1 45

:
-

.
1. 0 ;

i i , .
:
.

i i

0 0 0i ,
0 .

i 0 0

2. ;

i :

( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i

i ,

i i , :
( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .

( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i .

i :

( i)( i) ( i) i( i) i i (i)(i)
i i i 2 i i ( ) ( )i

:
( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i

i
i

, i 0 , i ,

21/3/2013

 2 45
i ( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i

i.
( i )( i )
i
2 2
2 2 2

,
i

i
i 2 2 2 2

3. z i ;

z i z i .

z i . :
i i

i i , i , i .

4. .

M (, ) M (, )
z i z i
.

y
M(z)

M (z )

z i , , :
z i

z z 2
z z 2 i .

z1 i

z 2 i , :
1.

z1 z 2 z1 z 2

2.

z1 z 2 z1 z 2

3.

z1 z 2 z 1 z 2

4.

z1

z2

z1

z2

5. z 1 z 2 z z 1 z 2 z
6. z 1 z 2 ... z z 1 z 2 ... z

21/3/2013

 3 45

5. : z1 z 2 z1 z2

z1 z 2 z1 z 2 :
z1 i z 2 i , :
z1 z 2 ( i ) ( i ) ( ) ( )i
( ) ( )i ( i ) ( i ) z1 z 2

6. i ;

i ,

4, :
4 ,

1
i

4
4
4

i i
i i (i ) i 1 i i
-1
i

,
,
,
,

0
1
2
3

7. z 2 z 0
, , R 0 .

z 2 z 0 , , , R 0 .
, , :
2

z

2

2
4

2 4 . , :

0,

: z1, 2
, : z

21/3/2013

 4 45

(1)() i 2 ( ) 2 i

0
,
,

, :

4 2
4 2
(2) 2
2

2
i

z1, 2

i
2

, .

z :
z , z z
z , z z .

8. ;

M ( x, y ) z x yi
. z
M O ,
| z | | OM | x y
2

5
M(x,y)

|z|

9. .

| z | | z | | z |

| z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

| z |2 z z

z1
z
1
z2
z2

| z | | z | .

| | z1 | | z 2 | | | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

21/3/2013

 5 45

10. : | z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 |

:
| z1 z 2 | | z1 | | z 2 | | z1 z 2 | 2 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2

( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) z1 z1 z 2 z 2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z1 z 2 z 2

, .

11.) ,
| z1 z2 | ;
)

| z z 0 | , 0;

) | z z1 | | z z 2 | ;

)
.

:
( M 1 M 2 ) | z1 z 2 |

| z z 0 | , 0
K ( z 0 ) .
)
| z z1 | | z z 2 |
A( z1 ) B( z 2 ) .

21/3/2013

 6 45

:
-

.
1. f A ;

f f
:

xA

f ( A) { y | y f ( x) x A} .

f A

f ( A) .

2. f A ;

f M ( x, y ) y f (x) ,
M ( x, f ( x)) , x A .

- f C f .
- , , y f (x) C f . , y f (x)
f .
- C f f , :
)

f C f .

f f ( A) C f .

f x 0 A x x 0 C f

(. 8).
y

y
Cf

()

Cf

f ()

f (x0)

Cf
x

x=x0

()

A(x0,f (x0))
x0

()

21/3/2013

 7 45

- C f , f , ,
f | f | .
) f ,
x x , f ,
M ( x, f ( x))
M ( x, f ( x)) , x x . (. 9).

y=f (x)
(x,f (x))

O
(x,f (x))

y=f (x)

10

) | f |
C f x x

y=f (x)

y=| f (x)|

, x x , C f
. (. 10).

3.
) f ( x ) x
) f ( x )

) f ( x ) x 2 ,

, 0
x

) f ( x ) x 3 , 0

) f ( x ) x , g( x ) | x | .

) f ( x ) x
11

a>0

a<0

a=0

) f ( x ) x 2 , 0 .
y

O
>0

12

y
x

x
<0

) f ( x ) x 3 , 0 .

21/3/2013

 8 45

>0

13

<0

) f ( x )

, 0.
x
y

14

x
x

<0

>0

) f ( x )

x , g( x ) | x | .

