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t c e ff e t n a t r o p m i n a s a h o s l a e r u t a r e p m e t h t i w f o r o i v a h e b e h t t a h t w o h s l l a h s e w , e b V n o
ylira mirp sdneped no ne mo nehp siht hguo htlA .W/C006 fo e ulav deificeps eht morf %01 yleta mixorppa
y b t e s f f o n e e b e v a h s e c n a t s i s e r l a m r e h t e hT . l e d o m 5 9 C I B V a y b d e z i r e t c a r a h c , m 0 3 x 6 . 1 , e c i v e d
P a G n I y r d n u o f a s i T B H e hT . 1 e r u g i F n i n w o h s s n o i t a l u m i s e h t y b d e t a r t s u l l i s i n o n e m o n e h p s i hT
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) eb V( e g a t l o v r e t t i m e - o t - e s a b e h t s e s u a c g n i t a e h - f l e s e s u a c e b s r u c c o t I . ] 1 [ . s r o t s i s n a r t r e w o p n i e s p a l l o c
t ne rr uc o t ,e sa c e m er t xe t so m e h t n i , sda el no n e mo n e hp si hT . ffo d e nr u t er a sr e h to e h t el i h w s tc ud noc
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seciveD llecitluM fo ytilibatS lamrehT .A

.sTJB nocilis rof tseb si tsallab retti me elih w ,sTBH rof etairporppa tso m si tsallab esab
taht tniop eht eka m uiL yb esoht d na tsallab retti me no s ucof oaG yb srepap ehT .ytilibats la mreht fo tcej
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citats fo ecnedneped erutarep met eht gnitcelgen sa hc us ,sTBH ot tna veler ton era taht snoitp m ussa g ni
- y filp mis no desab si ,reve woh ,ti fo hcu M .a m melid a neeb s ya wla sah tsallab fo t nuo ma dna ep yt ehT
T S A L L AB D N A Y T I L I B A TS L A M R E H T . I I

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ton era stnerr uc llec eht fi ,elp maxe roF .sTBH ni s melborp rehto esuac nac stnerruc llec mrofinunoN
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NO I T C UD O R T N I .I

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. s e c i v e d r e i f i l p m a r ew o p f o y t i r a e n i l s u h t
d n a s c i t s i r e t c a r a h c n o i t a r u t a s t c e f f a o s l a y a m t s a l l a b e s aB . h g i h y l g n i s i r p r u s er a s e u l a v e s o h T . d e s u er a e c n a t
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t a ht w o hs eW . ec n a m r ofr e p l aci rtc ele d n a ytili b ats la mr e ht n eew te b yal p re tn i e ht n o si s ah p m e r al uci tr a p htiw
,s ec iv e d r ew o p eg ral ni y tili ba ts s ai b ro f s n oiti d n oc et a ula v e o t kr ow g ni og n o se bi rcs e d r e p ap si hT t cart sbA

Stephen Maas
Applied Wave Research, Inc.
1960 E.Grand Ave., El Segundo, CA 90245, USA

Ballasting HBTs For Wireless Power


Amplifier Operation

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N O I T A Z I L A MR O N T N IOP - S A IB . III

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evah e w ,dradnats g nitsallab-esab a sA .yltnacifingis yrav sec natsiser la mre ht llec eht ro desu si saib t ner
- r uc f i ne v e e sa c e h t s i s i hT . sl le c l a ud i vi d ni e ht n i s t n err u c e h t s ez i la uq e d na y ll ai t n at sb us y t il ib at s l a m
- re h t e ht s e vorp mi s i hT . ebV fo no it a ira v l a mr e h t fo tc e ffe e h t g n i sae rc ed , bbV ot e v it al er l la m s s e mo ceb
eb V o s , bbV h g i h e ri u qer bb R fo s e u la v h g iH . sl le c la u di v id n i e h t ro f de s u eb t s u m ,b bR , sro t si s er es ab e tar
-apes ,suhT .lellarap ni detcen noc era sesab e ht fi ,reve woh ,rucco llits nac esab e ht ni gni ggoh tnerruC

