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P~SSC SS C-,CojU-K
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GAS LOW
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U. S. NAVY
Bureau Pcf 4
Was irigto
25, D. C.
June 297, 1961
DYNATECH
CORPORA.TION
639 Massaichusetts
Ave-.,ue
CaImbridge
39, Massachusetts
SURI
T A B I E O U NTNE Y T S
LIST O- PROCEXJRES ii
LIST OF ES=G 0 t AIS
V
PREFACE
I
1. 0 INTROLUCTIMM
3
2.0 INTRODUCTION TO PARAMTE1I7E AND GENERAL 5
METHOD OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2. 1 Mach Number
5
2.2 Total Pressure and Loss Coefficients
6
2.3 Total Temperature
9
2.4 Mass Flew Parameter and the Con, nujy 10
Relation
2.5 Choking in Compiessible Flow
2.6 "Gas Properties
17
3.0 -SOURCES AND ME i-ODS EMPLOYED IN DZVELOPMENT 18
OF CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR DUCT LOSS
CALCULATION
3. 1 Straight Constant Area Ducts 18
3.2 Area Change
20
3.2. 1 Abrupt Area Increase 20
3.2.2 Abrupt Azea Decrease 21
3.2.3 Diffusers 22
3. 2.4 Converging Duct (Nozzle) 26
3.3 Bends 26
3.4 Screens and Gratings 29
TABLE OF CONTENTS (.onr
t
d)
4.0 CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND EXAM-PLES 30
4. 1 interpretation of Procedure Diagranb 30
4.2 E.amples ... - ._ 31
4.3 Closely Coupled Comjonents 32-
P PROCEDXURES 33.
D DES!GN CHAPRS
65
5.0 APPLICATION OF CALCULATION PROCEDURES 84
TO A DUCT SYSTEM. -
5.1 Sample Duct Pressure Loss Calculation 89
5. 1. 1 Intake Duct
89
5.1.2 Exhaust Duct 94
5.2 Effect of Pressure Loss on Turbine Performance 99
NOMZN CLATJ RE
103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
107
LIST OF PROCEiDRES
P- I Mach Number
33
P-2 Srraight
Duct
2.1 Intake Duct
35
j
2.2 Exhaust Duct
37
P-3
Duct
Inlets,
SimplifieL
Pruedure
3.1 Inlet Length with Beilmouth
Entrance
39
3.2 Inlet Length witr Shnr 2-Edged Entrance,
with
41
or without screeis at entrance
P-4 Abrupt Area Increase
C4..1 Intake Duct
43
4..2 Exhaust Duc-
43
F-5 Abrupt Area Decrease
5.1 Intake Duct
45
5.2 Exhaust Duct
45
P-6 Diffusers
6.1 Intake Duct
47
6.2 Exhaust Duct
49
P-7 Bends
7.1 Intake Duct
51
7.2 Exhaust Duct
53
LIST OF PROCEDURES (cont' d)
Page
P-8 Screens and Gratings
S. I Intake Duct 55
*' 8.2 E ust Dat 55
* P- 9 Duct Inlets, Alternate Procedure for Bellmouth Entrance
9.1 L/D > 30 57
9. 2 L/D < 30, rest for procedure 59
x
9.2.1 L/D < 61
:x 9. . tr L
9.2.2 < - < 30
61
P-b0 Duct Inlet, Alternate Procedure for Sharp-Edged 63
Entrance
I(
V
LLST OF DISTGN CHARTS
D-I Mass Flow Parameter
(a) Compu:ed from total pressure 65
Ca) Computed'from static pressure 66
D-2 Reynolds Nurrber, Re 67
D-3 Relative Roughness, "D 68
D-4 Friction Factor, 4 T (fully developed) 69
D-5 Laminar Inlet Length Loss Coefficient, 4 - 70
D-6 Turbulent Inlet Length Friction Facto~r, 2 71
T
D-7 4T Lmax and 0 72
D-8 Sharp-edged ilets 7.3
D-9 Abrupt area increase 74
D-10 Abrupt area decrease 75
D-11 Diffuser Loss Coefficients 76
D-12 (a), (b) Circular Cross-section Bends, Loss Coefficients 77
(c), (d) Square Cross-section Bends, Loss Coefficients 78 j
-13 (a) Round Wire Screens 79
(b) Sharp-edged Gratings 00
I vi
LIST OF DESIGN CHARTS (cont' d)
Page
D- 14 Loss Coefficient,
C vs I - -
81
D-15 Bend Algle Loss Factor
83
I
7!
I
The prinfry
Ixzr;,ose
,Of tis report
Isto fulinfil
e-contract
require-
nliet for "a set :of--sg
at hes
iilin~
form and aojkiarion
k - o N h ~ p D e i g n D a t S h e r I ~ : 8 O l 2 , x ~ r f o r c a l c u l t o n -6 f , p r e s -
sur losesathig
ga veodIe
in gas turbe
ducdn~rg.
M&i purpose.
is'" n corpJeO
in ;40 design c-harts-and-
design p-cdrsfudin
Sekxibns
4, in4 I. These have.:been
prepared-in
such form ftht they
* may bie_ exrce
fo h ohr
jcinsf the-repr
t oi frmas-
contained"set
of procOdues-an
data-necess-ay
-~he clcaioo
4ig-ipeeo;duct;,g
.- losses,-
and'O
contain_
-thi nece saryelemenvs
for
a inlaraShee6t
As -we
ialle
thjnatejil
-ecesarj=for
the -required
pFoceduial
anddat serio s, w~-eaizedtha
Tis- repoit*
w ud be of, miore; value
t6:hoe
ho areu Itlnae.-
ep
l f& pieprartIoA
and the~ pei-
-OdIO irevision;-anfd;jr
_0-
nb-thd
e
DataShetsandphas
*a4Ot-t
P i q)ior~edols,
were
-b
'1,A brifitioduct~i
o td -parameters:-and
genri,
rneth6ds
of
compOressible
Qigh-speed).
flw;TIh
calciulation
procedures,
and the govering
fw p-rmes
case
qrt
different-
fir
those
met .in cMlcUlhrind
incor~pr
essible*(o
speed)-
du t flws.-
We-hope
that the short
intrdco
-included
asScin
fTe
tpr
ill 4e helpful
to Ehoqe
-who are prirnar
-
ily' familiar
with- the -methodss
of incom~pressible
flow cdlc'Uiations,
in-uniderstanding
the procedures
recommendedin--this
report,
and
Sin
appreciating
SQme of the rpasbnis
for thetr con p,,.4Kty Wiaa
compared
to Incompressible
methods.
- Z-
in--te-preparatioz. ofri des-Ignh2rs Ou~d ptohr baCr
survey of die-data- avAiblhe iiiteltrar ncnnrsii
(igh speed) ef - tsdn -ductAfiows shqrwLed tOlar the-reA ae-mny
are~as Where data io incomple-re or ibcondtklsive, afid-in, facE.
somiezfiies confictinfg. Th.is is 0.1so true to a lesser extent of
the afailAble damta ~incompressible &jct flowYs rwm various
sources.; Thfis situation resul ted In the necessiry, In prejgring,
'the finalcharts-and procedures- which are-our.-recommzndat-ions
for -calculation, or' aipolyffng-our Judgeinen in choosing data, scoifces;-
of generalizing from incomplete dara;- and off caltulatig from dieo-
-retica- anaiysis,
0
to extend existing data or methods -(e. g. .te
analysis f6r dbrupr--aiea decirease it Section 3.2. 2).
We havE atter'tedto make -the design charts anid calculation proced-
ures as complete as -po.sible. 'Ii masthat, in some cases, where
daaIs iflcomplete or inconclusive, we -have made for the designer the
d_;,,.c deisio,- -and judgemenis that wudconfront him, if he, were wbrking
felt it would be-useful to iclude in our report som~e specific indica-
tions of the-sources-and. methods which led to our recommendations.
