|H4B l|T

Sitcsircs
Tlo slias bolow aio callod 'Sivaslias. Accoiding lo liadilion, lloso slias
camo oul of Ioid Siva's damaiu (dium) duiing lis lndava (danco of ocslasy)
and Malaisi Inini iocoidod llom. Tlo onliio Sanskiil giammai is basod on
lloso Sivaslias.
1. H 7 (T )
2. + (T )
3. 9 Hl (= )
4. 9 Hl ( )
5. ( 4 4 ( )
6. (T )
7. P = T + (P )
8. H ( )
9. 7 (9 )
1O. = 4 7 ( (H )
11. G T 7 6 (4 )
12. T 9 (4 )
13. H 9 B ( )
14. ( ( )
Blrd's Le Vleu
BFT6P
Scns|rii
1. Hl|T
A|p|cccis
2. H-(l-
Ncuns
3. H-44l|+
|n!cc|incc|cs
4. |44l9( Tll
Vcrcs cn! 1cnscs
5. 9 69- 4+
Pcrscn c Numccr
6. 4l14l|+
Simp|c Scnicnccs
7. H-(- |4|16
Wcr!s c Ccscs
8. 79Bl -
Prcjixcs
9. 9t44l-
Sujjixcs
1O. B= 4l-
Numcrc|s
11. 94l -
Vcicc
12. B|--
Ccmcinciicn
13. HlFl|T
Scripiurcs
Sanskiil alplabols aio classifiod inlo foui gioups. Tloy aio:
1. F4l- Vowols
2. -4V+l|+ Consonanls
3. F4416--4V+l|+ Consonanls will vowols
4. B416--4V+l|+ Conjuncl consonanls

1.1 F4l- Vcuc|s

Tloio aio 13 vowols in llo Sanskiil languago. Tloy aio:
H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl
Tloio aio lwo moio lollois (1) Anusvia and (2) Visaiga iopiosonlod by a
'dol (

) and lwo 'voilical dols (-) iospoclivoly. Lxamplo: H and H- .

1.2 -4V+l|+ Ccnscncnis

Tloio aio 33 consonanls calogoiizod inlo 8 gioups.
T G = T grcup
7 = H grcup
7 7 T grcup
6 ( + 6 grcup
9 T 4 P 9 grcup
4 4 scmi-tcuc|s
H 9 B sici|cnis
( cspircic

Hl|T
A|p|cccis

.
Sulabla Samskilam 4
Almosl all llo consonanls diop lloii 'voilical lino and llo 'slanling lino llal
aio bolow llom lo foim lalf consonanls. Nolo llal lloii pionuncialion doos
nol clango duo lo llis modificalion.
1. T = 1
2. G =
3. =
4. =
5. = = -
6. =
7. 7 = -
8. = = 7
9. H = H
1O. = -
11. = -
12. = -
13. 7 = -
14. 7 = -
15. T = '
16. 6 = t
17. =
18. ( = -
19. = \
2O. + = -
21. 9 = -
22. T = T
23. 4 = -
24. = -
25. P =
26. 4 =
27. =
28. = -
29. 4 = -
3O. H = 7
31. 9 = !
32. B = F
33. ( = -
Obsoivo llal somo of consonanls do nol lavo any voilical linos in llom and
lloiofoio do nol clango. Ioi oxamplo: 7 and ( .
Toxlbook
5
1.3. F44 16--4V+l|+ Ccnscncnis Uniic! uii| Vcuc|s
Tlo consonanls llal aio combinod will vowols aio callod 'svaiayukla-
vyajanni.
T + H = T
T + Hl = Tl
T + = |T
T + = Tl
T + 7 = T
T + 7 = T
T + + = T
T + + = T
T + =
T + 9 = T
T + 9 = T
T + Hl = Tl
T + Hl = Tl
Will anusvia ( ) and visaiga (- ), llo foims aio:
T + H = T
T + H- = T-

.
Sulabla Samskilam 6
1|is c|cri gitcs qcu cn ctcrc|| ticu cj c|| i|c stcrcqu|ic-tqcjcnni.
H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl H H-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
G G Gl |G Gl G G G G G G Gl Gl G G-
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
= = =l |= =l = = = = = = =l =l = =-
l | l l l -
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
= = =l |= =l = = = = = = =l =l = =-
H H Hl |H Hl H H H H H H Hl Hl H H-
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
l | l l l -
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
7 7 7l |7 7l 7 7 7 7 7 7 7l 7l 7 7-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
G

Toxlbook
7
6 6 6l |6 6l 6 6 6 6 6 6 6l 6l 6 6-
l | l l l -
( ( (l |( (l ( ( ( ( (l (l ( (-
l | l l l -
+ + +l |+ +l + + + + + + +l +l + +-
9 9 9l |9 9l 9 9 9 9 9 9 9l 9l 9 9-
T T Tl |T Tl T T T T T T Tl Tl T T-
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
l | l l l -
P P Pl |P Pl P P P P P P Pl Pl P P-
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
l | l 6 - l l -
l | l l l -
4 4 4l |4 4l 4 4 4 4 4 4 4l 4l 4 4-
H H Hl |H Hl H H H H H H Hl Hl H H-
9 9 9l |9 9l 9 9 9 9 9 9 9l 9l 9 9-
B B Bl |B Bl B B B B B B Bl Bl B B-
( ( (l |( (l ( ( ( ( (l (l ( (-
6

H
9

H Hl 7 7 + + 9 9 Hl Hl H H-
(
Sulabla Samskilam 8
1. T + T = 1T
2. T + 6 = 16
3. T + + = 1+
4. T + P = 1P
5. T + 4 = 14
6. T + = 1
7. T + 4 = 14
8. G + 4 = 4
9. + T = T
1O. + =
11. + + = +
12. + P = P
13. + 4 = 4
14. + =
15. + 4 = 4
16. + + = +
17. + =
18. + 7 = 7
19. + P = P
2O. + 4 = 4
21. = + = = 7=
22. = + 4 = 74
23. = + 4 = 74
24. + 7 = -7
25. + 4 =
26. 7 + 4 = 7 4
27. 7 + 4 = 7 4
28. T + = '
29. T + = '
3O. T + 7 = '7
31. T + 7 = '7
32. T + T = 'T
33. T + P = 'P
34. T + 4 = '4
1.4. B 4 16--4V+l|+ Ccnjunci Ccnscncnis
A conjuncl consonanl is foimod wlon lwo oi moio consonanls aio joinod
logolloi. Ioi oaso of ioading wo lavo piosonlod llo socond consonanl will
llo vowol H.
Toxlbook
9
35. T + 4 = '4
36. 6 + = t
37. 6 + + = t+
38. 6 + 9 = t9
39. 6 + P = tP
4O. 6 + 4 = t4
41. 6 + 4 = t4
42. 6 + B = tB
43. + + = +
44. + 4 = 4
45. ( + = (
46. + + = \+
47. + P = \P
48. + 4 = \4
49. + 4 = \4
5O. + + 6 = -6
51. + + ( = -(
52. + + = -
53. + + P = -P
54. + + 4 = -4
55. + + 4 = -4
56. 9 + 6 = -6
57. 9 + + = -+
58. 9 + 4 = -4
59. 9 + = -
6O. 9 + B = -B
61. T + 4 = T4
62. 4 + = = -=
63. 4 + ( = -(
64. 4 + = -
65. + 4 = -4
66. P + + = +
67. P + 9 = 9
68. P + 4 = 4
69. P + =
7O. P + P = P
71. P + 4 = 4
72. P + =
73. 4 + 4 = 4
74. + T = -T
75. + 9 = -9
76. + P = -P
Sulabla Samskilam 1O
77. + 4 = -4
78. + = -
79. + 4 = -4
8O. 4 + 4 = -4
81. H + = 7
82. H + + = 7+
83. H + P = 7P
84. H + 4 = 74
85. H + 4 = 74
86. H + = 7
87. 9 + T = !T
88. 9 + = !
89. 9 + = !
9O. 9 + T = !T
91. 9 + 9 = !9
92. 9 + P = !P
93. 9 + 4 = !4
94. 9 + 4 = !4
95. B + T = FT
96. B + G = FG
97. B + 6 = F6
98. B + = F
99. B + 9 = F9
1OO. B + T = FT
1O1. B + P = FP
1O2. B + 4 = F4
1O3.B + 4 = F4

Wlon piocodos any consonanl, llo symbol (

) is usod abovo llo succooding
consonanl.
1O4. + T = T
1O5. + =
1O6. + =
1O7. + =
1O8. + = = =
1O9. + P = P
Toxlbook
11
11O. T + = 4
111. G + = U
112. + =
113. + =
114. = + =
115. ( + =
116. 9 + = 9
117. 4 + =
118. + = H
119. P + = B
12O. 4 + =
121. H + = ~
122. B + = U
123. ( + =
124. 7 + = 7
125. + =
126. + =
Somo moio conjuncl consonanls:
Wlon follows a consonanl il is iopiosonlod will a slanling lino bolow llo
piocoding consonanl.
127. 7 + = 7
128. 7 + = 7
134. + + =
135. + + + =
136. 9 + + = U
137. 4 + + = R
138. + + =
129. T + + =
13O. G + + = +
131. + + = P
132. + + =
133. 6 + + =
Wlon coilain consonanls combino will , llo sound is iopiosonlod by llo
symbol ( ) wiillon bolow llo consonanl.
Sulabla Samskilam 12
139. P + + = V
14O. 4 + + =
141. H + + = +
142. B + + = H
143. ( + + = @
144. T + = J
145. = + T =
146. = + G = g
147. = + = \
148. + =
149. = + = = =
15O. + =
151. + = = V
152. + = }
153. + 4 =
154. 7 + 4 = 7
155. 7 + 4 = 7
156. 6 + 6 =
157. ( + = J
158. ( + ( =
159. ( + = &
16O. ( + =
161. ( + P = T
162. ( + 4 = H
163. ( + 4 =
164. ( + 4 =
165. 9 + 6 = 8
166. + = [
167. H + =
168. H + = V
169. H + 4 = H
17O. 9 + = 7
171. 9 + = U
172. ( + T = q
173. ( + P = O
174. ( + 4 = G
175. ( + = @
176. ( + 4 =
Toxlbook
13
18O. T + 6 + 4 = 1t4
181. T + 9 + T = T
182. T + 9 + P = P
183. T + 9 + 4 = 4
184. T + 9 + 4 = 4
185. + + 4 = -4
186. = + T + 6 = = 16
187. = + + 4 = =4
188. + 7 + = 7
189. + 7 + 4 = 74
19O. T + + 4 = ' 4
191. 6 + 6 + 4 = x4
192. 6 + 9 + = t9
193. 6 + P + 4 = t4
177. T + 9 =
178. 6 + =
Nolo llo following conjuncl consonanls. Tloii foims mako llom uniquo.
Givon bolow aio a fow conjuncl consonanls llal aio foimod by llo combinalion
of llioo consonanls.
179. = + =
194. 6 + + 4 = -4
195. 6 + B + + = tH
196. 6 + B + 4 = tF4
197. ( + + 4 = ( \4
198. ( + + 4 =
199. ( + + 4 = D
2OO. + + 6 + 4 = -t4
2O1. + + 6 + = -
2O2. + + ( + 4 = -H
2O3. + + ( + = -
2O4. + + + = -
2O5. P + 9 + = 9
2O6. + + 4 = 4
2O7. + + 4 = 4
Sulabla Samskilam 14
2O8. H + + 4 = 74
2O9. 9 + + 4 = 7
21O. 9 + + = 7
211. 9 + + 4 = 74
212. 9 + 9 + = !9
213. B + 6 + 4 = Ft4
214. B + 6 + = N
215. B + 6 + 4 = Ft4
Toxlbook
15
Basod on lloii gondoi, nouns aio classifiod inlo llioo lypos masculino,
fominino and nouloi. Tlo spocific monlion of llo nouns gondoi is found in
loxls sucl as Amcrc-|csc. Howovoi, somo iulos aio givon loio foi llo sludonls
oasy compiolonsion.
2.1 9 |[\- Mcscu|inc Gcn!cr Ncuns
Woids wlicl ond will H-, - and 7- aio usually masculino gondoi nouns.
Wlon lwo voilical dols (-) aio pul afloi any lolloi il is callod 'visaiga. Wlon
woids ond will H-, lloy aio callod akinla-pullinga, wlon lloy ond will -,
lloy aio callod ikinla-pullinga, and wlon lloy ond will 7-, lloy aio callod
ukinla-pullinga.
Mcscu|inc Ncuns Icmininc Ncuns Ncuicr Ncuns
7-
HP
H-(l-
Ncuns
9|[\- Nl|\- +9 BT|\-
- Hl

H-
H-(l-
Ncuns

Sulabla Samskilam 16
2.2 Fl|\- Icmininc Gcn!cr Ncuns
Woids llal ond will Hl and aio usually fominino gondoi nouns (kinla-
slilinga and kinla-slilinga).
2.3 +9 BT|\- Ncuicr Gcn!cr Ncuns
Woids llal ond will HP aio usually nouloi gondoi nouns (akinla-
napumsakalinga).

Mcscu|inc Gcn!cr Ncuns

Woids onding will H- Woids onding will - Woids onding will 7-
1. H=- 1. H|- 1. --
2. H - 2. T|4- 2. 6-
3. lP- 3. 9|6- 3. 66-
4. T- 4. P|+- 4. H -
5. 6- 5. H|P- 5. |9 -
Icmininc Gcn!cr Ncuns
Woids onding will Hl Woids onding will
1. l4l 1. +(l
2. 7l4l 2. +ll
3. Pl4l 3. 9t+l
4. |-6l 4. 9l4 6l
Ncuicr Gcn!cr Ncuns
Woids onding will HP
1. |P
2. 4+P
3. P
4. 794+P

Toxlbook
17
Mcrc Mcscu|inc Gcn!cr Ncuns
1. H=- Goal
2. H - Moaning
3. HB- Iazy poison
4. H+- Iiio
5. H+- Iollowoi
6. HH- Hoiso
7. H- Iip
8. =4- Vicloiy
9. H|- Lnomy
1O. H|+- Wind
11. H|4- Insull
12. Hll4 - Toacloi
13. Hl( H- Oidoi
14. Hl(H - Miiioi
15. Hl(l- Iood
16. -- Moon
17. 7HP- Lffoil
18. H - Spioul
19. TlT- Ciow
2O. T-T- Ball
21. T4l- Dooi
22. T|4- Iool
23. Tl- Timo
24. Tl- Woim
25. T9- Woll
26. T 9l4- Iaimoi
27. T H- Haii
28. Tl|4(- Lxpoil
29. TlH- Tioasuio
3O. G- Donkoy
31. G- Biid
32. G- Wickod man
33. l4T- Singoi
34. - Iol
35. lT- Noso
36. 6 - Clovoi
37. - Lyo
38. |T- Ioopaid
39. l - Tliof
4O. =(- Cloud
41. =+T- Communily
42. =-6 - A cioaluio
43. 66- Tioo
44. 6 9l- Dow, misl
Sulabla Samskilam 18
45. (- Lxpoil
46. (|T(F6- Rigll land
47. (H+- Tooll
48. 6- Mossongoi
49. +- Acloi
5O. +- Man
51. +l|T- Coconul
52. +l|4T- Boal-man
53. +9|6- King
54. 9|6- Ioadoi
55. 9- Wing
56. 9- Smail poison
57. 9l 9Tl- Holp
58. 9l9Tl- Haim
59. 9l|T- Ialm
6O. |4Hl4- Sclool
61. 9l4T- Iiio
62. 9l6lH- Bioakfasl
63. H-6T- Yama
64. 4l- Boy
65. 16- Dovoloo
66. - Soldioi
67. T- Iiog
68. BP- Ocoan
69. PF6T- Hoad
7O. P99l- Sloploid
71. Pl - Vain
72. 4|6- Sainl
73. - Claiiol
74. |16- Lmply
75. |9 - Lnomy
76. lT- Woild
77. 4- Closl
78. 44 - Banyan lioo
79. 4tB- Calf
8O. 4lP(F6- Iofl land
81. 4l6- Wind
82. |44l(- Dispulo
83. |4- Obslaclo
84. |4Hl- Big
85. -4l4lP- Lxoiciso
86. Hl|- Iaddy
87. HlT|T- Cail-man
88. |HH - Clild
Toxlbook
19
89. H- Ioid Siva
9O. B- Tank
91. FT-- Slouldoi
92. (l- Gailand
93. (lT- Diamond
Mcrc Icmininc Gcn!cr Ncuns
1. H4l Ioiosl
2. HlHl Dosiio
3. T-4l Giil
4. T6l Scissoi
5. T|Tl Koy
6. TlP(l Moonligll
7. 'l Boll
8. |-6l Woiiy
9. 7l Ciosl
1O. =++l Molloi
11. ( 46l Goddoss
12. l Laill
13. ll Nuiso
14. +ll Woman
15. +lBl Noso
16. +lTl Boal
17. 9t+l Wifo
18. 9|Tl Iolloi
19. 9|Tl Box
2O. l4l Wifo
21. P(l Laill
22. Pll Gailand
23. P9l Ialsolood
24. P|Tl Clay
25. Pl Momoiy
26. Pl Iaksm
27. 4l|(+l Aimy
28. 4l6l Nows
29. |4Hl Knowlodgo
3O. 4ll Sliool
31. 4 (+l Iain
32. HT l Sugai
33. H4 l Nigll
34. HlGl Biancl
35. H'7l Tiunk
36. Bl Assombly
37. F9(l Dosiio