15

y
y | x|

y x

4. :
) f (x) x ,

f (x) x ,

) f ( x ) x , 0 1

f (x) x

) f ( x ) log x , 0 1

:
) : f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x , f ( x ) x

21/3/2013

 9 45

16

1
O

y=x

()

y
1
O

y=x

()

/2

/2

3/2

y=x

()

, f ( x) x f ( x) x T 2 ,
f ( x) x T .
) f ( x ) x , 0 1 .
y

17

O
()

>1

O
0<<1

()

1 ,

0 1 ,

x1 x 2 x1 x 2
x1 x 2 x1 x 2 .

) f ( x ) log x , 0 1

21/3/2013

 10 45

18

1
O

>1

()

()

0<<1

:
1) log x y y x

4) log ( x 1 x 2 ) log x 1 log x 2

2) log x x log x x

5) log 1 log x 1 log x 2

x2

3) log 1

6) log x 1k log x 1

log 1 0

7) 1 , : log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 ,

0 1 ,

log x 1 log x 2 x 1 x 2 .

8) x e xln , e ln .

5. f ,g ;

f g :

x A f ( x) g ( x) .

6. , ,
f , g ;

f g , f - g , fg

f
f, g
g

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x) ,
( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x) ,

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

f
f ( x)
( x)
.
g ( x)
g

21/3/2013

 11 45

f g , f g fg A B
f g ,

f
A B ,
g

x g ( x) ,
{x | x A

x B ,

g ( x) 0} .

7. f g ;

f, g , , f
g, g f ,
( gof )( x) g ( f ( x)) .
f (A)
f

24

f (x)
g(B)

A
g
x
A1

g( f (x))

g f

) g f x f
f ( x) g.
A1 {x A | f ( x) B} .
gof , A1 , f ( A) B .
) , f, g gof fog ,
.
f , g , h ho( gof ) , (hog )of
ho( gof ) (hog )of .

f, g h hogof .
.

8. f
;

f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )

21/3/2013

 12 45

f ,
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )

9. f A x o A
;

f :
x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A

x 0 A () , f ( x 0 ) ,
f ( x) f ( x 0 )

x A

10. f A 1 1 ;

f : A R 1 1 , x1 , x 2 A x1 x 2
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

) f :A R 1 1 ,
x1 , x 2 A :

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) ,

x1 x 2 .

f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) x1 x 2
) f 1 1 , :
- y f ( x) y
x.
- .

f .
- , "1 1" .
. 1 1
.

21/3/2013

 13 45

x , x0

g ( x) 1
(. 34).
, x0
x

34

1 1,

y=g(x)

11. f A
;

f :A R , 1 1 . f
1
f :

f (x) y f 1 (y) x

) :
f

( f ( x )) x ,

xA

f(f

( y )) y ,

y f ( A) .

f ( A) f,

f .
) C C f f
y x xOy x Oy .

21/3/2013

 14 45

:
-

.
1. f x o f x o ;

:
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) ,
:
lim f ( x)

x x0

lim f ( x) lim f ( x )

x x0

x x
0

) :
()
()

lim f ( x)

lim f ( x)

x x0

x x0

lim ( f ( x) ) 0

x x0

lim f ( x 0 h)
h 0

) 1 lim f ( x) 2 lim f ( x) f x 0
x x0

x x0

1 f x 0 , 2 f x 0 .
) f x 0 , f
x 0 , f
(, x 0 )
( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , )

( x0 , ) .
x 0 (. 39, 39)
.
f x 0 , , x 0 (. 39)
.
)

lim x x 0

x x 0

lim c c

x x 0

2. f x o

f
x 0 ,
:

21/3/2013

 15 45

) f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
.
) f (, x 0 ) , ,
( x 0 , ) .
) f ( x 0 , ) , ,
(, x 0 ) .

3. x o .