We hope that these no%~s will be useful if a critical -review Is made of
these methods at some later time when, presumably, more high speed
duct flow data will be available in the literature. These notes on methods
and'sources we have included as Section 3 of the report.j
James R. Turner
*Project Manager
Approved by: _________
L.C. HoagXhnd
1-0 ."ThOWalO
for low spm sl o now*, at uL of9 1:/sc and ess- For
rMhs l es, Aan, press=&: a ses =y be esumaz wirh
ne&g4ie by 1 enpi ;b ~prim tl t e gas Is ;M ii'-
couiressft!-izd This zsiuex L-ies tI va-kmizns
are salM aod -a be goored in caeu mrhbo 1s. Pressre lcss
cllcw,~ umediods ft~ low sppwd-Gows b"s~ b 'accuV.-amible as-
umatcm haie beau coIcted and ormallzed in l :esce I. -
If it is desrable w deslp Wlet sis exh~aut uc ug for~ highr flow
vIacIn, and thus ob=ln 6iczw of smaller diameter, the losses
may o lc. -r be esdinmare bt,, z assums of ncompressible
flow. At high subsomic gas velocities, above about Mach Number 0. 2.
the magniwude of the density changes accompanying the pressure
changes &- to accelera-ons. deceleratioas, and losses should not be
Ignored in calculation. Furrhermore, the loss coefficient character-
izing th pressure loss in each duc"'Mg component, usually expressed
as a fixed percentage of the velocity head for a component of given
configuration in incompressible flow, generally depends also on the
flow velocity (or Mach Number) in high speed flows. The presenta-
tion of a calculation procedure for high speed duct flows therefore
requires two extensioni of low speed calculation procedares:
1. Fornularion of a calculation procedure which will Lake into
account the effects of compressibility on local values of flow
parameters (pressure, density, velocity, etc.)
2. Correlation of available dc.ita or. the , r~' &..;.: .
o r the prssu.re losses, or loss cefficiei::s which cha::.
the pressure .oss.es, in various duct components.
he pessur ' "I
---- -- -.
I: - -
hU
Vids :ep h describes a calculati. system -which pnrdts the c.l-
c_,!arloa of dqctng losses for higb sped:flows. In thefollowing
secdons the mediods and data sources empioyed are described,
and a system is devised foz application to duct presstle loss ca1:
culflaxis. This system ha&- been reduced to a series of charts for
computaticnal aid. Th e charts are-included in a separate sectdon
of this riport and are arranged so thar rway may be extracted fro m
the report to form a self-contained calculation system similar in
form and intent to the material of Reference 1. Although the sys-
tem is nor as simple in form and application as the incompressible
procedures, they represent, -in our opinion, the simplest calculation
pro&edures which can be applied to high speed flow calculations.
I
-5-
2.0 INTRODUCTTON TO PARPAMETERS AND GENERAL AMETHODS
OF COMPRESSELE FLOW
Accountring for gas compressibility effects in the calculation of ducting
pressure losses, necessary for high speed duct flows, introduces
several new variables into the caiculations. Rather extensive changes
to incompressible flow methods and procedures mus: be made. The
purpose of this section is to provide a brief outline of parameters and
methods employed in this report which are peculiar to compressible
flow calculations. Those analytical relations developed which are
important to the calculation procedure have been reduced to chart
form in later sections.
2.1 Mach Number
The Mach Number is the basic measure of the relative importance
of compressibility effects. The Mach Number is the ratio of the fluid
velocity to the local speed of sound:
M =V
- c
where
V = fluid velocity
c = local speed of sound = I RT
Only subsonic duct velocities (i. e., M < 1. 0) have been considered.
For Mach Number M <0. 2, compressibility effects are small, and
incompressible calculation methods can be applied with sufficient
accuracy.
9 -6-
Shapiro (Reference 2) and others have shown diat most compressible
flow cal-,lations are most easily carried out if rha C--calation meth-
ods are formulated in such a- way that Mach Number is the ind.pendent
variable of the calculation procedure. For many of rh- pressure-loss
calculations which follow, the Mach Number has herefoze been chosen
as the independent vaziable. Generally, losses in ducring components
which do not involve area change cause the Mach Number to increase.
Therefore, it is possible that in a. long ducting system, incompressi-
ble calculation methods may be appropri,:e in sections near the inlet,
with compressible methods becoming necessary as the Mach NumberA
'ncreases.
2.2 Total Pressure and Loss Coefficients.
The total, or stagnation, pressure is defined as the pressure which
a gas stream would reach if it were decelerated to zero velocity
without incurring any losses in the deceleration. The total pressur -
is the pressure measured by a Pitot tube, or an "impact" probe. For
incompressible flow, the total pressure is the sum of the static pres-
.... sure and the velocity head.
2g
p + (2.1)
PO
P
+
2 go
where
p
0
= total pressure (impact brobe pressure)
p = static pressure (pressure at a wall pressure tap)
p = fluid density
= fluid velocizy
- ---
the, change-,In tOtal, pressure in a duct, flow is a measure of the losses',
ithe flow. The losses may be chdracreriz*d by, a dimensiopless ,!oss-:
woefficient, CPo-
op-
(2
=
. 2)-
Where i and 2 represent an'upstream aniddownistreTn srz~tion
1
re-
specivey. For incompressible-flow ina constant areg duct,
and. so,
i
ol - Po2 = P
2
.
(2.4),
duct is equal to the difference in static pressure, s6 that the flow
lo~e are described-equallywell by either total pressure change or
static pressure change. -This, however, is not true for a compres-
sible (i. e. i high speed) flowv.
For a compressible flow, the simple relation between total pressure,
st.tic pressure, density, and stream velocity given by Equation 2. 1
cannot be applied directly. This equation does nor apply -because the
fluid density will change during the deceleration; that is, the density,
.... Pg in Equation 2. 1 is not a constant. The relation corresponding to
"'Equation 2.1 for compressibie flow is best expressed in t'rrms-o dit
-Mach Number:
-0
V
_'go,
1~1
.?.o _-- 2 (2.5)
ewhere k ratio oi spedific. heats, a gasqpro- erty.
The Iosses, can k expressed as a changein.totai pressure in, compres-
'siblefl6w; this change is not equivalent to :lhbstatic pressure chaige,
as in'incompe'sible.flow. The definition.of loss coefficient, Equ.tion
2.2, may ,be rearranged -to more onvenient form through. the relation
V V
2
2(.6
so-that,
Ti'
rp01 -02
C -. . 2 7 )
PO
1~.
2 1
11
Combined with Equation 2. 5 this becomes.
P
02
,
Ck (2.8)
P" 1 C -- k 14I
2
k - 1 M2 k/ I K<'. 2
Thus, if the loss coefficient, CPo, and the inlet conditions, M and Po
.are known for a given ducting component, the exit total pressure for
that component can be determined from equation 2. 8; the exit Mach
number, M
2
, is determined from continuity relations, as Will be shown
in Section 2.4. These exit conditions will, of course, .,6,, . l'..L
conditions for the following ducting component,
-9-
2.3 Total Temperature
"The total, or staiiation,, iemperatuie is similar to the total pressure
" in cefinition. That isj 'i is the tempeiatWrq whicha gas stream Would
teach if it weredecelerated to zero vel6city. It is best expressediA
re ns of the .ach Nurhber

T~ _~ k-12 (29)
-2
T'2
where
T = total.temperature (temperature of-stream
decelerated to zero velocity)
T startl- temperatureo((teriperatufe ofthe
flow.hg gas stlram)
Unlike the tbtal pressure, however, the total temperature is un-
"afflcted by,.osses. Ifi a duct flow, the-total temperature can change
only rhroughheat transfer to or from the:gas-stream. Note, :however,
that the static temperature may vary considerably, as by acceleration
or decelerAtion of the gas stream, according to, Equation 2. 9.
If we assume that hear transfer to the surroundings is negligibly small
in a duct flow (i. e., the flow is adiabatic); the total temperature re-
mains constant, irrespective of the flow losses. The assumption of
adiabatic" flow has. been made in the calculation methods presented in
this report. Therefore, for a gas turbine intake ductflow, the total
tempera.ture is the temperature of the atmosphere (i. e., the tempera-
ture of the inlet air when It was at zero veloCity), and is constant
throughout the inlet ductin..g; for a gas turbine exhaust duct flow, the
total temperat ,ure is determined ~by thed exhaust condiffon at 'the' turbine,
and is -cnstant~throughot~the e6chagsr ducting.
