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket
reservations for customers are made through these. The passenger’s name, type of
accommodation and the train schedule is put into the computer’s memory. On a
typical day, a railway’s computer system gets thousands of telephone calls about
reservations, space on other railways, and requests for arrivals and departures. A
big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity
because a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few seconds
later. Railways computer systems are not used for reservations alone. They are
used for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight and
cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.
MAIN
IDEA
MAJOR Terminals for ticket

DETAILS reservations
MINOR 1000s of
DETAILS calls for
reservations,
space, arrivals
and
departures
UNIT 5: STATISTICS
Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information in a form of numerical

data and drawing conclusions by analyzing the information. Consider, for example, the
following problems:
1. deciding whether or not a certain game is fair;
2. estimating the number of fish in a lake;
3. determining the unemployment rate;
4. deciding whether or not a drug is effective;
5. comparing mileage obtained using several different brands of gasoline;
6. testing the possible relation between the length of the ‘life-line’ on the hand
and life expectancy;
7. deciding whether or not cigarette smoking causes cancer; or
8. estimating the yield of wheat for different amounts of a standard fertilizer
applied.
In each of the above problems, the only practical scientific approach is to perform
some sort of experiment or survey and base the solution on the information obtained.
But what kind of information and how much? And after we have the information, what
do we do with it to solve the problem? Statistics deals with answering these kinds of
questions by specific techniques.
Statistics usually consists of four broad processes, although there are not always
clear boundaries between them: collection, organization, analysis of numerical data,
and the decision process.
Collecting data is the process of obtaining measurements or counts after some sort
of experiment or survey is conducted. Valid conclusions can result only from properly
collected data.
Organization of data is the process of preparing and presenting the collected data in
a form suitable for description as well as for further analysis.
Analysis of data is the process of performing certain calculations and evaluations in
order to extract relevant and pertinent information buried in the data.
The decision process is the task of interpreting and reaching valid conclusions based
on the analysis of the data and the mathematical theory of probability.
Statistical concepts and methods are widely applied in many areas of human
activity. They are extensively used in the physical, natural, and social sciences, in
business and public administration, and in many other fields.
In the sciences, the applications are far-ranging, extending from the design and
analysis of experiments to the testing of new and competing hypotheses. In industry,
statistics makes its contributions in short- and long-range planning and decision making.
Many firms use statistical methods to analyze patterns of change and to forecast
economic trends for the firm, the industry, and the economy as a whole. Such forecasts
often provide the foundation for corporate planning and control; areas such as
purchasing, production, and inventory control depend on short-range forecasts, and
capital investment and long-term development decisions depend on long-range
forecasts. Statistical methods are also employed in areas such as production control,
inventory control, and quality control. In order to control the quality of manufactured
products, for example, statistical methods are used to differentiate between variation
attributable to chance causes and variation too great to be considered a result of
chance. The latter type of variation can be analyzed and remedied. A large number of
cases have been recorded in which applications of these statistical quality control
methods have resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of products and in
lower costs because of reduction in rework and spoilage. Such statistical quality control
methods have been considered a major factor in the vast improvement in the quality of
Japanese-manufactured products in the post-World War II period.
I. Vocabulary in context
Complete the following sentences using the words from the text.
1.Information used in the statistics is often in a form of ____________.
2.Drawing conclusions, which can be obtained by __________, is one of the four
processes of __________.
3._________ and __________ are only practical scientific approaches in statistics.
4.In data organization, the collected data is usually presented in a form suitable
for ____________ and ______________.
5.The process of performing some ____________ is the third process of statistics.
6.The __________ plays an important role in making decisions using statistical
methods.
7.To control the quality, __________ methods are used to distinguish the chance
___________ and too great ____________.
8.________ depends on short-range forecasts, meanwhile ________ on long-
range ones.
9.Statistical methods are used to analyze and forecast __________ for the firms.
10. Quality control methods have resulted in __________ improvements.
II. Understanding the text

Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) or no information
(NI) by referring to the information in the text.
_______ 1. Valid conclusions can result from analyzing data.
_______ 2. Mathematical theory of probability can be used in decision-making.
_______ 3. Statistics deals with data of various forms.
_______ 4. In quality control, great variation is usually paid much more attention.
_______ 5. Statistical methods are applied in most aspects of human activities.
_______ 6. Statistics is much more used in natural science than in social science.
_______ 7. New and competing hypotheses should always be tested.
_______ 8. Statistical methods provide both long-range and short-range forecasts.
_______ 9. Statistical quality control methods were first used in Japan.
_______ 10. Statistical methods show themselves effective methods in quality
control.
II. Understanding the details

1. Statistics consists of four process: ________, _________, _________,
_________.
2. The process of collecting data = _____ or _____ --->_____ or ______ ---> taking
notes
3. Statistics deals with answering the questions:
a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________
c. _____________________________
4.
Applications of
statistics
in industry in business
corporate
planning
and control
kinds of control
5. Give some problems to which statistical methods can be used to find solutions
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6. In statistics, people usually consider two kinds of variation:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
IV. Understanding structures

Gerund
Study the sentences:
∗ Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information.
∗ The testing of new hypotheses seems to be his interest.
∗ Thinking fast is difficult.
In these sentences V-ing is used more like a noun though it can act like a verb.
Some common uses of the ing-form:
+ Subject:
Smoking is bad for you.
Drawing conclusions is considered the last process.
+ After prepositions:
Organization of data is the process of preparing the data.
+ The + ing-form + of:
The sinking of the Titanic has never been forgotten.
+ After some verbs:
I dread visiting the dentist.
All of us enjoy studying statistics.
Exercise: Put the words in brackets into the correct form.
1.If you go on ________(let) your dog _______ (chase) cars, he’ll end by
_________ (be) run over.
2.________ (lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than _______ (sit) in the
office.
3._______ (estimate) of the number of fish in a lake is a typical problem in
statistics.
4.I appreciate _________ (you/ analyze/ careful) of data.
5.________ (prepare) and _______ (present) the ________ (collect) data seem to
be his main task.
6.By ________ (perform) experiment or __________(survey) and _______ (base)
the solution on the information ________ (obtain), we can draw valid
conclusions.
7.We really don’t fancy ________ (carry out) any measurements and counts.
8.Do you object to _________ (make decisions) without any proofs?
9.How long do you intend __________ (go on) __________ (deal with) that
problem?
10. I’m annoyed about __________ (John/ put forward) these conclusions.
Too …………. To
Study the example:
∗ The variation is too great to be considered a result of chance.
Too comes before the adjective and has the sense of ‘excessive’ (c.f very, which
merely strengthens the adjective). With to-infinitive, too often combines negative
ideas:
∗ He isn’t strong. He can’t lift it. ---> He is too weak to lift it.
∗ He’s too heavy. I can’t lift him. ---> He is too heavy for me to lift.
Exercise: Combine these pairs of sentences
1.He only supplies general data. We can’t believe his conclusions.
2.This statistical problem is difficult. All of us are not able to find solution to it.
3.Very little information is obtained. Variation of many kinds can’t be
differentiated.
4.The representing of data is not simple. None of us can understand it.
5.The applications of statistics are far-ranging. We can’t classify them.
Revision:
Use appropriate prepositions
1.The scientific method of collecting information ________ a form of numerical
data is called statistics.
2.We usually present data in a form suitable ________ description.
3.People use statistics to forecast economic trends _______ a firm.
4.Long-term development decisions depend on long-range forecasts.
5.We should differentiate ____________ chance variation and great variation.
6. Quality control methods have resulted __________ substantical improvement.
UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES
1. Large computer systems, or mainframes, as they are referred to in the field of

