1

Chng 2:
Cc khi nim c bn v
mng my tnh
Khoa CNTT- HBK H Ni
Ging vin: Ng Hng Sn
B mn Truyn thng v Mng my tnh
2
Tun trc
Gii thiu mn hc
Lc s Internet
Khi nim mng my tnh
Mt s vn c bn: chuyn mch knh vs.
chuyn mch gi, hng lin kt vs. khng
lin kt
3
Ni dung
Kin trc phn tng
M hnh tham chiu OSI & TCP/IP
a ch ha
Tn min v chuyn i tn min
4
Kin trc phn tng
V d
Ti sao phi phn tng?
5
Phn chia cc chc nng trong vic
trao i thng tin
Bn gi
Bn nhn
Thng tin mun
trao i
Ngn ng
Chuyn t suy ngh
sang li ni
Ngn ng
Thng tin nhn c
Cc phng tin truyn thng
Japanese?
English?
Th?
in thoi?
E-mail?
Vic trao i thng tin s din ra
sun s nu ti mi tng, cng mt
phng tin c s dng
6
V d phn tng (1)
B dn m thanh
Cassette
Player
Speaker
Amplifier
Tt c chc nng u t c
trong mt khi
Khi mun thay i:
Nng cp ton b
Phn tng Khng phn tng
7
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway (takeoff)
airplane routing
Sn bay i Sn bay n Sn bay trung chuyn
airplane routing airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim)
gates (unload)
runway (land)
airplane routing
ticket
baggage
gate
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
Phn tng cc chc nng hng khng
Tng: Mi tng c nhim v cung cp 1 dch v
Da trn cc chc nng ca chnh tng
Da trn cc dch v cung cp bi tng di
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V sao phi phn tng?
i vi cc h thng phc tp: nguyn l chia
tr
Cho php xc nh r nhim v ca mi b phn
v quan h gia chng
Cho php d dng bo tr v nng cp h thng
Thay i bn trong mt b phn khng nh
hng n cc b phn khc
e.g., Nng cp t CD ln DVD player m
khng phi thay loa.
9
Cc m hnh tham chiu
M hnh OSI
M hnh TCP/IP
10
OSI - Open System Interconnection: Bao
gm7 tng
Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Application layer
Tng mng
Presentation layer
H thng cui
H thng cui
Nt mng
trung gian
Tng ng dng
Tng trnh din
Tng phin
Tng giao vn
Tng mng
Tng lin kt d liu
Tng vt l
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Chc nng chung ca cc tng
Vt l: Truyn bits trn ng truyn
Lin kt d liu: Truyn d liu gia cc thnh
phn ni kt trong mt mng
Mng: Chn ng, chuyn tip gi tin t
ngun n ch
Giao vn: X l vic truyn-nhn d liu cho
cc ng dng
Phin: ng b ha, check-point, khi phc qu
trnh trao i
Trnh din: cho php cc ng dng biu din d
liu, e.g., m ha, nn, chuyn i
ng dng: H tr cc ng dng trn mng.
application
presentation
session
transport
network
data link
physical
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Session layer
Transport layer
Application layer
Presentation layer
Network layer
Datalink layer
Physical layer
M hnh OSI v TCP/IP
Trong m hnh TCP/IP (Internet), chc nng3
tng trn c phn nh vo mt tng duy nht
UDP TCP
Application
HTTP, FTP, SMTP
IP
Network Interface
Physical
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M hnh phn tng ca Internet
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
CAT5
10M
IP
CAT5
100M/Ethernet
IP
TCP
FTP
Ngun
ch
Nt trung gian
100M
CAT5
V d v qu trnh gi d liu t ngun, qua nt
trung gian (b nh tuyn) ri n ch
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ng gi d liu (Encapsulation)
a ch
Trang tr
Dn a ch
Gi qu
a ch
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PDU: Protocol Data Unit n v d
liu giao thc
(N+1) PDU
(N) PDU
(N-1) PDU
H
N
H
N
H
N-1
Layer (N+1)
Layer (N-1)
Layer (N)
Service interface
Service interface
Protocol N+1
Protocol N
Protocol N-1
addr.
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Data
Data
Ex HTTP header
H giao thc TCP/IP v qu trnh ng
gi
TCP header TCP header TCP header TCP header
IP header
Ethernet Frame
Signal
Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface
TCP TCP TCP TCP
Application Application Application Application
Physical Physical Physical Physical
IP IP IP IP
Sender Receiver
Bn gi
Mi tng thm vo cc thng tin iu khin vo phn u
gi tin (header) v truyn xung tng di
Bn nhn
Mi tng x l gi tin da trn thng tin trong phn u,
sau b phn u, ly phn d liu chuyn ln tng
trn.
Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface
TCP TCP TCP TCP
Application Application Application Application
Physical Physical Physical Physical
IP IP IP IP
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SAP: Service Access Point
im truy nhp dch v
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
Internet
Client 1
Client 2
Server 3
Server 1
Server 2
Client 3
Network
Application
Protocol 1
Protocol 1
Protocol 1
TCP/UDP
protocol
SAP
SAP
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload Ethernet header
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload WDM header
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
24
CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
25
CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload Ethernet header
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
26
CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
IP header TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
27
CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
TCP header D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
28
CAT5 WDM
End node
End node
Intermediate node
CAT5
Ethernet/10M
IP
TCP
FTP
Ethernet/100M
IP
TCP
FTP
WDM
10M
IP
10G
CAT5
10G
IP
CAT5
D liu - payload
Protocol stack v qu trnh
ng gi
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Tm tt: u im ca kin trc
phn tng
Chia nh cho php xc nh d dng chc nng
mi tng
Cc tng hot ng c lp
Tng trn ch quan tm n vic s dng tng di m
khng quan tm n cc tng xa hn
Cho php nh ngha giao din chung gia cc tng
Kh nng m rng
Mm do, linh hot vi cc cng ngh mi
Trao i gia cc tng ng mc
C th ci tin h thng bng cch thay th mt cng ngh
mi ca tng tng ng : ISDNADSLFTTHIPv4IPv6
Nu khng phn tng
Khi mun thay i, phi lm ton b
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Cc nh danh trn
Internet
a ch MAC
a ch IP
S hiu cng
31
nh danh
Cc nh danh cho php xc nh mt
ngi hay mt i tng
Tn
Nguyen Thuc Hai
a ch
1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
S in thoi
8680896
Email
hai--xxx@it.hut.edu.vn
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nh danh v cy phn cp
Cc nh danh xc nh a ch c tnh phn cp
Cho php qun l mt cc logic v hiu qu mt khng
gian a ch khng l
Tnh m rng
V d v tnh phn cp
a ch
1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
S in thoi
+84-(4) 868-08-96
Hanoi
Dai Co Viet
Hai Ba Trung
So 1
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nh danh trn Internet v quan
h vi cc tng
application
TCP/UDP
IP
data link
physical
Physical address / MAC address
e.g. 00:11:24:79:8e:82
IP address, e.g. 203.12.15.165
Port Number, e.g. Port 80
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a ch dng trong tng lin kt
d liu
a ch vt l / a ch MAC
S dng trong tng lin kt d liu
C nh trn card mng NIC ( Network Interface Card)
S dng a ch ha my tnh trong cc mng qung
b
00:11:24:79:8e:82
00000000 00010001 00100100 01111001 10001110 10000010
HEX
OUI
Gn bi nh sn xut
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier): M nh sn xut
Mi nh sn xut c cc gi tr OUI ring
Mi nh sn xut c th c nhiu OUI
BIN
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a ch dng trn Internet
a ch IP
Dng trong giao thc IP - Internet Protocol (tng
mng)
Gi tr ph thuc tng mng, mi card mng c
gn mt a ch IP
S dng inh danh mt my tnh trong mt
mng IP, v d:
133.113.215.10 (ipv4)
2001:200:0:8803::53 (ipv6)
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a ch s dng trong tng giao vn
S hiu cng
Mt ch s ph, dng km theo a ch IP
Cc ng dng c dnh danh bi mt a ch
IP v mt s hiu cng
Tng t nh s phng trong mt ta nh
a ch nh : Nh C1, 1 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi => a ch
IP
Phng s 325 => S hiu cng
E.g. HTTP cng 80, FTP cng 20, 21
37
nh x a ch
Tn min
Chuyn i tn min
nslookup
arp
38
Tn min
Domain Name
(FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name)
Tn min l tn ca mt my tnh hay ca mt
mng my tnh, s dng tn (ch ci, ch s)
www.keio.ac.jp
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
.hut.edu.vn
39
Khng gian tn min
pc24.cs.keio.ac.jp
.keio.ac.jp
40
Tn v a ch
Trc khi truyn tin, my trm phi c xc nh
Bi mt a ch IP, hoc
Bi mt tn min (thun tin cho NSD)
Tn
di thay i
D nh cho con ngi
Khng lin quan ti v tr vt l ca my
a ch
di c nh
D cho my tnh x l
Lin quan ti vn chn ng
203.162.7.194
www.hut.edu.vn
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
202.47.142.40
41
Chuyn i a ch v v d
User
Ti mun vo a ch
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
My ch tn
min
Mi truy cp vo
202.47.142.40
My ch web
202.47.142.40
Cn c chuyn
i a ch
My tnh thch dng s
Ngi thch dng tn
Bn cng c th nhp
a ch trc tip
42
Chuyn i a ch
Khi nim
C ch cho php tm mt a ch IP t mt tn min v
ngc li
My ch tn min
Mt phng thc c s dng chuyn i a ch
c s dng rng ri trn Internet
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V d
My ch web
Trnh duyt
web
NSD
(1)
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
(2)
www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
(3)
202.47.142.40
(4) 202.47.142.40
Cung cp nh x tn-a ch
My ch
tn min
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Cng c nslookup
Nhp tham s www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Chuyn i Tn a ch c thc hin
lnh nslookup
nslookup www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>nslookup www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Server:
Address: 192.168.1.1
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: www.hedspi.hut.edu.vn
Address: 202.47.142.140
C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>
45
ARP chuyn i a ch vt l
a ch IP
Address Resolution Protocol
Mt giao thc tm a ch vt l t a ch IP
32bit IP address
48bit MAC address
ARP
RARP
46
V d: ARP table
(Trn Windows)
C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>arp -a
Interface: 192.168.1.34 --- 0x2
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.1 00-02-cf-75-a1-68 dynamic
192.168.1.33 08-00-1F-B2-A1-A3 dynamic
C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>
IP address
MAC address
47
Tm tt
Kin trc phn tng
Ti sao phi phn tng
M hnh TCP/IP vs. m hnh OSI
Encapsulation, PDU. SAP
a ch trn Internet
a ch IP, a ch MAC, tn min, s hiu cng
Chuyn i a ch
48
Tun ti
Nguyn l chung ca tng mng
Giao thc IP
Chi tit hn v a ch IP
X l gi tin IP ti tng mng
Giao thc ICMP