" K The-assumption of.Adiaba'tc flow in the-Intake duct As qtitp accurte,
since-only siall-temperature differendes exist b~tweerr the-uruct flow,
and-ihe' sut roundings. For the hot,exhaust flow, 'the Adidbatic condi-
ion -is~nor~so nearly achieved, thugh-insig' fi ar errior is, probably
introducea'16r insulated ducting. 'To ae.coufrt f6 thpe ffects othieaE-
transfer to~thd surroundings in thi ekhaizst-duct flowW ould'preclude
any simpole calcula tion,. riithod.'fo r the exhau#t duct flow lqss6s.,
-2.4 Miss Flow. Parameter and th& Contihuity Relation_
For i-ncompressible flow, -the continiy. relation may be expressed as
in .p AV pAV (2.10)
Sintce density i's constant barwvean any two sections, the velocity will
change-ofilyby vi'ttue of nn aroa change. in, 4.6ornpressib1 e low,,
however, velocity Oha.ngces (and thus -clanges 'in; ;ach--Number')- .caiW
occur in a constant area dL~cr, becauise~ of changes in density resulting
from,.pressure losses. ?'hus, the-continuity relation must be applied-
along with the loss relatjins to determine Mach Number chan~ges ac-
compa~nying ducting component losses. For Compressible flow, the
continuity reldtion maybe coinveniently expressed As
01 0. 532 F(M)
(2.11)
where the constant 0. 532 applies for a gas of k =1. 4 and molecular
weight of 29. The function of Mach Number, F (M), is
----
------
-F(M ) Y
' ~ .2
Ths untonis~terei coal of- the, fu~cn~AA ~uae Table
30-ofRefeience 3.
-For an,,adiabatic 'duct-flowy (T__ : onstant), th& c6htinutlfy-qution
be-
comhes, with ra
ThtUs,* for-'a given duct Component, With-fixedlarea,
ratio, the exit
MaC NU'ber, M, mfay be~foun'd if -inlex condition-s p
1
and are
kn'on; and hc.~ato
2
-/po n iskon from loQsS~coffidient~data
(see Section. 2.2).
Equatioit2. '11 gives a. convenieift WYtd deter r-ie, the Mach Numnber
for a duct fl'ow when nmass flow, areda, total presadre, And- total tem-
perature are known.
pA
is, denoted the 'mass flow paramneter!, for a given gas' this pa rqmeter
depends on the Mach Number only. A simila& parameter employing
static pressUre,
pA
can also be determined as a function Qf Mach Number. These parail-
eters areplotted vs. Mach Number in a later sectiofi, to give a simple
computational aid in determnnng- Mach Nrniber when-other flow con.-
ditiojas ate~sp'cifted.
2. S Choking in Compressible Flow
the mnas- flow rate In a duct flow of 'compressible gas A liited ~
the, phenomehon of "chokinig". This 'may be exp1jined iby'the following
* considerations.
-~ Cosiera inpl .ucin copoen ~k~ hs~a bnfus area,
dhangeq (e. g,.. a nobztle), with specified areas
A IA
2'
T
0~
A
1
andA
9
, and--flbwat total t ,erip~rature T
0
If we assudme thkathre
are-no, losses, p
0
olrpo
2
rPo' 'Let-us first hold the-ups5t ream total
pressure, p
0
U
1
. constant and continudu~1y reduce the-downstreamn static,
pressura, p -From Equation- 2. 5,
P2
2~ 2 k/k-2.14)
the Mach Number IM
2
will increase as, static pressure, P
2
is reduced.
The effect on mass flow rate is-determified through Equation 2. 11,
+- +:-- -"+--- - _ _ -. : --- + "- : _- -
532 ( 2. 15)
b2- M
JJ
Sketch- I shows, the variation -oiF (M) with March Number. As-;IA is
ificiresed, F (M) icreases-r #i
I -
1-1
- --
/I.
.yt-ch U,
-0. 5k, for var ginas-~
lwit h
M4.I cachnm,
or- tat+
se Mac
timuc ead A * ) Thus, as tpes sure - - 1
2 2I s -
,o to N~
Sketch I.
a nbximum., value at M =,l.01 and then decreases. Thus, for our ex-
ample, as the pressure p
2
is decreased, IM
2
will increase :qnd he mass
flow rate will increase hntil a Mach "hNumber M
2
-0 is reached, at
whic condition the flow- wi 4 a maximrum. This occurs at a value of
-0.5"+8, for a gas-with k = 1. 4. It can- be-shown that the Mach
" OK, umu . cunno; pass through MI
2
=1. 0 to supersonic values in the min-
imum area A2.Thus, as the pressure p
2
isS further reduced,, the
-.;" value-of M
2
remains at unity, and the mass flow rate remains constant.
- - This maximum value of flow rate is tha "lchokcdll flow rate. ThU
-. *See Reference 2, Chapter 4 for a rigorous explanation of this limitation.
-14- -1J
-- I
Variation Offlow tet With &~wnistreain sra&c presr-u~e, a
c6n4tant Upstream to-aI p sure p r is shown byS ch 2.
- "S~ke~cl a7 "
NOte ,thu when the chokedflow coni M .O)-isatminei, te
!ilet-Mach Number, M, -also-hag a definite-vaiue-Which is fiNdby
te .ar~a ratio A
2
I/A. From E-uation 2.13, at M
2
=1.0, F(M =L 0)
=1.,0 andpo
2
-= Po .p
Po2Po22
F (M - Al F (M- ) (2. 17)
T F (M)
-
- (2.18)
Thus, for this duct component, there is a limiting v u c ftnlet Mach
Number, M
1
, which cannot be exceeded due-to the "choki .$" phenome-
non.
If We now assume that there is a total-pressure loss in the abovenozzle,
I then P
o 2
/PoI
1
< 1.0, and the inlet Mach Number at the choked condition
is given by
P
IF( ' P
6 1
A
1
F
" F(
t)
-Po' A1 2.19 .
-- - .
- -,a- b- I, a.w-~ lach "
I- -w - I
E-i- ,- -
V
~ wil slw ~basI~c irii Uh#W ibcz
i~~jii~i izir m~wr~ l nec M ch) a~iber less-than-
4Mthok an nlr mN Ueslha ui' -with tfpe-
e-~n. ic ub~ dpeIAdiigg On t-d&leng.
Thea~~-i 4iictn..:c w .iutec system.*, -ige -ubeils~-
taEd~ h nexa' ble. Sipo -har-uve witb -to- design6, anin~jum
size ~~snr~rLi r -rd~zfor. a !gzs curbine . Thiefair j$ Eo-
be ran-fonatmspe~i~LIiions ot~~ -;.d- T ate-fixed;'-
S-erh 3I
10required~tui -bi ne~iIas low, in, Will be__specified., Equailo 2.1
gIe s IrItXsevl-
&OlolOt -7be ppbsfizs .4 cisi so hrT hal-tloe will an&
wi. fbjt:zai the ,maxitxrnrn iud pecfite d
valueofF(MY, ic nin cisatMl(lo()
1)th
AA
when-ahb s~cif'Ied- values, of in and p
0
aeinserted. If d duct
any- smaller- than this wet e-u sed,. the specified,.mass flow would ~not
be 4ttAined, cegardless of -how, low the gas -turbine :conpressor re- 1
duced thie pressurevdt the-duct exit.
if we nowala' w a- long -inlet duct in which losses are not negligible,
then-p
2
< PO. Since. M' cannot exceed unity(rd (N ant
--
-n .0 0.532
Po2 A
Since-_p
0 2
ig 1es than po the duct area required-to admiR the spec-
Mfad flow becomes larger thin -for the short inlet duct, -because of
the duct losses. The limiting inlet Mach Number will N;~ 44all- than
unity.
'.NeAir ciOking, d-- tict pfnbent losse-s '-eer~i~l become sojarge-thqt
~~--4int pr aato- design for hkdo ercoe ducting. How-
ever,, it -l4 irprt~nt'to r~ali26._t1ha -regiardless of loW much pressure
* bss is all64vab1e, ihere aie- minimrum. duct areas thAt Will admit-a
speifid~mss lowatfixed'inlet Cqonditidns' (e'. g;, atMOSpheric con-
1 cdit;_o n!)
2.6 -O~p -Proper ies!
JMAl the relations -fthe calculation methods pr es entedassume thnt.
thepepe6t~gas-eqiAin-of sr- re,
p =pRT
is valid I&r the duct flows consider ed. In addition-, the, char ts ha ve
been prepared -for a gas, with ratio of specific:, heats of .1. 4, and -mo-
- - 1ecifar weight,'29. thiese values will apoly!'Wirhh tiffcient -accuracy
to-either atmospheric inlet ar, or gas tWrbjine exhaust gases.
. .. ... ... ... .
-18-
3.0- SOURCES .AND METHODS EMPLOYED- 'IN DEVELOPMENT OF
CALGULATION PROCEDURES' FOR DUJCT LO ,SCAVICUL.ATION
The data sources and correlaion mi-e-thods on which the ~clculation
* procedures bresented-in this ieport are based, ire outfinie"Ifn this
section. iln somhe casesthe available- data is incomplete, so that
approximationis and, ektr~polarions have been necei'sariy; -in, some
* ~cases,. data from various sourcesconflict,, so that somie judgment
has been necessary in cho6sing data for procedures. 'Under these
circumstances, it seerna desirable tou-supplenient the recommended
cal'ulation piocedures with this outline, of' ource's and methods.