computer science, are those computer systems found in computer installations
processing immense amounts of data. These powerful computers make use of very
high-speed main memories into which data and programs to be dealt with are
transformed for rapid access. These powerful machines have a larger repertoire of
more complex instructions which can be executed more quickly. Whereas smaller
computers may take several steps to perform a particular operation, a larger machine
may accomplish the same thing with one instruction.
2. These computers can be of two types: digital or analog. The digital computer or
general-purpose computer as it is often known, makes up about 90 per cent of the large
computers now in use. It gets its name because the data that are presented to it are
made up of a code consisting of digits- single-character numbers. The digital computer
is like a gigantic cash register in that it can do calculations in steps, one after another at
tremendous speed and with great accuracy. Digital computer programming is by far the
most commonly used in electronic data processing for business or statistical purposes.
The analog computer works something like a car speedometer, in that it continuously
works out calculations. It is used essentially for problems involving measurements. It
can simulate, or imitate different measurements by electronic means. Both of these
computer types- the digital and the analog- are made up of electronic components that
may require a large room to accommodate them. At present, the digital computer is
capable of doing anything the analog once did. Moreover, it is easier to program and
cheaper to operate. A new type of scientific computer system called the hybrid
computer has now been produced that combines the two types into one.
3. Really powerful computers continue to be bulky and require special provision
for their housing, refrigeration systems, air filtration and power supplies. This is
because much more space is taken up by the input/ output devices- the magnetic tape
and disk units and other peripheral equipment- than by the electronic components that
do not make up the bulk of the machine in a powerful installation. The power
consumption of these machines is also quite high, not to mention the price that runs into
hundreds of thousands of dollars. The future will bring great developments in the
mechanical devices associated with computer systems. For a long time these have been
the weak link, from the point of view of both efficiency and reliability.
EXERCISES
1. Main ideas
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate
the other choices?
_________ 1. Hybrid computers are a combination of digital and analog computers.
_________ 2. Digital computers are used more than any other type of computer.
_________ 3. There are three types of mainframes.
_________ 4. Analog computers can do more varied work than digital or hybrid
computers.

Decide whether the following sentences are true or false (T/F) by referring to the
information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false
_______ 1. A mainframe is the type of computer that can sit on top of a desk.
_______ 2. Mainframes are very powerful and can execute jobs very rapidly and
easily.
_______ 3. Digital computers are used more than analog computers.
_______ 4. The analog computer is far smaller than a digital computer and
therefore occupies very little space.
_______ 5. The hybrid computer is a combination of both the digital and the analog
computer.
_______ 6. The analog computer does its calculations one step at a time.
_______ 7. The digital computer continuously works out calculations.
_______ 8. Mainframes are huge powerful machines whose peripheral equipment
takes up a lot of space.
_______ 9. Mainframes are expensive to buy and to operate.
_______ 10. Mainframes technology has reached the end of the road. No further
development is needed.
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line
references.
_______ 1. Smaller computers may take longer to perform an operation.
_______ 2. More technological development is necessary in the mechanical devices

associated with computer systems.
_______ 3. Mainframes can operate quickly and execute more complex instructions.
_______ 4. The hybrid computer is a combination of both digital and analog
computers.
_______ 5. Digital computers are used more than analog computers.
_______ 6. Mainframes are large powerful computers.
_______ 7. An analog computer is comparable to a car speedometer in the way it
operates.
_______ 8. Digital computers do calculations, one after another, quickly and exactly.
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to
1. which can be executed (p. 1) __________________
2. as it is often known (p. 2) __________________
3. that are presented to it (p. 2) __________________
4. in that it can do calculations (p. 2) __________________
5. in that it continuously works out (p. 2) __________________
6. Both of these computer types (p. 2) __________________
7. that may require a large room (p. 2) __________________
8. that combines the two types (p. 2) __________________
9. require special provision for
their housing (p. 3) __________________
10. that runs into thousands of dollars (p. 3) __________________
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words
1. area __________________
2. acted on __________________
3. do __________________
4. composed of __________________
5. principally __________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words
6. ignored __________________
7. seldom __________________
8. little __________________
9. Small __________________
10. weak __________________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then
check the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. permission, permit, permissible, permitted
a. It is usually not _______________ to smoke in a computer installation.
b. Computers ______________ people to use their time more effectively.
c. Building _______________ is usually required before starting any
renovations to a building for a computer department.
2. continuation, continue, continuing, continuously
a. If microcomputer sales ______________ to increase, it won’t be long before
every household has one.
b. Computers can do repetitive operations _________________ without getting
bored.
c. There is a ______________ interest in discovering new areas where
computers can be used.
3. measurement, measure, measured, measurable
a. The analog computer is essentially used for problems involving
_______________ .
b. Because computer equipment is often bulky, the area used for a computer
installation must be _____________ out carefully.
c. The number of employees a computer company has can be seen as a
_____________ of its success in the business world.
4. association, associate, associated