:
) 1
lim f ( x) 0 ,
x x0

f ( x) 0 x 0

lim f ( x) 0 , f ( x) 0
x x0

x 0

) 2

f , g x 0 f ( x) g ( x ) x 0 ,
lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

) 3

f g x 0 , :
1. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0

x x0

x x0

2. lim (f ( x)) lim f ( x) ,

x x0

x x0

3. lim ( f ( x) g ( x)) lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

x x0

x x0

x x0

x x0

5. lim | f ( x) | lim f ( x)
x x0

4. lim

6. lim

x x0

x x0

R
lim f ( x)
f ( x ) x x0

,
g ( x) lim g ( x)
x x0

f ( x) k lim f ( x) ,
x x0

lim g ( x) 0
x x0

f ( x) 0 x 0 .

) 4

1
P ( x ) x 1 x 1 x 0

x 0 R . :

lim P ( x) P ( x 0 )

x x0

Q( x 0 ) 0 .

f ( x)

P ( x)
Q( x) , P (x) , Q(x) x

x0 R

21/3/2013

 16 45

lim

x x0

P( x) P( x 0 )

Q( x) Q( x 0 ) , Q( x 0 ) 0

.
) 5

h(x) f (x) g(x)

x0

lim h(x) lim g(x) ,

f ,g,h

x x 0

x x 0

lim f (x)

x x 0

| x | | x | ,

lim x x 0

x R .

x x 0

x
1
x 0 x

lim

x 0.

lim x x 0

x x 0

x 1
0
x 0
x

lim

4 .

f g

xo .

f g x 0 ,
lim f ( g ( x)) , :
x x0

1. u g (x) .
2. ( ) u 0 lim g ( x)
x x0

3. ( ) lim f (u ) .
u u 0

g ( x) u 0 x 0 , , :
lim f ( g ( x )) lim f ( u) .

x x0

u u0

5 . x o .

,
(, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , :
) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x)
x x0

x x0

x x0

21/3/2013

 17 45

) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .

x x0

x x0

x x0

) lim f ( x) , f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim f ( x) , f ( x) 0
x x0

x x0

x0 .

) lim f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) , lim f ( x) , lim ( f ( x)) .

x x0

x x0

x x0

) lim f ( x) , lim

x x0

x x0

x x0

1
0.
f ( x)

) lim f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim

x x0

x x0

1
,
f ( x)

f ( x) 0 x 0 , lim

x x0

lim f ( x) 0

x x0

1
.
f ( x)

) lim f ( x) , lim | f ( x) | . ) lim f ( x) , lim

x x0

) i) lim
x 0

ii)

x x0

1
1
lim 2 ,
2
x

0
x
x

lim

x 0

1
x

2 1

x x0

x x0

lim
x 0

f ( x) .

N*
1

2 1

) :
1 ( )

x0
f :

g :

f g

2 ( )

x0 R ,
f
:

g
:

fg :

>
0

<0 >0 <0

21/3/2013

 18 45

:
( ) ( ) , 0 ( ) , ( ) ( ) ,

( ) ( ) ,

0
,
0

6 . .

)
:
lim x

lim

1
0,
x

,
- ,

lim x
x

N*

lim

1
0,
x

* .

) P( x) x 1 x 1 0 , 0 :
lim P( x) lim ( x )

) f ( x)

lim P( x) lim ( x )

x 1 x 1 1 x 0
x 1 x 1 1 x 0

x
lim f ( x) lim
x
x x

, 0 , 0 :

x
lim f ( x) lim
x
x x

) -
1 (. 60),
lim x 0 ,

lim log x ,
x 0

60

lim x

y=a x

lim log x

y=loga x
O

0 1 (. 61),
lim ,
x

lim log x ,
x 0

lim 0
x

61

y=a x

lim log x

1
O 1

x
y=loga x

21/3/2013

 19 45

f , f
(,) .
f f
(, ) .
, x 0
:

.

21/3/2013

 20 45

:
-

.
1. f x o ;

f x 0 ,

lim f (x) f (x 0 )

x x 0

) , f x0
:
i) x0

ii) x0 , , f ( x 0 ) , x 0 .
) f , ,
.

) , x 0 R
lim P ( x) P ( x 0 ) .

x x0

P
, x 0
Q

lim

x x0

P( x) P( x 0 )

.
Q( x) Q( x 0 )

f ( x ) x g ( x ) x ,

lim x x 0

x x 0

f ( x ) x

x0 R

lim x x 0 .

x x 0

g ( x ) log x , 0 1 .

2. .

