Principles of Heat Exchanger Design (xi)

----- Ntu Design Method

: Heat Transfer with Applications

by Kirk D. Hagen

(1).
--- (i) (ii) Fouriers law (iii) Newtons law of cooling (iv) StefanBoltzmann law (v)
(2)
--- (i) - (ii) - (iii) (iv)

(3)
--- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(v)
(4)
(5)
-- (i) (ii) (iii)(Cf,x)friction coefficient
(iv) (v) (vi)Reynolds Analogy and Chilton-Colburn
Analogy (vii) (viii) (ix) (Tube Bank)
(6)
-- (i) (ii) (iii) Darcy--friction factor (iv) (v)
(7)
(8) --- LMTD
(9) LMTD
(10) LMTD
(11) --- Ntu
(12) Ntu

(11) --Ntu

Effectiveness ()

= Q / Qmax =
= /

Q max = (m c p ) min (Th,in Tc,in )

.

Q = (m c p ) h (Th,in Th,out )
.

= (m c p ) c (Tc,out Tc,in )
Counter-flow arrangement

Ntu Flow Capacity Rate Ratio (C)

Number of transfer units (Ntu):
2

Um A
UdA
1
=
UdA
Ntu =

Cmin
Cmin 1
Cmin
1

1: ;

2: ;

A = ;

Um = (mean overall heat transfer coefficient )

Flow capacity rate ratio (C*): C

Cmin = minimum flow capacity rate

Cmax = maximum flow capacity rate

(m c p ) min
Cmin
=
=
Cmax
(m c p ) max

- Ntu

Th,in

(Counter-flow)

Th
dQ

Tw
Wall

Tc,out

Th,out
Tc

Tc,in

dA

Sec.
1

(1) :

dQ = U(Th-Tc)dA

(2) :
dQ = -Ch dTh = -Cc dTc

: [12 dTh dTc]

dTh = (-1/Ch) dQ ; dTc = (-1/Cc) dQ

d(Th-Tc) = [(1/Cc) (1/Ch)] dQ

 (1) (2)

d(Th Tc )
1
1
Ch U
= ( )UdA = (1 )( )dA
Th Tc
Cc C h
Cc C h
2

Integrate the above eqn. from 1 to 2,

2

U
Since Ntu ( )dA
Ch
1
it yields,

Ch = Cmin

Ch
ln(Th,2 Tc,2 ) ln(Th,1 Tc,1 ) = (1 )Ntu
Cc

It obtains,

Th,2 Tc,2
Th,1 Tc,1

=?

d(Th Tc )
Ch
U
1 Th Tc = (1 Cc )1 ( Ch )dA

Ch
= exp[ Ntu(1 )]
Cc

Operating
Diagram

Th

/mo

Th,in

a1
1

Operating
line

a1

450

Th,out

450

Equilibrium
line
2
a2

450
450

Tc,in

Tc,out

Slope of operating line = m0 = dTh / dTc = Cc / Ch

Tc

Ch=Cmin(Th,inTh,out)>(Tc,outTc,in)

Th,2 Tc,2 = a 2 =
Th,1 Tc,1

= a1 = = ( )
m0

Th

'

Th,in

Substitute back,
Ch

= exp[ Ntu(1 )]

Cc
( )
m0

1 ( )
1

=
=
C
1

( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( h )
Cc
m0
m0
Therefore,
1
C
= exp[ Ntu(1 h )]
Ch
Cc
1 ( )
Cc

a1
1
Operating
line

Th,out

Equilibrium
line

2
a2

Tc,in

Tc,out

Tc

Slope of operating line

= m0 = dTh/dTc = Cc / Ch

= (Th,in-Th,out) / (Th,in-Tc,in) = /


Ch
1 exp[ Ntu(1 )]
Cc
=
C
C
1 ( h )exp[ Ntu(1 h )]
Cc
Cc

C min
1 exp[ Ntu(1
)]
C max
=
C
C
1 ( min )exp[ Ntu(1 min )]
C max
C max

Cc=Cmin(Th,inTh,out)<(Tc,outTc,in)
!