Sulabla Samskilam 2O
Mcrc Ncuicr Gcn!cr Ncuns
1. HP Alplabol
2. H|=+P Dooi-skin
3. H4P Sky
4. H+6P Ialsolood
5. H\44+P Sludy
6. Hl++P Iaco
7. HlTP Oinamonl
8. 7P Answoi
9. 7Hl+P Gaidon
1O. 7(P Slomacl
11. 794+P Gaidon
12. Hl(+P Cookod iico
13. Hl 9P Modicino
14. TP Iapoi
15. T-(P Rool
16. TP Wifo
17. T4P Body
18. TP(P Woik-placo
19. Tl-4P Iooliy
2O. T'7P Laiiing
21. TlHP Skill
22. TlP Hollow of a
lioo
23. lP Body
24. l9P Towoi
25. 6P Gloo
26. |P Iicluio
27. 4P Wlool
28. 7P Umbiolla
29. |7P Holo
3O. =P Bolly
31. 6lTP Iako
32. 6 TP Giass
33. 6l4P Waloi
34. P Milk
35. +P Woalll
36. l-4P Giain
37. 4P Couiago
38. +P Slai
39. +4+P Lyo
4O. +l7P Nosl
41. +P Cily
42. 9(P Slop
43. 9VP Cago
44. 9T P Ioaf
45. 9lP Vossol
Toxlbook
21
46. 9l6TP Sin
47. 9!9P Ilowoi
48. TP Iiuil
49. 4-+P Bondago
5O. 4+P Houso
51. P-4P Iiico
52. Pl(TP Swool ball
53. 4l=+P 8 milos
54. lP Ioioload
55. 4TP Sall
56. l+P Lyo
57. 4(+P Iaco
58. 4FP Dioss
59. |4HP Woild
6O. HTP Cail
61. HlTP Vogolablo
62. Bl(BP Biavoiy
63. Bl9l+P Slop, slaiis
64. F47P Cloan
65. |(PP Snow
66. lP Milk
67. P Iiold
68. l+P Knowlodgo
1. T(lTP Banana 6. H+l+BTP Iinoapplo
2. +l\TP Oiango 7. (l|7PTP Iomogianalo
3. |+4 TTP Iomon 8. 4( 4l=TP Guava
4. llTP Giapo 9. HlBTP Mango
5. 9+BTP }ackfiuil
Tl|+ ` Iruiis
P l- Animc|s
1. + - Cow
2. T1T- Dog
3. =- Lloplanl
4. Pl=l- Cal
5. |B(- Iion
6. 4l+- Monkoy

Sulabla Samskilam 22
7. P9T- Ral 12. HH- Rabbil
8. -4l- Tigoi 13. (- Donkoy
9. 7!- Camol 14. 4l(- Iig
1O. (|T- Dooi 15. Hl- Iox
11. -T- Boai 16. 4 T- Wolf

9|T- 8ir!s
1. (B- Swan 7. T1Tl Hon
2. P4- Ioacock 8. T9l6- Dovo
3. Tl|T- Cuckoo 9. 7T- Owl
4. H T- Iaiiol 1O. 4T- Ciano
5. TlT- Ciow 11. T- Spaiiow
6. T1T- Cock

9l|T+- (Oi|cr) Iiting 8cings

1. P'7T- Iiog 7. (l|Tl Houso lizaid
2. PtF4- Iisl 8. 4|T- Scoipion
3. TP- Toiloiso 9. P|Tl Ily
4. PT- Ciocodilo 1O. PHT- Mosquilo
5. B9- Snako 11. P T- Honoyboo
6. TT- Ciab 12. |99l|Tl Anl

4Tl - Cc|curs
1. Black 2. H6- Wlilo
Toxlbook
23
3. 9l6- Yollow 6. 9l- Roso
4. (|6- Gioon 7. +l- Bluo
5. T9l4- Oiango 8. 16- Rod

4 l- 1rccs
1. HlB4 - Mango lioo 5. 44 - Banyan lioo
2. 6l4 - Ialm lioo 6. H74t4 - Ioopal lioo
3. 9+B4- }ack lioo 7. +l|T4- Coconul lioo
4. T(l4 - Banana lioo

HlF4 H\l|+ Pcris cj i|c 8c!q

1. |H- Hoad 8. (F6- Hand
2. +P Lyo 9. H\l Iingoi
3. ~lP Lai 1O. +G- Nail
4. +l|BTl Noso 11. T'- Nock
5. P GP Moull 12. 7(P Bolly
6. (-6- Tooll 13. 76- Tligl
7. |=l Tonguo 14. 9l(- Iog

9 !9l|T I|cucrs
1. TPP Iolus 4. P|-Tl }asmino
2. =9lTBPP Hibiscus 5. B4Tl|-6- Sunflowoi
3. l49!9P Roso

Sulabla Samskilam 24
Bl- 1csics
1. P - Swool 4. H- Soui
2. T9l4- Asliingonl 5. |616- Billoi
3. T - Iungonl 6. 4T- Sally

|(Hl- Dircciicns
1. 7l Noill 3. 9|7Pl Wosl
2. 9 4l Lasl 4. (|Tl Soull

4lBl- Dcqs
1. |44lB- Sunday 5. 64lB- Tluisday
2. BlP4lB- Monday 6. H44lB- Iiiday
3. P\4lB- Tuosday 7. H|+4lB- Saluiday
4. 4 4lB- Wodnosday

4l(+l|+ Vc|ic|cs
1. Tl4l+P Cai 5. ||4Tl Aulo
2. HTP Cail 6. +lTl Boal
3. |4Pl+P Aoioplano 7. P(l+lTl Slip
4. lT4l+P Bus

(P Hcusc
1. ||- Wall 3. |7Tl Biick
2. 7|(- Roof 4. 4l6l4+P Window
Toxlbook
25
5. T4lP Dooi 7. lP Lnlianco
6. Bl9l+P Slops 8. 794+P Gaidon

T 4- Icmi|q
1. |96l Ialloi 5. H=l Lldoi sisloi
2. Pl6l Molloi 6. H=- Lldoi biolloi
3. H+=- Youngoi biolloi 7. |96lP(- (Ialoinal)
Giandfalloi
4. H+=l Youngoi sisloi 8. |96lP(l (Ialoinal)
Giandmolloi

|4Hl4- - Sc|cc|
1. H\4l9T- Toacloi (M) 7. T !TTTP Blackboaid
2. H\4l|9Tl Toacloi (I) 8. 9 F6TP Book
3. 7l- Sludonl (M) 9. HP Iolloi, syllablo
4. 7ll Sludonl (I) 1O. H+l Ioncil
5. 7t9l|Tl Tablo 11. G+l Ion
6. HlB-(- Claii

+6 Sccscn
1. (P-6- Winloi 4. l!P- Summoi
2. |H|H- Cold soason 5. 49l Rainy soason
3. 4B-6- Spiing 6. H6 Aulumn

Sulabla Samskilam 26
PlB- Mcni|
1. PlHl9- 7. 74 U-
2. 9l 9- 8. Hl9l7-
3. Pl- 9. ~l4T-
4. Tl- +- 1O. l9(-
5. - 11. Hl|H+-
6. 4 HlG- 12. Tl| T-
Toxlbook
27
21. 7F6P Ioudly
22. 6 T P Spoodily
23. HH Today
24. 9|6|(+P Lvoiy day
25. |+t4H- Daily
26. G- Yosloiday
27. 9G- Tlo day bofoio
yosloiday
28. H- Tomoiiow
29. 9H- Tlo day afloi
lomoiiow
3O. 6lcHP Iiko llal
31. 6(l+lP Tlon
32. H|9 Also
33. HH Today
34. |T-6 Bul
35. 9-6 Bul
36. 4l - 6l As so
37. 4|( - 6|( If so
38. T Wloio
1. H Hoio
2. 6 Tloio
3. H- Down
4. 79| Abovo
5. 9 4 P Bofoio
6. HF6l6 Bolow
7. H6- In fionl of
8. 9F6l6 Bofoio
9. 9U6- Bolind
1O. 9l6- Moining
11. Bl4P Lvoning
12. |(4l Day
13. +16P Nigll
14. P-(P Slowly
15. HlP Quickly
16. B(Bl Suddonly
17. Bt4P Immodialoly
18. 9P Afloi
19. BH- Inslanlly
2O. 9 l In llo oldon days
Woids llal iomain unclangod in all numbois, casos and gondois aio known as
indoclinablos (avyaya).
H-44l|+
|n!cc|incc|cs

Sulabla Samskilam 28
39. T(l Wlon
4O. (l+lP Now
41. TP How
42. T|6 How many
43. |T46 How mucl
44. |T|P|6 Wly
45. |TP 6 Wlolloi
46. Tl(HP Of wlal kind
47. |4+l Willoul
48. |6 Tlus
49. 4 Iiko
5O. ( Hoio
51. 9+- Again
52. B(l Always
53. B-66P Always
54. B4T Good, woll
55. T+ By any moans
56. BP-66- All aiound
57. H+TH- Many limos,
many ways
58. H6l4 Voiy mucl
59. 9l4 T Moslly
6O. 94P Tlus
61. 9T(l Onco
62. T(l|6 Onco
63. HP Lnougl
64. Pl Don'l
65. 4l Oi
66. G Coilainly
67. H-6lP Bolwoon
68. |+6lP Lnliioly
69. HP Oflon
7O. 66- Tlon
71. 66- 9 |6 Sinco llon
72. H +l Now
73. P(6P Awlilo
74. B( Will
75. T|6 Somoono
76. B4 6- Iiom ovoiy sido
Toxlbook
29
Tloio aio aboul 22OO voib iools (dllu) in Sanskiil. Tloso iools aio classifiod
inlo llioo lypos ` (1) paiasmaipada (2) lmanopada and (3) ublayapada.
Ublayapada las nol boon doall will in llis book.
'Iaiasmai moans 'foi olloi and 'lmano moans 'foi onosolf. Tlus, wlon
aclions aio dono foi ollois sako, paiasmaipad iools aio usod. And, wlon llo
aclions aio dono foi ono's own sako, lmanopad iools aio usod. Tlis
diffoionlialion is mainly lo indicalo llo inlonlion of llo dooi. Iloaso nolo llal
llis iulo is nol followod piosonlly in Sanskiil.
Iaiasmaipad is doall in dolail wlilo lmanopad is doall biiofly al llo ond
of llo couiso.
Tlo voibal iool is loimod 'dllu. Il is usod lo foim llo 'voibal baso'. Many
oxamplos foi voibal iool and voib baso lavo boon givon in llo noxl lwo pagos.
You may nolico llal somo voibal iools clango complololy wlon lloy bocomo
voibal basos.

|44l9( Tll
Vcrcs cn! 1cnscs

l64-
9FP 9(l
HltP+9(l
Sulabla Samskilam 3O
S.Nc Vcrc Rccis Vcrc 8csc Mccning
1. 4 Bo
2. H H Wandoi
3. H H Woislip
4. T9
T9 Ilougl
5. 4l7 4l7 Ilay
6. Gl( Gl( Lal
7. P
7
Go
8. = = Roai
9. l4 Sing
1O. Movo
11. Movo
12. =9
=9 Clanl
13. =-9
=-9 Blabboi
14. |= =4 Conquoi
15. =l4 =l4 Iivo
16. 74 74 Slino
17. 69 69 Hoal
18. t4= t4= Abandon
19. (H (H Bilo
2O. (( (( Buin
21. (l 47 Givo
22. cH 974 Soo
23. + + Danco
24. +P
+P Salulo
25. +-( +-( Glad
Toxlbook
31
26. |+-( |+-( Ciiliciso
27. 9 9 Road
28. 96 96 Iall
29. 9l
|94 Diink
3O. 4
4l Know
31. HP HP Roam
32. Iiolocl
33. 4( 4( Spoak
34. H
Hl Giiovo
35. l4 l4 Run
36. Fl |6U Sland
37. (B (B Iaugl
38. P P Iiboialo
39. |4( |4-( Gol
4O. 4B 4B Iivo
41. |B |B Spiinklo
42. |4H |4H Lnloi
43. |P |P Mool
44. T T4 Toll
45. T T4 Counl
46. |-6 |-64 Tlink
47. 67 6l74 Boal
48. ('7 ('74 Iunisl
49. 9 = 9=4 Woislip
5O. 4 Lal

Sulabla Samskilam 32
4.1. (HTll- ` 1cn Ic|rcs
Lacl of llo voib iool las lon 'lakias (dasa-lakih). Of lloso lon lakias, six
indicalo lonsos (klavcakh) and foui indicalo moods (piakia-bodlakh).
Bosidos llo lon lakias, lloio is ono moio lakia wlicl is callod . Tlis is
usod only in llo Vodas, and is loimod 'Vodic Subjunclivo'.

4.1.1 9Tl4lTl- Six 1cnscs
Oul of llo six lonsos, lloio is only ono lypo in llo piosonl lonso, llioo vaiia-
lions foi pasl lonso, and lwo vaiialions foi llo fuluio lonso.
Iol us lako llo iool (4) and soo llo vaiialions:
1c cxp|cin juri|cr.
1. In 'vailamna (piosonl lonso), 4 bocomos 4|6.
46Pl+- Iiosonl 4|6
= H+H6+6- Iasl Tonso (Impoifocl) H46
= 6- Iasl Tonso (Aoiisl) H 6
| 9l 6- Iasl Tonso (Ioifocl) 4 4
H+H6+|4!46 Iiisl Iuluio |46l
|4!46
Socond Iuluio
|4!4|6
Six 1cnscs
|xcmp|c
1
2
3
4
5
6
Toxlbook
33
Wc ui|| ncu scc i|c i|rcc tcriciicns cj pcsi icnsc.
2. In 'anadyalana-blla (pasl impoifocl lonso), 4 bocomos H46 . Tlis
indicalos 'nol loday moaning, somolling llal lapponod llo piovious day oi
bofoio llal.
3. In 'blla (pasl lonso), 4 bocomos H6 . Tlis indicalos llo immodialo
pasl.
4. In'paioksa-blla (pasl poifocl lonso), 4 bocomos 4 4. Tlis indicalos llo
lisloiical pasl.
|n i|c scmc ucq uc |ctc iuc tcriciicns cj juiurc icnsc.
5. In 'anadyalana-blavisyal (fiisl fuluio), 4 bocomos |46l. Tlis indicalos
'nol loday'. Il could bo llo noxl day oi any limo in llo dislanl fuluio.
6. In 'blavisyal (socond fuluio), 4 bocomos |4!4|6. Tlis indicalos llo
gonoial fuluio (could bo immodialo oi dislanl).