osla si btC os ,sllec retnec eht rof regral si cj ,tceffe nI .rettoh nur yeht os ,egde e ht raen sllec e ht sa lle w
s a n o i t c u d n o c y b d e l o o c t o n e r a e r u t c u r t s e h t f o r e t n e c e h t r a e n s l l e c e h t , e c i v e d r e w o p e gr a l y n a n I
.rettal eht seetna
-raug re mro f eht os ,ytilibats la mreht elp mis na ht tne meriuqer ereves ero m a si stnerruc gnizilauqe ,esac
y n a n I . s l l e c l a u d i v i d n i e h t n i s t n e r r u c e z i l a u q e o t y l i r a m i r p s i t s a l l a b f o e s o p r u p e h t , s u hT . d e s u s i b b R f o
e ul a v e ta irpo rppa n a s a g nol sa e lb at s y ll a mr e h t y l t ne re h n i si TB H e h t t a ht wo h s )a(4 d n a )b(3 ser u gi F
S L L EC D E TS A L L AB - ES AB N I Y T I M R O F IN U TN E R R U C .V

. f l es t i m e lborp e h t f o e r ut a n d e no i tid n oc - l li e h t y b ro
ro t al u mi s e h t fo no it at i m i l e mo s yb d e s ua c s i t i re h te h w g n i n i mr et ed yt l u ci ff id e v a h y a m re s u e ht ,d er et
- n u o c n e s i e c n e gr e v n o c n o n n e h W . t n i o p g n i t a r e p o c d e h t d n i f o t e l b a n u s i r o t a l u m i s e h t , s i s y l a n a n i a m o d
- e m i t n i ; s s e c o r p e c n a l a b - c i n o m r a h e h t f o e c n e gr e v n o c n o n s a t s e f i n a m s i s i h t , n o i t a l u m i s e c n a l a b - c i n o m
- ra h a nI . noi t u lo s a d n i f o t el ba eb to n ya m ro ta l u m i s t i uc ri c a , t ne t si xe no n r o tc ni t si d ni s i noi t u lo s a fI
.d n uo f eb l li w l la t a no it ulo s o n ta ht yl e k il
ero m s mees ti , melborp e ht fo gninoitidnoc-lli ereves eht fo weiv ni ,re ve woH .ebV < bbV fi neve ,tniop
gnitarepo orez non a dnif ot rotalu mis ti ucric a rof elbissop si ti taht s wo hs )c(4 erugiF ,yl gnitseretnI
. t n i o p e r u t a r e p m e t -r e h g i h e h t o t e gr e v n o c y a m n o i t u l o s e h t , n e h T
.eno tcerroc e ht ot naht tniop gnitarepo suoirups ,rehgih eht ot resolc si taht eulav a ot T tes ylla nois
- a c c o y a m s s e c o r p n o i t u l o s e v i t a r e t i e h t ,w o l e b s i t i f i n e v E . t n i o p g n i t a r e p o e h t w o l e b r o e v o b a e b y a m
taht T fo eta mitse laitini na hti w strats ,reve woh ,rotal u mis tiucric A .dehcaer si tniop gnitarepo la mre ht
elbats eht litnu sesaerc ni dna orez yllaitini si no-nr ut ta T ,tiucric laer eht ni ,taht reilrae deton eW
S N O I T A C I L PMI L A C I T Y L A N A .V I

)c(
.002 = bbR )a( ;003 = bbR )a(
;0001 = bbR )a( .txet eht ni nevig era sretemarap
eciveD .)2 mc/ Ak 02~( cI Am 01 ot dezila mron
,tniop gnitarepo lamreht fo snoitaluclaC .4 .giF