a. Computers are ________________ with speed and accuracy.
b. There are many computer _______________ around the world to which
computer professionals belong.
c. Business _______________ in different cities often communicate with each
other via their computers.
5. efficiency, efficient, efficiently
a. Using a hand calculator to do simple mathematics is an ____________ way of
thinking.
b. Computers can solve problems faster and more ____________ than humans.
c. _____________ is important in any service industry.
7. Content review
Glossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some
can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular or
plural.
Mainframe computer installation digits
Hybrid computer code programming
Digital analog
1. The ______________________ system is a computer which has combined the
features of both the _________________ and _______________ computer. It is
used mainly in scientific research.
2. _______________ computers get their name from the word _____________.
These are single character numbers that make up the ______________ in which
the data are presented to the computer for processing.
3. _____________ are usually found in large ________________________.
4. The most commonly used language of ____________ in the business community
is _______________.
8. Focus review
1. Focus: Organizing information
On a separate sheet, organize the information in Unit ‘Mainframes’, under main
idea(s), major details and minor details.
2. Focus: Listing
It is important when reading to recognize and understand the relationship in which
sentences and groups of sentences combine to present information. This
information may be linked by means of a connective word and marker.
Making a list, enumerating, and giving instructions, indicates a cataloguing of
what is being said. It is important to note that most enumerations belong to clearly
defined sets. The following table is a list of the markers that can be used to show
the order in which things are to be said.
LISTING MARKERS
1, 2, 3, etc.
one, two, three, etc.
first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)
in the first/second/ third place
another, next, then
furthermore, afterwards, moreover
lastly, finally
to begin/ start with, and to conclude
first and foremost marking the beginning
first and most important(ly) of a descending order
above all marking the end of
last but not least an ascending order
There are many ways of showing sequential relationships. Those given in the
table above are not the only ones, they are the most common ones used in listing
or enumerating. The –ly forms are usually used when listing.
Sample paragraph
More and more police departments are now using sophisticated devices to help
control the increasing crime rate. Some of these devices are: firstly, a computer
terminal inside a police vehicle to answer an officer’s questions; secondly, a
computer-controlled display unit for displaying fingerprints; and thirdly,
educational systems for police officers such as terminals, enabling them to verify
changes in laws, rules and regulations.
The computer memory of many law enforcement systems contain all kinds of
information. First and foremost, it has data on stolen items such as cars, license
plates and property. Second, it has information on missing persons and wanted
fugitives. Last but not least, it contains information on political extremist groups
and their activities.
It goes without saying that computers have certainly revolutionized police
work by providing access to millions of items of information with the least
possible delay and speeding up the process of apprehending suspicious-looking
characters.
Exercise 1
The following paragraph is an excerpt from paragraph 3 of Unit ‘What is a
computer?’ While reading this paragraph underline the listing markers.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most
computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First,
computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers
have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed
information in and get results back, those machines wouldn’t be of much use.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The computer can
only decide three things: 1. Is one number less than another? 2. Are two
numbers equal? and 3 . Is one number greater than another?
Exercise 2
Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blank with appropriate listing
markers.
Computers can do wonders, but they can waste a lot of money unless careful
consideration goes into buying them. Any businessman thinking of buying a
computer system should ______________ admit he knows very little about
computers. _____________, he must realize that the computers salesman
doesn’t know how his business works.
____________, that he should get outside advice is a must, not necessarily
from consultants but from other executives who have had recent experience in
buying a computer system.____________ he should try to see systems similar to
ones under consideration in operation. Because his operations will have
differences that must be accommodated, he should _____________ find out
what would be involved in upgrading a system. ___________ important thing to
know before buying a computer is the financial situation of the supplier because
computer companies come and go and not all are financially stable.
______________, the prospective buyer should demand that every detail be
covered in writing, including hardware and software if they are supplied by
different companies. There’s nothing wrong with computers, it’s how and why
they are used that can cause problems.
UNIT 7: CALCULUS
1. Calculus was invented in the seventeenth century as a tool for investigating

problems that involve motion. Algebra and trigonometry may be used to study objects
that move at constant speeds along linear or circular paths, but calculus is needed if the
speed varies or if the path is irregular. An accurate description of motion requires
precise definitions of velocity (the rate at which distance changes per unit time) and
acceleration (the rate at which velocity changes). These definitions may be obtained by
using one of the fundamental concepts of calculus- the derivative.
2. Although calculus was developed to solve problems in physics, its power and
versatility have led to uses in many diverse fields of study. Modern-day applications of
the derivative include investigating the rate of growth of bacteria in a culture,
predicting the outcome of a chemical reaction, measuring instantaneous changes in
electrical current, describing the behavior of atomic particles, estimating tumor
shrinkage in radiation therapy, forecasting economic profits and losses, and analyzing
vibrations in mechanical systems.
3. The derivative is also useful in solving problems that involve maximum or
minimum values, such as manufacturing the least expensive rectangular box that has a
given volume, calculating the greatest distance a rocket will travel, obtaining the
maximum safe flow of traffic across a long bridge, determining the number of wells to
drill in an oil field for the most efficient production, finding the point between two light
sources at which illumination will be greatest, and maximizing corporate revenue for a
particular product. Mathematicians often employ derivatives to find tangent lines to
curves and to help analyze graphs of complicated functions.
4. Another fundamental concept of calculus- the definite integral- is motivated by
the problem of finding areas of regions that have curved boundaries. Definite integral
are employed as extensively as derivatives and in many different fields. Some
applications are finding the center of mass or moment of inertia of a solid, determining
the work required to send a space probe to another planet, calculating the blood flow
through an arteriole, estimating depreciation of equipment in a manufacturing plant,
and interpreting the amount of dye dilution in physiological tests that involve tracer
methods. We can also use definite integrals to investigate mathematical concepts such
as area of a curved surface, volume of a geometric solid, or length of a curve.
5. The concepts of derivative and definite integral are defined by limiting processes.
The notion of limit is the initial idea that separates calculus from elementary
mathematics. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-
1716) independently discovered the connection between derivatives and integrals and
are both credited with the invention of calculus. Many other mathematicians have
added greatly to its development in the last 300 years.
6. The applications of calculus mentioned here represent just a few of the many
considered in this book. We can’t possibly discuss all the uses of calculus, and more are
being developed with every advance in technology. Whatever your field of interest,
calculus is probably used in some pure or applied investigations. Perhaps you will
discover a new application for this branch of science.
I. Vocabulary in context
Complete the following sentences using the words from the passage.
1.Calculus is used as a _______________ to solve problems of many kinds.
2.Definite integral and derivative are defined by _________________.
3.Some objects move along ___________, _____________, or even _________
paths.
4.In pure investigation, people can find ____________ at which the derivative = 0.
5.The speed of an object can be _____________ but usually ______________.
6.One can differentiate calculus from _______________.
7.The center of mass is called ______________ of a solid.
8.People use _____________ to give description of changes in motion.
9.Finding tangent lines and analyzing ___________ are typical mathematical
problems.
10. Finding areas of regions that have __________ may involve fundamental
concepts of calculus.
11. ______________ are usually analyzed thanks to the application of
derivatives.
12. Elementary mathematics and calculus might be separated thanks to
____________.
13. _______________ and derivative are two fundamental concepts of calculus.
14. Manufacturing the least expensive box that has a given volume is a problem
about ________________.
15. Mathematicians use derivatives to find __________ to curves.
II. Understanding words

