Theories of Failure

R&DE (Engineers), DRDO
Theories of Failure
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Ramadas Chennamsetti
Theories of Failure
Summary
Maximum principal stress theory
Maximum principal strain theory
Maximum strain energy theory
Distortion energy theory
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Distortion energy theory
Maximum shear stress theory
Octahedral stress theory
Introduction
Failure occurs when material starts exhibiting
inelastic behavior
Brittle and ductile materials different modes
of failures mode of failure depends on
loading
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loading
Ductile materials exhibit yielding plastic
deformation before failure
Yield stress material property
Brittle materials no yielding sudden failure
Factor of safety (FS)
Introduction
Ductile and brittle materials
Y

F
Y
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e

p
Ductile material
Well defined yield point in ductile materials FS on yielding
No yield point in brittle materials sudden failure FS on failure
load
0.2%
Brittle material
Introduction
Stress developed in the material < yield stress
Simple axial load
x
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If
x
=
Y
=> yielding starts failure
Yielding is governed by single stress
component,
x
Similarly in pure shear only shear
stress.
If
max
=
Y
=> Yielding in shear
x
Multi-axial stress state ??
Introduction
Various types of loads acting at the same time
N
M
T
Axial, moment and torque
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Axial, moment and torque
p
Internal pressure and external UDL
Introduction
Multiaxial stress state six stress components one
representative value
Define effective / equivalent stress combination of
components of multiaxial stress state
Equivalents stress reaching a limiting value property
of material yielding occurs Yield criteria
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of material yielding occurs Yield criteria
Yield criteria define conditions under which yielding
occurs
Single yield criteria doesnt cater for all materials
Selection of yield criteria
Material yielding depends on rate of loading static &
dynamic
Introduction
Yield criteria expressed in terms of quantities
like stress state, strain state, strain energy etc.
Yield function => f(
ij
, Y),
ij
= stress state
If f(
ij
, Y)<0 => No yielding takes place no
failure of the material
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failure of the material
If f(
ij
, Y) = 0 starts yielding onset of yield
If f(
ij
, Y) > 0 - ??
Yield function developed by combining stress
components into a single quantity effective
stress =>
e
Introduction
Equivalent stress depends on stress state and
yield criteria not a property
Compare
e
with yield stress of material
Yield surface graphical representation of
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yield function, f(
ij
, Y) = 0
Yield surface is plotted in principal stress
space Haiagh Westergaard stress space
Yield surface closed curve
Parameters in uniaxial tension
Maximum principal stress
Maximum shear stress
Applied stress => Y
1
= Y,
2
= 0,
3
= 0
Y
Y
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Maximum principal strain
2 2
3 1
max
Y
=
( )
E
Y
E E
Y
= + =
3 2
1

1
= Y,
2
= 0,
3
= 0
Total strain energy density
Distortional energy
Linear elastic material
E
Y
Y U
Y
2
2
1
2
1
= =
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Distortional energy
[ ]
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
p
p
p
p
p
p Y Y
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
First invariant = 0 for deviatoric part => p = Y/3

U = U
D
+ U
V
Volumetric strain energy density, U
V
= p
2
/2K
( )
U U U
Y
E K
Y
K
p
U
V D
V
6
2 1
18 2
2
2 2
=
= = =

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( )
( ) ( )
G
Y
U
E
Y
E
Y
E
Y
E
Y
U
U U U
D
D
V D
6
1
3
2 1 3
6 6
2 1
2
2
2 2 2 2
=
+ = + =
=
=

Similarly for pure shear also

Failure theories
Failure mode
Mild steel (M. S) subjected to pure tension
M. S subjected to pure torsion
Cast iron subjected to pure tension
Cast iron subjected to pure torsion
Theories of failure
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Theories of failure
Max. principal stress theory Rankine
Max. principal strain theory St. Venants
Max. strain energy Beltrami
Distortional energy von Mises
Max. shear stress theory Tresca
Octahedral shear stress theory
Max. principal stress theory
Maximum principal stress reaches tensile yield
stress (Y)
For a given stress state, calculate principle
stresses,
1
,
2
and
3
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Yield function
( )
defined not 0
yielding of onset 0
yielding no 0 If,
, , max
3 2 1
>
=
<
=
f
f
f
Y f
Yield surface
0 , 0 Y
0 , 0 Y
0 , 0 Y
2 2 2
1 1 1
= = + => =
= = + => =
= = + => =
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y

Represent six surfaces
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0 , 0 Y
3 3 3
= = + => = Y Y
3
Y
Y
Y
Yield surface
Yield strength same in
tension and compression
In 2D case,
3
= 0 equations become
0 , 0 Y
0 , 0 Y
2 2 2
1 1 1
= = + => =
= = + => =
Y Y
Y Y