For counter-flow Heat Exchanger:

C min
1 exp[ Ntu(1
)]
C max
=
C min
C min
1 (
)exp[ Ntu(1
)]
C max
C max

Counter-flow Heat Exchanger

Th,out

Th,in
EX 3

EX 2

EX 1
Tc,out

Tc,in

C m c p = flow capacity rate

Slope of operating line

= m0 = dTh / dTc
= Cc / Ch
= Cmax / Cmin

Th

o
o/mo

Th,in

a1
1
2

o
o

a1

Operating
line

a2
Equilibrium
line

a3
Th,out

4
a4

450

= (Th,in-Th,out) / (Th,in-Tc,in)
= /

Tc
Tc,in

Tc,out

Ch=Cmin (Th,inTh,out) > (Tc,outTc,in)

C h (Th,in Th,out )

o
=

o
C min (Th,in Tc,in )
:

o o
1 ( o / o )
1
a4
=
=
=

1
o
a1
o ( ) 1 ( o / o )( ) 1 ( )
m0
mo
m0
Therefore,

1 (a 4 /a 1 )
1 (1/m o )(a 4 /a 1 )

(a4/a1) = (a4/a3)(a3/a2)(a2/a1)

:
1-2

1 (a 2 /a 1 )
=
= p
1 (1/m o )(a 2 /a 1 )

3-4 =

2 -3 =

1 (a 3 /a 2 )
= p
1 (1/m o )(a 3 /a 2 )

1 (a 4 /a 3 )
= p = effectiveness of single heat exchanger
1 (1/m o )(a 4 /a 3 )

 a 2 /a 1 = a 3 /a 2 = a 4 /a 3 =

a 4 /a 1 = (a 4 /a 3 )(a 3 /a 2 )(a 2 /a 1 ) = [

1 (a 4 /a 1 )
=
=
1 (1/m o )(a 4 /a 1 )
[

1[

1 p

1 p
1 p (1/m o )

1 p
1 p (1/m o )
[

]3

1 p (1/m o )

]3 1

1 p (1/m o )
1 p
=
1 p
1 p (1/m o ) 3
3
1 (1/m o )[
] [
] (1/m o )
1 p (1/m o )
1 p

1 p (C min /C max )

]3 1

1 p
=
1 p (C min /C max ) 3
[
] (C min /C max )
1 p

1 p (C min /C max )

]n 1

1 p
=
1 p (C min /C max ) n
[
] (C min /C max )
1 p

(1):

balanced flow Cmin / Cmax = 1.0

F
F'
=
= '
G
G
(n) [

(Use L' Hospital Rule)

C min /C max =1

1 p (C min /C max )

n -1

] (
)
1 p
1 p
=
1 p (C min /C max ) n -1 p
(n) [
] (
) 1
1 p
1 p
=

n p
n p 1 + p

C min /C max =1

n p

1 p
=
n p
(
) 1
1 p

n p
1 + p (n 1)

[Example] Three heat exchangers (n = 3) with individual effectiveness

0f 0.6 are arranged in series.
n p
(3)(0.6)
=
=
= 0.818
1 + p (n 1)
1 + (0.6)(3-1)

: !

(2):
Condenser Evaporator Cmin / Cmax = 0
1 p (Cmin /Cmax )

1 n
] 1
1 p
1 p
=
=
1 p (Cmin /Cmax ) n
1 n
[
]
[
] (Cmin /Cmax )
1 p
1 p
[

=1

]n 1

1
= 1 (1 p ) n
1 n
[
]
1 p

[Example] Two heat exchangers (n = 2) with individual effectiveness

0f 0.8 are arranged in series.
= 1 (1 p ) n = 1 (0.2) 2 = 0.96

Effectiveness Plots of Heat Exchangers

Selection of Heat Exchangers

The proper selection depends on several
factors:
heat transfer rate (or effectiveness)
cost (maintenance and power)
pumping power
size and weight
type
materials
miscellaneous (leak-tight, safety and
reliability, quietness)