Refer back to the passage and find synonyms for the following words:
1. to make something happen __________ 7. different __________
2. to be used __________ 8. immediate __________
3. unchanging __________ 9. income __________
4. to change __________ 10. complex __________
5. accurate __________ 11. first __________
6. having various uses __________ 12. to differentiate __________
III. Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are True, False or No Information by
referring back to the text. Make any necessary changes so that the false statements
become true.
______ 1. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried W. Leinibz both discovered derivatives
and integrals independently.
______ 2. Calculus chiefly deals with studying objects moving at constant speeds.
______ 3. To investigate mathematical concepts related to the volume of a
geometric solid or length of a curve, the notion of limit should be involved.
______ 4. The notion of limit is found in many other branches of mathematics
______ 5. There are many ideas that can distinguish calculus from elementary
mathematics.
______ 6. Calculus was invented because algebra and trigonometry couldn’t be used
to solve many problems.
______ 7. We- students- might discover some new applications for this branch.
______ 8. Calculus was first invented to solve physical problems.
______ 9. Although definite integral and derivative are two fundamental concepts of
calculus, they are independent.
______ 10. More uses of calculus are being developed nowadays.
IV. Understanding the details

Complete the blanks with appropriate information from the text.
1.Velocity is ______________________________________________.
2.Acceleration is __________________________________________.
3.Two fundamental concepts of calculus are ____________________.
4.One of the differences between calculus and elementary mathematics is
______________________________________________________.
5.Traditional applications of calculus are in ____________________.
6.Modern applications of calculus are in many diverse fields. Give some examples
of:
Problems related to Problems related to max-min Problems related to

forecasting values curves
V. Understanding structures
Expressing degrees of certainty.
Present time
Why isn’t John in class? ____ ∗ He is sick 100% sure
∗ He must be sick 95% sure
(He is usually in class everyday, but when I saw him
last night, he wasn’t feeling good. So my best guess is
that he is sick today. I can’t think of another
possibility)
∗ He may be sick less than 50% sure
∗ He might be sick. less than 50% sure
∗ He could be sick. less than 50% sure
(I don’t really know. He may be at home watching
TV. He might be at the library. He could be out of
town)
What are the negative forms of the above sentences?
Past time
Why wasn’t Mary in class?____ ∗ She was sick. 100% sure
∗ She must have been sick 95% sure
∗ She may have been sick less than 50% sure
∗ She might have been sick less than 50% sure
∗ She could have been sick less than 50% sure
What are the negative forms of the above sentences?
Exercises:
A1. Supply suitable forms to express degrees of certainty.
1.He knows a lot about flying planes. He __________(be) a pilot when he was
young.
2.Vera ____________ (be) at the supermarket this morning. I didn’t see her there.
3.There are so many nice things for tea. I think you ________ (expect) us right
now.
4.Someone is knocking at the door. Mary is in New York. So it ________ (be)
Mary.
5.“Someone told me that Jane quit school”
“ You’re kidding. That _____________ (be) true”
6.Look at that big bird. It ____________ (be) an eagle.
7.Jack didn’t stay home last night. He _______________ (go) to a movie.
8.Adams wears something green everyday. He ____________ (like) green very
much.
9.He bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings. He ________
(win) a lottery.
10. There’s no one here by that name. You ___________ (make) a mistake.
A2. Read the passage then supply suitable forms to express degrees of
certainty.
I’m in a hotel Lobby. I’m looking at a man with a briefcase. He is talking with
someone at the registration desk, so he ___________ (register) to stay in the
hotel. He _____________ (check-out), because people have to check out at a
different desk. He _______________ (simply/ask) a question, but I doubt it.
Judging from his clothes, I’d say he ___________ (be) a businessman. But he
___________ (be) a doctor, or a professor. He has salt-and-pepper hair and not
too many wrinkles. He __________ (be) about 50 to 55. He doesn’t have any
luggage with him. The porter _____________ (take) his luggage. The hotel clerk
just handed the man a key. Aha! I was right. He is registering to stay at the hotel.
As and Like
1. Like (preposition) is followed by a noun, pronoun or –ing, and can have different
meanings.
∗ There’s no business like show business (to compare with)
∗ Why don’t you try something like doing a bit of work for a change. (such as)
The opposite is unlike
∗ The holiday was unlike any others.
2. As can be used as a preposition and means ‘in the position of, in the capacity of’
∗ I work as a hotel receptionist. (I’m in the position of a hotel receptionist)
Also, As can be a conjunction introducing a clause. But it can have different

meanings.
∗ As the last bus had left, we returned on foot. (because)
∗ As I left the house, I remembered the key. (when/ while)
∗ Type this again as I showed you. (in the way I showed you)
Exercise: Use As or Like respectively