2
Y
Y
-Y
Closed curve
Stress state inside elastic, outside => Yielding
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-Y
Stress state inside elastic, outside => Yielding
Pure shear test =>
1
= +
Y
,
2
= -
Y
For tension =>
1
= +
Y
From the above =>
Y
=
Y
Experimental results Yield stress in shear
is less than yield stress in tension
Predicts well, if all principal stresses are tensile
Y

y
y
Pure shear
Max. principal strain theory
Failure occurs at a point in a body when the
maximum strain at that point exceeds the value
of the maximum strain in a uniaxial test of the
material at yield point
Y yield stress in uniaxial tension, yield
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Y yield stress in uniaxial tension, yield
strain,
y
= Y/E
The maximum strain developed in the body
due to external loading should be less than this
Principal stresses =>
1
,
2
and
3
strains
corresponding to these stress =>
1
,
2
and
3
Strains corresponding to principal stresses -
( )
( )
2
3 2
1
1

+ =
+ =
E E
For onset of yielding
( )
( )
Y
Y
E
Y
= + => =
2 2 1 1

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( )
( )
1 2
3
3
3 1
2
2

+ =
+ =
E E
E E
Maximum of this should be
less than
y
( )
( ) Y
E
Y
Y
E
Y
= + => =
= + => =
2 1 3 3
1 3 2 2

There are six equations
each equation represents a
plane
Yield function
e
k j i
k j i
Y f
k j i Y f

=
=
= =

max
3 , 2 , 1 , , , max
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For 2D case
k j i
k j i
e
=

max
Y Y
Y Y
= => =
= => =
1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1

There are four equations, each equation represents a
straight line in 2D stress space
Equations
Plotting in stress space
Y Y
Y Y
= =
= =
1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1
,
,

=
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Y
=
1 2
Y
=
2 1
2
Y
=
1 2
Y
=
2 1
y
Failure equivalent
stress falls outside yield
surface
Biaxial loading
1
-
2
For onset of yielding
( )
( )

+ =
+ = =
1
1
2 1
Y
Y
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1
= |
2
|=
Maximum principal stress theory
Y =
Max. principal strain theory predicts smaller value of stress
than max. principal stress theory
Conservative design
Pure shear
y
Principal stresses corresponding to
shear yield stress
1
= +
y
,
2
= -
y
For onset of yielding max. principal
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For onset of yielding max. principal
strain theory
Y =
y
+
y
=
y
(1 + )
Relation between yield stress in tension and shear
y
= Y/ (1 + ) for = 0.25

y
= 0.8Y Not supported by experiments
Strain energy theory
Failure at any point in a body subjected to a
state of stress begins only when the energy
density absorbed at that point is equal to the
energy density absorbed by the material when
subjected to elastic limit in a uniaxial stress
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subjected to elastic limit in a uniaxial stress
state
In uniaxial stress (yielding)
= E => Hookes law
Strain energy density,
E
Y
U
d U d U
y
ij ij
2
0
2
1
=
= => =

Body subjected to external loads => principal
stresses
2
Strain energy associated with principal
stresses
1
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3
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1
2
3
1 3
2
2
3 2
1
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
2
1

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + =
E E
E E
E E
U
( ) [ ]
3 2 1 3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + + =
E
U
For onset of yielding,
( ) [ ]
3 2 1 3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
+ + + + =
E E
Y
Yield function
( )
( ) stress Equivalent
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + + = =>
=
+ + + + =
Y f
Y f
e
e

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For 2D stress state =>
3
= 0 Yield function
becomes
( )
0 safe , 0 Yielding
stress Equivalent
1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 1
< = =>
+ + + + = =>
f f
e

2
2 1
2
2
2
1
Y f + =
For onset of yielding => f = 0 0
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
= + Y
Plotting this in principal stress space
Rearrange the terms
1 2
2 1
3
2
2
1
=
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
Y Y Y Y

This represents an ellipse
Transform to - csys
2
Y

45
o
1
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1
Y
45
o
( )
( )

+ = + =
= =
2
1
45 cos 45 sin
2
1
45 sin 45 cos
2
1
Equivalent stress
inside no failure
Substitute these in the above
expression
Simplifying,
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + => =
+
+
b a Y Y

Semi major axis OA =>

( )
=
1
Y
a
2
Y

A
B
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Semi major axis OA =>
Semi minor axis OB =>
( ) 1
( ) +
=
1
Y
b
1
Y
45
o
o
B
Higher Poisson ratio bigger major axis, smaller minor axis
If = 0 => circle of radius Y
Pure shear
y
shear yield stress
1
= +
y
,
2
= -
y

