The History of the The History of the

Computer Computer
Then
&
Now
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Computer Evolution Computer Evolution
1642 Blaise Pascal 1642 Blaise Pascal mechanical adding machine mechanical adding machine
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Computer Evolution Computer Evolution
Early 1800s Jacquard Early 1800s Jacquard
uses punch cards to uses punch cards to
control the pattern of control the pattern of
the weaving loom. the weaving loom.
1832 Charles Babbage -
invents the Difference
Engine
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The Punch Card The Punch Card
1890 Herman Hollerith 1890 Herman Hollerith
invents a machine invents a machine
using punch card to using punch card to
tabulate info for the tabulate info for the
Census. He starts the Census. He starts the
company that would company that would
later be IBM. later be IBM.
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Evolution (continued) Evolution (continued)
1946 1946 Mauchly Mauchlyand Eckert created the ENIAC and Eckert created the ENIAC
computer, first electronic computer is unveiled computer, first electronic computer is unveiled
at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next
slide) slide)
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ENIAC Computer ENIAC Computer
Miles of wiring Miles of wiring
18,000 vacuum tubes 18,000 vacuum tubes
Thousands of resistors and switches Thousands of resistors and switches
No monitor No monitor
3,000 blinking lights 3,000 blinking lights
Cost $486,000 Cost $486,000
100,000 additions per second 100,000 additions per second
Weighed 30 tons Weighed 30 tons
Filled a 30x50 foot room Filled a 30x50 foot room
Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted
up up
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1943 1943
Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while
working on the Mark I programming project. working on the Mark I programming project.
She invented the phrase bug She invented the phrase bug an error in a an error in a
program that causes a program to program that causes a program to
malfunction. malfunction.
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1950s 1950s
Vacuum Tubes were the components for the Vacuum Tubes were the components for the
electronic circuitry electronic circuitry
Punch Cards main source of input Punch Cards main source of input
Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
100,000 additions/sec. 100,000 additions/sec.
Used for scientific calculations Used for scientific calculations
New computers were the rule, cost New computers were the rule, cost
effectiveness wasnt effectiveness wasnt
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Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller,
faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes) faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)
Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
200,000 additions/sec. 200,000 additions/sec.
Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing
of computers to businesses of computers to businesses
Data files stored on magnetic tape Data files stored on magnetic tape
Computer Scientists controlled operations Computer Scientists controlled operations
1960s 1960s
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Late 60s Early 70s Late 60s Early 70s
Integrated circuit boards Integrated circuit boards
New input methods such as plotters, scanners New input methods such as plotters, scanners
Software Softwarebecame more important became more important
Sophisticated Sophisticated operating systems operating systems
Improved Improved programming languages programming languages
Storage capabilities expanded (disks) Storage capabilities expanded (disks)
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1970s Integrated circuits and 1970s Integrated circuits and
silicone chips lead to smaller silicone chips lead to smaller
microprocessors microprocessors
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Late 80s to Current Late 80s to Current
Improved circuitry Improved circuitry several thousand transistors several thousand transistors
placed on a tiny silicon chip. placed on a tiny silicon chip.
Pentium chip named by Intel Pentium chip named by Intel
Modems Modems communication along telephone wires communication along telephone wires
Portable computers: laptops Portable computers: laptops
Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes
Emphasis on information needed by the decision Emphasis on information needed by the decision
maker. maker.
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The Information Processing Cycle The Information Processing Cycle
INPUT INPUT
OUTPUT OUTPUT
AUXILIARY AUXILIARY
STORAGE STORAGE
PROCESSING PROCESSING
MAIN MAIN
MEMORY MEMORY
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INPUT DEVICES INPUT DEVICES
(Hardware) (Hardware)
Keyboard Keyboard
Mouse Mouse
Joystick Joystick
Trackball Trackball
Light pen Light pen
Image scanner Image scanner
Touch tone telephone Touch tone telephone
Touch screens Touch screens
Bar code scanner Bar code scanner
Digitizer Digitizer
Voice recognition Voice recognition
Auxiliary Storage Device Auxiliary Storage Device
INPUT INPUT
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Central Processing Unit: CPU Central Processing Unit: CPU
The Brains or Intelligence of the The Brains or Intelligence of the
computer. Controls input and output computer. Controls input and output
The part of the computer that interprets The part of the computer that interprets
and executes instructions. and executes instructions.