Now lol us go lliougl llo loiminalions of llo llioo basic lonsos: (1) piosonl
(2) fuluio and (3) pasl. Lvon llougl, as monlionod bofoio, lloio aio llioo
vaiialions in llo pasl lonso and lwo vaiialions in llo fuluio lonso, wo will bo
sludying only ono fiom oacl of llo pasl lonso and fuluio lonso.
Tloio aio nino loiminalions foi oacl of llo lakias. Tlo diffoionl
loiminalions indicalo llo diffoionl poison and numboi (Rofoi lo Claploi 5).
Tlo voib baso 9 is lakon as an oxamplo loio (soo noxl pago) lo illuslialo
llo loiminalions lakon by llo voib in llo piosonl, fuluio and llo pasl lonsos.
Sulabla Samskilam 34
Prcscni

Iuiurc

Pcsi
=
!4
oi
F4
9|6 96- 9|-6
9|B 9- 9
9l|P 9l4- 9lP-

9|!4|6 9|!46- 9|!4|-6
9|!4|B 9|!4- 9|!4

9|!4l|P 9|!4l4- 9|!4lP-
H96 H96l H9+

H9- H96 H96

H9P H9l4 H9lP
H
Prcscni icnsc tcrcc| jcrm: Voib baso + Toiminalion
Iuiurc icnsc tcrcc| jcrm : Voib baso + !4/ F4 + Toiminalion
Pcsi icnsc tcrcc| jcrm : H + Voib baso + Toiminalion

4.1.2 t4l- 9Tl4l Tl - Icur Mcc!s
Oul of foui moods (calviah piakiabodlakh), wo will only bo sludying llo
loiminalions of lwo impoilanl moods llo impoialivo and polonlial moods.
Tloio aio nino loiminalions foi oacl of lloso moods. }usl as in llo lonsos,
|6 6- H|-6
|B -

Hl|P Hl4- HlP-
|6 6- H|-6
|B -
Hl|P Hl4- HlP-
6 6l +
H
6 6

HP Hl4 HlP
Icur Mcc!s
l Hll 46
|4||= |4|- 4 6
HlHl|= HlHl- 4l6
= |44l|69|- (B 6-) H|4!46 4
2
3
1
|xcmp|c
|mpcrciitc
Pcicniic|

Benedictive
Ccn!iiicnc|
Toxlbook
35
loio loo, lloio aio diffoionl loiminalions lo indicalo llo diffoionl poison and
numboi.
Tlo voib baso 9 is lakon foi illuslialion.
|mpcrciitc Pcicniic|
l |=
6 6lP H-6
- 6P 6
Hl|+ Hl4 HlP
6 6lP 4 -
- 6P 6
4P 4 P
96 96lP 9-6
9 96P 96
9l|+ 9l4 9lP
9 6 96lP 9 4 -
9 - 96P 9 6
94P 9 4 9P
Sulabla Samskilam 36
In Sanskiil, jusl as in many olloi languagos liko Lnglisl, lloio aio llioo poisons
(puiush). Tloy aio: (1) 9P9 69- ` Tliid poison, (2) P\4P9 69- `
Socond poison and (3) 7P9 69- ` Iiisl poison.
Sanskiil poimils llioo numbois : (1) 9T4+P - Singulai, (2) |4+P ` Dual
and (3) 44+P ` Iluial.
Tlo dual numboi is uniquo lo Sanskiil.

Iloaso nolo llal llo voibal loiminalions dopond on llo poison, numboi and
lonso/mood.
9 69- 4+
Pcrscn cn! Numccr
9T4+P |4+P 4( 4+P

Singulai Dual Iluial
9P-9 69-
III Ioison
B- Ho
Bl Slo
66 Il
6l Tloy lwo
6 Tloy lwo
6 Tloy lwo
6 Tloy all
6l- Tloy all
6l|+ Tloy all
7P-969-
I Ioison
t4P You 4 4lP You lwo 4 4P You all
H(P I Hl4lP Wo lwo 44P Wo all
P\4P-9 69-
II Ioison
Toxlbook
37
Tlo piosonl lonso voibal foimalions foi llo vaiious poisons and numbois lavo
boon indicalod bolow will llo oxamplo of llo voib 9.
9P-9 69- 9|6 96- 9|-6
9T4+P |4+P 4( 4+P
P\4P-9 69- 9|B 9- 9
7P-9 69- 9l|P 9l4- 9lP-
Sulabla Samskilam 38
B- 9|6 6l 96- 6 9|-6
Ho ioads. Tloy (lwo) ioad. Tloy (all) ioad.
Bl 9|6 6 96- 6l- 9|-6
Slo ioads. Tloy (lwo) ioad. Tloy (all) ioad.
66 9|6 6 96- 6l|+ 9|-6
Il ioads. Tloy (lwo) ioad. Tloy (all) ioad.

4l14l|+
Simp|c Scnicnccs
Simplo sonloncos can bo foimod using poison, numboi and voib loiminalions.
+
9|6 96- 9|-6
9|B 9- 9
9l|P 9l4- 9lP-

B- 6l 6
Bl 6 6l-
66 6 6l|+

t4P 4 4lP 4 4P

H(P Hl4lP 44P
Bl
B-
66
9|6 6
6l
6
96- 6l-
6
6l|+
9|-6


lll Person
Toxlbook
39
B- l |94|6 6l l |946- 6 l |94|-6
Bl l |94|6 6 l |946- 6l- l |94|-6
66 l |94|6 6 l |946- 6l|+ l |94|-6
ll Person
t4 9|B 4 4l 9- 4 4 9
You ioad. You (lwo) ioad. You (all) ioad.

l Person
H( 9l|P Hl4l 9l4- 44 9lP-
I ioad. Wo (lwo) ioad. Wo (all) ioad.

6.1 Icrmciicn c j Simp|c Scnicnccs
lll Person
B-
Bl
66
6l
6
6
6
6l-
6l|+
lP
|94|6
|946-
|94|-6
Sulabla Samskilam 4O
|| Pcrscn
t4 ( 4l4 7|B
4 4l ( 4l4 7-
4 4 ( 4l4 7
H( B FT 6 9l|P
Hl4l B FT 6 9l4-
44 B FT 6 9lP-
| Pcrscn
B FT6P
9l|P
9l4-
9lP-
H(P
Hl4lP
44P
( 4l4P
7|B
7-
7
t4P
44lP
4 4P


Toxlbook
41
6.2 Mcrc Simp|c Scnicnccs
1. B- T- Wlo is lo `
2. B- |HT- Ho is a luloi.
3. B- H|Tll Ho is an officoi.
4. 6l Tl Wlo aio lloy (lwo)`
5. 6l H\4l9Tl Tloy (lwo) aio loaclois.
6. 6l 6 l Tloy (lwo) aio clovoi.
7. 6 T Wlo aio lloy `
8. 6 4 4Tl- Tloy aio youll.
9. 6 |Tll- Tloy aio ailisls.
1O. 6 4lTl- Tloy aio boys.

11. Bl Tl Wlo is slo`
12. Bl l6l Slo is Gl.
13. Bl 6l Tlal is a cioopoi.
14. 6 T Wlo aio lloy (lwo)` (I)
15. 6 4l|T Tloy (lwo) aio giils.
16. 6 |('4l Tloy (lwo) aio lousowivos.
17. 6l- Tl- Wlo aio lloy` (I)
18. 6l- B |4Tl- Tloy aio soivanls. (I)
19. 6l- 4 &l- Tloy aio old ladios.
Sulabla Samskilam 42
2O. 6l- +l4 - Tloy aio ladios.
21. 66 |TP Wlal is llal`
22. 66 TP Tlal is a fiuil.
23. 66 (P Tlal is a louso.
24. 6 T Wlal aio lloy (lwo)`
25. 6 9 !9 Tloso (lwo) aio flowois.
26. 6 Tl-4 Tloy (lwo) aio opics.
27. 6l|+ Tl|+ Wlal aio lloy`
28. 6l|+ HlTl|+ Tloso aio oinamonls.
29. 6l|+ 7l|T Tloy aio answois.
3O. 6l|+ Tl-4l|+ Tloy aio pooms.

31. t4 T- Wlo aio you` (M)
32. t4 7l- You aio a sludonl. (M)
33. t4 7ll You aio a sludonl. (I)
34. t4 |PP You aio a fiiond.
35. 4 4l t4l You (lwo) aio soivanls.
36. 4 4l T-4 You (lwo) aio maidons.
37. 4 4l |P You (lwo) aio fiionds.
38. 4 4 T|+Ul- You (all) aio young.
39. t4 7l- 4l Aio you a sludonl` (M)
Toxlbook
43
4O. HlP H( 7l- Yos, I am a sludonl. (M)
41. H( 4 H- I am a docloi. (M)
42. H(P H\4l|9Tl I am a loacloi. (I)
43. Hl4l =Tl Wo (lwo) aio wasloimon.
44. Hl4l |('4l Wo (lwo) aio lousowivos.
45. Hl4l |P Wo (lwo) aio fiionds.
46. 44P H\4l9Tl- Wo aio loaclois. (M)
47. 44 Pl l4l - Wo aio loaclois of Dlaima.
48. 44 |Pl|T Wo aio fiionds.

49. H( Bl B-64l(+ |4Hl4 7l|P I go lo sclool al 7.3O.
5O. H\4l9T- T(l Hl7|6 Wlon doos llo loacloi como`
51. T(l 9lHll4l- Hl- Wlon doos llo sclool slail`
52. B4l + 9746 Iook al ovoiybody.
53. t4 T 7|B` Wloio do you go`
54. P+ !4- T H|F6 Wloio is llo man`
55. T TFPl6 96|6 Wloio doos llo fiuil fall fiom`
56. B 4 - T(l 7( |6 Wlon doos llo sun iiso`
57. P|-( T H|F6 Wloio is llo lomplo`
58. H T- |TP P|-( 7|6 Wly doos llo piiosl go lo llo
lomplo`
Sulabla Samskilam 44
59. lP- |4Hl4 7|6 Rma goos lo llo sclool.
6O. t4|4 PP F+ (- H|T- I lovo you a lol.
61. B- PP (P Hl7|6 Ho comos lo my louso.
62. H( B4 (l 4-6 FPl|P I always iomomboi you.
63. H( Bt4 4(l|P I spoak llo liull.
64. Pl 6 + 9 946 Do nol sond mo lloio.
65. P|4 |4HlB Tl 6 Havo faill in mo.
66. lPF4 B(l (- Bl P- Rmas biolloi is Soma.
67. 4l+ 9l 9|6 You ioad llo losson. (M)
68. 46l |6T |6 You boai a lilak. (I)

69. H( P\4l@ l=+ Tl|P I oal in llo afloinoon.
7O. B- 9l6- 7|!|6 Ho gols up in llo moining.
71. 4lT- Bl4 4l7|6 Boy plays in llo ovoning.
72. H( Hl TTl + 9l|P I don'l sludy wlon I am sad.
73. B- Tl4l 4 7|6 Ho goos lo llo offico.
74. H( 4l|Tl H|FP I am a giil.
75. H( l- H|FP I am biavo.
76. H( |+9 Tl H|FP I am skillod. (I)
77. H(P H\4l9T- H|FP I am a loacloi.
78. 9ll 9H- |4!4|6 Tlo oxam will bo llo day afloi
lomoiiow.
Toxlbook
45
79. 4lT- 9 F6T 9|6 Tlo boy ioads llo book.
8O. HlT- l 6l74|6 Tlo policoman boals llo lliof.
81. TP H 96|6 Tlo fiuil falls loio.
82. |H!4- 97+ 9 7|6 Tlo disciplo asks a quoslion.
83. Bl = +4|6 Slo caiiios waloi.
84. 4 H- Hl 9 47|6 Tlo docloi givos modicino.
85. l|4Tl l6 l4|6 Tlo singoi sings a song. (I)
86. Bl6l 4+ 7|6 Sl goos lo foiosl.
87. l4T- l6 l4|6 Tlo singoi sings a song. (M)
88. 7l- 7l|T FP|6 Tlo sludonl iomombois llo
answois.

89. 4lT- | 974|6 Tlo boy soos llo picluio.
9O. 16- ( 46l +P|6 Tlo dovoloo woislips llo Ioid.
91. |HH - (B|6 Tlo clild laugls.
92. Bl 4F9l+ Tl |6 Slo waslos cloll.
93. T !T- 4B ( 4F4 9 - Kisna is llo son of Vasudova.
94. ( 4Tl T !TF4 =++l Dovak is llo molloi of Kisna.
95. lP- 6F4 H=- Rma is llo oldoi biolloi of Blaiala.
96. lP- H4l \4l4l- + 9- Rma is llo king of Ayodly.
Sulabla Samskilam 46
97. PT- lPF4 H+ =- Iaksmana is llo youngoi biolloi
of Rma.
98. \l |(Pl4l6 94(|6 Gang flows fiom llo Himlayas.

6.3 Scnicnccs jrcm i|c Upcnisc!s cn! i|c 8|cgctc! Gi

1. Bt4 4( Spoak llo liull.
2. P Walk on llo pall of Dlaima.
3. Pl6 ( 4l 4 Woislip molloi as God.
4. |96 ( 4l 4 Woislip falloi as God.
5. Hll4 ( 4l 4 Woislip loacloi as God.
6. H|6|( 4l 4 Woislip guosl as God.
7. Bt4P 4 =46 + H+ 6P Tiull alono wins, nol unliull.
8. 6FPl6 7|U l6 Tloiofoio gol up, O Bliala!
9. + H+ Hl |-6 9|'76l- Tlo wiso novoi giiovo.
1O. 6l+ |6|6F4 l6 Lnduio llom, O Bliala!