3. 1Straight Constanr Area Ductsr
The procedures for straight ducts are based oir the calculation--methods
developed by Shapiro, and othdrs. Thbese'are-developed in-detail, in
Refefence 2, and'are a standard mnethod. for compiessible floy, calcu-
lation -to include the effects of friction. The niecessary compressible
flow parameters for this calculation are plotted in Figure D-7.
Duct friction factois are-,taken from Mo-ody, RAefer-ence 4, and chd.rts
are reproduced from thig reference as Figures D-3 and D-4. Keenan
and Neumann, -Ref-arance 5, show that there is no significant effect
of compressibility onfriction. factor for subsonic flows, so that the
friction factors of Moody may be applied hithout Mach Number correc-
tion.
The friction factors of Moody were determined in fully- developed duct
flows and do not apply to flows in inlet lengtchs of ducting, within about
30 to 50 diameters of the duct entrance. In this entrance lengtch, ye-
lo'ity profiles are rot yet fully developed. Reference 7 shows that, for
an inlet lekgE4h with a smooth .entranci; (e. g.., aI beilmouthy; the-fim~
6
is laina:until a lengsth- Rewr~lds-Number, Re f-0*i atie
(Rex _g Vx/IL, x being the dista".ca from the .duct entrance). The
theory of. Langhadr, Reference,6, has been shown'by Shapiro toj-pre-
dict the coi rect value of, ftiktibn 1factor 1n this laminar region. Curves
prepaied from Langhaairzs theory, ;aken from- Referenqce7,. ak ro-
-produced asFimire D-5 At the duct length iorrespcnditg to -Re -6
a, transitidr. to _t~rbulence,,occurs;, Reference 7 pr~zanted d~t4 for
friction factors in this turbulent region. thle curves of Figure.D-6
represen~t, an averagre friction factor (calculated fiom. durv~s'faired
through this data) toahe aoplied in -this turbulent in'let iL'ength-. The,
friction factor in the turbulei-r inlet region is shown-as 6 -ratio to the
friction factor for fullv-develoced~turbUlant flow at the same duct
Reynolds Number (Re =p V D/i.);. this- ratio is larger than unity,
Therefore, loses arelarger in an inlet leghthan in a fu.lly-developed
flow . If the duct 6rntrance is rnot smooth, or if there is a screen in the
entrance, Shapiro has, showvn that there 'is no laminai inlet length, but
that the entire inlet flow length is tuibulant. Th~us, for such antrance
conditiJons, the tur~bulert inlet friction factors -of. Figur e-D-6- should -be
applied to the entire -inle& length.
Calculation procedures have been devised *~hich take into account
these special cases of inlet flow lengths and determine the appropriate
friction factors according to the above considerations. These arE,
presented as procedures P-9 and P-10. Inspeption of these procedures
t will show that they are complex and lengthy. For this reason, a simpler
approximate proc.edure for inlet length calculations has bearn prepared,
procedure P-3. This approximate procedure employs the fuilly-dav-ooed
flow friction factors of Moody, a nd w i ir . I
losses. It has been recommended for use in the duct~" ealcullation rnet.hod,
-20-
however, be-cause the .imrboved- accuracy of-the-more riirplex methopds
is not gikeially wairanted for duct sysiefn cdleulations, -because of'
the uncerta i-ties ir. the loss caulai'oiis 'bf'.ther duct system -'comnpon-.
ents. if, however, a-,duct system' consists pfimaigy of'-straigrt runs
of ducring, or if the designer jud, ,.s the iithioved accurapy desirable,
the, more accurate-pr6c~dur s- P,9 -and P-1O can beuse&~
Telsssb belmot etances inc r~ordted' in these procedures
have been esrima ted from the-dati of Henry, Reference, I The losses
f6r sharp- qdged inlets, ai-d-.for -inlets with screens and-gratings, ha.ve
beer. computed by,-a mnethod similar to' .rhzi.t de,scribed in ~the- section on1
abrupt area decre6as6. irncorporating 51a! extrapola'tion of tb~e data for
c~ntr action'to~fficients, Reference 12
3.2 Area Change
3. 2. 1 Abrupt.Aiea Inc-reas
-
A -calculation method for predidtion-of-Iosses in. subsoniic flows through
an abrupt area increase (,,sudden expansior-"1) has been develope~d by
Hall and:Orme, Reference 9. These authors,.hayie verified their cal-
culations by experiment over a range of area ratios from 4 to 30, at
entering Mach Numbers from 0. 25 to 1. 0. Cole and Mills, Reference
10, have confirmed the method by e-xi-eriment in the area ratio raige
culation of total pressure losses and Mach. Numbe-r c hange, and results
are plotted i-. the design. charts of Figure D-9.
* -21-
Theexperirhental'data,-of,"Hall arxl Qrme indicate tharth1~total pressure
loss -andMachi N14nber dhanpg Pake place. in a. mixing length of .1 diame-
rers downsream- of the-sudden-Area c1hango. In the calculation-proced-
ure, tie. total pressure ross attributed to thd-akea7 change- is- therefore
w~t onld ~eoso imtr f 0onte -indi n h
calculation of losses in other dutting compnents in vihich -the loss,
I attributable to. a eparation and subsequent ~mixing- of the flow (e. g
sudden cotrin, screens, shdr tr-ed~red entrances, etc.) the- toll
pr-essure loss and Mach 'Number chan're.zttributed to that domponont
have likewise been taken to include 4 downstream duct diam~ters, on
'the basis -of the experiimenta.- evidence of H1a'l .Jhd Q tine .(ind ot!-ers,
e-g., Reference 13),, unlass some'data to the contrary has been aVail-
able for, that component
3.2.2 .Abrupt-Area, Decrease
,Apparently, the, problem of compressible flow through butae*
deicreases has n6t been previo6usly considered, in the openi literature.
An analysis has therefore been developed according to the model for 1
incompressible- fl6w suggested in Reference -11.
Sketcih I
/'
*As shown in. Sketchi1, the-flow -is aissumed -to sgepar 'e,*frm the
sharp0-'cor ter, of t1, tea achange to prqduqe a frie streamiline fow,
contracting-zto the streatube area, A. IturVbulent mixing then
6CCUErS between sectionis-2h alnd'until the.fiow fills the area-A
2
,
at essentially constant veloity adrossrEh6-duct dibssetidn. The
flow from .9ecton- 2"1t io 2is-treatedas an.abiupr Area Eicrease, as
dedi iiSection 3.2. 1. The area Am1rtfstbe related to the
~khowhn ekeasi A
1
and A
2
by experimenft, since there' is -no analy
tical mntjifo&fpq prediction. Values-of area tatio A,"/4- 'have been,
t~knfrm te dta-ortlatonsof 'Referenice. 12,-w1~cbLgiies the
area tal A"/A ~a funltkii- of A,/A,, and -inlet Mach NubrI
The resultsitof this analysis are presented in F-iguie D-10 which
shows exit M~ach -Number and total pressure ratio as, a function of
area ratio- and ilet Mach Number., Total pressUre lo~,s and Mach
NUMbdr, changeinic ludei .4diameters of d-wnstream. ducting. Altugh
pressure losses are-small, note -that moderate area chlanges produce
largd-increases in .Mach -Number, -so that only, small -dea decreases I
can be afforded- in high speed flows.
3.2. 3 Diffusers
Although a large amount of literature describing diffuser investiga-
tions is available-, cor-relations of these data have as -yet -produced
no system 's for diffuser design or loss calculation that are entirely
satisfactory. Available correlations of per-formance have been
formulated on the basis of diffuser geomptry alone. Various inves-
tigations have shown, however, that there can be-substantial effe cts
of Reynolds Number, inlet boundary layier thickness (I. e., Inlet
velocity profile), compressibility, and discharge duct geometry.
'HoWever, there Is not- sufficient data yet available- to: ihtide such
effectJn a ~generaizcorrelation, so -that We must, Je1 o'correlations
*of ,peifpirmance. with geometry alone. -Such, correlations exhibit con-
siderdbl e, scatter of the data, because-of the-influenice of the effect~s
noted, above, and so. ate subject to some uncertainty in-, calculation.