1.When in Rome, do ___________ the Romans do.
2.He fought ___________ a madman.
3.Let me speak to you __________ a father.
4.There were lots of people we knew, _________ the Smiths and the Johnsons.
5.It was __________ a dream.
6.There’s no one ____________ you.
7.He acts _____________ a King.
8.__________ a lawyer, I wouldn’t recommend it.
9.__________ I told you, it’s an offer I can’t refuse.
10. __________ he was tired, he stopped working.
UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
Can a computer solve problem? Definitely not. It is a machine that carries out the
procedures which the programmer gives it. It is the programmer then who solves the
problems. There are a few steps that one has to follow in problem solving:
Step 1. The programmer must define the problem clearly. This means that he or she
has to determine, in a general way, how to solve the problem. Some problems are
easy, while others take months of study. The programmer should start by asking:
‘Do I understand the problem?’.
Step 2. The programmer must formulate an algorithm, which is a straightforward
sequence of steps of instructions used to solve the problem. Constructing an
algorithm is the most important part of problem solving and is usually time-
consuming. An algorithm can be described by a flowchart, which may be started in
terms of a sequence of precise sentences, or a block diagram. The latter is a
diagrammatic representation of the sequence of events to be followed in solving
the problem. The relationship between the events is shown by means of a
connecting arrow ---->. A block diagram can show if a process has to be repeated
or if there are alternative routes to be taken.
Step 3. The programmer must translate the algorithm or flowchart into a computer
program. To do so, he or she writes detailed instructions for the computer program,
using one of the many computer languages available following the exact sequence
of the flowchart algorithm. The program is usually written on coding sheets which
have a specific format drawn on them.
Step 4. The programmer must then keypunch the program, or give the coding sheets
to the keypunch operator to do it. The program is either punched on cards or
entered into the computer at a terminal with a visual display unit.
Step 5. The program must then be tested. To do so, the computer operator puts the
deck of cards in the card reader and presses the ‘read’ button. This transfers the
information to the memory of the computer. Next, a printout shows if the program
works or if it has errors (called bugs). If the programmer is using a terminal instead
of cards to enter the instructions it is possible, with the aid of a few commands, to
store the program in the memory of the computer and get a printout.
Step 6. The last step is to add the data to the program and run the job completely.
The computer will then perform the calculations necessary to solve the problem. It
will follow the instructions in the program to the minutest details. Therefore, one
can say that the computer is a robot. It doesn’t think, but simply does what it is told
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you
________ 1. Constructing an algorithm is the basic step in solving a problem.
________ 2. Solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed.
________ 3. The computer does what the programmer tells it to do.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to
the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false
________ 1. The computer is a great help to people because it solves their
problems.
________ 2. All problems are equally difficult to solve.
________ 3. An algorithm is a sequence of instructions used to solve a problem.
________ 4. The most important part of problem solving is defining the problem
clearly.
________ 5. Block diagrams cannot show relationships.
________ 6. Coding sheets are used for writing programs.
________ 7. Punched cards are the only way of transferring the program to the
computer memory.
________ 8. If the data is not added to the program, the computer cannot
perform calculations.
________ 9. It is a good idea to test the program before adding the data.
________ 10. A computer is very intelligent. It is capable of thinking.
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the
line references.
________ 1. Programs are usually written on certain lined forms.
________ 2. A block diagram can show a decision with two different outcomes.
________ 3. The programmer is the one who solves the problems.
________ 4. Even if the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards, it is
possible to get a permanent copy of his program.
________ 5. Not all problems are of the same level of difficulty.
1. It is a machine ________________
2. which the programmer gives it ________________
3. who solves the problems ________________

4. which may be started _______________
5. The latter is a diagrammatic representation _______________
6. operator to do it _______________
7. this transfers the information _______________
8. or if it has errors _______________
9. It will follow the instructions _______________
10. does what it is told _______________
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words.
1. construct ________________
2. takes a lot of time ________________
3. exact ________________
4. mistakes ________________
5. help ________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words
6. ambiguously ________________
7. specific ________________
8. partially ________________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then
check the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. procedure, proceed, proceeding
a. The machine carries out the ___________ which the programmer gives
it.
b. You should ____________ with care when using a calculator.
2. program, programmer, programmed, programming
a. I would like to ____________ in COBOL.
b. There were quite a few errors in my _______________.
c. My calculator is ___________. It plays a tune on the hour.
d. Fortran is one of the many _____________ languages available on the
market.
e. Computer __________ is a new field of study at the university.
f. He is a good _________ because he always constructs algorithms for his
problems.
3. relationship, relate, related
a. The first two steps in your program are not ________. They are basically
different.
b. In a flowchart, the _____________ between events is shown by means of
connecting arrows.
4. code, coding
a. Do you have any ___________ sheets left?

b. I have to ____________ my program.
c. Assembler is one example of a machine _______________.
5. printer, printing, print, printed
a. _______________ your name and address in block letters.
b. ___________ was introduced by Gutenberg in Germany in the 1400s.
c. The quality of the ______________ output from a daisy wheel printer is
superior to that from a dot matrix.
d. _______________ provide a hard copy of the results of data processing
operations.
7a. Content review

Glossary. The complete the following statements with the appropriate words. Make
sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular or plural.
algorithm coding sheets flowchart
robot printout bugs
1. Special forms which are usually used for writing programs are called
____________.
2. Another word for program errors is _____________.
3. A number of steps used in solving a program is called an
_______________.
4. A machine which is incapable of thinking but follows instructions is called
a _______.
5. A __________ is either a group of exact sentences to solve a problem or a
block diagram.
7b. Content review

Solving a problem is a process involving various steps. Complete the following
diagram to show the sequence of these steps.
Define
the
problem
clearly
8. Focus review
Focus : Cause and effect/ result
The following sentences were taken from the text on ‘Steps in Problem
Solving’. While reading these sentences underline the cause once, the effect/
result twice, then circle the causal-effect/ result maker.
1. If the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards to enter his
instructions, he can, with the aid of a few commands, store the program in the
memory of the computer and get a printout.
2. The computer will follow the instructions in the program to minutest
details. Therefore, one can say that the computer is a robot
UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Pre-reading
1. What is discrete mathematics?
2. Would you like to study discrete mathematics?
3. Why do you like to study discrete mathematics?
Discrete mathematics is the part of mathematics devoted to the study of

discrete objects. (Here discrete means consisting of distinct or unconnected
elements.) The kind of problems solved using discrete mathematics includes: How
many ways are there to choose a valid password on a computer system? What is the
probability of winning a lottery? Is there a link between two computers in a
network? What is the shortest path between two cities using a transportation
system? How can a list of integers be sorted so that the integers are in increasing
order? How many steps are required to do such a sorting? How can a circuit be
designed that adds two integers? You will learn the discrete structures and
techniques needed to solve problems such as these.
More generally, discrete mathematics is used whenever objects are counted,
when relationships between finite sets are studied, and when processes involving a
finite number of steps are analyzed. A key reason for the growth in the importance
of discrete mathematics is that information is stored and manipulated by computing
machines in a discrete fashion.
There are several important reasons for studying discrete mathematics. First,
through this course you can develop your mathematical maturity, that is, your
ability to understand and create mathematical arguments. You will not get very far
in your study in the mathematical sciences without these skills.
Second, discrete mathematics is the gateway to more advanced courses in
all parts of the mathematical sciences. Math courses based on the material studied
in discrete mathematics include logic, set theory, linear algebra, abstract algebra,
combinatorics, graph theory, and probability theory (the discrete part of the subject).
Discrete mathematics provides the mathematical foundations for many computer
science courses, including data structures, algorithms, database theory, automata
theory, formal languages, compiler theory, computer security, and operating
systems. Students find these courses much more difficult when they have not had
the appropriate mathematical foundation from discrete math.
Also, discrete mathematics contains the necessary mathematical background