11. + H+ Hl |6 P H( |B You slould nol giiovo.
12. BPt4 4l 746 Lvonnoss of mind is callod 'yoga.
13. TP |T 94 H|Tl- 6 Youi iigll is lo woik only.
14. 4l - TP B Tl HP Skill in aclion is 'yoga.
Toxlbook
47
15. 4 |&+lHl6 9T74|6 Man poiislos fiom llo dosliuclion
of lis inlollocl.
16. T 9Tl- T( 64- Wiolclod aio lloy wloso molivo
is llo 'fiuil.
17. P 16B\- BPl Iioo fiom all allaclmonls, acl!
18. 6F4 Tl4 + |4H6 Ho doos nol lavo any duly.
19. 4 \4F4 |4674- Iioo fiom fovoiisl oxcilomonl,
figll!
2O. 7|U6 =l6 Aiiso! Awako!
21. 9T |6 4l|-6 6l|+ Iiving boings follow lloii own
naluio.
22. (+l TP Tl |6- Tlo naluio of kaima is
impondoiablo.
23. ~&l4l+ 6 l+P Tlo man of faill oblains
knowlodgo.
24. 4- 974|6 B 974|6 Ho wlo soos, soos.
25. 9|'76l- BP(|H +- Sagos look al ovoiylling
impailially.
26. F4l4F6 946 6 Il is naluio llal acls.
27. 7& 6 HltP+l HltPl+P Iifl youisolf by youisolf.
28. HltPl 94 HltP+l 4- - Solf alono is llo fiiond of onosolf.
Sulabla Samskilam 48
29. HltPl 94 |9 - HltP+- Ono onosolf is llo onomy of onosolf.
3O. PP Pl4l ( t44l My illusion is difficull lo ciossovoi.
31. PlP+ FP 4 \4 Romomboi mo and figll.
32. + P 16- 9T74|6 My dovoloo novoi poiislos.
33. BP- H( B4 6 9 I am oqual lo all.
34. 4l P 4(l|P H(P I boslow yoga and ksoma.
35. ((l|P 4 |&4l 6P I givo lim llo 'buddli-yoga.
36. PlP 9T HT = Tako iofugo in mo alono.
37. T|!4 4+ 64 I will acl accoiding lo youi woid.
38. 6FPl6 HlF 9PlT 6 Tloiofoio lol llo sciipluios bo youi
aulloiily.
39. F4P |++ ~ 4- Doall wlilo in onos own duly is
moiiloiious.
4O. |+|PPl 4 B-4Bl|+ O lofl landod aicloi! Bo an
insliumonl.
Toxlbook
49

7.1 Dcc|cnsicn cj Ncuns

Tlo loim 'doclonsion moans llo vaiious foims lakon by a noun in llo vaiious
casos and numbois. Wo slall bo piosonlly sludying llo doclonsion of llo nouns
bolonging lo llo llioo gondois.
In Sanskiil, lloio aio sovon casos and ono vocalivo.

H-(- |4|16
Ncuns cn! Ccscs

Wo lavo alioady sludiod llo following:
(1) Masculino Nouns usually ond will H-, - and 7-
(2) Iominino Nouns usually ond will Hl and and
(3) Nouloi Nouns usually ond will HP .
H-(l-
Nouns
9|-\-
Masculino Nouns
Fl|\-
Iominino Nouns
+9 BT|\-
Nouloi Nouns
lP- P |+- 6-
6l
+(l
TP
Sulabla Samskilam 5O

App|icciicn cj ccscs in lP-H-(-

lPl l=P|T- B(l |4=46 lP P H =
lP T H|(6l |+HlP - lPl4 6FP +P-
lPl6 +l|F6 9l4T 96 lPF4 (lBl 5F4(P
lP |4- B(l 46 P l lP PlP &+
Vicloiy lo Rma, llo bosl of llo kings. I woislip Rma, llo loid of Sl. Aimios
of llo domons woio killod by Rma. Salulalions lo llo Rma. Tloio is no
bolloi iosoil llan Rma. I am a soivanl of Rma. May my mind bo absoibod
in Rma. Ol! Rma, piolocl mo.

7.1.1 HTll-6- 9 |-\- lP-H-(-

I (subjocl) lP- lPl lPl-
II (to, object) lPP lPl lPl+
III (with, by) lP T lPl-4lP lP-
IV (for) lPl4 lPl-4lP lP -4-
V (from, than) lPl6 lPl-4lP lP -4-
VI (of) lPF4 lP4l- lPlTlP
VII (in, on) lP lP4l- lP 9
Vocative ( lP ( lPl ( lPl-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Toxlbook
51

App|icciicn cj ccscs in T !T-H-(-

T !Tl 6 +l =t4 6- T !T +PF4l4(P
T !T + HPH4l |4|+(6l- T !Tl4 6FP +P-
T !Tl6 94 BP |t6 =|(( T !TF4 (lBl 5F4(P
T !T |6U|6 B4 P 6(|G ( T !T F4 PlP +
May Kisna, llo loacloi of llo llioo woilds piolocl us. I salulo Kisna. Tlo
domons wlo aio onomios of Gods aio killod by Kisna. Salulalions lo llal Kisna.
Tlis woild las spiung fiom Kisna alono. I am llo soivanl of Kisna. All llis
onliioly slays in Kisna. O Kisna, savo mo!
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. ( 4- God
2. +- Man
HTll-6- 9 |-\- T !T-H-(-
I (subjocl)
T !T- T !Tl T !Tl-
II (lo, objocl) T!TP T !Tl T!Tl+
III (will, by) T!T+ T!Tl-4lP T !T -
IV (foi) T !Tl4 T!Tl-4lP T !T -4-
V (fiom, llan) T!Tl6 T!Tl-4lP T !T -4-
VI (of) T!TF4 T !T4l - T!Tl+lP
VII (in, on) T !T T !T4l - T !T 9
Vocalivo ( T !T ( T !Tl ( T !Tl-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Sulabla Samskilam 52
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. H|- Lnomy
2. T|4- Iool
3. 9|6- Ioadoi
4. H|P- Iiio
5. (|- Ioid Visnu

3. H=- Goal
4. =- Lloplanl
5. ('7- Slick
6. - Claiiol
7. (l9- Iamp
8. 94 6- Hill

7.1.2 Tll-6- 9 |-\- P |+-H-(- (Sago)

I (subjocl) P |+- P +l P+4-
II (lo, objocl) P |+P P +l P+l+
III (will, by) P |++l P|+-4lP P |+|-
IV (foi) P +4 P|+-4lP P|+-4-
V (fiom, llan) P + - P|+-4lP P|+-4-
VI (of) P + - P-4l- P+l+lP
VII (in, on) P +l P-4l- P|+9
VIII (vocalivo) ( P + ( P +l ( P +4-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Toxlbook
53
I (subjocl) 6- - 4-
II (lo, objocl) 6P - -+
III (will, by) 6Tl 6-4lP 6|-
IV (foi) 4 6-4lP 6-4-
V (fiom, llan)
l-
6-4lP 6-4-
VI (of) l- 4l-
-TlP
VII (in, on)
l 4l-
69
VIII (vocalivo) ( l ( - ( 4-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. H- Ioid Siva
2. |9 - Lnomy
3. -- Moon
4. 66- Tioo
5. |4 - Moon
6. |4!T - Ioid Visnu
7. P6- Mounl Sumoiu
8. +6- Soason
9. 4- - Rolalivo
1O. 9- Ioid oi masloi

7.1.3 7Tll-6- 9 |-\- 6-H-(- (Toacloi)

Sulabla Samskilam 54
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. |-6l Woiiy, llougll
2. 7l4l Slado
3. Pll Gailand
4. |4Hl Lducalion, knowlodgo, loaining
5. 9|Tl Box
6. Bl Noclai
7. B+l Tonguo
8. |99l|Tl Anl
9. +lTl Boal
1O. +l|BTl Noso

7.1.4 HlTll-6- Fl|\- 6l-H-(- (Cioopoi)

I (subjocl)
6l 6 6l-
II (lo, objocl)
6lP 6 6l-
III (will, by) 64l 6l-4lP 6l|-
IV (foi) 6l4 6l-4lP 6l-4-
V (fiom, llan) 6l4l- 6l-4lP 6l-4-
VI (of) 6l4l- 64l- 6l+lP
VII
(
in, on) 6l4lP 64l- 6lB
VIII (vocalivo) ( 6 ( 6 ( 6l-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Toxlbook
55
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. ( 4l Goddoss
2. P(l Laill
3. ll Iaival
4. +ll Woman
5. G+l Ion
6. =++l Molloi
7. P-(l|T+l Hovonly Gangas
8. l|(+l Tlundoi-boll
9. 9l4 6l Consoil of Ioid Siva
1O.Pl Consoil of Ioid Visnu

7.1.5 Tll-6- Fl|\- +(l-H-(- (Rivoi)

I (subjocl)
+(l +Hl +H-
II (lo, objocl) +(lP +Hl +(l-
III (will, by) +Hl +(l-4lP +(l|-
IV (foi) +H +(l-4lP +(l-4-
V (fiom, llan) +Hl- +(l-4lP +(l-4-
VI (of) +Hl- +Hl - +(l+lP
VII (in, on) +HlP +Hl - +(l9
VIII (vocalivo) ( +|( ( +Hl ( +H-
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
Sulabla Samskilam 56
Dcc|inc i|c jc||cuing ncuns.
1. HP Iood
2. Tl-4P Iooliy
3. +P Woalll
4. 9!9P Ilowoi
5. l+P Knowlodgo
6. P Iiold
7. l+P Lyo
8. 4TP Sall
9. lP Milk
1O. 4+P Houso

Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|

I (subjocl) TP T Tl|+
II (lo, objocl) TP T Tl|+
III (will, by) T + Tl-4lP T -
IV (foi) Tl4 Tl-4lP T -4-
V (fiom, llan) Tl6 Tl-4lP T -4-
VI (of) TF4 T4l - Tl+lP
VII (in, on) T T4l - T 9
VIII (vocalivo)
( T ( T ( Tl|+
7.1.6 HTll-6- +9 BT|\- T-H-(- (Iiuil)
Toxlbook
57
B4 +lP-H-(l-
P\4P-9 69- 7P-9 69-
B-
Bl 6( 4 !P(
HFP(
Ho Slo Il (Tlal) You I
9P-9 69-

7.2.1 (Tll-6- 9 |-\- 6( -H-(- (Ho)

.2 Dcc|cnsicn cj Prcncuns scrtcnmc-scc!c/

Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
II (lo, objocl) 6P 6l
6l+
III (will, by) 6 + 6l-4lP 6-
IV (foi)
6FP
6l-4lP
6 -4-
V (fiom, llan) 6FPl6 6l-4lP
6 -4-
VI (of) 6F4 64l - 69lP
VII (in, on) 6|FP+ 64l - 69
I (subjocl)
B- 6l 6
Sulabla Samskilam 58
7.2.2 (Tll-6- Nl|\- 6( -H-(- (Slo)
7.2.3 (Tll-6- +9 BT|\- 6( -H-(- (Tlal)
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
I (subjocl) 66
6 6l|+
II (lo, objocl) 66
6 6l|+
III (will, by)
6 +
6l-4lP
6-
IV (foi)
6FP
6l-4lP
6 -4-
V (fiom, llan)
6FPl6 6l-4lP 6 -4-
VI (of)
6F4 64l - 69lP
VII (in, on)
6|FP+ 64l - 69
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
I (subjocl)
Bl 6 6l-
II (lo, objocl) 6lP 6 6l-
III (will, by) 64l 6l-4lP 6l|-
IV (foi) 6F4 6l-4lP 6l-4-
V (fiom, llan) 6F4l- 6l-4lP 6l-4-
VI (of) 6F4l-
64l -
6lBlP
VII (in, on) 6F4lP 64l - 6lB

Toxlbook
59
7.2.5 (Tll-6- HFP( -H-(- ( I )
(Scmc in c|| i|c i|rcc gcn!crs)
Ncic. Tloio is no vocalivo foim foi pionouns.
Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
I (subjocl) t4P 44lP 4 4P
II (lo, objocl) t4lP-t4l 44lP-4lP 4 !Pl+-4-
III (will, by) t44l 4 4l-4lP 4 !Pl|-
IV( foi)
6-4P-6 4 4l-4lP -4lP 4!P-4P-4-
V (fiom, llan)
t46 4 4l-4lP 4!P6
VI (of ) 64-6 444l--4lP 4!PlTP-4-
VII (in, on) t4|4 4 44l - 4!PlB


Ccsc Singu|cr Duc| P|urc|
I (subjocl) H(P Hl4lP 44P
II (lo, objocl) PlP-Pl Hl4lP-+l HFPl+-+-
III (will, by) P4l Hl4l-4lP HFPl|-
IV (foi) PGP-P Hl4l-4lP-+l
HFP-4P-+-
V (fiom, llan) P6 Hl4l-4lP HFP6
VI (of)
PP-P Hl44l --+l HFPlTP-+-
VII (in, on)
P|4 Hl44l - HFPlB
7.2.4 (Tll-6- 4 !P( -H-(- (You)
(Scmc in c|| i|c i|rcc gcn!crs)
Sulabla Samskilam 6O
Upasaigas oi piofixos aio addod lo llo voib iools, lo modify, inlonsify and
somolimos lo alloi llo oiiginal sonso of llo iools. Somolimos lloy aio piofixod
willoul any alloialion lo llo iool sonso. Tloio aio lwonly lwo upasaigas in all.
1. 9 Moio, ligloi
2. 9l Opposilo, againsl
3. H9 Away, sopaialion
4. BP Coincido, congiuonlly
5. H+ Iavouiablo, afloi, accoiding lo
6. H4 Downwaids
7. |+B Iow
8. |+ Iow
9. B Wickod
1O. Bad
11. |4 Moio, opposilo, divoigonl
12. Hl On llis sido
13. |+ To vacalo, lo omply
14. H| In, on, abovo, ovoi
15. H|9 Moioovoi
16. H|6 Voiy mucl
17. B Bosl
18. 76 On, abovo, ovoi
19. H| In fionl of
2O. 9|6 Conliaiy lo
21. 9| Lvoiywloio
22. 79 Noai, moio

79Bl-
Prcjixcs
Toxlbook
61
1|c cpp|icciicn cj upcscrgc ic tcrcc| rccis.
H|6, llo upasaiga, combinos will llo voibal iool 4P lo bocomo H|64lP|6.
H|6 + 4P = H|64lP|6 goos boyond.

Tlo following is a samplo lisl of voibal foimalions wlon llo upasaiga joins
will llo voibal iool.
79Bl - l64- Voibal Ioim Moaning
1. H| P H|7|6 To gol
2. H+ T H+Tl|6 Imilalos
3. H9 +l H9+4|6 Takos away
4. H|9 l H|9(l|6 Covois
5. H| P H|7|6 Goos afloi
6. H4 P+ H4P-46 Disiospocls
7. Hl P Hl7|6 Comos
8. 76 P 7J7|6 Goos up
9. 79 T 79Tl|6 Obligos
1O. B / l|6 Acls badly
11. |+ |(H |+|( H|6 Commands
12. |+B /|+ P |+7|6 Goos oul
13. 9l |= 9l=46 Dofoals
14. 9| l 9|(l|6 Ilacos all iound
15. 9 9(|6 Sliikos
16. 9|6 T 9|6Tl |6 Acls in opposilo
17. |4 4l |44lTl|6 Solls
18. BP B (|6 Doslioys
19. B T BTl|6 Doos woll
Sulabla Samskilam 62
Nolo low llo moaning of llo iool (lo lako away) clangos wlon il combinos
will vaiious upasaigas:
9 + = 9(|6 boals
B + = B(|6 kills
Hl + = Hl(|6 biings
|4 + = |4(|6 plays
9| + = 9|(|6 iomovos

Iollowing aio llo clangos offoclod in llo moaning by diffoionl upasaigas

coming logolloi will llo doiivalivos of iool (lo bo):
9 + = 96P abundanl
= 94- biill
= 9l4- piowoss
= 9- loid, lusband
9l + = 9l4- dofoal
H9 + = H9|6- iuin
BP + = B4|6 cioalion
H+ + = H+4- oxpoiionco
|4 + = |44- woalll
H|6 + = H|64+P boing llo gioalosl of all
7( + = 74P biill
9| + = 9|4P insull

Two oi moio upasaigas may also bo combinod and piofixod lo ono

voibal iool:
Toxlbook
63
H| + |+ + |4H = H||+|4H6 lo onloi inlo will iosolulion
BP + 79 + Hl + P = BP 9l7|6 lo como inlo closo conlacl

Tlo following sonloncos aio givon as oxamplos lo illuslialo low llo upasaigas
aio usod in consliucling sonloncos:
1. 4l|Tl 9P 74P H-4 |6 Giil woislips llo Ioid.
2. 4lT- |4Hl4l6 Hl7|6 Boy comos fiom llo sclool.
3. Bl =P H9+4|6 Slo lakos away waloi.
4. B- 4+ 9|4H|6 Ho onlois llo louso.
Sulabla Samskilam 64

9.1 6 P + -9t44-
Tlo suffix 6 P is addod lo llo voibs lo indicalo llo puiposo of aclion.
|xcmp|c. lP- 9|6 |4Hl4 7|6 Rma goos lo sclool in cr!cr ic siu!q.
Onco llo 6 P + -9t44 is addod lo llo voibal doiivalivo, il bocomos an
indoclinablo, wlicl moans llal llo woid will bo llo samo in all gondois, casos
and numbois.
Iialyaya oi suffix is addod al llo ond of voibal iool lo liansfoim llo voibal
iool inlo indoclinablo, impoifocl voib, dofinilo voib, pasl lonso of voib, piosonl
conlinuous lonso of voib and so on.
Tlo following aio somo impoilanl suffixos:
9t44l-
Sujjixcs

9t44l-
4. H+l4
5. 6-46
6. 1646
7. 16
8. H6
3. -49
2. 1t4l
1. 6P +
Toxlbook
65
1. 9|6P To ioad
2. |6P To piolocl
3. 4l|6P To bog
4. (l6P ` To lold
5. |G6P To wiilo
6. 4|B6P ` To livo
7. l|46P To iun
8. |4Pl|6P To ioloaso
9. |46 P To bocomo
1O. 4l|6P To loacl
11. =l|46P To livo
12. =|-96P To blabboi
13. |-6|46P To llink
14. Gl|(6P To oal
15. |+|-(6P To ciiliciso
16. ('7|46P To punisl
17. 416P To spoak
18. Hl-6P To como
19. -6P To go
2O. 9l6P To diink
21. ~l6P To loai
22. (6P To snalcl
23. 66P To cioss
24. T6P To do
25. (-6P To kill
26. -P To gol
27. 4l|76 P To play
28. 9|66P To fall
29. Fl6P To sland
3O. P6P To dio
31. 9l|46P To nuiluio
32. H|6P To woislip
9.2 1t4l-9t44-
Tlo suffix t4l is addod only lo iools llal aio nol piofixod by upasaiga. Il
donolos llo sonso of advoibial pasl pailiciplo (piofix). Afloi laving complolod
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.