The most comnplete correlation-available in-the-opefiliterature is-that
.of -Patterson, Reference 13. The design curves, of desig chart- D-11
of this, report, taken from the correlAtionis.of Patterson, are recom-
mtended for determination of inopesbeflow losses -In conical
diffusers.
Various schemes-have been proposed for correlating rectangular
diffusers with conical;, the method recom~mended here is to assumie,
the loss Ida -diffuser of redtang lar cros-section to be that of ani-
equivalent conical-diffu'ser circumscribed about-the rectangular dif-;
fuiser,, as in the following sketch.
RECTANGULAR
70nc
~ -. CIRCUMSCRIBED
CONICAL DIFFUSER
-~~~ -~- - -------
9ih spe lgefcso ifsrprfdrmaice-ax~e shown by Little
,aihd- Wilbur, RAeference. 15i ah'd -by Young and Green; 1Aeference 14,A
for severLal coifical and rectangu@lar difhusers. 'Cbrrelations frofi
te'tdata of thnese investigatqrs-have-beeni Ysade, -and are shown on
design- cart D-41 for -use as correction factrs to the_ incomnpres-
'Sibie loss coe6fficients. Thbesg correladlOn cuives-are based on data.
from,-nygfwdfue geometries, and should -be boi~idered- to
be subjectrto revision 'if rihort data.1,ecOiies avallablei the -future.
The effects of increasing Mach Ntieh nj, ~ qriac fa.dfua
w ith a fixed Inlet, boundary,:layer coiidietion has:-be~n -shon in RWO-r-
ence 15 to-.be smaller thai -the effect of ic~~ni~tbx
tfhickness-at a- fixed Mach, Number. Such- result as these, indicate
-tbattherie will be cohsiderable-uncertLainty i-iffurser. loss -calola- - -
dions. The recommendarions -in the-curves of D- 11 s-imply repre;-sent-
the best cor relations ;presehdlypossible from- existing -data su e.-
Refierrin-fo the Mach Number correction curvesi note thar'th'--t6Etal
pressure loss for conical diffusers begins to increase markedly a~t
entering Mvach Nlumbers-of 0. 4-to 0.5; choking occurs in the range of- -
0. 6 to 0. 7. Although rectangular diffusers do nor show as marked an
__increase in loss with increasing Mach Number, the incompressible-
losses are much larger than for conical diffusers; thus, the total loss
always is larger than for comparable conical. diffusers.
The following remarks will serve as a guide to the designer:
1. An angle between diverging walls of about 60 - 100 gives be-st
diffuser performance.
* 2. For a given area chanige par unit lengith of duct, diffuwuigi of
circular cross- section give the best effectiveness, with square dxo~s-
sections next.
3. 'The -inlet-v* elocift distributtion -has bcen showm Eo-affect-diffaiser
Perfbrmanc6 (ep.g.-.1Referxentt IS-. A V~ocity disbriwonwith~a
tihn 5oundar y lay-. At-diffuser entrance gives better (fiftiuser Per
formance. tan a thick- erv-budayayl with losses differing
.by-as much as 200% bebween the two
T
ae.Atog itecnb
done-inra duct"ing systemi w control bdu.ndar y layer Eicees, this
-&ffeci 1-ndidates that-beiter- dif iier-peiformnince -can be-expected
'for a diffuser relatively near the duct systemp inlet: -(less-than.30
diameters5):than- would be expected after suffiin ln t i rflly-
developed flow tobe- establisW:d and that a diffuser-followinga bend.,
or _sorh6,e sii'nflr componenjt Which ndy gereatea thick or- separated
'boundary layer, -wfiiihave relaitively poorer performance.
4. COmpi~ptepresgur6 recovery is nor riealized art de exirvof the
diffluser;-<abour 4w to 6exit duct dianiereridoWnistiram of rhe exit ard?
requaired for-complere recovery.
usedarea riosabou 6:1 an bru
Vpro most Commi'i~ sdae raris (Up toaou6)anarp
araincreas z sm i les.S -total -pressure loss than a diffujser wirth
wall angle, gr gr~aier 'rzn40
0
50.
6; Tot a-1 presuire loss inc-eases -with increasing 'ndot M~ach Number;
!-he 6ftect-is m6re severe with large wall angles an4 also with ri I
entry bondary lay~r~s.I
7., Variousheie-s such-as.-boundAry laver control by suction,
in~ection, anfd Vortex traps, ajid dOlay of fi w ieparaion by curved
wall, hve een ev~ed-o impirove diffuser performance. Vanes
have been used to Lrabilize the-flowi and thus Improve performan:ce.
-26-
Thesie posslblities have noc bumn cou~dered in dsSdvnen
44-fiiVe da ignr', VeS can- be &A-' db* a zr the -finpr4 design unas: ice-
sddr f'roM testing wo demrminv einvirically an opdnilmzr conj&guitLe.
S. Wjiei spe b1mkrariors uciuci retqile a diftv-s-er with large wanl
an3 e, ivis often ir~dte cdesiraIbie to mpldoy an efficien -diffuser (Wal [
2e, of about 1
0
rfollwaad-by an abrup: area Increase wo &a
de ted-area.
3.2.4 Convergizg' -act:~z'
Losses in converging ducting are small compared to those in-ivergikNg
du~d~ (dffuers)-becaizse 60e a-Celeratingflawia covergig-,duar
Oresenzs-a fvor-able pres-sure-gradienr for the wall h~rtdary la-yer.
For small c4one an-gles: (i. e., jess tma 300 icluded-artLe) there are
g~nr~ly o itin-iaixngosss.there is~!ire infrination
;avall=ble-in the lierature on Ach Nu-iber effects 1.3 converging-7sec-
tions awith d=miisream uctig; m~ost availa2ble da a deals -witEh no&Iles
exhausting to a large chamber &r aunosphere. Therefore,- iE-is, recoin-
m en ded -tha E co=vefgiqg duc ting witin in clu ded co ue -angie -s-tnalle r tha n
360 be treated as Straight 4ucring, wizh L/D couted on the smaller
diam~eter of the converging section. iFor fncluled angles greater than
30 0 ,ir is recommended that the procedurq for abrupE area decrease
be applied to coniVerging sections.
-. 33 Bends
Loss data for bends are shown in design chart D:12k in the form of aI
low speed (incompressible) flow loss coefficient, and a Macn Nuinbe:
-- 27-
=.e.2d -ou
e- L,-ev,--Lfc=
&Z- ha -aa l.aFZ. in- rn-
coS p ress.I-l s
fMach &%.arv--s 2frwix0.tl.. d z -sm as. t~e P--., g a-c
f fii Dr ~ 2 aen tduhx vns is a as &-m. f Ffres ii a 0-
ska7 !d zrgre rxaEzscLa bz !etloss caafficiem-S ar=e jxossibme by
are irgil e~s~ ~e -wie Reereoa. for sig-gi infoaiatidon),
2n p a ier4y rettdZ6 C=Sivr~be ssA,;L-,dmRa) in 4esigmi wdbnic-ze.
v!zs dto Xp: er, ee-,-: 1=tra~se A less
is zpX I cady' of~b sa o:-z2: as for,
- -or b~ds *!a tfi.A 0 rrs( e-, -vas v~bich are-pc f airfdl
frcDo Sneze.. R eee~e 1, b in conk=z-
cm ~ errecd-rarwes fix kzads wazfmm ,
-a naSPT-.&,s prcar e,.~~fi
i=2ds yc= g
C-c- ine of;-,r w-.' o:e, z!eso
'Xe r ' a 900bzfbva
is is Eta
cID a b azd ba siipa 4 i_2s the
-- _ Rc.- :-.. ;l
-29-
there is an isentropi cre flwihc ~Mach. Number is uhaffected
by losses in total pressure. bf ihis ex~it planeL, lOSSes%-are concentrated~
:inthe_-Io,--energy flud-in a EhickenedbouiidaryIayer near the beftd Waflls.
This totil pressure lossdoes nct a-ffect-tLhe-I-ach Number in die core
flxun:til a diswance of about A- ciameters-dovvastr.eam, wvhen mixkinE of
z-he-coxe fivv, annd.-h& Ixwzn~ary-layer flowi has bz-.-n comaleted- fro-on
rji, pears tha i on- rnusi chioose a one-dimensional Mach Number
to charactetizemiiie flov, In ffie exit-piane off the bend (as is niecessarv
for de-calculadoion procecoire) the proper thoice i ;-r assume-the-Maech
~pane wl eidxit plane. Foqr di-
amcezers downstream of the bend exit, after mving ;has occurreo,th
effect of -the mctal pressurelosses fi theb bend YIff be felt all across the
duct 2id-zhe ote-dimensffozial -V--ch NOumber- ".ll have inpreased.