)b(
T

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. n oi ta l li c so f o y c ne uq er f de tc ep x e e ht t a to n t ub yc n e uq er f g ni t arep o e ht t a ro t s is er t s al lab e h t s s ap yb ot
d et ce le s eb n ac ro t ic apa c s sap y b e hT .e so pr up s i ht e vr e s na c ro t si s er ts a ll ab - es ab e ht o s ,e ta u qed a si e sab
e ht ht i w se ir es ni ro ts i se r a ne t f O . no i ta l li c so yc ne uq er f - wo l g n i t ne verp ni l u fpl e h eb n ac t sa l lab e saB
.d edi o va
y l is ae y le v it a ler si t u b e lb i s sop o s la si t n err uc s ai b h g i h t a no it a ll ic so yc ne uq er f - g ni t arep O . no de nr ut
s i e c i ved e h t sa sl e ve l t n err u c wol yl e v it a ler t a s n i geb yl l a u s u tI . l adi os u ni s n o n s i d n a z H M fo s n e t we f
a ta srucco netfo noitallicso e hT .noitallicso ot dael nac hci h w , niag yc neuqerf - wol hgih e vah sTBH
ytilibatS .D
.rotal
-u ger a hcus hti w elbavlos ton ylbaborp si slangis e gareva -ot -kaep h gih hti w melborp eht ,reve wo H .pihc
lor t no c - sa ib d e n g i sed yl repo rp a fo e s u e ht yb d et a n i m il e eb n ac s m e lborp e se ht fo y n a m ,e sr u oc fO
4) Envelope frequencies are not bypassed by the ballast-resistor bypass capacitors, so envelope peaks
increase the base current, decreasing Vbe , and causing peak clipping. Distortion in amplifiers intended for
signals having high peak-to-average ratios is thus increased. For this reason, base ballast probably should be
avoided in CDMA or WCDMA amplifiers.
3) Similarly, in Class-AB amplifiers, adjusting Vbb to provide an optimum value under full drive results in
high idling current when drive is removed. In effect, the device must be biased in Class A in quiescent conditions and driven into class AB, or some sort of drive-sensing regulator must be used.
2) In Class-A amplifiers, the onset of clipping occurs at lower input power, so distortion, beyond the 1-dB
compression point, is worse.
1) Saturation of the amplifier gain occurs at lower drive levels and is harder; i.e., the difference in input
level between 1-dB compression and full saturation is less.

: s t c e f f e t n a t r o p m i f o r e b m u n a s a h s i hT . s p o r d n o i t c n u j r e t t i m e - o t - e s a b e h t n o s a i b c d e h t
, d e s a e r c n i s i e v i r d s a , s u hT . e b V g n i s a e r c e d , b b R s s o r c a p o r d e g a t l o v c d e h t s e s a e r c n i s i h T . s e s a e r c n i o s l a
t ner r uc e s ab cd e h t e sab e h t ni t nerr uc de i f it ce r e ht , se s ae rc n i e ga t s re wop e h t o t noi t at ic x e F R s A
leveL evirD htiW saiB ni segnahC .C
.t so c s ti
ezi mini m ot pihc eht fo ezis eht ezi mini m tsu m e no ne h w egatnavdasid tcnitsid a si sihT .roticapac ssap yb
a s a l l e w s a , l l e c h c a e t a r o t s i s e r e gr a l y l l a c i s y h p a s e r i u q e r e c n a t s i s e r t s a l l a b e s a b f o e u l a v h g i h A
e z iS .B
.rucco to n seod gniggoh -tnerr uc ta ht erus ni ot erac ekat tsu m rengised
eht ,desu era sllec regnifitlu m fi ,reve woH .esaercni ezis eht sezi mini m ,pihc eht ni daehrevo noitcen noc
- r e t n i e h t s e c u d e r h c i h w , s l l e c l a u d i v i d n i e gr a l y l e v i t a l e r f o e s u e h t t u b , e z i s p i h c e h t s e s a e r c n i s r o t i c a p a c
ssap yb fo nois ulcni ehT .llec hcae ta rotsiser tsallab eht ssap yb ot elbissop yllausu si ti ,yletanutroF
. e ga t n a vd a si ht
dracsid ot esnes on seka m tI .sTJB nocilis ot evitaler ecnatsiser esab re wol rieht si sTBH gnisu rof snos
- a e r n i a m e h t f o e n o , l l a r e t f A . f l e s t i e g a t s r e w o p e h t f o y c n e i c i f f e d e d d a -r e w o p e h t g n i s a e r c e d d n a e c i v e d
revird eht fo re wop dna ezis deriuqer eht gnisaercni ,niag s reifilp ma eht sesaerced ecnatsiser esaB
no i t cud eR n ia G .A
.noitces siht ni s noitaredisnoc lareves eni maxe eW .siht od
ot ton snosaer doog ,reve woh ,era erehT .deredisnoc eb dluohs gnisaib esab ecruos -tnerr uc neve spahrep
dna ,sTBH ni des u eb dluo hs ecnatsiser tsallab esab elbissop tsetaerg eht taht s mees si ,tniop siht tA
T S A L L AB E S AB F O S T C E FFE R EH T O . IV