Sulabla Samskilam 66
an aclion, if llo subjocl doos anolloi aclion, llon, llo 1t4l suffix is addod lo
llo complolod aclion.
|xcmp|c: lP- 9|t4l 4l|76 7|6 Hcting rcc!, Rma goos lo play.
Tlo voibal foims foimod will 1t4l suffix aio also indoclinablos.
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.
1. 9|t4l Having ioad
2. ||Gt4l Having wiillon
3. l|4t4l Having iun
4. 7|(t4l Having iison
5. 7|9t4l Having livod
6. (|Bt4l Having lauglod
7. |t4l Having pioloclod
8. (lt4l ` Having lold
9. |4t4l Having oalon
1O. T|4t4l Having counlod
11. l |4t4l Having slolon
12. |4t4l Having composod
13. 4l|4t4l Having boggod
14. 6l7|4t4l Having boalon
15. T|4t4l Having lold
16. |-6|4t4l Having llougll
17. |P|t4l Having mol
18. t4l Having boon
19. (t4l Having killod
2O. t4l Having gono
21. 9lt4l Having diunk
22. +t4l Having pioslialod
23. FPt4l Having iomomboiod
24. |=t4l Having conquoiod
25. c!4l Having lookod
26. ~t4l Having loaid
27. T t4l Having dono
28. t41t4l Having givon up
29. Pt4l Having considoiod
3O. H|t4l Having Wandoiod
Toxlbook
67
9.3 -49 -9t44-
-49-9t44 las llo samo funclion as 1t4l-9t44, bul llo only diffoionco is llal, in
-49 -9t44 (4) is suffixod wlon llo voibal foim las an upasaiga piofixod lo il.
|xcmp|c: Wlon llo -49 is addod lo l, wlicl las llo |4 upasaiga, il bocomos
|4l4.
|4 + l + -49 = |4l4 Hcting |ncun
Willoul upasaiga, l bocomos lt4l.
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
1. Hl + = Hl( 4 Having callod
2. |+ + 4- = |+4\4 Having bound
3. Hl + (l = Hl(l4 Having biougll
4. 9 + = 9 t4 Having ioaclod
5. Hl + 9 = Hl9 4 Having fillod up
6. 9 + |4H = 9|474 Having onloiod
7. |4 + l = |4l4 Having dissolvod
8. BP + FP = BFPt4 Having llougll woll
9. H| + = Hlt4 Having gol
1O. Hl + 97 = Hl974 Having askod
11. |+ + P7= = |+P774 Having sunk
12. 7( + Fl = 7tl4 Having gol up
13. |+B + | = |+|t4 Having docidod
14. BP + T = BFTt4 Having puiifiod
Sulabla Samskilam 68
15. 9 + 4 = 9l4 Having lold
16. Hl + 6( = Hl6G Having climbod
17. Hl + P- = HlP--4 Having discussod
18. 9 + +P = 9T4 Having pioslialod
19. Hl + P = Hlt4/Hl4 Having como
2O. 9 + 4l = 94l \4 Having oducalod

9.4 H+l4 -9t44-

Wlon llo H+l4 9t44 is addod lo llo voibal iool, llo polonlial passivo pailiciplo
is foimod. Il convoys a sonso of 'nocossily' oi 'command'.
|xcmp|c. ~lPll4T- FPTl4- Ioid Niyana is ic cc rcmcmccrc!.
Tlo doiivalivos foimod using llis suffix agioos will llo noun in gondoi,
numboi and caso.
|xcmp|c.
Masculino Gondoi 9+l4-
Iominino Gondoi 9+l4l
Nouloi Gondoi 9+l4P
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
1. TTl4P To bo dono
2. 9+l4P To bo ioad
3. P+l4P Havo lo go
4. 4(+l4P To bo caiiiod
5. (++l4P To bo killod
6. (B+l4P Havo lo laugl
7. 4(+l4P To bo spokon
8. 4+l4P To bo spokon
9. (l+l4P To bo givon
1O. (H +l4P To bo soon
Toxlbook
69
11. ~4Tl4P To bo loaid
12. (+l4P To bo splil
13. |+-(+l4P To bo condomnod
14. t4=+l4P To bo givon up
15. l=+l4P To bo consumod
9.5 6-46 -9t44-
Tlo usago of 6-46 -9t44 is similai lo H+l4 -9t44. Tlo only spocialily is llal
llo aspocls of 'nocossily' and 'command' aio sliossod moio in llo 6-46-9t44
llan H+l4 -9t44.
|xcmp|c: T6 -4 ( 4Pl|@TP Tlo ioligious iilos cug|i ic cc !cnc.
Tlo doiivalivos foimod using llis suffix agioos will llo noun in gondoi,
numboi and caso.
|xcmp|c.
Masculino Gondoi 9|6-4-
Iominino Gondoi 9|6-4l
Nouloi Gondoi 9|6-4P
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.
16. Gl(+l4P lo bo oalon
17. =4+l4P lo bo conquoiod
18. 4l=+l4P lo bo linkod
19. +4+l4P lo bo caiiiod
2O. FPTl4P lo bo iomomboiod

1. 9|6-4P Musl bo ioad

2. l|96-4P Musl bo spokon
3. l16-4P Musl bo onjoyod
4. G|+6-4P Musl bo dug
5. 4l |6-4P Musl bo oducalod
6. T6 -4P Musl bo dono
7. t416-4P Musl bo givon up
8. (l6-4P Musl bo givon
9. ~l 6-4P Musl bo loaid
1O. Pl|= 6-4P Musl bo puiifiod
Sulabla Samskilam 7O

9.6 1646 -9t44-
Tlo pasl aclivo pailiciplo is foimod by adding llo suffix 1646 lo llo voibal
iool and las llo samo moaning as llal of llo voibal pasl lonso.
|xcmp|c. lP- |4Hl4 64l+ (H76 ) Rma ucni lo sclool.
Tlus 64l+ and H76 moan ono and llo samo.
Tlo doiivalos foimod using llis suffix agioo will llo noun in gondoi, numboi
and caso.
|xcmp|c.
Masculino Gondoi 9|64l+
Iominino Gondoi 9|646l
Nouloi Gondoi 9|646
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.
1. 64l+ Wonl 4. 9U4l+ Askod
2. T64l+ Did 5. l|464l+ Ran
3. |F64l+ Slood 6. 9|64l+ Road
11. B|(6-4P Musl bo boino
12. |G6-4P Musl bo wiillon
13. 6|6-4P Musl bo ciossod ovoi
14. 4l|76-4P Musl bo playod
15. T|46-4P Musl bo lold
16. |6-4P Musl bo pioloclod
17. =6-4P Musl bo conquoiod
18. Fl6-4P Musl bo posilionod
19. (-6-4P Musl bo killod
2O. F+l6-4P Musl bo ballod
21. l6-4P Musl bo known
22. 7-4P Musl bo soon
23. +6-4P Musl bo caiiiod
24. 9l6-4P Musl bo diunk
25. -6-4P Musl bo gono
26. 4-4P Musl bo spokon
Toxlbook
71
7. +PFT64l+ Iioslialod
8. (l64l+ Hold
9. 7164l+ Told
1O. c74l+ Iookod
11. Gl|(64l+ Alo
12. H|64l+ Roamod
13. Fl|964l+ Lslablislod
14. t4164l+ Gavo up
15. 9 |964l+ Sonl
16. |-64l+ Tliow
17. ~ 64l+ Hoaid
18. 9l64l+ Diank
19. |=64l+ Conquoiod
2O. ||G64l+ Wiolo
21. Hl(64l+ Callod
22. +l64l+ Caiiiod
23. Hl+l64l+ Biougll
24. ||-664l+ Tlougll
25. Hl|64l+ Did
26. l64l+ Know

9.7 16-9t44-
Tlo pasl passivo pailiciplo is foimod by adding 16-9t44 lo llo liansilivo voibal
iools.
|xcmp|c: l4T- (6- Rvana |cs cccn |i||c!.
Tlo voibal doiivalivo foimod using llis suffix agioos will llo noun in
gondoi, numboi and caso.
|xcmp|c.
Masculino Gondoi T6-
Iominino Gondoi T6l
Nouloi Gondoi T6P
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.
1. T 6- Has boon dono 3. 6- Has boon gono
2. ~ 6- Has boon loaid 4. c7- Has boon lookod
Sulabla Samskilam 72
5. 9l6- Has boon diunk
6. +l6- Has boon caiiiod
7. 9|6- Has boon ioad
8. 6l|76- Has boon boalon
9. (6- Has boon killod

9.8 H6-9t44-
Tlo piosonl pailiciplo is foimod by adding H6-9t44 lo llo voibal iool. Tlis
las llo sonso of piosonl conlinuous lonso.
|xcmp|c: lP- l4+ 7|6 Rma goos singing.
Tlo voibal doiivalivo foimod using llis suffix agioos will llo noun
in gondoi, numboi and caso.
|xcmp|c.
Masculino Gondoi T4+
Iominino Gondoi T4-6l
Nouloi Gondoi T46
Hcrc crc c jcu cxcmp|cs.
1O. |=6- Has boon conquoiod
11. ||G6- Has boon wiillon
12. T|6- Has boon lold
13. t416- Has boon givon up
14. l6- Has boon known
1. T4+ Doing
2. 7+ Going
3. Hl7+ Coming
4. 9+ Roading
5. H '4+ Hoaiing
6. t4=+ Giving up
7. l4+ Running
8. 9l4+ Iiolocling
Toxlbook
73
1 9TP {
2 -
3 l|T (
4 t4l| v
5 9 -
6 9 \
7 B8
8 H7 <
9 +4
1O (H {
11 9Tl(H {{
B=4l-
Numcrc|s
12 l(H {-
13 4l (H {(
14 6 ( H {v
15 9(H {-
16 9l 7H {\
17 B-6(H {
18 H7l(H {<
19 +4(H/ {
9Tl +|4 H|6
2O |4 H|6- -
Nolo llal llo numboi ninoloon las lwo appollalions +4(H and 9Tl +|4 H|6-
7+ moans loss. 9T - 7+ - |4 H|6- moans, 1 loss llan 2O. Tlis applios foi 29, 39,
49 and so on.
21 9T|4H|6- -{
22 l|4 H|6- --
23 4l |4 H|6- -(
24 6|4H|6- -v
25 9|4H|6- --
26 97|4H|6- -\
27 B-6|4H|6- -
28 H7l|4 H|6- -<
29 +4|4H|6-/ -
9Tl+|H6
3O | H6 (
31 9T|H6 ({
32 l| H6 (-
33 4|F H6 ((
Sulabla Samskilam 74
34 6 |F H6 (v
35 9| H6 (-
36 9 | H6 (\
37 B-6|H6 (
38 H7l| H6 (<
39 +4|H6/ (
9Tl +t4l|

H6
4O t4l| H6 v
41 9Tt4l|

H6 v{
42 |t4l|

H6 v-
43 |t4l|

H6 v(
44 6 7t4l|

H6 vv
45 9t4l|

H6 v-
46 9 t4l| H6 v\
47 B-6t4l|H6 v
48 H7t4l| H6 v<
49 +4t4l| H6/ v
9Tl+9lH6
5O 9lH6 -
51 9T9lH6 -{
52 |9lH6 --
53 |9lH6 -(
54 6 -9lH6 -v
55 99lH6 --
56 9 9lH6 -\
57 B-69lH6 -
58 H79lH6 -<
59 +49lH6/ -
9Tl+9|!-
6O 9|7- \
61 9T9|!- \{
62 |9|!- \-
63 |9|!- \(
64 6-|!- \v
65 99|!- \-
66 99|!- \\
67 B-69|!- \
68 H79|!- \<
69 +49|!-/ \
9Tl+B-6|6-
7O B-6|6-
71 9TB-6|6- {
72 |B-6|6- -
73 |B-6|6- (
74 6-B-6|6- v
75 9B-6|6- -
Toxlbook
75
76 9B-6|6- \
77 B-6B-6|6-
78 H7B-6|6- <
79 +4B-6|6-/
9Tl+lHl|6-
8O HHl|6- <
81 9TlHl|6- <{
82 Hl|6- <-
83 -4Hl|6- <(
84 6 Hl|6- <v
85 9lHl|6- <-
86 97Hl|6- <\
87 B-6lHl|6- <
88 H7lHl|6- <<
89 +4lHl|6-/ <
9Tl++4|6-
9O +4|6-
91 9T+4|6- {
92 |+4|6- -
93 |+4|6- (
94 6+4|6- v
95 9+4|6- -
96 9'T4|6- \
97 B-6+4|6-
98 H7+4|6- <
99 +4+4|6-/
9Tl+H6P
1OO H6P {
2OO |H6P -
3OO |H6P (
4OO 6-H6P v
5OO 9H6P -
6OO 9H6P \
7OO B-6H6P
8OO H7H6P <
9OO +4H6P
1,OOO B(UP {
1O,OOO H46P {
1,OO,OOO P {
1O,OO,OOO |+46P {
1,OO,OO,OOO Tl|- {
Sulabla Samskilam 76
94l -
Vcicc

94l -
Voico
TP |T94l -
Iassivo Voico
Sanskiil languago poimils llioo kinds of voico: (1) T6 |94l - (2) TP |T94l -
and (3) l4 94l -. Wo will bo sludying only llo fiisl lwo voicos in llis couiso.
(1) T6 |94l - cr Aciitc Vcicc In llis llo subjocl (kail) is piincipal and llo
voib agioos will llo subjocl in poison, numboi and gondoi.
(2) TP |T94l - cr Pcssitc Vcicc In llis llo objocl (kaima) is piincipal and llo
voib agioos will llo objocl in poison, numboi and gondoi.
Tlo lmanopad loiminalions play an impoilanl iolo in clanging a sonlonco
fiom kailaiipiayoga lo kaimanipiayoga. Tlo following lablo givos llo piosonl
lonso and llo pasl lonso lmanopad loiminalions.