for solving problem in operations research (including many discrete optimization
techniques), chemistry, engineering, biology, and so on. In the text, we will study
application to some of these areas.
EXERCISES
I. Focus on the reading:
Locate the equivalent information in the text then choose the best word for each
sentence
1. Is there a ________________ between 2 computers in a network?
2. _________________ is used whenever objects are counted.
3. Discrete mathematics provides the mathematical foundations for many
computer science courses, including data structures, _______________,
database theory…
4. How can a list of integers be ________ so that the integers are in increasing
order?
5. More generally, discrete mathematics is used when relationships between
___________ are studied.
6. Math courses based on the material studied in discrete math include
_________.
7. Discrete math is the ________________ to more advanced courses in math.
8. Discrete math provides the ______________ for many computer science
courses.
9. When processes involve a __________________, we use discrete math.
10. This course can create your _________________.
II. Vocabulary in new context

Choose the best word for each sentence.
1. Discrete mathematics chiefly deals with _________________ objects.
2. There is always a close ____________ between math and other branches of
science.
3. To access to a special applied computer program, you must give it a valid
signal. This is called ________________.
4. The process of augmenting a basic data structure to support additional
functions occurs quite frequently in _________________ design.
5. People use discrete math when objects are _________________.
6. The government’s _____________ is that they must first aim to beat
inflation.
7. Means to gain more advanced courses should be _______________.
8. Computer science really needs _____________ which discrete math can
provide.
9. We can find out many optimization techniques if we have necessary

mathematical background of _______________.
10. We can’t ____________ in our studies without mathematical background.
III. Understanding words

Refer back to the text and find the words that mean:
1. Unconnected ______________________
2. Connection ______________________
3. Suitable ______________________
4. Separate ______________________
5. Basis ______________________
6. Information needed to understand a problem ______________________
7. Ability to understand something ______________________
8. Discussion based on reasoning ______________________

9. Means of gaining something desired ______________________
10. Arranging things in group ______________________
IV. Understanding the text

Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) or no
information (NI) by referring back to the text.
______ 1. Students will find many computer science courses difficult.
______ 2. Discrete optimization techniques are worked in operation research
courses.
______ 3. Discrete math can only be used under some conditions.
______ 4. You can use discrete math to do many kinds of sorting.
______ 5. Elementary math is much simpler than discrete math.
______ 6. Discrete math is used when there is a limit of objects.
______ 7. It’s difficult to study other branches of math without discrete
mathematical background.
______ 8. Discrete math has no application in other natural sciences.
______ 9. Discrete math helps study math, in general, better.
______ 10. Students of English don’t need discrete mathematics.
V. Understanding the details

1. Discrete math helps solve problems such as:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Studying discrete math, students will work on the following math courses:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3.
Applications of discrete math
1 2 3 4. Giving background
for solving:
-
-
4. In general, three elements that should be gained when we want to use

discrete mathematics are:
a. ________________
b. ________________
c. _________________
5. The importance of discrete math is that ___________________________
VI. Understanding structures

A. The use of Whenever, Wherever, However, Whoever, Whatever. The
words above mean “no mater when, no mater where…”
Example:
- My roof leaks whenever it rains
- Whoever cleans the windows, doesn’t make the floor clean
- I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is,
than share a room.
Practice: Rewrite the following sentences, using Whenever, Wherever,
However, Whoever, Whatever.
1. You can eat anything you like.
.. .............................................................................................................................................
2. You’ll see this product advertised every where you go
.. .............................................................................................................................................
3. It doesn’t mater who you are, come and sit down.
.. .............................................................................................................................................
4. It doesn’t mater how hard I worked, she was not satisfied
.. .............................................................................................................................................
5. He says he’ll come to us any time he has spare-time
.. .............................................................................................................................................
B. The use of “Between” and “Among”

- Between is used with two nouns.
- Among is used with three or more nouns or a phrase noun.
Practice: Fill in the gaps, using “Between” and “Among”.
1. Rich and his wife can usually solve their problem __________ them.
2. Profits are decided __________the stockholders of corporation.
3. The votes were evenly decided __________ the Democratic candidates and the
Republican candidates.
4. The property was decided equally __________ his son and daughter.
5. There is a link __________ two computer in a network.
6. The work is distributed __________ the secretary and receptionist.
BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS

A. Vocabulary review:
Choose the best word for each sentence
Dimension Function
Even Elements
Odd Equation
Triangle Paid
Reduces
1. x – y = 3
2x = 2y + 6
How many solutions does the system of __________ above have?
2. The high cost of advertising is invariably __________ by the consumers.
3. If a, b, c are the lengths of sides of the right __________ with C greater than a,
b then …
4. If the argument of a __________ f runs through a set M, in which the function
also takes its value, then f is called an algebraic operation on M.
5. If the orders of all __________ of a periodic group are bounded, then the
lowest common multiple of their orders is called exponent of the group.
6. The figure shows the __________ of a rectangular box that is …
7. Every mathematical theory __________ ultimately to study two kinds of
objects: sets and function on sets.
B. Context clues:
Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word underlined
1. They set out a dramatic journey.
a) Spectacular b) cheerful c) exciting d) interesting
2. They spent her first day in Hanoi and took a sightseeing tour around this
fascinating city
a) Boring b) exciting c) absorbing d) busy
3. The fact lies in that every one assumes heavy tasks assigned and fulfil with a
high sense of responsibility
a) work b) duty c) profession d) job
4. The whole relationship changed and they became tremendous friends.
a) close b) friendly c) wonderful d) awful
5.The British parliament’s Big Ben clock tower is starting to tilt slightly and could
become London’s own leaning tower
a) Tighten b) fasten c) slant d) lift
6. Thousands of protesters marched on Saturday in front of White House
demanding the United States’ lifting embargo against Cuba.
a) Paraded b) operated c) walked d) moved
UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right
instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level
languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC,
depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these
languages is often called a source program, and it cannot be directly processed by
the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine
code. Usually a single instruction written in a high-level language, when
transformed into machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief
description of some of the many high-level languages:
FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used
for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists
of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first
introduced in the United States in 1954.
COBOL acronym for Comon Business-Oriented Language. This
language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL, which is
written using English statements, deals with problems that do
not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first
introduced in 1959.
ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL,
which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for
mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first
introduced in Europe in 1960.
PL/1 Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine
features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for
data processing as well as scientific applications.
BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code. Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United
States for use by students who require a simple language to
begin programming.
Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962) and PASCAL (named after
Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971)
2. When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to