. k cab
-d ee f la mr e ht e vi ta ge n fo d n i k a st ne se rpe r s i h t ; h g i h si e c n at s i ser t sa ll ab e h t ne h w st n err uc l l ec e zi la uqe
ot spleh osla erutarep met hti w ni esaerced ehT .ytivitisnes erutarep met sti suht dna ,ebV no tnerruc
llec fo ecnedneped eht gnicuder yb ec nereffid siht rof setasnep moc ecnatsiser tsallab-esab egraL .regral

y c n e i c i f f e d e d d a -r e w o p n i e s a e r c e D . % 5 . 2 f o n o i t c u d e r r e w o p a g n i v i g , l l e c r e p 0 0 3 y l e t a m i x o r p p a
s i , sa ib rot ce l loc V5 .3 h ti w , ec n a t si s er d aol A - s s al c m u mi tpo ,6 e r u g iF ni de s u ec i ve d e h t r oF .e c na t s i ser
d ao l e ht s i LR er e h w ,) eR + LR ( / LR y le ta mi x orpp a fo rot ca f a yb re wop t upt uo s e sa erc ed ro t si s er t s al
-lab ehT .ycneiciffe dna re wop tuptuo no tsallab retti me hgih fo tceffe eht redisnoc ot elih whtro w si tI
.retaerg ro 8 ~ eR seriuqer noitulos denoitid noc lle w a dna ,5.3 < eR
ro f elbissop si noitulos on taht dni f eW .tsixe ot noitulos a rof osla t ub ,ytilibats rof ylno ton te m eb tsu m
) 9(

Td
0.1 < ) T ( e f ----d---- e t C
--

no ire t irc e hT . e n il
t h g iar t s a y lr ae n s i e vr u c e ht ,e r ut ar ep m et ht i w y lra e n il yl e ta m i xo rppa s e ira v e bV e s ua ceB . t sa ll ab e sab
f o d a e t s n i t s a l l a b r e t t i m e h t i w t u b , 4 e r u g i F n i s a e c i v e d e m a s e h t g n i s u T f o t o l p e h t s w o h s 6 e r u g i F
. e c i v e d e h t f o y t i l i b a t s l a m r e h t e h t t c e ff a t o n s e o d , e s a c s i h t n i , t a h t g n i w o h s
, noi ta uqe e h t ni re g nol o n si mre t e hT . se s e h t ner ap n i s mr e t e h t ero f eb t ne ic i ffeo c e ht s i et C ere h w
) T ( ef e tC
) ) T 0T ( e bV
+

) 8(

eR
b b V ( --------------c cV c j

e
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) ) T 0 T ( e bV b b V ( ) T 0 T ( c c V c j

n ia tbo e w , noi t a vi red ra l i mi s a mor F .e s ac t sa l lab -e sa b e h t fo ta h t ot ra l i m is si hc aorpp a r uO