21/3/2013

 21 45

:
f g,

g x 0 , x 0
c f ,

cR ,

f
,
g

f g ,

|f |

x 0 .

2. .

:
f x 0 g f ( x 0 ) ,
gof x 0 .

3. f ( , )
[ , ]

f ( , ) ,
(, ) .
f [ , ] ,
(, )
lim f ( x) f ( )

lim f ( x) f ( )

(, ] , [, ) .

4. Bolzano .

f , [, ] . :
f [, ] , ,
f ( ) f ( ) 0 ,
, , x 0 (, ) ,
f ( x0 ) 0 .

, , , f ( x) 0 (, ) .

f ,
x x ,
.

21/3/2013

 22 45

f
f .

5. .

:
f, [, ] . :
f [, ]
f ( ) f ( )
, f ( ) f ( ) , x 0 (, )
,
f (x0 )

f ( ) f ( ) . f ( ) f ( ) (. 67).
g ( x) f ( x) , x [, ] , :
g [, ]
y
67
g ( ) g ( ) 0 ,
f ()
B(, f ())

g ( ) f ( ) 0

y=
g( ) f ( ) 0 .
, Bolzano,
x 0 (, ) , g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 0 ,
f ( x 0 ) .

f (a)
O

( , f ())
a x0

x0

x0

) f () f
.
) A f (, ) ,
( , ) ,
lim f ( x)
x

B lim f ( x) .
x

, , f (, ) ,
( B, A) .

6. .

21/3/2013

 23 45

f [, ] , f [, ]
m.

, x1 , x 2 [, ] , , m f ( x1 ) M f ( x 2 ) ,
m f ( x) M ,

x [ , ] .

f [, ]
[m , M ] , m .

21/3/2013

 24 45

:
-

1.

( )

1. f x 0 ;

f x 0 ,

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0

.
f x 0 f ( x 0 ) . :
f ( x 0 ) lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
.
x x0

) , , f ( x 0 ) xlim
x

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
x x0

f ( x 0 ) lim
h0

x x 0 h ,

f ( x 0 h) f ( x 0 )
h

) x0 f, :

f x0 , R :
lim

x x0

f (x) f (x 0 )
,
x x0

lim

x x0

f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0

2. f x o ,
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .

()

C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) :

y f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )

21/3/2013

 25 45

f ( x 0 ) A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f
f x 0 .

3. f

x 0 ,

x x 0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
( x x0 ) ,
x x0

:
f ( x) f ( x 0 )

( x x 0 )
lim [ f ( x) f ( x 0 )] lim
x x0

x
x
0

x x0

lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim ( x x 0 )
x x0
x x0

f ( x 0 ) 0 0 ,

f x0 . , lim f ( x) f ( x 0 ) , f
x x
0

x0 .

. :
f x 0 , ,
, x 0 .

4. f :
)
) ( , )
) [, ]

f . :
) H f , , ,
x 0 A .
) f ( , ) ,
x 0 (, ) .

21/3/2013

 26 45

) f [ , ] ,
(, )

lim

f (x) f ()
R
x

lim

f (x) f ()
R .
x

5. :
)

f (x) c , f (x) 0

f (x) x , N {0,1} , f (x) x 1

f ( x) x , f (x)

1
2 x

f ( x) x , f (x) 1

, x 0

x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
cc

0.
x x0
x x0

,
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0,
x x0

(c) 0 .

x x 0 :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x x 0

1.
x x0
x x0

:
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim 1 1 ,
x x0
x x0

( x) 1 .

) x0 R ,

x x 0 :

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 )

x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0
x x0

:
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim ( x 1 x 2 x 0 x 0 1 ) x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 ,
x x0
x x0

( x ) x 1 .