34Screetns am x -g
The sul~idi compiressible fio'x zhrcuja Ecwbd-wdire screens or gratings
(screems off slmrgp-e ed elenmenzs of 2de geonietry) has been. consideredj
by Cornell, !Wfere-~e1.COISIgvSls cfiensorsh
screens and gr2EIng-s in 6:=- R=oS, bor varigus screea Slicires (ra.Eio
of cT=. area in screen to &~mdcz flaw area) and upsiream &uctF
Madi Xwber. ThsDmie ~zadrclyfo ee~ce 2 and re
5
e loscef-iet f . ra apply zq screens at theP moudr 'oi
a sarp-e: .sed (i.e., - no) in:-eke damt~ Carn-lls cacua-nsj
for shaip-edged screens have beea eatended for screens a. dze inlet of
a sh~rp- edged enzrar-., bssed on an enr~apoiation of the- data for con-
slcmin design chart D-S.
} 4.0 CALCULATIONPROCEDURES JAND, EXMPLES
4. 1 Interoretartofl of Proceduie Diagrams
* Calculation procedures for all ductipg-pomponenws are described
graphically i1n tiezdiagramns P-I to-P-JO.. These diagrams Are to]
* be interpreted accordingEo-the followi~ng exramples, taken from
t procedure P-2. 1.
I.~ ~ ~ ~m Qaiie hcruscL Nbe -. ivn.as initial -dati for the calu
lation are shown in circles , e.g. -
(4
2. Quantities wvhich ate detex-misied by the calculation are shown
in boxes, e.g.
3. Directicos-for calculation are shown on lin !s connecting ele-
mets; e.g., dle s-'~ezece
-- indicates thar the dizn&arum e -2 is tobe eatred
and Re is to be read from rte diart. The sequeuice
Lcaic.
AL
JC4
JLI
- - - - 1
-33-
inadicates that 4 f, which is a result fpeiosccuatio, ind
L/D, which is knowrvas iial data, are to be coinbined'by cad-
j -culation to give 4f(L/D). Here, the equatlin required~for cal--
-culationis obvious; i.e.;- 4fU.L/D) 4 -I x L/.Iq cases whee
ibe ecpariba isno ob-4ous, it-ts incluciedin the box contaifing
the result, osin the-SO~ec
-caic
0 2 Pa'o
The result of the indicated calculation (L. e-, the loutour-, of the
box) is always showa on zhe rignr-hand side off the equzation.
4- In somtne cases, alterzate caicaio~w prodmu~res are iniikazed,
aS in the seience (:aken from procedure P-16).
D- 2
This diagram frinicaL. -;;.e upper path is followed if LID <30
and Che lower pa-h" if ' f.~ O
-2 Examziples
E E amples ilustrating the x.;e ,~f each procedu re diagram follow the
diagraff. Each box contains die numnerical result of using the design
cbari; or of calculation as prescribed by th.- procedure diagram.
r
-32-_
4.3 Closely-Coupled COMPOnentEs
f - ~Area canges. ben&, and screens are assumed-rto~beflo bye
dfam erert of straight duct 'M Which the flow- mi~xes and srabAlizes.
When two coMPOI~t-IL-1 are nrz.&sebarated-by 4 duct-diameters, the-cal-
- cW6oA-procediire is imodifiedas feollows:
L. 'Thw pressure Iss of the first-comnijenz is detrmined-in the
Usual mananer.-
2. Thbe prtssurelc.rss of the 6ecomd compoWDen L5 determ~ined byJ
a; sumfing de same-entry Nach Numier as-employed-for the
firt ojen..Tie-pressuie loss for f-,e combined compoa-
ens Is_ thea
ipo~J - Ldn LPod
0
3. Te exit Ma ch M-1 nl-'-r for iha com.ine ft-com wnez s is dee-
mined by calculating mue n-sass flow uirMeer at te exitc of &a
seconid compoir,-4
Exit Mach N mber is derermined; directly fom this value of mss
* ~~flox parameter through char: 10-1a.Thsroereiilurae
*in Section 5for a screen follwed by abenid.
I S
-33-
-PROCEDURE P-i
-
* "
MACH NUMBER CALCOLA-!ON1"
Total pressure -kIm,
.- Static pressure inmm
-
I
I
I
" 9'
...............
af.1
-
-
am4
- " - -PROCEURIR -i
hJAdH MMBERk
CALCULATION
Total pressure kndwn
D Z&
Static pressure knw
mass Flax
i =12.8-1b/see
Total Temperature T =540
DUcr Diametr
D = ft
STotal
Pressure P
= 1-
4. 7 psi
Static PI-essure p=1.2 psi
I
, .. _"
-
~~P.tOCIXJRE P-2.1Ia
--- STRIGI IT Wc-T K-TAK17.)
I C7--
CA.
~~ &D-
ALI
I
-35-
0 -
I
*
U
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i!6~
a
4)
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H
I
'(41L1.9A2.
a
I
(4jhg~).
I
IE~
I
(~)
I
-1
1
(CA L.C
______
7~1
I (~
0
/,
3
:),
I
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-9-- --
-
.2 V - ?JOEWRE P-2- I
STKM)Glfr w~cY (r-MCEk
IRO
5,0 -
2 42
~~oj-
-$7 30 9
CAZ~C CALC
0-.941
DLAI
IIO
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-cil
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CAL
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-
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-~ ____________________-~.--~-- - - -
U -
at at
-1) 13
a -
0
I rE~
eAt-c 1.945
I
1 1
l~o7 i-I 152j
1.34- J
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.-
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ii-
D-'I
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4113
a L
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A-
O;Lk.JM r0 I
3 3EtpcEEwL9TflVMlfl
MI alIIItVa EK04E
C- 0tMA
0.8
3--
XXC7
- CAC)LA
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a yAi
__
FRM -RE J.
-DOL -V--
-41- U
- -
F~J!(EFJC
'PaLt va~
-W 001. S
o D>
2- ---
0
aw
-7
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00
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r7HI. --
t~~
G
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L02-<IWrEGr1-
______________r~Acj~ riiogW2.6~f ~RE
0.68
AEft
Ci -C
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* *4 .4 4' 44 4. - .4 .4 -
-9--.-.. ..---.- - - - - - 4'. ----- a-- - - :- --------- - 9- -----. 4.- - - -
* -4---.- .40~ - - - ~ -- a. -. 4---- 4*-a~.4~.49 1'
-if 4 --- ~-3
S -
'4- .4 -- '4 - .4 - -a. ~ - - - -- -a
- 44 *~.4.4 - .4.4.4 -
1
W . .4. -- 4. -
---- 4--- .4--- -~ .4- - -- - - -----. 4-- - - - -- - - - 0- .4 - -
9 - .4 - -
- .4 4
S S - .4
* 4 - -s
* . a
0
' -i - - " ---
* *l - - " -~ " ,
,- - - _ " .. - ,
"i1 - - .J.* - . - ~- ~ ... -. - i
-. . . ... ..-. . . ... . - ... . - -,
- -, . .. .- ._
p -"= : ' -.. . -
-- --- -t - -- -- S- ....- - -
- -- :
- - .... .. , - - - - - ". " _- " - p
a - -i l * t *, I, - - .. .. r .... ..
__- -. .. . --- - a-4- ... . - -
-i -- Q - - .- -- - ---- ." .:. 3---
- ,, - ! - - - -- - - : - -
- - p *. . . S- - - i --= "-
- S' . - - - -- :- =: . - -p
-:_.. .... " ' .0 -... : - _-- --- _.-._-- __
-: -. ". _ .V.. . . .. ... . . ._-
-- i i - - : ; :- -- "-
- 5 - - e- - - .. .
... ... a U - - -"" t 7 " -7 T: - T "
. . .. . - . - . - - ,. ._- _ _- -
~- ." -* i . --- ,: . -' "- 5 --- ' -" '
-- - . .- - - - . . . _ --- :-
IL
---- 4.
I
U
V
V -
-4.
- .9
-U
a U - .
- --.- ---- - -- -
- - C
N
$
-U
'S
--K-
~1- ~. -
IV __ ___
- - I - - I
.9 --- - ___ -
* .
- - A. - - ----. -. - --- . - -
I 0
cl~ .