do a specific type of work such as calculate a company’s payroll or calculate the
stress factor on a roof, it is called an applications program. Institutions either
purchase these programs as packages or commission their own programmers to
write them to meet the specifications of the users.
3. The program produced after the source program has been converted into
machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by
a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer.
Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level
languages if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages. For
example, in order that an IBM system 370 may process a program in FORTRAN, it
needs to have a compiler that would understand that particular model and the
FORTRAN language as well.
4. The compiler is a systems program, which may be written in any language,
but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the
central processing unit (CPU), the input, the output, and the secondary memory
devices. Another systems program is the linkage editor which fetches required
systems routines and links them to the object module (the source program in
machine code). The resulting program is then called the load module, which is the
program directly executable by the computer. Although systems programs are part
of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine.
5. Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and
not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed
to perform certain applications which conform to internationally accepted rules,
irrespective of the particular specifications of the user. Payroll is an example of
such a package which allows the user to input data – hours worked, pay rates,
special deductions, names of employees − and get salary calculations as output.
These packages are coded in machine language (0s and 1s) on magnetic tapes or
disks which can be purchased, leased or rented by users who choose the package
that most closely corresponds to their needs.
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you
________ 1. Without software packages, it would be difficult to use the
computer in solving problems such as payroll.
________ 2. Compilers are indispensable to a computer.
________ 3. Source programs written in high-level languages have to be
changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to
the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false
________1. BASIC was developed to help students
________2. FORTRAN is very wordy and therefore not as efficient a
computer language as COBOL in solving scientific problems.
________3. All high-level programs must be translated to machine code
before the computer can execute them.
________4. The best place to buy software packages is from the
manufacturer.
________5. An example of an application program is calculating the stress
on a roof.
________6. An operating system program controls input and output
operations.
________7. Software packages are not written in high-level languages.
________8. Different high-level languages suit different problems.
________9. IBM machine code is the same as that of CDC.
________10. It is a must for a programmer to be able to understand machine
code.
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give
the line references
_______1. Systems programs control the work of the computer system.
_______2. Software packages are not always sold by the manufacturer.
_______3. Usually, every high-level instruction translates into many more in
machine code.
_______4. Systems programs are usually provided by the manufacturer.
_______5. Programmers may be required to write software for their
employers.
1. If they are given the right (paragraph.1)
_________________
2. it cannot be directly processed (paragraph.1)
_________________
3. it is called an applications program (paragraph.2)
_________________
4. commission their own programmers (paragraph.2)
_________________
5. to write them to meet (paragraph.2)
_________________
6. that would understand (paragraph.3)
_________________
7. which controls the central (paragraph.4)
_________________
8. links them to the object (paragraph.4)
__________________
9. They are a set of programs (paragraph.5)
__________________
10. which can be purchased (paragraph.5)
__________________
Refer back to the text and find a synonym for the following words
1. converted ________________
2. buy ________________
3. brings ________________
4. agree with, comply with ________________
5. rented ________________
Now refer back to the text and find an antonym for the following words
6. lengthy _________________
7. unchanged __________________
8. separate __________________
9. reject __________________
10. depending on __________________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.
Then check the differences of meaning on your dictionary.
1. instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor
a. Our maths ____________ explained to us the principles of binary
arithmetic.
b. We were ____________ to document our programs very carefully.

c. Both _______________ and data have to be changed to machine code
before the computer can operate on them.
2. compilation, compiler, compile, compiled
a. Our university computer does not have a PASCAL ____________.
b. Usually, a programmer _____________ his program before he puts in
the data.
c. A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until
it has been ____________.
3. description, describe, described
a. Our introductory programming text included a brief ____________ of
the many high-level languages.
b. It is difficult to ______________ the memory of a microcomputer
without referring to ‘chips’
4. result, results, resulting
a. The linkage editor links systems routines to the object module. The
______________ program, referred to as the load module, is directly
executable by the computer.
b. The _____________ of these mathematical operations were obtained
from the university mainframe and not from my micro.
5. specification, specify, specific, specified, specifically
a. Our company brought three packages with very _____________
applications: payroll, accounts receivable and accounts payable.
b. And applications program is designed to do a _____________ type of
work, such as calculating the stress factor on a roof.
c. Did the analyst give the new programmer the ____________
necessary to start on the project?
7a. Content review

Match the following words in column A with the corresponding information
in column B.
A B
1. source program a. to solve a particular problem
2. high-level languages b. can be executed by the computer
3. applications program directly
4. software packages c. program translated to machine code
5. object program d. connects routines with programs in
6. compiler memory
7. systems program e. examples are COBOL and
8. operating systems PASCAL
9. linkage editor f. directs the processes of the
10. load module computer CPU, and peripherals
g. groups of programs designed to

solve a specific problem
h. written in a high-level language
i. computer needs one for each high-
level language
j. deals with the running of the actual
computer not with programming
problems
7b. Content review

Summarize the information on different high-level computer languages by
completing the table below
LANGUAGE DEVELOPED FUNCTION CHARACTERISTIC

FORTRAN
1959
LANGUAGE DEVELOPED FUNCTION CHARACTERISTIC

Mathematical
and scientific
purpose
Combines features of
COBOL and ALGOL
BASIC
1962
8. Focus review
Read paragraphs 1 and 3 of ‘Programs and Programming Languages again-
they are re-written below. What do the words in italics signify?
Computers can deal with different kinds

of problems if they are given the right a. Cause-effect
instructions for what to do. Instructions
are first written in one of the high-level b. ______________
languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, c. ______________
ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL, OR BASIC,
d. ______________
depending on the type of problem to be
solved. A program written in one of e. ______________
these languages is often called a source f. ______________
program, and it cannot be directly
processed by the computer until it has g. ______________
been compiled, which means interpreted h. ______________
into machine code. Usually a single
i. ______________
instruction written in a high-level
language, when transformed to machine j. ______________
code, results in several instructions. k. ______________
Here is a brief description of some of
the many high-level languages… l. Cause -effect
The program produced after the source m. ______________