) x0
f ( x) f ( x 0 )

x x0

(0,) , x x 0 :

x x0
x x0

x x0

x x0

(x x0 ) x x0

x x0

( x x0 ) x x0

1
x x0

21/3/2013

 27 45

:
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x0 )
lim
x x0
x x0

1
x x0

1
2 x0

1
.
x
2 x

f ( x) x . f R

f ( x) x ,
(x) x
f (x) x . f R

f ( x) x ,
(x) x
x
f (x) e . f R

f ( x) e x ,
(e x ) e x
f (x) ln x . f

f (x)

(0,)

1
,
x
(ln x)

1
x

6.

x 0 :

f ,g

x0 ,

f g

( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )

21/3/2013

 28 45

x x 0 , :
( f g )( x) ( f g )( x 0 ) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x) f ( x 0 ) g ( x) g ( x 0 )

x x0
x x0
x x0
x x0

f , g x 0 , :
lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
g ( x) g ( x 0 )
( f g )( x) ( f g )( x 0 )
f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ),
lim
lim
x

x
x

x
0
0
x x0
x x0
x x0

( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) .

. f , g x 0 , f g
x 0 :
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )

:
- f , g , x :
( f g ) ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) .
- f c R , (c) 0 ,
(2) :
(cf ( x)) cf ( x)

. f , g x 0 g ( x 0 ) 0 ,

f
g

x 0 :

f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )
f
( x 0 )
[ g ( x 0 )] 2
g

:
f , g x
g ( x) 0 , x :

f
f ( x ) g( x ) f ( x)g ( x )
( x )
[ g ( x )] 2
g

f (x) x , N* . f R *

1
,
f ( x) x

(x ) x 1

, x N * :

21/3/2013

 29 45

1 (1)x 1(x ) x 1
2 x 1 .
(x )
2
(x )
x
x

f (x) x .
1
R {x|x 0} f (x)
,
2 x

(x)

1
2 x

, x R {x|x 0} :

x (x)x x(x) xx xx

(x)

2
x

x
2 x

2 x 2 x
1

.
2
x
2 x

f (x)

f ( x) x .

f R {x|x 0}

1
,
2 x
(x)

1
2 x

7.
g x 0 f g ( x 0 ) ,
f g x 0
( f g ) ( x 0 ) f ( g ( x 0 )) g ( x 0 )

, g f
g () , f g
( f ( g ( x ))) f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) .

, u g( x ) ,
( f ( u)) f ( u) u .

Leibniz, y f (u ) u g (x) ,

21/3/2013

 30 45

dy dy du

dx du dx

8.
:
)

f (x) x , R Q (0, )
f (x) x 1 ,
f (x) x ln .

f (x) x ,

f (x) ln | x | , x R * x R *

(ln | x |)

1
x

ln x
u
u ln x , y e . ,
) , y x e

x x 1 .
x
x
u
u x ln , y e . ,

y (eu ) eu u e ln x
x
x ln
) , y e

y (eu ) eu u e x ln ln x ln .
) .

1
,
x

x 0 ,

(ln | x |) (ln x)

x 0 ,

ln | x | ln( x) , , y ln( x) u x ,

y ln u . ,
y (ln u)

1
1
1
u
(1)
u
x
x

1
(ln | x |) .
x

.
.

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 31 45

2.

( - - )

9. y x x x 0 ,
y f (x) ;

x, y y f (x) , f
x 0 , y x
x 0 f ( x 0 ) .

10. Rolle .

Rolle :
f :
[, ]
(, )
f ( ) f ( )
, , (, ) , f ( ) 0
y

, ,
, (, ) ,
C f M ( , f ( ))
x.

18
(,f ())
(,f ())

(,f ())

11.
.

:
f :
[, ]
(, )
, , (, ) , :
f ( )

f ( ) f ( )

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 32 45

20

, ,
, (, ) ,
f
M ( , f ( )) .

(,f ())

M(,f ())
A(a,f (a))

12.
f .
f
f ( x) 0 x ,
f .

x1 , x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

x1 x 2 ,

x1 x 2 ,

f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

[ x1 , x 2 ] f
. , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( )

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
.
x 2 x1

(1)

, f ( ) 0 ,, (1),
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . x 2 x1 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . , ,
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

13.
f , g .
f , g
f ( x) g ( x) x ,
c , x :
f ( x) g ( x) c

f g
x
( f g ) ( x) f ( x) g ( x) 0 .
, ,
f g . ,
C , x
f ( x) g ( x) c ,
f ( x) g ( x) c .

22

y=g(x)+c

y=g(x)
O

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 33 45

(3 4) .