Silicon chip: integrated circuit board Silicon chip: integrated circuit board
Pentium: name give to a particular chip Pentium: name give to a particular chip
PROCESSING PROCESSING
PROCESSING PROCESSING
HARDWARE HARDWARE
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What two numbers are used in What two numbers are used in
Binary Code? Binary Code?
0 and 1 0 and 1
They are each called a BIT They are each called a BIT
8 BITS make a BYTE 8 BITS make a BYTE
1 BYTE makes a letter or number 1 BYTE makes a letter or number
KILOBYTE =1,024 bytes KILOBYTE =1,024 bytes
MEGABYTE =1,048,576 bytes MEGABYTE =1,048,576 bytes
GIGABYTE =1,024 megabytes GIGABYTE =1,024 megabytes
TERABYTE =1,024 gigabytes TERABYTE =1,024 gigabytes
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MEMORY MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM ROM
RREAD EAD OONLY NLY MMEMORY EMORY
Small Small
Instructions are installed Instructions are installed
permanently at the factory permanently at the factory
Cannot be changed Cannot be changed
These instructions check These instructions check
the computers resources the computers resources
and looks for Operating and looks for Operating
System System
RAM RAM
RRANDOM ANDOM AACCESS CCESS MMEMORY EMORY
Main Memory Main Memory
Temporary Temporaryit is erased when it is erased when
turned off. turned off.
It is where programs and data is It is where programs and data is
stored while being processed stored while being processed
MEMORY MEMORY
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OUTPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES
((HARDWARE) HARDWARE)
Useful information that leaves the system Useful information that leaves the system
Output Hardware includes: Output Hardware includes:
Monitor: soft copy
Printers: hard copy
Flat Panel displays
Voice and music - speakers
Synthesizers
Plotters
OUTPUT OUTPUT
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AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES
Network Drive ( Network Drive (H: drive) H: drive)
Hard Disk Drive ( Hard Disk Drive (C:drive) C:drive)
Floppy Disk Drive with 3 Floppy Disk Drive with 3
Floppy Disk ( Floppy Disk (A:drive) A:drive)
Smart card Smart card
CD Read/Write Drive CD Read/Write Drive
Zip Drive Zip Drive
Digital Audio Tape Digital Audio Tape
AUXILIARY AUXILIARY
STORAGE STORAGE
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Computer Hardware Computer Hardware
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Hardware Hardware
Includes the electronic and mechanical devices
that process the data; refers to the computer as
well as peripheral devices
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System Unit System Unit
Case that holds the power supply, storage Case that holds the power supply, storage
devices and the circuit boards (including the devices and the circuit boards (including the
motherboard). motherboard).
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CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Where the processing in Where the processing in
a computer takes place, a computer takes place,
often called the brain of often called the brain of
the computer. the computer.
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Circuits Circuits
The path from one The path from one
component of a component of a
computer to another computer to another
that data uses to travel. that data uses to travel.
Circuits run between Circuits run between
RAM and the RAM and the
microprocessor microprocessor
RAM and various storage RAM and various storage
devices devices
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Silicon Chip Silicon Chip
Silicon is melted sand. Silicon is melted sand.
What the circuits are What the circuits are
embedded into to keep embedded into to keep
them together. them together.
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Peripheral Devices Peripheral Devices
Devices connected by cable to the CPU. Devices connected by cable to the CPU.
Used to expand the computers input, output
and storage capabilities.
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Input Devices Input Devices
Units that gather Units that gather
information and information and
transform that transform that
information into a series information into a series
of electronic signals for of electronic signals for
the computer. the computer.
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Keyboard Keyboard
An arrangement of An arrangement of
letters, numbers, and letters, numbers, and
special function keys special function keys
that act as the primary that act as the primary
input device to the input device to the
computer. computer.