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( ) ( )
+ = + = 1 , 1
2 1
E E
y y
Strain energy,
( )
( )
y y
Y Y
E E
U
+ = => =
+
= 1 2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
y
= 0.632 Y
Distortional energy theory (von-Mises)
Hydrostatic loading
applying uniform stress from all the
directions on a body
Large amount of strain
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energy can be stored
Experimentally verified
Pressures beyond yield
stress no failure of material
Hydrostatic loading change in size volume
Pressure p applied from all sides
von-Mises theory
Energy associated with volumetric change
volumetric strain energy
Volumetric strain energy no failure of
material
Strain energy causing material failure
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Strain energy causing material failure
distortion energy associated with shear
First invariant of deviatoric stress = 0
For a given stress state estimate distortion
energy this should be less than distortion
energy due to uniaxial tensile safe
von-Mises theory
Given stress state referred to principal co-
ordinate system
[ ]
p
p
p
p
p
p
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2
1
2
1
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
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( ) ( ) ( )
ii
p
p p p
J
p p

3
1
0
0 invariant, First
0 0 0 0 0 0
3 2 1
1
3 3
= =>
= + +
=
(
Principal strains =>

1
,
2
,
3
Volumetric strain =>
V
=
1
+
2
+
3
von-Mises theory
This gives
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( )
( )
3 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 1 3 2 1
2
1
= + +
=
+ + + + = + + =
p
E E
E
V
V
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( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1
2
2
1
strains & stresses principal to due energy strain
6
2 1
2
2 1 3 2 1 3
2
1
2
1
energy, strain Volumetric

+ + + + =
=
+ +
=
=
E E
U
U
E
p
E
p
E
p U
p U
V
V V
von-Mises theory
Distortional energy
2
-
m
1
-
m
-
= +
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m

3
-
m
U
D
= U - U
V
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
2
3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
6
2 1
2
2
1

+ +
|
\
|

+ + + + =
E E
U
D
Simplifying this
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
12
1
+ + =
G
U
D
von-Mises theory
Compare this with distortion in uniaxial tensile
stress
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
12
1
6
+ + = ==
G G
Y
U
D
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( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 + + = => Y
Yield function,
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
1
stress, Equivalent
+ + =
=
e
e
Y f
von-Mises theory
Principal stresses of deviatoric shear stress, S
ii
[ ]
( (
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
p S
p
p
p
p
p
p
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3
2
1
3
2
1
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35
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
=
p
p
p
S
S
S
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
] [
3
2
1
S
ii
=
ii
p =>
ii
= S
ii
+ p
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2
2
p S p S p S p S p S p S Y
Y
+ + + + + + + + =
+ + =
von-Mises theory
Simplifying this expression
Hydrostatic pressure does not appear in the expression
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 S S S S S S Y + + =
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von-Mises criteria has square terms result
independent of signs of individual stress
components
Von-Mises equivalent stress => +ve stress
von-Mises theory
2D stress state =>
3
= 0
Yield function,
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
Y f + =
Onset of yielding,
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
Y = +
2
Re-arrange the terms
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37
1
Y
Y

45
o
o
A
B
Re-arrange the terms
1
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
=
|
\
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
Y Y Y

This represents an ellipse
Y
Y
3
2
OB axis, minor - Semi
2 OA axis, major - Semi
=
=
von-Mises theory
Pure shear
y
shear yield stress
1
= +
y
,
2
= -
y
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38
Y Y
y y
577 . 0 3
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
= => = + =
Suitable for ductile materials
Shear yield = 0.577 * Tensile yield
von-Mises theory
Plot yield function in 3D principal stress space
1
=
2
=
3

1
=
2
=
3
2
A
B
= + +
~
n
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39
3
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
= + + = Y f
Cylinder, with hydrostatic stress as axis
Axis makes equal DCs with all axes
3
o
B
0
3 2 1
= + +
Deviatoric plane
~
3
~
2
~
1
~
~
~
~ ~
3
1
k j i OA
k j i n
+ + =
|
\
|
+ + =
von-Mises theory
Projection of OA on hydrostatic axis
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ +
=
= = => =
~ ~ ~
3 2
~
1
~ ~
~ ~
.
.
cos cos .
k j i k j i
OB
n
n OA
OA n OA n OA

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( )
( )
( )
|
\
|
+ + =
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
=
|
\
|
+ + + + = = =>
+ + =
|
\
|
\
=
~
~
~ ~
~
~
3 2 1
~
~
~
~
3 2 1
~ ~
3 2 1
~
~
~ ~
3
~
2
~
1
3
3
1
3
1