14.( )
f
f ( x ) f ( x )

x R ,

f (x) ce x R . R .
x

15.
f, .
f ( x) 0 x , f
.
f ( x) 0 x , f
.

f ( x) 0 .

x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 . f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) . , [ x1 , x 2 ] f
... , ( x1 , x 2 ) ,
f ( )

f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
x 2 x1

,
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( )( x 2 x1 )

f ( ) 0 x 2 x1 0 , f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) 0 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .

f ( x) 0

. , f
( ) ,
( ) .

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3.

(-
- de LHospital)

16. f

x 0 A

) f, , x 0 A
, 0 , :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) x A ( x 0 , x 0 ) .

x 0 , f ( x 0 ) f.
) f, , x 0 A
, 0 , :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ,

x A ( x 0 , x 0 ) .

x 0 , f ( x 0 ) f.

f ,
, , , .
.

.

Fermat
17. f

. f x 0 ,
: f ( x 0 ) 0

f x 0 .
x 0 f
, 0 ,
( x 0 , x 0 )

x0

33

f (x0)

f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ,

x ( x 0 , x 0 ) . (1)
, , f x 0 ,
f ( x 0 ) lim

x x0

x0 x0 x0+

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
f ( x) f ( x 0 )
lim
.

x x0
x x0
x x0

,
x ( x 0 , x 0 ) , , (1),
f ( x 0 ) lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0

(2)

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 35 45

x ( x 0 , x 0 ) , , (1),
f ( x 0 ) lim

x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0 ,
x x0

f ( x) f ( x 0 )
0.
x x0

, (2) (3) f ( x 0 ) 0 .
.

(3)

18. ) f ;
) f ;

) f ,
f .
) f
:
1. f .
2. f .
3. ( ).

19. f ;

f
:
1. f.
2. f .
3. f.

20.
f (, ) ,
x 0 , f .
i) f ( x) 0 (, x 0 ) f ( x) 0 ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 ) f.
ii) A f ( x) (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , f ( x 0 )
f (, ) .

i) f ( x) 0 x (, x 0 ) f x 0 , f
(, x 0 ] .

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 36 45
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ,

x (, x 0 ] .

(1)

f ( x) 0 x ( x 0 , ) f x 0 , f
[ x 0 , ) . :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ,

x [ x 0 , ) .

(2)
y

35a

f <0

f >0
f (x 0 )

f <0

f >0
f (x 0 )

x0

x0

, (1) (2), :
f ( x) f ( x 0 ) ,

x (, ) ,

f ( x 0 ) f (, ) .
ii)
f ( x) 0 ,
y

x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .
y

f >0

35

f >0

f >0
f >0

x0

x0

f x 0
(, x 0 ] [ x 0 , ) . , x1 x 0 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 2 ) . f ( x 0 )
f. , , f (, ) . ,
x1 , x 2 (, ) x1 x 2 .
x1 , x 2 (, x 0 ] , f (, x 0 ] , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
x1 , x 2 [ x 0 , ) , f [ x 0 , ) , f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) .
, x1 x 0 x 2 , f ( x1 ) f ( x 0 ) f ( x 2 ) .

, f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) , f
( , ) .
, f ( x) 0 x (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) .

21. f ;

f
f .

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 37 45

f ,
f .

22.
f .

:
f
.
f ( x) 0 x , f .

f ( x) 0 x , f .

23.

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 ))

f ;

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f , :.
f (, x 0 ) ( x 0 , ) , ,
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) .

A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) C f , f x 0
x 0 .

24. f ;

:
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) f f
, f (x 0 ) 0
:
f ;

f :
i)
f .
ii)
f .

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 38 45

f o (, ) x 0 (, ) .
f x 0
C f A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) ,
A( x 0 , f ( x 0 )) Cf .

25.

x x 0

C f ;

x x 0 f. ,
lim f ( x) , lim f ( x)
x x0

26.

x x0

f ( ).

y f
( ), xlim
f ( x) ( lim f ( x) ) .

x

27.

y x

f ,

y x f ,
, xlim
[ f ( x) ( x )] 0 , lim [ f ( x) ( x )] 0 .

x

28. ()

y x ;

y x f ,
,

f (x)
R lim [f (x) x] R ,
x x
x
lim

:
f (x)
R lim [f (x) x] R .
x x
x
lim

1. :

2 .