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Mouse Mouse
An input device that An input device that
allows the user to allows the user to
manipulate objects on manipulate objects on
the screen by moving the screen by moving
the mouse along the the mouse along the
surface of the desk. surface of the desk.
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Sound Card Sound Card
A circuit board that A circuit board that
gives the computer the gives the computer the
ability to accept audio ability to accept audio
input, play sound files, input, play sound files,
and produce audio and produce audio
output through speakers output through speakers
or headphones. or headphones.
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Modem Modem
A device that sends and A device that sends and
receives data to and receives data to and
from computers over from computers over
telephone lines. telephone lines.
Means (Modulate Means (Modulate
Demodulate). Demodulate).
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Output Devices Output Devices
Devices that display, print or Devices that display, print or
transmit the results of transmit the results of
processing from the processing from the
computers memory. computers memory.
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Monitor Monitor
Display device that forms an image by Display device that forms an image by
converting electronic signals from the converting electronic signals from the
computer into points of colored light on the computer into points of colored light on the
screen. screen.
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Resolution Resolution
The density of the grid used to display or print The density of the grid used to display or print
text and graphics; the greater the horizontal text and graphics; the greater the horizontal
and vertical density, the higher the resolution. and vertical density, the higher the resolution.
The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more
pixels the better the resolution. pixels the better the resolution.
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Pixels Pixels
The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer
display devices use a matrix of pixels to display display devices use a matrix of pixels to display
text and graphics. text and graphics.
Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV
screen, Computer monitor, or similar display screen, Computer monitor, or similar display
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Printer Printer
Output device that Output device that
produces text or produces text or
graphical images on graphical images on
paper. paper.
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Speakers Speakers
Output devices that receive signals from the Output devices that receive signals from the
computers sound card to play music, narration, computers sound card to play music, narration,
or sound effects. or sound effects.
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Storage Devices Storage Devices
Used to keep data when Used to keep data when
the power to the the power to the
computer is turned off. computer is turned off.
Different forms Different forms
Hard disk Hard disk
Floppy or zip disks Floppy or zip disks
CD CD--Writer Writer
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Formatted Formatted
Arrangement of data for storage or display. Arrangement of data for storage or display.
All storage devices must be formatted. All storage devices must be formatted.
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Hard Disk Hard Disk
Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent
storage storage
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Floppy Disk Floppy Disk
Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff
envelope envelope
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Compact Discs Compact Discs
CD CD--ROM ROM
Compact disk with read only memory Compact disk with read only memory
CD CD--RR
Compact disk which you can write to only one time. Compact disk which you can write to only one time.
It then becomes a read only disk. It then becomes a read only disk.
CD CD--RW RW
Compact disk which you may rewrite to. Compact disk which you may rewrite to.
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DVD DVD
DVD ROM DVD ROM
Digital Video Disk which is read only. Digital Video Disk which is read only.
DVD DVD--RR
Digital Video Disk which can be written to one Digital Video Disk which can be written to one
time. It then becomes read only. time. It then becomes read only.
DVD DVD--RW RW
Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to. Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.
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Flash or Jump Drives Flash or Jump Drives
External storage devices that can be used like a External storage devices that can be used like a
external hard drive. external hard drive.
They have the capability to be saved to, They have the capability to be saved to,
deleted from, and files can be renamed just like deleted from, and files can be renamed just like
with a normal hard drive. with a normal hard drive.
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Software Components Software Components
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Software Software
A computer program that tells the computer A computer program that tells the computer
how to perform particular tasks. how to perform particular tasks.
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Program Program
A series of commands and executable files that A series of commands and executable files that
produce results. produce results.
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Operating System Operating System
Software that translates a computers Software that translates a computers
commands and allows application programs to commands and allows application programs to
interact with the computers hardware interact with the computers hardware
Examples: Examples:
Windows XP Windows XP
Unix Unix
OS 10 (MAC) OS 10 (MAC)
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Application Software Application Software
Program that performs a specific function. Program that performs a specific function.