3
1
3
k j i p k j i OB
k j i n OB OB
OB
OB

~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
OB OA BA
BA OB OA
=
+ =
BA = r = radius
of cylinder
von-Mises theory
Radius of cylinder
~
2 1 3
~
1 3 2
~
3 2 1
~
~
~
~ ~
3
~
2
~
1
~ ~ ~ ~
3
2
3
2
3
2
k j i R
k j i p k j i OB OA R BA
|
\
|

+
|
\
|

+
|
\
|

=
|
\
|
+ +
|
\
|
+ + = = =

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( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1
3 2 1 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
~
3
~
2
~
1
~
~
~
~ ~
2 criteria Yield
2 0
0 0 tensor, stress deviatoris of invariant First
R Radius
3 3 3
Y S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S S S
S S S J
S S S
k S j S i S R
= + + =>
+ + = + + = = + +
= + + => =
+ + = =>
+ + =
\ \ \
von-Mises theory
Yield criteria,
( )
( ) S S S S S S Y
S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S Y
2
1
2 Use,
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
+ + + + + =
+ + = + +
+ + =
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42
( )
( )
R Y
R S S S Y
S S S S S S Y
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1 3 2 1
=
= + + =
+ + + + + =
Yielding depends on deviatoric stresses
Hydrostatic stress has no role in yielding
von-Mises theory
Second invariant of deviatoric stress
[ ]
1 3 3 2 2 1 2
3
1
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
S S S S S S J
S
S
S
S
S
S
J
S
S
S
S
+ + =
+ + = =>
(
(
(
=
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43
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
2
3
2
2
2
1 1 3 3 2 2 1
3 function yield Redfining
3
2
3
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
Y J f
J Y R Y
R
S S S J S S S J
S S S S S S S S S
= =>
= => =
= + + = => + + =
+ + = + +
J
2
Materials
Max. shear stress theory (Tresca)
Yielding begins when the maximum shear
stress at a point equals the maximum shear
stress at yield in a uniaxial tension
T T
K
Y
K = = =>
= =
max
2 1
max

Y
Y
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44
T T
K K = = => = =
2 2
max
2 1
max

If maximum shear stress < Y/2 => No failure occurs
y
For pure shear,
1
= +
y
,
2
= -
y
Y
Y
T y T
K K = = =>
= =

max
2 1
max
2
Shear yield = 0.5 Tensile yield
Tresca theory
In 3D stress state principal stresses =>
1
,
2
and
3
`

, , . max
1 3 3 2 2 1

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Yield function
)
`
2
,
2
,
2
. max
1 3 3 2 2 1
yielding of Onset 0
yielding No 0
2 2
,
2
,
2
. max
1 3 3 2 2 1
=> =
=> <
|
\
|
=
)
`

=
f
f
Y
K f
T

Tresca theory
Following equations are obtained
( ) ( )
T T
T T
K f K f
K K
2 , ; 2 ,
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
+ = =
=
=> =

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46
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
T T
T T
T T
T T
K f K f
K K
K f K f
K K
2 , ; 2 ,
2 2
2 , ; 2 ,
2 2
1 3 1 3 6 1 3 1 3 5
1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 3
3 2 3 2
+ = =
=
=> =
+ = =
=
=> =

Tresca theory
Redefining yield function as,
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
T T
K K f 2 2 , ,
2 1 2 1 3 2 1
+ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1
, . , . , . , . , , , f f f f f f =
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47
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
T T
T T
T T
K K
K K
K K f
2 2
2 2
2 2 , ,
1 3 1 3
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1 3 2 1
+
+
+ =

Each function represents a plane in 3D principal stress space
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 3
2
2
3 2
2
2
2 1 3 2 1
4 4 4 , ,
T T T
K K K f =
No effect of hydrostatic pressure in Tresca criteria
Tresca theory
Yield function in principal stress space
3
A
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48
1
O

2
-
1
= 2K
T
1
-
2
= 2K
T
2
Hydrostatic axis
Tresca yield surface
View A along hydrostatic axis
Tresca theory
Yield surface intersects principal axes at 2K
T
73 . 54
3
1
cos
axis c Hydrostati
0
3 2 1
= => =
= = =>

A
Wall/plane of hexagon
3
-
1
= 2K
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3
2
2 cos
2
26 . 35 90
3
0 0
T
T
K OA OB
K OA
= =
=
= => = +

OB projection of OA on
deviatoric plane
O
Hydrostatic axis
A
B

Deviatoric plane,
1
+
2
+
3
= 0
C
Tresca theory
Tresca hexagon
3
A, B
D
O C
D
3
2
2
T
K
30
0
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1
O