T6 |94l -
Aclivo Voico
Toxlbook
77
HltP+ 9(l 1crminciicns
In oidoi lo clango aclivo voico voib inlo passivo voico voib, 4 is addod lo llo
voibal iool and llon llo HltP+9(l loiminalions aio addod.
|xcmp|c.
Aciitc Vcicc . 9|6
Pcssitc Vcicc. 946
Tlus, in oidoi lo clango llo aclivo voico 9|6 inlo passivo voico, llo voibal
iool 9 (lo cook) is lakon, 4 is addod, and llon llo piosonl lonso loiminalion
of HltP+ 9(l is addod.
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
1. +P|6 +46 ( +P lo woislip)
2. 9|6 96 ( 9 lo loain)
3. 4l|6 4l46 ( 4l lo bog)
4. +4|6 +l46 ( +l lo load)
Iiosonl () Iasl (=)
6 6lP H-6
l- lP \4P
Hl4|( HlP|(
96 9 6 9-6
9B 9 9\4
9 9l4( 9lP(

H96 H9 6lP H9-6

H9l- H9 lP H9\4P
H9 H9l4|( H9lP|(
6 6 H-6
B \4
Hl4( HlP(
Sulabla Samskilam 78
In passivo voico, llo subjocl lakos llo lliid caso and llo objocl lakos llo fiisl
caso. Tlo voib musl agioo will llo objocl in numboi and poison.
|xcmp|c.
16- ( 4 +P|6 Tlo dovoloo woislips llo Ioid. (A.V.)
16 + ( 4- +46 Tlo Ioid is boing woislippod by llo dovoloo. (I.V.)
In oidoi lo clango llo aclivo voico sonlonco 16- (4 +P|6 inlo a passivo
voico sonlonco, clango llo subjocl 16- lo ils lliid caso and llo objocl ( 4 lo ils
fiisl caso, and llo voib inlo ils passivo foim. Tlon wo gol llo passivo voico
sonlonco 16 + ( 4- +46

Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.

1. Bl6l l =+ 9|6 Sl cooks food. (A.V.)
Bl64l l =+ 946 Tlo food is boing cookod by Sl. (I.V.)
2. + 9- l ('74|6 Tlo king punislos llo lliof. (A.V.)
+ 9 T l - ('7 46 Tlo lliof is boing punislod by llo king. (I.V.)
3. H( ( 4l+ 9 =4l|P I woislip llo dovas. (A.V.)
P4l ( 4l- 9 74-6 Tlo dovas aio woislippod by mo. (I.V.)
4. t4l- l +4|-6 Tlo soivanls aio caiiying load. (A.V.)
t4 - l- +l46 Tlo load is boing caiiiod by llo soivanls. (I.V.)
5. H( B FT 6 9l|P I sludy Sanskiil. (A.V.)
P4l B FT 6 9 46 Sanskiil is sludiod by mo. (I.V.)
Toxlbook
79
Wlon lwo woids como logolloi, llo lasl lolloi of llo fiisl woid and llo fiisl
lolloi of llo socond woid aio combinod logolloi using coilain iulos. Tlo
combinalion of lloso lollois is known as 'sandli.
Tloio aio llioo kinds of sandlis:
(1) F4-B|-- Wlon lwo vowols aio combinod logolloi il is known as
'svaia-sandli.
(2) -4V+-B|-- Wlon lwo consonanls aio combinod logolloi il is known as
'vyajana-sandli.
(3) |4B -B|-- Wlon visaiga (:) is joinod will any vowol oi a consonanl il is
known as 'visaiga-sandli.

Tlo following lablo givos a complolo classificalion of all llo lollois of llo
Sanskiil alplabol. Tlis lablo will bo usoful wlilo loaining sandlis ospocially
vyajana-sandli.
B|--
Ccmcinciicn

9 and 9 aio boll gulluial and palalal, Hl and Hl aio gulluial and labial, and 4
is boll donlal and labial.
T G = (
H 7 = H 4
9 7 7 T
B 6 ( +
9 T 4 P 4
Tl-4V+l|+
Hcr! Ccnscncnis
F4l-
Vcuc|s
P -4V+l|+
Scji Ccnscncnis
H Hl

+ +

7 7
7!PlT-

Sibilanls
H-99lT
Unaspiialo
P(l9lT
Aspiialo
P(l9lT
Aspiialo
H-6-F
Somivowols
H+ +l|BT
Nasals
H-99lT
Unaspiialo
P(l9lT
Aspiialo
-4V+l|+ Ccnscncnis
Sulabla Samskilam 8O
Tlo following lablo givos llo llioo lypos of sandlis and lloii subdivisions.
1. (l B|--
2. TB|--
3. 4 |&B|--
4. 4T B|--
5. H4l|(B|--
6. 9 4 -9B|--
7. 9-9B|--
8
. 9 GB|--
1. t4 B|--
2. =7t4B|--
3. H+ +l|BTB|--
4. H+ F4lB|--
5.
9B4T B|--
6.
t4B|--
7. 7 t4B|--
8.
94B4TB|--
9. 7t4B|--
1O. =P 7lPB|--
F4-B|--
(H B|--)
-4V+-B|--
(( B|--)
|4B -B|--
1. 7Tl-
2. l 9-
3. T-
4. BTl-

B|--
Toxlbook
81
12.1.1 (l B|--
HT- B4T (l - Pnini Sirc (6.1.101)
If H, , 7, and + sloil oi long, aio followod by llo samo vowol sloil oi long
lloy aio combinod lo mako llo long vowol Hl, , 7 and +.
|xcmp|c. P + H|- = P l|-
Tlo fiisl woid P onds will llo sloil vowol H, H|- bogins will llo sloil
vowol H. Wlon lloso lwo sloil vowols combino lloy foim llo long Hl.
2. T
1. (l
3. 4 |&
4. 4T
5. H4l|(
6. 9 4 -9
7. 9-9
8. 9T |6
F4B|--
12.1 F4-B|--
Wlon lwo vowols aio combinod logolloi il is known as F4-B|--. Il can bo
dividod inlo 8 lypos.

H + H = Hl Hl + H = Hl
H + Hl = Hl Hl + Hl = Hl
(A)
Sulabla Samskilam 82
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
( H + H+P = (Hl+P
lP + H46l- = lPl46l-
( 4 + Hl4- = ( 4l4-
T + Hl(l- = Tl(l-
|4Hl + H-4lB- = |4Hl-4lB-
|4Hl + Hl4- = |4Hl4-
9F6T + Hl4- = 9F6Tl4-
T|4 + H- = T4lH-
P(l + H- = P(lH-
4|6 + -- = 46l--
|4 + -- = 4l--
|| + H- = |lH-
Pl + H- = PlH-
P(l + -- = P(l--
l+ + 7(4- = l+(4-
|B- + 7|P- = |B-|P-
6+ + 7\4P = 6+\4P
4 + 7tB4- = 4 tB4-
+ 7P- = P-
(B)
+ = + =
+ = + =
(C)
7 + 7 = 7 7 + 7 = 7
7 + 7 = 7 7 + 7 = 7
Toxlbook
83
T + 7|16- = T|16-
|96 + +TP = |96TP
Pl6 + +|&- = Pl6|&-
Pl6 + +TP = Pl6TP
Pl6 + +|t4=- = Pl6|t4=-
12.1.2 TB|--
H( \ T- Pnini Sirc (1.1.2)
If llo vowols , 7, + and sloil oi long, follow H oi Hl, llon lloy aio
subslilulod will 9 , Hl, H and H iospoclivoly.
|xcmp|c. 79 + -- = 79 --
Tlo vowol in llo socond woid -- follows H in llo fiisl woid 79. A singlo
vowol 9 is subslilulod in llo placo of boll H and . Tlus, wo lavo 79 + -- =
79 --
Hcrc crc scmc mcrc cxcmp|cs.
H + 7l = H7l
6l + 4 = 6 4
9 T + -- = 9 T --
(D)
(A)
H + = 9 H + = 9
Hl + = 9 Hl + = 9
+ + + = + + + + = +
+ + + = + + + + = +

Sulabla Samskilam 84
T + H- = T H-
lP + H- = lP H-
7Pl + H- = 7PH-
P(l + 7l = P(7l
9 + 79Tl- = 9l 9Tl-
B4 + 7(4- = B4l(4-
( H + 7|6- = ( Hl |6-
\l + 7(TP = \l(TP
|(6 + 79( H- = |(6l 9( H-
P(l + 7|P- = P(l|P-
- + 7(4- = -l (4-
( + 7\4P = (l\4P
( 4 + +|9- = ( 4|9 -
O + +|9- = O|9 -
l=l + +|9- = l=|9 -
P(l + +|9- = P(|9 -
B-6 + +|9- = B-6|9 -
4B-6 + +6- = 4B-66 -
(B)
H + 7 = Hl H + 7 = Hl
Hl + 7 = Hl Hl + 7 = Hl
(C)
H + + = H H + + = H
Hl + + = H Hl + + = H
Toxlbook
85
12.1.3 4 |&B|--
4 |&l( Pnini Sirc (1. 1. 1)
If H oi Hl is followod by 9 oi 9 , lloy aio combinod lo bocomo 9.
If H oi Hl is followod by Hl oi Hl, lloy aio combinod lo bocomo Hl.
|xcmp|c. PP + 94 = PP 4
In PP + 94 nolo llal llo vowol 9 follows H in PP. Tlo vowol 9 is
subslilulod in llo placo of H and 9 . Tlus wo lavo PP + 94 = PP 4.
Scmc mcrc cxcmp|cs crc gitcn cc|cu.
9T + 9TP = 9TTP
B(l + 94 = B(4
|4H + 9T6l = |4HT6l
P6 + 9 14P = P6 14P
( 4 + 9H4P = (4H4P
+ + 9H4P = +H4P
P(l + 9H4P = P(H4P
|(4 + HlTB- = |(4lTB-
= + Hl - = =l -
(B)
H + Hl = Hl H + Hl = Hl
Hl + Hl = Hl Hl + Hl = Hl
H + 9 = 9 H + 9 = 9
Hl + 9 = 9 Hl + 9 = 9
(A)
Sulabla Samskilam 86
9P + Hl|t4P = 9Pl|t4P
P(l + Hl 9|- = P(l 9|-
P(l + HltB14P = P(ltB14P

12.1.4 4T B|--
Tl 4T| Pnini Sirc (3. 1. )
, 7, + and , sloil oi long, wlon followod by any dissimilai vowol
bocomos 4 , 4 , and iospoclivoly.
(A) oi + any dissimilai vowol (olloi llan oi ) = 4
4|( + H|9 = 4H|9
9|6 + H = 9t4
9|6 + 9TP = 9t4TP
|6 + Hl|( = t4l|(
H|6 + 7P- = Ht4P-
Bl + 79lF4- = B\49lF4-
9l4 6l + H +l = 9l4 t4 +l
(B) 7 oi 7 + any dissimilai vowol (olloi llan 7 oi 7 ) = 4
H+ + 99TP = H-4 9TP
6 + Hl( H- = 4l ( H-
H+ + H4- = H-44-
( 6 + HP = ( t4 P
Bl + (P = Bl|\4(P
Bl + Hl(+P = Bl\4l(+P
Toxlbook
87
(C) + oi + + dissimilai vowol (olloi llan + oi + ) =
|96 + Hll = |9ll
|96 + H H- = |9 H-
|96 + Hl(l4P = |9l (l4 P
Pl6 + Hll = Plll
Pl6 + 7l = Pl|7l
Pl6 + 7Hl+P = Pl Hl+P

12.1.5 H4l|(B|--
9l 544l4l4- ` Pnini Sirc (6. 1. 8)
If 9 , 9 , Hl, and Hl aio followod by any dissimilai vowol, lloy bocomo H4
Hl4 , H4 and Hl4 iospoclivoly.
|xcmp|c. + + H+P = +4+P
Tlo 9 in + is clangod lo H4 and lonco + + H+P = +4+P
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
Pl + Hl6l- = Pl4l6l-
|~4 + 7H6- = |~4l4H6-
+ + HT- = +l4T-
( + 9 = (4
9 + any dissimilai vowol = H4
9 + any dissimilai vowol = Hl4
Sulabla Samskilam 88
Hl + any dissimilai vowol = H4
Hl + any dissimilai vowol = Hl4
9l + HT- = 9l4T-
l + H+P = 4+P
|4!Tl + 9 = |4!T4
+l + T- = +l|4T-
|4l + ( = |4|4(

12.1.6 9 4 -9B|--
9=- 9(l-6l(|6 Pnini Sirc (6. 1. 10)
If 9 oi Hl al llo ond of a woid is followod by H, llo H disappoais and llo sign
5 (avagiala) is placod insload. Tlis sandli boing an oxcoplion lo H4l|(-B|-
(iofoi 12.1.5), llo 9 oi Hl is nol clangod inlo H4 oi H4 .
|xcmp|c. ( + H = ( 5
In ( + H, H follows llo vowol 9 and lonco H is clangod lo avagiala. Tlo
avagiala indicalos llal llo H is silonl.
A jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
6 + H4 = 654
H+6 + H|9 = H+65|9
l9ll + H(P = l9ll5(P
Bl + H4P = Bl54P

Toxlbook
89
12.1.7 9-9B|--
9|= 9-9P Pnini Sirc (6. 1. 4)
If H is followod by 9 oi Hl, lloy combino lo foim llo lalloi, llal is 9 oi Hl.
|xcmp|c. 9 + 9=6 = 9=6
In 9 + 9=6 llo vowol 9 is subslilulod in llo placo of H and 9 and il bocomos
9=6.
79 + Hl9|6 = 79l9|6
H & + Hl(+- = H&l(+-

12.1.8 9T |6l4 B|--

( ( |4+ 9 GP ` Pnini Sirc (1. 1. 11)
Wlon any vowol follows a dual noun onding will , 7 oi 9 , lloio is no
sandli of llo woids, llal is, lloy iolain lloii oiiginal foim. Tloiofoio llis
sandli is also callod 'piakiliblva-sandli.
|xcmp|c. (l + Hl6l = (l Hl6l
Tlo woid (l is llo piallam-viblakli-dvivacana of llo woid (|. So lloio is
no sandli and llo foim iomains as (l Hl6l .
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
+ + Hl76- = + Hl76-
6 + H|B6lP = 6 H|B6lP
HP + HHl = HP HHl

Sulabla Samskilam 9O

12.2.1 t4 B|--
G| ` Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 55)
Tlo consonanls oxcopl nasals and somi-vowols wlon followod by laid
consonanls subslilulo llo fiisl lolloi of lloii gioup of consonanls
(T 6 9).
|xcmp|c. |49( + Tl- = |49tTl-
Tlo ( of |49( is followod by T wlicl is a laid consonanl. So ( is subslilulod
by 6 , wlicl is llo fiisl lolloi of ils gioup.
12.2 -4V+B|--
Wlon lwo consonanls aio joinod logolloi il is known as vyajana-sandli.
Tlis is of lon lypos.
1.t4
2. =7t4
3. H+ +l|BT
4. H+ F4l
5. 9B4T 6. t4
7. 7 t4
8. 9 4 B4T
9. 7t4
1O. =P 7lP
-4V+B|--
Toxlbook
91
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
|4l7 + 9 69- = |4l 9 69-
B( + Tl- = BtTl-
B( + 4l7|6 = B t4l7|6
|( + 9l- = |(19l-
+ |99lBl = |t99lBl