Examples Examples
Microsoft Office Microsoft Office
Adobe Photoshop Adobe Photoshop
WordPerfect WordPerfect
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Multitasking Multitasking
Ability to do more than one thing at a time. Ability to do more than one thing at a time.
Computers can run several application software Computers can run several application software
programs and the operating system at the same programs and the operating system at the same
time. time.
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Software Use Software Use
Icon Icon
Image that represent executable files. Image that represent executable files.
GUI (Graphical User Interface) GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on
screen. screen.
Menus Menus
List or table of executable files List or table of executable files
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Types of Computers Types of Computers
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Super Computer Super Computer
Mainframe computer which is the largest, Mainframe computer which is the largest,
fastest or most powerful at one given time. fastest or most powerful at one given time.
A computer that was the fastest in the world at A computer that was the fastest in the world at
the time it was constructed. the time it was constructed.
Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for
other computers other computers
Typical uses Typical uses
Breaking codes Breaking codes
Modeling weather systems Modeling weather systems
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Super Computer Super Computer
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Mainframe Mainframe
Large powerful computer often serving many Large powerful computer often serving many
connected terminals. connected terminals.
Large expensive computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for hundreds or
thousands of users.
Used to store, manage, and process large Used to store, manage, and process large
amounts of data that need to be reliable, amounts of data that need to be reliable,
secure, and centralized. secure, and centralized.
Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet. Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
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Mainframe Mainframe
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Server Server
A computer that processes request for HTML A computer that processes request for HTML
and other documents that are components of and other documents that are components of
Web pages. Web pages.
Purpose is to serve. Purpose is to serve.
A computer that has the purpose of supplying A computer that has the purpose of supplying
its users with data; usually through the use of a its users with data; usually through the use of a
LAN (Local Area Network). LAN (Local Area Network).
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Workstation Workstation
Desktop computer which is usually more powerful Desktop computer which is usually more powerful
than a Microcomputer. than a Microcomputer.
Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized
tasks.
A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on
power from an electrical wall outlet. power from an electrical wall outlet.
The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or
horizontal case. horizontal case.
Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that
are each plugged into the computer. are each plugged into the computer.
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Workstation Workstation
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Desktop Microcomputer Desktop Microcomputer
Small computer based on a microprocessor. Small computer based on a microprocessor.
A personal computer designed to meet the
needs of an individual; provides a variety of
applications.
Provides access to a wide variety of computing Provides access to a wide variety of computing
applications, such as word processing, photo applications, such as word processing, photo
editing, e editing, e--mail, and internet. mail, and internet.
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Desktop Microcomputer Desktop Microcomputer
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Laptop or Notebook Laptop or Notebook
Portable, Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall
outlet or battery unit with all components in
one unit.
All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in
one compact unit. one compact unit.
Usually more expensive than a comparable Usually more expensive than a comparable
desktop. desktop.
Sometimes called a notebook. Sometimes called a notebook.
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Handheld Handheld
Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on
batteries, and is used while holding in your batteries, and is used while holding in your
hand. hand.
Typically used as an appointment book, address Typically used as an appointment book, address
book, calculator, and notepad. book, calculator, and notepad.
Can be synchronized with a personal Can be synchronized with a personal
microcomputer as a backup. microcomputer as a backup.
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Networks Networks
File Server File Server
A computer dedicated to running applications and A computer dedicated to running applications and
storing data. May be shared with other storing data. May be shared with other
workstations workstations
IP address IP address
A unique address assigned to a computer so that it A unique address assigned to a computer so that it
may be located across the web. may be located across the web.
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Network Network
Two or more computers and other Two or more computers and other
devices that are connected, for devices that are connected, for
the purpose of sharing data and the purpose of sharing data and
programs. programs.