program has been converted into
machine code is referred to as and
object program or object module. This is
done by a computer program called the
compiler, which is unique for each
computer. Consequently, a computer
needs its own compiler for the various
high-level languages if it is expected to
accept programs written in those
languages. For example, in order that
and IBM system 370 may process a
program in FORTRAN, it needs to have
a compiler that would understand that
particular model and the FORTRAN
language as well
GLOSSARY
A
Acceleration gia toác Application program trình öùng duïng
Analog computer maùy tính vaät lyù Arithmetic soá hoïc
Algorithm thuaät toaùn Argument ñoái soá-goùc cöïc
Algebra ñaïi soá Augment taêng theâm-boå sung
theâm
B
Block diagram sô ñoà khoái Branch ngaønh
Boundary bieân
C
Calculate tính toaùn Compact thu goïn
Calculation söï tính toaùn Compile bieân dòch
Calculus pheùp tính vi tích phaân Circuits vi maïch
Card reader boä phaän ñoïc phieáu Cores coát loõi
Chance ngaãu nhieân Curve ñöôøng cong
Combinatorics toaùn hoïc toå hôïp Curve surface maët cong
Coefficient heä soá
(Leading coefficient heä soá soá haïng cao nhaát)
Central processing unit ñôn vò xöû lyù trung taâm
D
Data döõ lieäu Digit chöõ soá
Decimal thaäp phaân Digital computer maùy tính kyõ thuaät soá
Decompose phaân tích Dimension soá chieàu, chieàu
Decisor soá chia, öôùc soá Discrete rôøi raïc
Definite integral tích phaân xaùc ñònh Disk ñóa
Derivative ñaïo haøm Disk drive oã ñóa
Device thieát bò Display screen maøn hình hieån thò
E
Elementary math toaùn sô caáp Equal baèng nhau
Electronic circuit vi maïch ñieän töû Equation phöông trình
Electric pulses xung ñieän Exponent soá muõ, phöông trình
muõ
F
Factor thöøa soá Foundation cô sôû
Finite set taäp hôïp höõu haïn Fraction phaân soá
Flow chart löu ñoà Function haøm soá
G
Geometry hình hoïc Group theory lyù thuyeát nhoùm
Graph ñoà thò
H
Hardware component boä phaän phaàn cöùng
High-level language ngoân ngöõ baäc cao
Hypothesis giaõ thuyeát
I
Input nhaäp vaøo Internal memory boä nhôù trong
Installation caøi ñaët Inventory kieåm keâ
Instruction chæ thò Investigate khaûo saùt
Integers soá nguyeân
L
Limit giôùi haïn Linkage editor bieân taäp noát keát
Limitting process quaù trình giôùi haïn Load module trình ñaõ naïp
Linear tuyeán tính
M
Magnetic tape baêng töø Minimum cöïc tieåu
Mainframe maùy ñieän toaùn lôùn Mixed number of integer hoãn soá
Manipulate thao taùc Moment of inertia moâ-men quaùn tính
Maximun cöïc ñaïi Multiple boäi soá
Medium phöông tieän-trung bình
O
Object program chöông trình ñoái töôïng Operating system heä ñieàu haønh
Operations toaùn töû-thao taùc Optimization toái öu hoaù
P
Packages chöông trình soaïn saün Prime number soá nguyeân toá
Partial fraction phaân thöùc toái giaûn Probability xaùc xuaát
Pentagon hình nguõ giaùc Process xöõ lyù
Periodic tuaàn hoaøn Processor boä xöõ lyù
Peripheral devices thieát bò ngoaïi vi Proper fraction phaân soá thöïc söï
Point ñieåm Proportion tæ leä thöùc
Polynomial ña thöùc Punched card phieáu ñuïc loã
R
Random ngaãu nhieân Rational fraction phaân thöùc höõu tæ
Ratio tæ leä Rectangle hình chöõ nhaät
S
Sample space khoâng gian maãu Storage device thieát bò löu tröõ
Secondary memory boä nhôù phuï Subset of hôïp con cuûa
Semi-circle hình baùn nguyeät Statistics thoáng keâ
Software phaàn meàm System program trình heä thoáng
Source program chöông trình nguoàn
T
Tangent line tieáp tuyeán Terminal traïm cuoái
Tape drive boä phaän ñoïc baêng töø Trigonometry löôïng giaùc
Term soá haïng
V
Variation söï bieán thieân Versatility tính ña naêng
Velocity vaän toác
W
Whole number soá nguyeân
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TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC ÑAØ LAÏT

KHOA NGOAÏI NGÖÕ

AxB/(A)(B) :Parentheses (A)(B)

The symbols and their expressions:

How would the names of the shapes below be read in English?

- Three dimensional shapes E

WORKING WITH VOCABULARY

A. Focus on the reading:

B. Focus on new context:

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

B. Details: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is False

4. The names of shapes

A. The passive and active in the simple present tense

B. Word forms: Nouns

ION SAME FORM

BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS

UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

1. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that

2. Understanding the passage

Focus: Contextual reference

business, industry and research.

UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS

Other branches of mathematics such as algebra and geometry are also

5. Name the common arithmetical operations. Using actual numbers, give

II. Word study

IV. Structure study

4. The te_____________ villagers ran for their lives.

C. Revision: Passive Voice

1. Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared

INPUT ----------------> COMPUTER -----------------> OUTPUT

3. Above figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a

certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these

2. Understanding the passage

7a. Content review

7b. Content review

SYSTEM COMPONENTS PARTS

MAIN The computer has changed the production of copy in the

MAJOR Terminals for ticket

Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information in a form of numerical

II. Understanding the text

II. Understanding the details

IV. Understanding structures

1. Large computer systems, or mainframes, as they are referred to in the field of

2. Understanding the passage

_______ 2. More technological development is necessary in the mechanical devices

4. association, associate, associated

1. Calculus was invented in the seventeenth century as a tool for investigating

II. Understanding words

III. Understanding the passage

IV. Understanding the details

Problems related to Problems related to max-min Problems related to

Also, As can be a conjunction introducing a clause. But it can have different

Exercise: Use As or Like respectively

UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

2. Understanding the passage

3. who solves the problems ________________

a. Do you have any ___________ sheets left?

7a. Content review

7b. Content review

UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Discrete mathematics is the part of mathematics devoted to the study of

Also, discrete mathematics contains the necessary mathematical background

II. Vocabulary in new context

9. We can find out many optimization techniques if we have necessary