12.2.2. =7t4B|--
Hl =Hl 5-6 ` Pnini Sirc (8.2.3)
Tlo consonanls, oxcopl nasals, al llo ond of a woid wlon followod by a vowol
oi a sofl consonanl, lako llo lliid lolloi of lloii gioup.
|xcmp|c. 4lT + (l+P = 4l(l+P
Tlo consonanl T is followod by llo sofl consonanl (. Tlo T is lloiofoio
clangod inlo llo lliid lolloi of ils gioup .
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
|(T + =- = |(=-
H + H-6- = H=-6-
=6 + H- = =(lH-
9lT + 94 = 9l 4
9|l + 4(|6 = 9|l7 4(|6
H9 + - = H--
|(T + H4- = |(4-

Sulabla Samskilam 92
12.2.3 H+ +l|BTB|--
4l 5+ +l|BT 5+ +l|BTl 4l Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 45)
Wlon a woid onds in a consonanl olloi llan ( and is followod by a nasal, llo
final consonanl of llo fiisl woid is oplionally subslilulod by llo nasal of ils
gioup.
|xcmp|c. 96( + P l|- = 96-P l|-/ 96( P l|-
Tlo woid 96( onds will llo consonanl ( and is followod by llo nasal P . So
llo consonanl ( lakos up llo nasal of ils class, wlicl is + , and llus wo gol
96-Pl|-.
A jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
9 + PlBl- = 9'PlBl- / 9 PlBl-
=6 + +l- = =l-/ =6 +l-
9lT + P GP = 9l= P GP / 9lT P GP
B( + P|6- = B-P|6- / B( P|6-
Bul wlon llo ond consonanl of a woid is followod by llo suffixos P4 and Pl,
llo clango inlo nasal is compulsoiy.
|xcmp|cs.
|6 + P4P = |-P4P
66 + PlP = 6-PlP

12.2.4. H+ F4lB|--
(A) Pl 5+ F4l- ` Pnini Sirc (8. 3. 23)
If P is followod by any consonanl llon P is ioplacod by anusvia.
Toxlbook
93
|xcmp|cs .
(|P + 4-( = (| 4-(
Tl4P + T6 = Tl4 T 6
PP + = P
Bt4P + 4( = Bt4 4(
Bx4P + 4l|6 = Bx4 4l|6
lPP + =l|P = lP =l|P
(B) +l9(l-6F4 H| ` Pnini Sirc ( 8. 3. 24 )
P and + occuiiing willin llo middlo of llo woid, wlon followod by a
consonanl oxcopl a nasal oi a somi vowol oi (, is clangod inlo anusvia.
|xcmp|c. 4Hl+ + |B = 4Hl|B
In 4Hl+ + |B, + is clangod inlo anusvia as il followod by llo sibilanl B .
A jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
94l+ + |B = 94l|B
+P + F4|6 = +F4|6
BP + Bl- = BBl-

12.2.5 9B4T B|--

(A) H+ F4lF4 4|4 9B4T - Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 58)
Tlo P oi + occuiiing willin a woid is clangod inlo anusvia, and wlon
followod by any consonanl oxcopl H , 9 , B , oi ( , is clangod inlo a nasal of
llo following consonanl.
|xcmp|c. H + |T6- = H|6-
Sulabla Samskilam 94
In llis oxamplo H is followod by llo consonanl T . So P is clangod inlo llo
nasal of ils gioup wlicl is = Tlus H + |T6- = H|6-
Hcrc crc c jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
P + |(P = P|-(P
T + |6- = T|'6-
Hl + 6- = Hl-6-
+ |T6- = |T6-
(B) 4l 9(l-6F4 Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 5 )
Bul llo nasal al llo ond of a woid is oplionally clangod inlo anusvia in accoi-
danco will llo abovo iulo.
|xcmp|cs.
t4 + Tl |9 = t4= Tl |9 / t4 Tl |9
6 T + |6 = 6 T|6 / 6 T |6
lP + 7|6 = lP= 7|6 / lP 7|6
(C) 6l | ` Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 60)
If a consonanl of llo 6 gioup is followod by , llo consonanl of llo 6 gioup
clangos inlo .
|xcmp|cs.
66 + l+- = 6-l+-
7( + G- = 7-G-
=6 + Pl- = =-Pl-
|4B6 + l = |4B-l

Toxlbook
95
12.2.6 t4B|--
(A) F6l - +l - Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 40)
If B is followod by H oi llo consonanls of gioup, llo B is clangod inlo H .
|xcmp|cs.
lPB + H 6 = lP7H 6
P+B + P = P+P
lPB + |+l|6 = lP|+l|6
|HHB + H 6 = |HH 7H 6
(B) If llo consonanl of llo 6 gioup is followod by H oi llo consonanl of llo
gioup, llo consonanl of llo 6 gioup is clangod inlo ils coiiosponding gioup
consonanl.
|xcmp|cs.
B6 + |6 = B|6
P(6 + 4P = P(4P
4 (6 + 7P = 4 (7P

12.2.7 7 t4B|--
(A) 7 +l 7 - ` Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 41)
If B is followod by 9 oi llo consonanl of llo gioup, llo B is clangod inlo 9.
lPB + 9U- = lP!9U-
+B + l- = +7l-
4lB + 9U- = 4l!9U-
(B) If llo consonanls of llo 6 gioup is followod by llo consonanls of llo
Sulabla Samskilam 96
gioup, llo consonanl of llo 6 gioup is clangod inlo ils coiiosponding
consonanl of llo gioup.
P(( + |7|'7P- = P(|77|'7P-
66 + lTl = 6}lTl
4 (6 + lTl = 4(}lTl
|4+ + 7lTB = |4'7lTB
4 (6 + Hll = 4(}Hll
76 + +P = 7}+P
76 + 74- = 7774-
P(l+ + =4- = P(l-=4-
H-46 + = H-4

12.2.8 9 4 B4T B|--

H4l (l 5-46F4lP Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 62)
If ( comos afloi any of llo fiisl foui lollois of a gioup, llo ( is oplionally
clangod lo llo fouill lolloi of llal gioup. Tlo ond consonanl of llo fiisl woid
clangos inlo llo lliid lolloi of ils gioup.
|xcmp|c. 4lT + (|- = 4l(|-/4l|-
4lT onds will llo consonanl T wlicl is clangod inlo wlicl is llo lliid
lolloi of ils gioup. ( is oplionally clangod inlo .
A jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
966 + |(PP = 96( |(PP /96|&PP
66 + |(6- = 6( |(6-/6|&6-
H9 + (TP = H-(TP/H-TP
Toxlbook
97
|(T + (F6l = |((F6l/|(F6l
BBl + |(6T = BBl|7 (6T/BBl|7 76T

12.2.9 7t4B|--
H77l 5| Pnini Sirc (8. 4. 63)
If H is followod by a vowol, somi-vowol oi ( and is piocodod by a woid
onding in any of llo fiisl foui lollois of a gioup, H is clangod inlo 7
oplionally. Tlo 6 of llo fiisl woid clangos inlo .
|xcmp|cs.
66 + |H4- = 6|H4- / 6|74-
66 + Hl- = 6Hl- / 67l-
=6 + HTP = =HTP / =7TP
76 + |H!- = 7|H!- / 7|7!-
B6 + HlFP = BHlFP / B7lFP

12.2.1O =P 7lPB|--
=Pl F4l(| =P |'+t4P Pnini Sirc (8. 3. 32)
If a woid onds in = , T oi + , is piocodod by a sloil vowol and is followod by
any vowol, llon = , T oi + is doublod.
|xcmp|cs.
9t4= + HltPl = 9t4==ltPl
l4+ + HH- = l4H-
(B+ + H| = (B|
BT + H- = B'TlH-
Sulabla Samskilam 98
12.3.1 7Tl-
If a visaiga (-) is piocodod by H and is followod by a sofl consonanl oi H llon
llo visaiga is clangod inlo 7 (H + 7 = Hl ) ( H = 5).
Tlo sofl consonanls do nol clango wloioas H clangos lo avagiala (5).
|xcmp|c. |H4- + H4 - = |H4l54-
In llo woid |H4- llo visaiga is piocodod by llo vowol H and is followod by H
in H4 -. Tlus llo visaiga in |H4- clangos lo 7. Again H and 7 combino lo
bocomo Hl and llus wo gol |H4l 54 -.
A jcu mcrc cxcmp|cs.
lP- + H|9 = lPl5|9
T- + H4P = Tl54P
7+ + H|F6 = 7|F6
FP+ + 74l = FP-+4l

12.3 |4B B|--

Wlon visaiga (:) is combinod will any vowol oi consonanl il is known as
'visaiga sandli Tloio aio 4 lypos in llis sandli.
2. l 9-
3. T-
|4B B|--
1. 7Tl-
4. BTl-
Toxlbook
99
l|4-(- + H(P = l|4-(l5(P
H- + |6 = Hl |6
P+- + 4P = P+l 4P

12.3.2 l 9-
(A) If visaiga is piocodod by Hl and is followod by any vowol oi a sofl
consonanl, llo visaiga is dioppod.
|xcmp|cs.
HHl- + HPl = HHl HPl
9 l- + =l6l- = 9 l =l6l-
HHl- + l4|-6 = HHl l4|-6
=+l- + 7|-6 = =+l 7|-6
6ll- + 7|(6l- = 6ll 7|(6l-
(6l- + =l- = (6l =l-
(B) If a visaiga is piocodod by H and is followod by any vowol olloi llan llo
sloil H, llo visaiga is dioppod.
|xcmp|cs.
T6- + Hl6l- = T 6 Hl6l-
+- + 4 = + 4
-- + 7(|6 = - 7( |6
( 4- + +|9- = ( 4 +|9-
T !T- + 9|6 = T !T 9|6
T- + 99- = T 99-
(C) If any consonanl oi vowol oxcopl sloil H follows B- oi 99-, llo visaiga is
dioppod.
Sulabla Samskilam 1OO
|xcmp|cs.
B- + Hl7|6 = B Hl7|6
B- + H- = B H -
99- + |4!T - = 99 |4!T -
(D) Tlo woids l -, l - and Hl - loso lloii visaiga if any vowol oi sofl
consonanl follows il.
l- + H46 = l H4 6
Hl - + 4l|( = Hl 4l|(
l- + +PF6 = l +PF6

12.3.3 T-
(A) If visaiga is piocodod by any vowol oxcopl H oi Hl and is followod by any
vowol oi a sofl consonanl llon, visaiga is clangod inlo .
|xcmp|cs.
(|- + H4P = (|4P
|6- + 4P = |6|4P
|4- + 7( |6 = |46(|6
P|+- + =|6 = P|+=|6
T4 - + 4 |&- = T4 4 |&-
l- + (P = l(P
(B) Having clangod visaiga inlo ( - = ), if llo fiisl lolloi of llo following
woid is again , llo of llo fiisl woid disappoais and llo sloil vowols H, oi
7 bofoio of llo fiisl woid is llon clangod lo Hl, oi 7 iospoclivoly.
(| ((|-) + 4- = (l 4-
Toxlbook
1O1
Tlo visaiga in (|- is clangod inlo and llon wlon il combinos will of llo
following woid 4-, llo in llo (| ((|-) is dioppod and llo vowol is
longllonod. Tlus (| ((|-) bocomos (l.
A jcu mcrc |xcmp|cs.
|+ + B- = +lB-
H + l=6 = H l=6
Hl6 + l(+P = Hl6 l (+P
|96 + = |96l

12.3.4. BTl-
(A) Wlon visaiga is followod by 6 oi llon llo visaiga is clangod inlo
B .
|xcmp|cs.
P+- + 6l9- = P+F6l9-
lP- + |6!|6 = lP|F6!|6
|4!T - + l6l = |4!T Fl6l
If visaiga is followod by oi 7 llon llo visaiga bocomos H .
|xcmp|cs.
l- + |6 = l |6
T- + |6 = T|6
P- + |6 = P |6
If visaiga is followod by oi llon llo visaiga is clangod lo 9.
|xcmp|cs.
lP- + lT6 = lP!lT6
Sulabla Samskilam 1O2
+ - + Tl- = + ! Tl-
(B) If H, 9 oi B follows a visaiga llon llo visaiga is clangod inlo H , 9 oi
B oplionally.
|xcmp|cs.
(|- + H 6 = (|7H 6/(|- H 6
B-6- + |HH - = B -6|7HH -/B -6- |HH -
T|4- + ~Tl|6 = T|47~ Tl |6/T|4- ~ Tl |6
P- + 9 9(- = P!9 9(-/P- 9 9(-
9(ll - + B-6 = 9(ll FB-6/9(ll - B-6
TPl- + Bl(|6 = TPlFBl(|6/TPl- Bl(|6
Toxlbook
1O3
Iivo woll known slokas fiom Srmc! V|m|i Rmqcncm, Srmc! 8|cgctc! Gi,
Srmc! 8|gctcicm, Mcnusmrii, Upcnisc!s and Rcg|utcmsc aio givon bolow along
will lloii pioso oidoi. Will llo knowlodgo llal you lavo gainod fiom llis
sludy of Sanskiil you slould bo ablo lo giasp llo moaning of lloso voisos.
13.1 ~lPl-Pl|TlPl4TP
Srimud VImikl Rmunum
1. Scgc Vistmiirc ic Dcscrci|c
H( 4 |T P(ltPl+ lP Bt49l4PP
4|BUl 5|9 P(l6 =l 4 P 69|B |F6l-+
Tlo gloiious sago Vasislla and all lloso wlo aio sload fasl in ausloiily and I
know llo gioal Rma as llo possossoi of liuo piowoss. (8|c|n]c 1.14)
Prcsc Or!cr.
H( Bt49l4P P(ltPl+ (|6) lP 4 |T, P(l6 =l 4|BU- P 4 69|B |F6l- H|9
|4(|-6
2. King Dcscrci|c ic Scgc Vistmiirc
7+9l 7H49l P lPl l=l4l +-
+ 4 &4l 46lPF4 974l|P B( lB -+
My lolus-oyod Rma is loss llan sixloon yoais old. I do nol poicoivo lis
capacily lo wago wai will llo Rksasas. (8|c|n]c 20.2)
Prcsc Or!cr.
P l=l4l +- lPl 7+9l 7H49 - (4|6), HF4 lB - B( 4 &4l 46l + 974l|P
3. Scgc Vistmiirc ic Sr Rmc cn! Ic|smcnc
Tl B-4lB 9=l lP 9 4l B-\4l 946 6
HlFl|T
Scripiurcs
Sulabla Samskilam 1O4
7|U +Hl T6 -4 ( 4Pl|@TP +
O Rma! llo woilly son of Kausaly, llo moining lwiligll las sol in. Gol up.
O ligoi among mon! Conlomplalion on llo doily and llo daily dulios lavo lo
bo poifoimod. (8|c|n]c 23.2)
Prcsc Or!cr.
( lP, Tl B-4lB 9=l, 9 4l B-\4l 946 6 , +Hl 7|U, ( 4P Hl|@TP T6 -4P
4. jcnc|c ic Sr Rmc
4 Bl6l PP B 6l B(P l 64
96l7 +l 6 9l|T ql!4 9l|T+l+
Tlis Sl, my dauglloi, is youi companion in disclaiging youi saciod dulios.
Tako loi land in youi own and accopl loi. May good bolido you. (8|c|n]c
3.26)
Prcsc Or!cr.
4 Bl6l PP B 6l 64 B(P l (4|6), 9+l 96l7 9l|T+l 9l|T ql!4, 6 P
(HF6)
5. Sumiir ic Ic|smcnc
lP (H |4|& Pl |4|& =+TltP=lP
H4l \4lP4l |4|& 7 6l6 4l B GP +
Considoi Rma lo bo Dasaialla, look upon Sl as mysolf, oxpoiionco llo foiosl
as Ayodly and dopail lappily, my doai. (Aqc!|q|n]c 40.)
Prcsc Or!cr.
6l6, lP (H |4|&, =+TltP=l Pl |4|& H4l H4l \4l |4|&, 4l B G 7