';o~cj sso'-] ~i~v puz~g
-94-
5. 0 AMLUC TI M OF CALULATM PFROCED ES TO A
DUCT SYSTEM"
The az m re- syot m a Flare I u cosen to Illustrate the
applicaon c de caculadc. proceuhzes and to provide ar example
comperlam of pres e and po er lo - ses fm diferesm dnca diame-
mrs. Tw results c de cal=Iatioas ir three different duct diame-
ters of : "I a sysam are zabgalted in Table 5- L. The presv-%e
losses and power looes are pkmeii in fV. re 2. Ne tbe severe
Increase in aculed loses as the duct djamer decreases.
The xe los pealry asociaed izh w the duca pressure losses has
been calculated from a linearized analysis described in Secdon 5.2.
The pressurc losses are so iarge: howeverd, that e linearzed
analysis should be regarded as giving only appromimaze esfimaes
of the power pecalties.
--- I
-Is-
I
@411IiI~
0
I
U)
.. 1
'C I 0
I
-~ -
**1'
"a
II ~LA4
ii;
0-
WI
N -_______
________ o A
p -- ______
-o 0- a -
IF4
M4.
g
IO
isc - ssr -ss c ii L-oi
CA- ~ A _W MS -AMFW
FOR VAW wEIr M3IhaEM
3iTAjM
VDT fw1* Uw t"W at 15 lbft)
V= ~amwm
a&) 18 12 9
ptreLe LW) 0a . CL.77 L165t
reft LAWp on5
L3 LS 1L41
UHKuSr WCT (uI& fOwum at 16 bj
Do= D~mw-Tcm) 1I 12 1
P-reav.r-
Ls (J*f)
0.5
4.05
9-7-
4 2.0 233 -5-88
TAM E 5- L (Cm 4
M 'WSE 3 . -;..) E, -.. IG MAC H -.WI FOR EACH S
*i 'ftK TS -mrXJ
up= of - 4--.e CAD
3XTAKE
Ii
0m4c. -102 I- U-230 i "
SU~~~ 0.23, S 0.9a O 0.0
ses jo..,s +-"IO'j
o9, 90 e960 R.D-I.C 0.996 RD
S--Ln dut -0- 162 0.996 LDz).4 - _ 0 .;2-0 L "
a I I
@e 90n 960 102 0.999 t D-1-.33 0- o.246 0.96 a c
. , , 0.246 0.9r '%
2
a ~2e
Su, t -0'- W2 -. 00 L -Dz7.9
TOTAL I AKE , 0.993 0.94
SYSTEM:
EXHA -. T
Exit 0- -78 0- 4
Straigt duct ", i,-7 0.991 L. D =23. 3 r,! .33 0-935 L 1
&-w, 9

.0.175 0.995 R-DO. 0.360 0.974 RE-
Straigtc .uzz 0.174 0. 99
7
L D=12 040.067 L E
0180 0.173 0.998 R D=2,66 -- 90. .. 993
TOTAL EXHAUST 0,980 0 0..eT1
SYSM
%.i I-rER.. ,L.&O -MB l FOIE . F AO Srcmi NE%-T
2- Ove 9p OI
)A Irnw --- w Mc Pe Se om"T
R D--0 0-.990 R. D-2-
L.D-D ! 20 MM L 25a5 SM Ii, L 0.4.67.,
R D--3 C-2,, .0.-9 o96 R 0-,2.0 l 0.7 to; 0-976 R D2-67
0,2.8 0. -, .4. AI -2- o. 7 9.3 A A
;'. t 2e top 20z -It

*
L,; 1; -.7.9- - -
.1 .e .
0.947 .700
0, o4wo
D .6ss
L. D =23.3 o- 0370 0.93?5 L D=V7.2.5 l0.490 0.810 L D=5!
R~)o 0.O .974 R D=0.750,7 0.965 R, D=1.0
LD-3 .S47s 0.9W, LDz~ =2 0.42 093 iLD=28
R D=2.t .5 0.99 3 R/ D4.0 0.425 0.991 R 0=5.33
. ' I
.; i . i
I-I
II
.. .. ;.i 0 N30
@j
mam am 15 %/iSac
Tmeamrae - 4g
Pressure ptl - 14.7 P31a
Dwa diamcw: D a 0 ft,
A w-.rjD/47-C.
442 ft2
bMcb aMiber P- ia
II
BeIIimouth &inrance; P-3 11
4 TL D) 1.47
P./PO*
1. 42
4 T l , ADui 0. 03
4TL ma/Dy2 1.47 -0.03 =1.44
M2-0.465
Po/.* = 1. 4i
P02/'PoIleLt. 0.993
Bwd..%&S ge.; P-7. I .0. use of, sa emoc. u Mach~ Mimbg fo loe
i5
. 75
Re .1 x
2.00
M 0.460
.KI
8
P =019
0 2
01
-
p
0 1
~0. 9875
PO benci
-91 -
Mach ).wjmber (abr- CIGRe-c-pe comt)P-1 a
-o cu 9,5 .. 0gs . o94% a o.93) - 0- 931- -o
mrx 0. 373 a.401
p A Po2 p A 0.931
p
M2 -- 0.507
Staight Duct ; 0-2. 1
D = Iin. =0. 75ft
L = 33.5ft L/D=44.7
0
6
Re = 2. 1 x 10 .0181
z /D = 0. X5/.75 = 0.00067
4! T 9.D -0. 09
Y
2
=0. 507; 4T ) = .5= 1.33
max) (4fLI) amax)
4-
V3 .05-0.8909
i
PO
M
3
0. 7 -- .09
Lo
/2
P-
0.
820
P
o2
-92-
-- --- = 2.67
D 0.75
M
3
=G.7
Re a2.1 x to,
CPO
0
.074; 18w1. 29 (Oeptobably rchokes) K# W1.0
K1,
4
=0.0237
Po
Li
040. 976
[m
m
" 0.40, fi -0=0.501.-
P
o 2
A P
0 4
A
M
4
=0.75
Diffuser ; P-6.1 ()
_ _ _ _ _-_ _.
. ... ..
_ I
H
4.5
tan e 7)(2 " 0.0972, e 55 2e.
S
2
A 5 D5 182
A
4
,2 92
2e-
il.I
0
4 =0. 75
CP O 0. 112
D C O
o 2 4
KDw 2. 0 (No. no da may choke) C 0.224
------ =0.061
Po
4
o5
0.939
M
4
= 0. 75
m- = 0.501
P
o 4
A
4
ro-n p
04
A
4
.0. 501
04 4 Po5 A (0-. 939) (4. 0)
M
5
-0.121
i. i i ll~l ii ii i i i i ii5
L :
.,-,.1
:.
P res e Ritio A J Ina,
ML
/
ct
R1(0 3 (Q. 820)
(0.
6
(
0
.
939
)
0. 70
Exhaus Dut
m
- 16 lb/sec
P
5
=
14.7
psia
D
= 9in.
A = 0. 442 ft
2
Mach
Number
; P- I b
p-
)
0. 662
M.
0.688
3
Straight
Duct
; P-2.2
L =38.25
D
0.75
Re 15.
x
-
O
=500
O
L51
D
001l82
m
5
G. 688 ; (41[ m ) 0. 225; Po =.0
D5
4T D0.225
.- 0.928 =1. 153
D 14
M
4
=0.49
,
p
=1.36
0.810
p04
Bend, 180

; P-7.2
R
1.0
M
4
=0.490
Re =1.1 x ,L0
Cp
0
= 0.177
Assume
M
3
= 0. 470
KB i.
0 8 6
K B Cp 0 0.192
p,
= 0.,025
0 97
03 0. 975I
-21.1
Da
f - -0006;
D
4-. s2 0. t
4 0- 7518
D
L
2i
Z
467 Ta
= o- G-51r
D
4 -n -'a~
I =. 4.
J2
. 5 ~ 5 = 1.86
~) p
-Po293
O.