2
-
1
= 2K
T
1
-
2
= 2K
T
C
D
O C
T
T
K OC
K OC
OD OC
2
2
3
3
2
2
30 cos
= =>
= =>
=
Tresca theory
2D stress state -
3
= 0
T
T
T
K
K
K
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
=
=
=

Each equation represents two
lines in 2D stress space
2
A
2K
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51
2
O
2K
T
- 2K
T
1
-
2
= 2K
T
-
1
+
2
= 2K
T

1
= 2K
T
1
= - 2K
T
2
= - 2K
T
2
= 2K
T
A
B
45
0
O
A
B
45
0
2K
T
T
T T
K
OA
OC
K K OA OB
2 2
45 cos
2
2
1
2 45 cos
= =
= = =
Yield curve elongated hexagon
C
Tresca theory
2D stress state -
3
= 0
T
K 2
2 1
=
Each equation represents two
lines in 2D stress space
2
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52
T
T
T
K
K
K
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
=
=
=
2
O
2K
T
- 2K
T
1
-
2
= 2K
T
-
1
+
2
= 2K
T

1
= 2K
T
1
= - 2K
T
2
= - 2K
T
2
= 2K
T
A
B
45
0
Yield curve elongated hexagon
C
von-Mises Tresca theories
Pure tension
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2
6
1
+ + = =
M
K J von-Mises criteria =>
Trescas criteria =>
)
`

=
2
,
2
,
2
max
1 3 3 2 2 1

T
K
1
= Y,
2
= 0,
3
= 0
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53
Y K Y K
T M
2
1
,
3
1
= =
)
2 2 2
Pure shear =>
1
= +
y
,
2
= -
y
=>
T y M
K K = =
( ) Tresca 5 . 0 Mises), (von 577 . 0

2
1
,
3
1
y y
Y Y
Y K Y K
y T y M
= =
= = = =

von-Mises criteria predicts 15% higher shear stress than Tresca
2D stress space von-Mises and Tresca
2
Y

45
o
A
B
1
2
y
45
o
A
B
2
y
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54
1
Y
o
{ }
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
, , . max

=
+ =
Y
Y
Yielding in uniaxial tension
Tresca conservative
)
`

=
+ =
2
,
2
,
2
. max
2
3
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2
2
1
2

y
y
1
o
y
3
Yielding in shear
von-Mises conservative
Experiments by Taylor & Quinney**
Thin walled tube subjected to axial and
torsional loads
T
2
2
1 xy
xx xx

+
|
|
|
+ =
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P P
T
A
xx
A
xx
xy
** Taylor and Quinney Plastic deformation of metals, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.A230, 323-362, 1931
2
2
2
1
2 2
2 2
xy
xx xx
xy

+
|
\
|
=
+
|
\
+ =
Tresca criteria
1
2 /
if, yielding No
4
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 1
<
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ = => +
|
\
|
= =
Y Y
Y Y
xy
xx
xy xx xy
xx

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von-Mises criteria
2 /
|
\
\
Y Y
1
3 /
if, yielding No
3
2
2
2 2 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
<
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
Y
Y
Y
Y
xy
xx
xy xx

Plotting these two criteria
xy
/ Y
0.6
Experimental data shows
good agreement with von-
Mises theory.
Tresca conservative
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xx
/ Y
1
von-Mises
Tresca
Aluminium
Mild steel
Copper
Tresca conservative
von-Mises theory more
accurate generally used
in design
Experiments show that for
ductile materials yield in
shear is 0.5 to 0.6 times of
yield in tensile
Octahedral plane makes equal angles with all
principal stress axes direction cosines same
Shear stress acting on this plane octahedral
shear
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( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
9
1
+ + =
oct
Body subjected to pure tension,
1
= Y,
2
=
3
= 0
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
9
2

+ + =
=
Y
Y
oct
Comparing this with von-Mises theory =>
both are same
Pure shear
1
=
y
,
2
= -
y
,
3
= 0
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( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
6
3
2
9
6
9
1

+ + =
=
= + + =
y
y oct
y oct
Same as von-Mises
theory in pure shear
Octahedral shear stress
theory => von-Mises
theory
Tensile & shear yield strengths
Each failure theory gives a relation between
yielding in tension and shear ( = 0.25)
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Failure theories in a nut shell
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Theories of Failure

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Theories of Failure

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R&DE (Engineers), DRDO

First invariant = 0 for deviatoric part => p = Y/3

Similarly for pure shear also

Semi major axis OA =>

Principal strains =>

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