1

: ( ) M. (x) x
x ,
(x) .
1: M=Z

(x): x2=1.

: ( ) 1
(x) , 1 (x)
.. 1={x|(x)}. .
2: (x) 1 : 1={-1, 1}.
3: M=N

(x): x2=1.

(x) : 1={1}.

: ( ) (x)
, 1=, .. .
4: 0.
?
: , .
5: x, x2=2.
?
: , .

-
-
( ! )

6: 4 5
:
(xN) x0

( 4)

( xN) x2=2

( 5)

:
1 (x)(x) ( x)(x)
2 (x)(y) (x,y) (y)(x) (x,y)
3 (x)(y) (x,y) (y)(x) (x,y)
4 (x)(y) (x,y) (y)(x) (x,y)
: ( 4)
(x,y) x+y=0 M=Z.
(y)(x) (x,y) , x, y=
-x, .. x+y=0.
, (x)(y) (x,y) , ,
x0, .. y, x0+y=0, .

5 (x) p , :
(x) ((x) p) (x)(x) p
(x) ((x) p) (x)(x) p
(x) ((x) p) (x)(x) p
(x) ((x) p) (x)(x) p
(x)(x) (x)(x)
(x)(x) (x)(x)

: x ( x>0 2+2=5)

: (x) x>0 x (x

1: ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
(x), , :
) (x): (2|x 3|x)

6|x

) (x): (2|x

3|x)

6|x

) (x): 2|x

( 3|x

6|x)
2

:
)

0: ((2|0 3|0)

6|0) = ((T T)

T)= (T

1: ((2|1 3|1)

6|1) = (( )

)= (

)=T

2: ((2|2 3|2)

6|2) = ((T )

)= (T

)=

3: ((2|3 3|3)

6|3) = (( T)

)= (T

)=

4: ((2|4 3|4)

6|4) = ((T )

)= (T

)=

5: ((2|5 3|5)

6|5) = (( )

)= (

)=T

6: ((2|6 3|6)

6|6) = ((T T)

7: ((2|7 3|7)

6|7) = (( )

)= (

)=T

8: ((2|8 3|8)

6|8) = ((T )

)= (T

)=

9: ((2|9 3|9)

6|9) = (( T)

)= (T

)=

T)= (T

T)=T

T)=T

1={0, 1, 5, 6, 7}.
) (x): 2|x 3|x. (x) 6|x 6|x
2|x 3|x . 6|x 0 6, 2|x 3|x 2|x o 3|x
, .. 2, 4 8. 1={0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
) (x): 3|x 6|x. 2|x (x) (x)
2|x . 2|x ,
. . 2|x
(x) . :
0: (3|0

6|0)= (T T)=T

2: (3|2

6|2)= ( )=T

4: (3|4

6|4)= ( )=T

6: (3|6

6|6)= ( T T)=T

8: (3|8

6|8)= ( )=T

1=M.

2. (x) (x) M.
:
) (x)((x) (x)) (x) (x) (x)(x)

) (x)((x) (x))

(x) (x) (x)(x).

: ) .

: x x x

: x x x x .

( )= , (
) = (
) = ,
. , ..
( x x x

, , x x
,
. ,
, ( )=
.
((x) (x))= ((x)(x))=
x x x x

. , (
)=.

) . =" e
x : x>9 x : x # 3 .

( )=((x)( x>9 x<3)) =,

((x) x>9 (x) x<3)= ()=.

3. ,
) x( (x) (x) ) x ((x)) x((x)) ,
) x( (x) (x) )

x ( (x) (x)(x) )

:
) .

: x x x

: x x

x x

,
(x x x x

, ..

, x x x x .
(x x )=. , x
, .. x ( x )=. ,
4

x x , 'x x x (
,
=

.
) . =N, (x):x>2, a (x):x<3.
((x)( x>2 x<3)) =, ((x)(x>2) (x)(x<3)) =()=, (

)= .

4: (x) (x) ", .

:
) x( (x) (x) )
) (x)((x) (x))

x ((x)) x((x) ) )
(x((x)) x ((x)) )

:
) .
: x( (x)
(x) )
: x ((x)
x ((x)) (
.
( )= , .. ( x x
x x )= .
( x x = ( x x )= .
( x x ) = ( x x )
, = ( )= . x
, ( )= . , (
() )
= , x( (x) (x) ) =. ,
.
) . (x):x>0 (x):x<5
.
(6>0
6<5)) =, ((x)(x>0
x<5)) =,
((x)(x>0)
(x)(x<5)) =( )=.
5. .
) >0 x=x+1, .
) .
.

:
) x (>0

x=x+1), = ".

x (>0

x=x+1) 9

:((>0

x=x+1)) 9

:(( >0) ; x=x+1 ) ) 9

9 :( >0) < x=x+1) ) ) 9 :( >0) < x=x+1) ) )

P(x):x>0 S(x): x=x+1, :(P(x) < S(x))
: x=x+1.

) x (P(x)

> : ) P(x): x , S(x): x .

) :(P(x) < S(x)), :

.

6. :
) , .. =+1;
) , x>0 3.
: ) (x (x=x+1)) =

(x ( x>0

3|x) ) =

7. :
.
:
:
.

: @ : < A : < B :
P(x) :
R(x):
F(x):
R(x) F(x),

S(x,y):

: @ : < > :, < > :,

6

: @ : < A : < B :
9 : @ : ;A : ;B :
9 : @ : ; A : ;B :

9 : @ :

A : ;B :

, S(x,y)
: @ :

> :, ;> :,

:
,
.

8. P(x,y): x y. ,
:
a) :C @ :, C , :C @ C, :
) :C @ :, C ,
) :C @ :, C ,
) P(x,y): x+y=0 ?
?
:
P(x,y): x<y.
) :C @ :, C x y. .
:C @ C, : - y x. .
) :C @ :, C - x .. x y. (.
=+1)
) :C @ :, C , .. , y
,
, .
. :
, . .
=1.
) 4) .

9. .
: : > : , (): .
:

: > : 9 :> :
.

10.
F(x,y): :
) :C B :, C

)
. .
:
) .
) ,
z , z .
:
:CD B :, C <

D=C

B :, D

:CD B :, C ; D = C ; B :, D
:CD B :, C ;
D = C < B :, D

, z
, .

11.

C(x):
F(x,y):
:
8

) : E : ;

C E C <B :, C

) (x)yz.(( F ( x, y ) F ( x, z ) ( y z )) F ( y , z ))
:
) x y
. ( ).
) , .. z, x e , z
z, z . (
. )