12
0.92
4~~t !, L 425
K 4 1-63
i LCPO =0-C7 46
.0- CLO;
I- 99
eol
MTc
-
"1A
M.2 - 0.3
PNcssare
iRario c :Ez.:Zz
C.~~(
~C\(
9 1
~
.2
Thc~~~a2G
4eas2
fti :
6) 1
24- C
S *
x %-
QLa \oi o
Pn k /1
Ii
- ,
Assume :rt ie -* Izes choked
(1) InCrease in turbine exhaus- pressure,P4
w Lwx T I k
1
( p
4
1
I;k
BP4
TO
\m )3
P 3
Airiply by P
4
awx ( k-I/k
8!'
a -
ri-r ,.Cp- -o3\p3
P
4
Lex r~ = ~ -4 6 design pressure ratio
Po P4 ol
Uinea rizing
a( F \ k-I I \k-l/k
&a Ik +jjj 1C -7 To
3
IjA)
"I p
!!
ma T Pi
(2) Decrease .in conpressor inlet pressure, p
01
:
Assume compressor pressure ratio does not change
SP4 P4
Po3
Po2
Pot;
p
0 3
ma)1T po3 rpJl Po
x 1 mf C k-I 4 4
nT -
+
+ rJ o3 k r r P'l 2
Matil
Py
Po0l'
011
M
- -01--
r
L1nearizing,
Al? w + fl..
h \1/ p
w =,i+ -1
1
,C T V 0PO
i x + i+ p o3I -/ )
a /
Numeri"zl
Example
Turbine conditions:
Fuel-Air RatiG - 3. 014 lb fuel/lb air
Efficiency - 0.70
SHP - 1100 If Turbine Inlet Temperature
- 2060R
Design Pressure Ratio - 6.5
Assume C =0.24, k= 1.4
k-1
(104
28678
( X01)0. 70) (0. 21) (0. 286) (2060)(. _) 77
= 83. 1 I-P/lb/sec
Inlet;
-)
& nC A 1f
a CT
m = 15 lb/sec
C = 83.1 'PTh soc
P "'0"10,
3
'aum
14a7
t.- _P0 -/ . .. . . PeEM 14.7 =~
A ll -(IS) (83.3) (0. 3) - 375 It
Exhaust:
S=_m
a
C p
m
a
16 lb/sec
CT 83. 1 IP/lb/sec
M
4
- 0.425
P
0.883;
P
4
= 23.4 psi
I
P4 - Pctm
21.2
- 14.7
O
Patm
14.7
0.442
A =* - (6)(83.3)(0.405) -588 If
NOMENCLAWERE
FC CPo Total pressure loss coefficient
A Crossametoa duct, ft
D Equvalet diaeterof nion-circular cross-section
duct,
4 x wetted perimeter
KB Pressure coefficient compressibility
factor for bends
K D Pressure coefficient
compressibility
factor for diffusers
K 0 Bend angle loss factor
L Duct length, ft
Lmax Duct length to attain m =1i.0o, in a constant area duct, ft
M Mach Number
R Gas constant, lb force - ft/lb mass,R.-
Re Duct Reynolds Number, p V D/jj
Re Inlet length Reynolds Number, p V x/.L
x
T Temperature,
0
R
*V
Velocity, ft/sec
c Local velocit:,
SC L::,, ft/sec
Friction factor. ACi ..veloped fno
NOMENCLATURE, (Cont' d)
f Friction factor, Ink: laminar length
f Friction factor, inlet turbulent length
go ~constant = 32.2 lb imn:-ss -fr/lb force-sec
2
j
k Ratio of specific heats
m Mass flow rare, lb mass/sec
p Pressure, psf
s Screen-olidity = open area in screen/ducE area
x Distance from duct entrance, ft
Greek,
E Duct wall roughness, ft
29e Angle between diffusei walls, degrees
,V'iscosity, lb mass/sec-fr
p Density, lb mass/fr
* Angle of duct band, degrees
Superscripts
*State at M 1,O0
-,
NOMENCLATURE
(Concl, d)
Subscripts
0 Stagnation or total state; condition of fluid brought to
rest isentropically
SfI
2,
State upstream
of component
I2.
Stare downstr earn of component
tr Transition
point from laminar to turbulent flow
21
State, four diameters
downstream
of state I
I
Special Nomenclature for T1urbine Perormance
Clculadon
C specific heat, Btu.R
k-I
CT turine power constant
+- qr CT I-To
iF net power delivered by turbine unit, horsepower
W
x
net shaft work, ft. lbs/lb. of air
In mass flow rate of fuel, lbs/sec
ma mass fLow rate of air, lbs/sec
rp /"design pressure ratio
?12 compressor efficiency
71T turbine efficiency
I
0.
I
a.i
-1I07-
0IBL 1OGRAPHY
1 . Design Data Sheet, Dopartnent of the Navy, Bureau of Ships,
DDS 3801-2, 22 July 195(1.
2. Shapiro, A. H. The _Dynamics' and Thermodynamics of Corn-
pressible Fiuld Flow. V(-. 1, Ronald Press, New' York, 1953.
3. Keenan, J.H., and Kaye, 3. Gas Tables, John Wiley ard Sons, . i
New York, 1948
Note: Compressible Flow Tables are also available in:
Shapiro, A. H., Hawhoriie, W. R., and Edelman, G. M. The
Mechanics and Thermodvl,:"mics of Steady One-Dimensional
Gas Flow with Table. r, ,merical Solutions, Meteor Rep-ort
No. 14, Massachuse : cute of Technology-Ga' dissilps
Program, Cambric. , - , 1947; and
Shapiro, A. H., H8:4, \V. R., and Edelman, G. M. The
Mechanics and Ther.. , nics of Steady One-Dimensional
Gas Flow, in Handbook of Supersonic Aerodynamics, INAVORD
.Report 1488, Vol. I.
4. Moody, L. F. Friction Factors for Pipe Flow, Transactions of
the A. S. M. E., November 1944.
5. Keenan and Neumann, Measurements of Friction in a Pipe for
Subsonic and Supersonic Flow of Air, Jour. Appl. Mech., Vol. 13
No. 2(1946), pA-9i.
Best Available Copy
Mispaphy f~ad}
6. LA z, H L.- Smndy Vi, b do TrM b d J h ca
7. .. 5iza, A-IL and Sm a.IL. 5.Im is die
WKm of Swaioh 76=d I'M". ACA T 1M115, No-
-a-r
19a
L
S. Hmry. J.I. esp at P m Pm ndoes Pressure-
Lons Cracorisucs at Icz QC.omim a N C& WR L-20S,
1944.
9. Hall. W. .. andOrme, &_.. Plowmoa Cwpressible hdd
lthxu&g a Suddwu Enlargemem In a Pipe. Pr 2Lngo h
Iwze of Mechanical EM;!ns, Vol. 169, No. 49, 1955.
10. Cole B. N. and Mills, B. Thmry of Sudden Enlargements
Applied to the Pope ExtAast-valve. with Special Reference
to Exhatc-pulse Scavreqgira Proceedings of the Institute of
4edinicha Engineers. Vol. 1IL P 364.
11. Hunsaxer, J. (.. and Rightmire, B. G. Engineering Applications
of Fluid Mechanics, McCtaw-Hill, 1947.
12. Cornell, W. G. Losses in Flow Normal to Plane Screens,
Transactions of the A. S. M. E., May, 1958.
13. Patterson, G.N. Modern Diffuser Design, Aircraft Engineering,
September, 1938.
J
t
t14.I Ymo&~ ADL, mdGreen G. L Tomsotft Sp10 d Flow
In dfus of Recanpula: Croas-scdou, R &M No. 2201,
BridA A. LC, July 1944.
15. Uzze., B H.. Jr.. and Wilbur, S.W. ftrkirma and
Boudary Layer Data from 12P ad 23

C Diffusers of
Area Rado 2.0 at Mach -numbers up to Coki and Reynolds
Kumbes up to 7. 5 x 1
6,
NACA Report 1201, 1954.
16. Young A.D., Grew. G.L. and Owen. P. R. Tests of High-
Speed Flow in Right-angled Pipe Bends of Rectangular Cross-
Sectice R&M No. 2066. British A. R.C., October, 1943.
17. Higginbotham. J. T.. Wood, C. C., and Valentine, E. F. A
Study of the High-Speed Performance Characteristics of 900
Bends In Circular Ducts, NACA TN'3696, June. 1956.
18. Friedman, D., and Wescphal, W. R., Experimental Investi-
- . gation of a 900 Cascade Diffusing Bend with an Area Ratio of
1. 45: 1 and with Several Inet Boundary Layers, NACA TN 2668,
i April, 1952.
19. Grey, R. E., Jr., and Wilsted, H. D., Performance of Conical
Jet Nozzles in Terms of Flow and Velocity Coefficients, NACA
TN 1757, November. i948.
. 20. von Karman, T., Compressibility Effects in Aerodynamics,
Journal of the Aeronautic .. Sciences, July, 1941.
I
1.
l-
D YN AT EC HCororalA
630 ASSAHUSETS AENU
CAMBRDGE 9, MASACHSETT
617 -UN 88015