. noi t api s
- s id rot ce l loc sa ya w e m as e h t ni l l ec e h t s ta e h r e wop s ti , ll ec e h t fo tr ap la r ge t n i n a y lb air a v n i s i eR e c ni S
.llec eht staeh ecnatsiser tsallab eht ni detapissid re wop os ,llec eht ot esolc detacol si,eR ,rotsiser tsal
.t sa ll ab r e tti mE

eR

bb V

ebV

ec V

.5 . giF

cc V
+

-lab eht taht e mussa osla eW .)02 naht retaerg ,yas( egral si taht e m ussa eW .5 erugiF ni n wohs ,tsallab
esab dna retti me fo esac lareneg eht gnini maxe yb ni geb eW .detacilp moc ero m tib a si tsallab retti mE
T S A L L AB R E T T I ME . II V

. a n e m o n e h p e s e h t t c e ff a o s l a
yeht ,s noita ni mret ycneuqerf- wol secived e ht tceffa seulav rotsiser dna dohte m tsallab eht ecniS .s met
- s y s r al u l le c n i e c ner e fr e t ni le n n a h c -t ne cajda sa hc u s a ne mo ne h p d et a ler d n a , no itr ot s id no it al u do mr et ni
, s re i f ilp ma r e wop n i st ce ff e yro m e m ,e s io n e s a hp ro t al li c so no e sio n yc n e uq er f - wo l fo tc e ffe e h t ed u lc ni
esehT .snoitani mret ycneuqer f- wol secived e ht no ylgnorts dneped stiucric TBH ni ane monehp ynaM
anemonehP ycneuqerF-woL .E
.tneiciffus si ti ucric saib eht ni gnidaol evitsiser net fO .ytilibats yc neuqerf - wol edivorp
o t d n uo f eb t s u m s n ae m r e ht o ,d e s u e b t o n d l uo h s ylb abor p t s al l ab e s ab ere h w , sre i f i lp ma A M D C nI

8 t sa el t a eb d l uo hs t s al lab re t ti m E . s m ho 0001 -005 fo red ro e h t no t sa l lab e sab s er i uq er sre i f i lp m a re wop