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Types of Networks Types of Networks
LAN Intranetwork LAN Intranetwork
Local Area Network A method by which multiple Local Area Network A method by which multiple
computers are connected. (CJH) computers are connected. (CJH)
WAN InternetworkWide WAN InternetworkWide
Wide Area Network by which large geographical Wide Area Network by which large geographical
areas can be connected. (Davis District) areas can be connected. (Davis District)
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Computer Performance Computer Performance
and Processing and Processing
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Boot Process Boot Process
Sequence of events that occurs between the time Sequence of events that occurs between the time
you turn on a computer and the time that it you turn on a computer and the time that it
becomes ready to accept commands. becomes ready to accept commands.
Purposes Purposes
Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is
working. working.
Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry
out basic operations. out basic operations.
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6 events of the boot process: 6 events of the boot process:
Power up Power up
Start boot program Start boot program
Power Power--on self on self--test test
Identify peripheral devices Identify peripheral devices
Load operation system Load operation system
Check configuration and customization Check configuration and customization
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Megahertz (mHz) Megahertz (mHz)
A measurement used to describe the speed of A measurement used to describe the speed of
the system clock. the system clock.
A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or
pulses) per second. pulses) per second.
1.3 GHz means that the microprocessors clock 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessors clock
operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per
second. second.
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Pentium Pentium
Name of the CPU. Name of the CPU.
Pentium is the 5 Pentium is the 5
th th
generation of the Intel generation of the Intel
processor. processor.
Other generations were called: Other generations were called:
80 80--88 88
286 286
386 386
486 486
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RAM vs. ROM RAM vs. ROM
RAM RAM
Random Access Memory Random Access Memory
The ability of a storage devices The ability of a storage devices
to go directly to a specific to go directly to a specific
storage location without storage location without
having to search sequentially having to search sequentially
for a beginning location. for a beginning location.
Very volatile Very volatile
Cannot hold data when the Cannot hold data when the
power is off. power is off.
Losses all data when power is Losses all data when power is
lost. lost.
ROM ROM
Read only memory Read only memory
Drives can read data from Drives can read data from
disks, but cannot store new disks, but cannot store new
data on them. data on them.
One or more integrated One or more integrated
circuits that contain circuits that contain
permanent instructions that permanent instructions that
the computer uses during the the computer uses during the
boot process. boot process.
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Binary Number Binary NumberSystem System
A method for representing numbers using only A method for representing numbers using only
two digits 0 and 1. two digits 0 and 1.
Bit Bit each 0 or 1. each 0 or 1.
Byte Byte 8 bits 8 bits
Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code. Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.
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Memory Measurements Memory Measurements
Bit Bit
Each 0 or 1 Each 0 or 1
Byte Byte
8 bits 8 bits
Kilobyte Kilobyte
Approximately 1 thousand bytes Approximately 1 thousand bytes
Megabyte Megabyte
Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes) Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)
Gigabyte Gigabyte
Approximately 1 billion bytes Approximately 1 billion bytes
Terabyte Terabyte
Approximately 1 trillion bytes Approximately 1 trillion bytes
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Basic Terms Basic Terms
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Basic Terms Basic Terms
Computer Computer
A device that accepts input, processes data, stores A device that accepts input, processes data, stores
data, and produces output, all according to a series data, and produces output, all according to a series
of stored instructions. of stored instructions.
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Basic Terms Basic Terms
Input Input
Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created
and fed into the computer. and fed into the computer.
Output Output
Useful information that leaves the system. Useful information that leaves the system.
Data Data
Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols
that represent facts, objects or ideas. that represent facts, objects or ideas.
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Basic Terms Basic Terms
Processing Processing
Manipulation of the data in many ways Manipulation of the data in many ways
Memory Memory
Area of the computer that temporarily holds data Area of the computer that temporarily holds data
waiting to be processed, stored, or output. waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
Storage Storage
Area of the computer that holds data on a Area of the computer that holds data on a
permanent basis when it is not immediately needed permanent basis when it is not immediately needed
for processing. for processing.
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Basic Terms Basic Terms
File management File management
A method of organizing files and folders to make A method of organizing files and folders to make
data more easily accessible. data more easily accessible.
Folders Folders
Location of physical media where data is stored Location of physical media where data is stored
File File
Individual document created and saved by the user. Individual document created and saved by the user.
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