radiation pattern and Signal Strenght

Any radiation structure produces electric and magnetic fields.The

mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the
performance of wireless communication systems

Mobile radio path is severely obstructed by buildings,
mountains, and foliage

Radio channels are extremely random and do not offer
easy analysis

The speed of motion impacts how rapidly the signal level
fades as a mobile terminals moves in the space

Mechanisms for wave propagation
Mechanisms affect radio wave propagation are:
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
In urban areas, there is no direct line-of-sight path between the transmitter and
the receiver, and where the presence of high- rise buildings causes severe
diffraction loss.
Multiple reflections cause multi-path fading
Large Scale Propagation Models

Propagation models are usually required to predict the average
received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter
and estimating the coverage area (averaged over meters)
Small-Scale models (fading models)

Propagation models that characterize rapid fluctuations of the
received signal strength over very short travel distances (few
wavelengths) or short time duration (on the order of seconds)
consider a small linear
radiator of lenght L that is
placed concident with the z-
axis and has its center at the
origin as shown in the figure:
relating power to electric field
Thank You