t e s d n a h r a l u l l e c d n a s s e l e r i w n i d e y o l p m e e z i s l l e c l a u s u e h t t a h t e t a c i d n i e v o b a n w o h s s t l u s e r e hT
. n g i s e d r o f n o i r e t i r c e v i t a v r e s n o c , e l b a n o s a e r a t n e s e r p e r y t i m r o f i n u t n e r r u c - l l e c d n a y t i l i b a t s c d , s u hT
. e v ird F R t uo h ti w s aib cd ll u f e vi v r u s , s no i tid noc e mo s r ed n u ,t s u m se ci v ed r e w op ts o m , e v it a vr es noc
o t me e s ya m noi tp m u ss a si h t e l i hW . ec i ved e h t ni d et ap i ss id s i re wop cd l l u f e h t ta h t , no i tp m u s sa e v it
-avresnoc tso m eht eda m evah e w ,gniogerof eht nI .tsallab rehgih seriuqer yc neiciffe reroop ,ylesrevnoC
.dedeen si tsallab ssel dna ,ecived eht ni detapissid si re wop ssel ,hgih si ycneiciffe FR -ot-cd e ht fi ,yllaci
- ficepS .rei filp ma eht fo ecna mrofrep FR eht no tsallab fo tceffe eht si noitaredisnoc tnatrop mi re hto nA
. no i ta g i ts e v n i er u t u f ro f t cejb u s a s i t i t ub , kr o w
s i h t n i d e r e d i s n o c n e e b t o n s a h y t i l i b i s s o p s i hT . s t n e m e r i u q e r g n i t s a l l a b e h t e g n a h c y a m s i h t t a h t e l b i s s o p
si tI .snae m rehto yb ro mets ys kcabdeef a yb dellortnoc si tnerr uc rotcelloc latot e ht netfo ,reve woH .sle
-do m de viecnoc lle w g nisu snoitalu mis dra wroft hgiarts hti w te m eb nac laog taht dna ,reifilp ma re wop a
fo sllec eht ni tnerr uc mro fin u eveihca ot si kro w siht ni laog ruO .elbissop era ,reve woh ,s noitazilare neg
e moS .re wsna ot tluciffid tso m eht ylsuoenatlu mis dna noitseuq tnatrop mi tso m eht ,esruoc fo ,si sihT
?D ESU EB D LUOHS ECN ATS ISER TS A L L AB FO EU LAV T AHW .IIIV
.tnedive sa w gniggoh-tnerruc on ,3 = eR
t a n e v e , t a h t g n i t o n h t r o w s i t I . % 5 o t e c n e r e ff i d e h t d e c u d e r 8 o t e R g n i s a e r c n I . t r a p a % 0 1 e r e w s e c n a t
-siser la mreht eht neh w ,3 = eR ta %02 yleta mi xorppa yb dereffid ,0 = bbR hti w niaga ,seci ved lellarap
f o s t n e r r u c l l e C . 0 = b b R d n a 3 < e R h t i w s i s y l a n a c d e h t n i e c n e gr e v n o c t l u c i f f i d d n a y t i l i b a t s n i l a m r e h t
de wo hs ecived e hT ).reve woh ,orez ot tes ere w secnatsiser retti me dna esab lanretni eciveD( .yti mrofinu
tnerruc tset ot desu ere w 4 dna 1 serugiF ni sa snoitidnoc d na seci ved e mas ehT .yti mrofinu tnerruc-llec
fo slevel elbatpecca edivorp osla ytilibats la mreht doog edivorp taht ec natsiser tsallab retti me fo seulaV
.yras
- s ec e n yl l a u s u si t sa ll ab r et t i me r o e sab la nre t x E . f le s ti yb y t il ib at s la mre h t e r u s ni o t h g u o ne ta er g to n si
y l l a u s u e c n a t s i s e r r e t t i m e e h t h g u o h t l a , l l e w s a y t i l i b a t s l a m r e h t e v o r p m i o t s d n e t s i hT . e r u t a r e p m e t h t i w
g n i sa er c ni ,e vi ti s ne s er u tar ep m et t a h w e mo s s i TBH na f o e c na t s is er re tt i m e e ht t a ht g n ito n ht ro w si tI
. ta er g oot eb dl uo w e c na t ic apa c d er i uqe r e ht ,e c na t s i ser
t s a l l a b -r e t t i m e f o e u l a v w o l e h t f o e s u a c e B . s r o t i c a p a c h t i w s r o t s i s e r r e t t i m e s s a p y b o t e l b i s s o p y l l a c
-itcarp ton si ti ,lareneg nI .ytilibats ycneuqerf - wol evorp mi nac hcih w ,tsallab esab fo taht stsartnoc noit
- a u t i s s i hT . n o i t u a c h t i w d e s u e b d l u o h s a e r a r e t t i m e f o 2 m 0 0 1 r e p s m h o w e f a e v o b a e c n a t s i s e r r e t t i m e
fo seulav ,nosaer siht roF .sTBH ni ytilibats no tceffe suoireteled a sah yllareneg ecnatsiser retti mE
.o i tar e g ar e va
-ot- kaep hgi h a gnivah slangis rof srei filp ma ni desu eb dl uohs ti ,ralucitrap nI .tsallab esab hti w stsixe
ta h t s ka ep epo le v ne fo g n ipp i lc d n a n oi ta r ut a s dra h f o me lborp e ht sd io va t sa l lab r et t i me , e sa c y na nI
. e lba n ia tbo eb dl u o h s l li t s yt i lib at s et a uqe da , t uo st n iop ]5 [ s a , m u mi tpo t o n s i t s al l ab re tt i m e h g uo h t l A
.ycneiciffe dna re wop ni sesaerced tsedo m ylno esuac tsallab
retti me fo seula v elbanosaer ,suhT .rali mis eb dluohs t ub , niag no tceffe s rotsiser tsallab eht no sdneped
.8 = eR .4 erugiF ni sa srete marap ecived e mas ,tsallab retti me rof T fo tolP

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