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 39 45

P( x)
,
Q( x)

P( x)

, .
2. ,
f :
f .
, f .
, , (,) ,
(, ) .

29. de LHospital .

1o

f (x)
(
x x 0 g(x)

lim f (x) 0 , lim g(x) 0 , x 0 R {, } lim

x x0

x x0

), :
f (x)
f (x)
lim
.
x x 0 g(x)
x x 0 g(x)
lim

2o

f (x)
(
x x 0 g(x)

lim f (x) , xlim

g ( x) , x 0 R {, } lim
x
x x0

), :
f (x)
f (x)
lim
.
x x 0 g(x)
x x 0 g(x)
lim

:
) .
.
) g '(x) 0 x o ,

x o .
) .

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 40 45

:
-

.
1. f ;

F'(x) f (x) ,

x .

2.
f . F f ,
:

G(x) F(x) c , c R ,
f .
G f

G(x) F(x) c , c R .

G(x) F(x) c , c R ,
f ,

G '(x) (F(x) c)' F '(x) f (x) ,

x .

G f . , x

F(x) f (x)

G(x) f (x) , :

G ' (x) F'(x) ,

x .

c ,

G(x) F(x) c ,

x .

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 41 45

3*. f
[ , ] .

f [, ] .

x 0 x1 x 2 ... x
[, ]
x

10
y=f(x)

[ x 1 , x ] , {1, 2, ..., } ,

k
O a=x0 1 x1 2 x2

xv-1 v xv=

S f (1 )x f (2 )x f ( )x f ( )x
, , :

S f ( )x

S , lim f ( ) x

1

f ,

f (x)dx

f . ,

f
(x)dx

lim
f
(

4.

f (x)dx .

) :

f (x)dx f (x)dx

f (x) 0 x [, ]

f (x)dx 0

f (x)dx 0 .

) f , g [, ] , R .

f (x)dx f (x)dx

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 42 45

[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx

[f (x) g(x)]dx f (x)dx g(x)dx

) f , , ,

f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx

) f [, ] . f ( x) 0 x [, ]
f ,

f (x)dx 0 .
x

5. F(x) f (x)dx , x , f

x
F'(x) f (t)dt f (x) ,
a

x .

) :
f ,
x

F(x) f (t)dt ,

x ,

f . :

x f (t)dt f (x) ,
a

x .

) :

g(x) f (t)dt f '(g(x) g '(x) ,

a

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 43 45

5.

f [, ] . G f
[, ] , :

f (t)dt G() G()

F(x) f (t)dt

[, ] . G f [, ] , c ,

G(x) F(x) c .
(1), x ,

(1)

G() F() c f (t)dt c c ,

c G ( ) .

G(x) F(x) G() ,

, x ,

G() F() G() f (t)dt G()

f (t)dt G() G() .

6.

) :

f (x)g(x)dx [f (x)g(x)] f (x)g(x)dx ,

f , g [, ] .

) :

u2

f (g(x))g(x)dx f (u)du ,
u1

f , g , u g ( x) , du g ( x)dx u1 g ( ) , u 2 g ( ) .

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 44 45

7.)
f , x , x x x , f ( x) 0
x [, ] f .

) f ,g

x [, ] ,
f , g
x , x :
f ( x) g ( x)

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

) f [, ] f ( x) 0 x [, ] ,
f , x ,
x x x

E() f (x)dx

) f , g [, ] , c R ,
f ( x) c g ( x) c 0 , x [, ] . (. 20)
.
y

y=f (x)+c

20

y=f (x)

y=g (x)+c

y=g (x)

()

()

, (1), :

() () [(f (x) c) (g(x) c)]dx (f (x) g(x))dx .

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

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 45 45

) f ( x) g ( x) [, ] ,
f , g x
x

E() | f (x) g(x) | dx

)
x x , g, g ( x) 0
x [, ] x x :

E ( ) g ( x)dx

21

, x x
f ( x) 0 ,

y=g (x)

E() (f (x) g(x))dx

[g(x)]dx g(x)dx .
, g g ( x) 0 x [, ] ,

E() g(x)dx

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