Toxlbook
1O5
13.2 ~lP4Jl6l
Srimud Bhugutud Git
TP '4 4l|TlF6 Pl T 9 T(l+
Pl TP T( 6 - Pl 6 B\l 5Ft4TP |T+
Tly iigll is lo woik only bul novoi lo ils fiuils, lol llo fiuil of aclion bo nol lly
molivo, noi lol lly allaclmonl bo lo inaclion. (C|cpicr 2.4)
Prcsc Or!cr.
TP |T 94 6 H|Tl-, T 9 Pl T(l+, TP T( 6 - Pl -, 6 B\- HTP |T Pl
HF6
4(l 4(l |( P F4 l|+ 4|6 l6
H-4 tl+PP F4 6(ltPl+ B =l4(P +
Wlonovoi lloio is docay of iiglloousnoss, O Bliala, and uniiglloousnoss, is
on llo iiso, llon I manifosl Mysolf. (C|cpicr 4.)
Prcsc Or!cr.
( l6, 4(l 4(l |( P F4 l|+- 4|6, HP F4 H-4 tl+ (4|6), 6(l H(P
HltPl+ B =l|P
9|lTl4 Bl +l |4+lHl4 !T 6lP
P B Fl9+ll 4 B4l|P 4 4 +
I am boin in ovoiy ago foi llo pioloclion of llo good, foi llo dosliuclion of llo
wickod, and foi llo oslablislmonl of iiglloousnoss. (C|cpicr 4.8)
Prcsc Or!cr.
Bl +l 9|lTl4, !T 6l |4+lHl4, P B Fl9+ll 4 , 4 4 B4l|Pl
9 9 !9 T 6l 4 4l P 1t4l 947|6
6(( 1t4 96 H+l|P 946ltP+-+
Sulabla Samskilam 1O6
Wloovoi offois Mo will dovolion a loaf, a flowoi, a fiuil, waloi, llal I accopl,
offoiod by llo puio mindod will dovolion. (C|cpicr .26)
Prcsc Or!cr.
4- P 9 9 !9 T 6l 4 1t4l 947|6 946ltP+-, 1t4l 796 66 H(P H7+l|P
B4 Pl + 9|t474 PlP T HT =
H( t4l B4 9l9 -4l Pl |4!4l|P Pl H -+
Abandoning all dlaimas, lako iofugo in Mo alono, I will liboialo lloo fiom all
sins, giiovo nol. (C|cpicr 18.66)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B4 Pl + 9|t474 PlP 9T HT =, H( B4 9l9 -4- t4l Pl |4!4l|P, Pl H -

13.3 ~lPl46P
Srimud Bhgututum
|+Hl 6P 7 6 =l4Pl+ =+l( +
( 414l ( 4-|9'4l |4!T - B4 (lH4-
Hl|4lBl( 4l 9l4l |(Hl-|4 9 !T-+
In llo pilcl daiknoss of midnigll, Malvisnu, llo dwolloi of all loails, was
boin of llo divinoly boauliful Dovak, liko llo full moon iising on llo oasloin
loiizon. (S|cn!|c 10.3.8)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B4 (lH4- |4!T - |+Hl 6P 7 6 =l4Pl+ =+l( + ( 414l ( 4-|9'4l 4l 9l4l
|(|H 9 !T- -- 4 Hl|4lBl6
64 |44l|76 T !T + Tl 9PP\P
TT 9l4 9PlF4lH t4=t4-4F9 (l =+-+
O Kisna! loaiing aboul youi loly and auspicious spoils, wlicl is a ioal noclai
Toxlbook
1O7
foi llo oai, llo pooplo loavo all olloi dosiios. (S|cn!|c 11.6.44)
Prcsc Or!cr.
( T !T, + Tl 9PP\ TT 9l4 9 64 |44l|76 =+- HlF4lH H-4F9 (l t4=|6
B44 (l-6Bl |( ~ll46|P!46
6BlP 66 -6F4 +l-4 F4l( |6- 14|6 +
Tlis 8|gctcic boing llo ossonco of all Vodnla, il is naluial llal ono wlo is
salisfiod in ils sludy doos nol fool inloiosl in any olloi loxl. (S|cn!|c 12.13.15)
Prcsc Or!cr.
~ll46 B4 4 (l-6Bl |( !46 66 BlP 66 -6F4 H-4 14|6 |6- + F4l6
+ G l |9Tl+-(+l 4l+|G( |(+lP-6ltP( T
|4G+Bl| 6l |4H -64 BG 7( |44l+ Blt46l T +
O Iiiond! you aio nol moioly llo Gopik's son, bul llo wilnoss of llo innoi
ossonco of all ombodiod boings. Iiayod by Bialm, you lavo iison in llo clan
of llo Yadus foi llo pioloclion of llo woild. (S|cn!|c 10.31.4)
Prcsc Or!cr.
BG 4l+ + G l|9Tl+-(+-, H|G(|(+l H-6ltPcT |4G+Bl|6- (4l+)
|4H -64 Blt46l T 7( |44l+
|+9 P |+ Hl-6 |+4 BP(H +P
H+ =l4( |+t4 9 4 4 t4= | T |-+
I always follow llo sago wlo dosiios nolling, wlo is always lianquil in oidoi
llal I may gol puiifiod by llo dusl of lis fool. (S|cn!|c 11.14.16)
Prcsc Or!cr.
H( H=|T|- 9446 (|6 |-64+) |+9 |+4 BP(H+ Hl-6 P|+ |+t4P
H+=l|P

Sulabla Samskilam 1O8

13.4 P+ FP |6-
Munusmjtl
+ =l6 TlP- TlPl+lP 79l + Hl4|6
(|49l T !T4tP 4 4 4l|4 6 +
Dosiio is novoi salisfiod by llo onjoymonl of ils objocls. Iiko fiio fod will
gloo, il only flaios up all llo moio. (C|cpicr 2.4)
Prcsc Or!cr.
TlP- TlPl+lP 79l + + =l6 Hl4|6 (|49l T !T4tP 4 4 94 H|4 6
~ t4l F9 7 4l c7 4l 1t4l lt4l 4l +-
+ !4|6 l4|6 4l B |4 4l |=6 |-4-+
Ono wlo, laving loaid, laving louclod, laving soon, laving laslod and
laving smoll doos nol bocomo joyful noi sink in soiiow, is doclaiod as ono
wlo las conquoiod lis sonsos. (C|cpicr 2.8)
Prcsc Or!cr.
4- +- ~ t4l F9 7 4l c7 4l 1t4l lt4l + !4|6 l4|6 4l B- |=6 |-4- |4 4-
B4 94H ( -G B4 PltP4H B GP
96|HltBPlB + T B G( -G4l -+
Soiiow is foi ono wlo doponds on llo oxloinal woild, joy foi ono wlo
doponds on ono's own solf. Know llis lo bo llo naluio of joy and soiiow.
(C|cpicr 4.160)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B4 94H ( -GP B4 P HltP4H B GP 966 B G( -G4l - T BPlB + |4Hl6
P 94 (6l (|-6 Pl |6 |6-
6FPl&Pl + (-6-4l Pl +l Pl (6l 54l6 +
Dlaima doslioys ils doslioyoi. Dlaima piolocls ils piolocloi. Tloiofoio
Toxlbook
1O9
viiluos slould nol bo doslioyod. Iol nol sucl dlaima (wlicl las boon
doslioyod) doslioy us. (C|cpicr 8.15)
Prcsc Or!cr.
(6- P - 94 (|-6 |6- P - |6 6FPl6 P - + (-6-4- (6- P - +- Pl
H4l6
H -4l |-+- ~ Ul- |--4l l|Tl 4l-
l|-4l l|++- ~ Ul- l|+-4l -44Bl|4+-+
Gioaloi llan llo ignoianl aio lloso wlo lavo ioad llo sciipluios. Slill gioaloi
aio lloso wlo lavo momoiizod llom. Gioaloi slill aio lloso wlo know lloii
moaning. Tlo bosl aio lloso wlo pul llom lo piaclico. (C|cpicr 12.103)
Prcsc Or!cr.
H -4- ~ 7l- |-+-, |--4- 4l- l|T-, l|-4- ~ 7l- l|++-, l|+-4- -44Bl|4+-
(~Ul-)

13.5 79|+9(
Upunlsud
l B 9Tl B4 =l BGl4l BPl+ 4 9|9F4=l6
64l -4- |9-9 F4l| H+7+-4l H|lTHl|6+
Two biids bound lo ono olloi in closo fiiondslip, poicl on llo samo lioo. Ono
of llom oals llo fiuils of llo lioo will iolisl, wlilo llo olloi looks on willoul
oaling. (Mun]c|cpcnisc! 3.1.1)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B4 =l BGl4l l B 9Tl BPl+ 4 9|9F4=l6 64l - H-4- F4l |9-9 H| H-4-
H+7++ H|lTHl|6
Sulabla Samskilam 11O
9T4l + - Hl GltPl O 6-4P 46
H9P + 4 &-4 H46 6-P4l 4 6 +
Tlo Iianava is llo bow, llo Alman is llo aiiow and Bialman is said lo bo ils
maik. Il slould bo lil by ono wlo is solf-colloclod and llo ono wlo
lils bocomos, liko llo aiiow, ono will llo maik, wlicl is Bialman.
(Mun]c|cpcnisc! 2.2.4)
Prcsc Or!cr.
+ - 9T4-, H- |( HltPl, 4 66 O 746 , H9P + 4 &-4, H46 6-P4- 4 6
7|U6 =l6 9l-4 4l+ |+4l 6
F4 ll |+|H6l t44l 9F66 T44l 4(|-6+
Aiiso, awako, laving ioaclod llo gioal loaclois ioalizo llal Alman. Iiko llo
slaip odgo of a iazoi is llal pall, difficull lo cioss and laid lo lioad llus say
llo wiso. (Kci|cpcnisc! 1.3.14)
Prcsc Or!cr.
7|U6, =l6, 4l+ 9l-4 |+4l 6 T44- 66 9- F4 ll |+|H6l t44l
(|6) 4(|-6
HltPl+ |+ |4|& Hl P 4 6
4 |& 6 Bl| |4|& P+- 9(P 4 +
Know llo Alman as llo Ioid of llo claiiol, and llo body as llo claiiol. Know
llo inlollocl as llo claiiolooi and llo mind voiily as llo ioins. (Kci|cpcnisc!
1.3.3)
Prcsc Or!cr.
HltPl+ |+ |4|&, Hl 94 6 P (|6 |4|&) 4 |& 6 Bl| |4|& P+- 9(P 94
(|6 |4|&)
|-4l|T (4l+l( - |494l F6 9 l l+
Toxlbook
111
HltP |-4P+l 4 16 l 16 t4l( P +l|9T-+
Tlo sonsos, lloy say, aio llo loisos, and lloii ioads aio llo sonso objocls.
Wlon an individual is unilod will llo body, llo sonso and llo mind, call lim
llo onjoyoi. (Kci|cpcnisc! 1.3.4)
Iioso Oidoi:
|-4l|T (4l+ Hl( - |494l+ 6 9 l l+ (Hl( -) HltP |-4P+l 4 16 l 16l |6
P+l|9T- Hl( -

13.6. 4 H-
Rughutumsu
4ll |44 B9 16l 4l 9|694
=6- |96l 4-( 9l4 6l9P 74l +
I bow down lo Iival and Iaiamosvaia, llo woild paionls, wlo liko woid
and moaning aio unifiod, so llal I may allain iigll knowlodgo of woid and
sonso. (Scrgc 1.1)
Prcsc Or!cr.
4lT -H -9|694 4ll |44 B9 16l =6- |96l 9l4 6l9P 74l 4-(
6l4 l4|9 9F9|F6l 4 Pl+9|(l+6 =Bl
974|6 FP =+6l |(+lt44 9l4 Tl H|H|(4lTl|44+
Slanding faco lo faco in opposilion, on llo full moon day, llo pooplo bolold
llom (Rma and Iaiasuima) liko llo sun and llo moon al llo ond of llo day,
will llo gloiy of llo ono waxing and llal of llo olloi waning. (Scrgc 11.82)
Prcsc Or!cr.
9l4 Tl |(+lt44 H|H|(4lTl 4 6l 7l H|9 9F9|F6l 4 Pl+9|(l+6 =Bl =+6l
974|6 FP
Sulabla Samskilam 112
B Bl6lPTBG- Bt4l6 6Pl 94+
|44 H ('7Tl'4 9t4 T B6l P+-+
Will Iaksmana and Sl foi companions, lolping lis falloi nol lo sliay fiom
liull, lo onloiod llo Dandaka foiosl, and llo loail of ovoiy good man. (Scrgc
12.)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B- Bl6lPTBG- Bt4l6 6P Hl 94+ , ('7Tl'4 9t4 T B6l P+- |44 H
94 l 79-l4l 6F4l- B9l|6(H +l6
Pl6|6- Bl 6lT - B Bl 4 |+P P-+
On mooling Sampli lloy gol nows of Sl. Miuli ciossod llo ocoan, as a
solfloss soul liansconds llis liansiloiy lifo. (Scrgc 12.60)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B9l|6(H +l6 6F4l- 94 l 79-l4l |+P P- B BlP 4 Pl6|6- Bl 6lT -
B B 6 4-4lPlB -4 - 4Tl|B
Bl6l6 4 7-P+ H 9 F4-+l4 Hl|\ T-+
Acioss llo biiny soa, will llo lolp of llo monkoys lo buill a biidgo wlicl
iosomblod Sosa iising fiom llo nolloi iogions foi Visnu lo sloop on. (Scrgc
12.0)
Prcsc Or!cr.
B- -4 - 4Tl|B Hl|\ T- F4-+l4 Bl6l6 7-P+ H 9P 4 B 6 4-4lPlB
ivnazay c xmRs<SwapnawaRy yuge yu
Toxlbook
113
TrunsIlterutlon und Pronunclutlon
In llis book, Dovangai claiaclois lavo boon liansliloialod accoiding lo llo
sclomo adoplod by llo Inloinalional Congioss of Oiionlalisls al Allons in
1912. Ono fixod pionuncialion valuo is givon lo oacl lolloi, f, q, w, x and z aio
nol callod lo uso. Accoiding lo llis sclomo:
sounds Ilke sounds Ilke
H a o in scn 7 d d in !og
Hl in mcsloi 7 dl dl in go!|ood
i in if T n n in undoi
oo in fccl 6 l
7 u u in full ll ll in i|umb
7 oo in bccl ( d ll in i|on
+ i ii in rim dl llol in bioai|c
|oio
9 o a in ovcdo + n
9 ai y in mq 9 p
Hl o T pl pl in loop |olo
Hl au ow in ncu 4 b
T k bl bl in ac|oi
G kl ckl in bloc||oad P m
g (laid) 4 y
gl gl in log-|ul i
= n ng l
c cl in c|ucklo 4 v in atoil
7 cl cll in calc| |im H s sl in s|ul
= j 9 s s in sugai
H jl dgol in lo!gc|og B s
n in banyan ( l
l l in iank m
ll ll in ani-|ill - h (lalf l)