PRE UNIVERSITY

CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER 1
CHAPTER 1 : MATTER CHAPTER 1 : MATTER
1.1 The Atom
1.1.1 Historical development of atomic theory
When atom was first discovered by John Dalton
(1808), he claim that atom are the simplest unit
in a substance.
Later, physicist J.J. Thomson (1897) found out
that atom are made up of even smaller particles
with negative charge electron, Daltons theory
was being rejected.
After that, subatom with a positive charge After that, subatom with a positive charge
proton was discovered by Rutherford in the
center of the atom.
At the same decade, Neils Bohr discover that
electrons surrounding nucleus similar as planet
surrounding the Sun, and electrons move about
in a rich electron region called orbital.
Few years later, Chadwick discovered that not
only proton exist in the center of an atom but
also a non-charge subatom neutron.
Electron
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Particle Symbol Mass
(kg)
Relative
Mass
Charge
(C)
Relative
Charge
(kg) Mass (C)
Charge
Proton p or
1
1
H 1.67 x
10
-27
1 a.m.u +1.6 x
10
-19
+1
Neutron n or
1
0
n 1.67 x
10
-27
1 a.m.u 0 0
Electron e or
0
-1
e 9.11 x
10
-31
_1_ amu
1834
-1.6 x
10
-19
-1
The path of moving protons, electrons and neutrons is deflected by both
electric field and magnetic field

electron proton

e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n

<
North
neutron
n
e
u
t
r
o
n
+

<

p
r
o
t
o
n
<

Path of proton, electron and neutron

in an electrical field
Path of proton, electron and neutron
in a magnetic field
Path of proton, electron and neutron
in an electrical field
Path of proton, electron and neutron
in a magnetic field
South
n
e
u
t
r
o
n
1.1.2 Structure of atoms
In atom, proton & neutron are located at the centre of
the atom, which is also known as nucleus while
electrons are surrounding it. The mass of an atom are
concentrated at the center of the atom, as the mass of
electron is very small.
In periodic table, the symbol of elements is usually written
in such way
nucleon number charge
P
A
n+
nucleon number charge
proton number no. of same element
Ion is formed when electron is donated or received
P
A
Z
n+
x
Positive charged ion (cation) Negative charged ion (anion)
Formed Formed when an atom donate electrons Formed when an atom receive electrons
Dot and
cross
diagra
+
2-
+ 2 e-
diagra
ms
Ionic
equatio
n
Na Na
+
+ e
-
O + 2 e
-
O
2-
No of
e-
10 10
+
+ e-
oxide ion, O
2-
Particles Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons
20
10
Ne
16
8
O
2-
35
17
Cl
-
40
20
Ca
2+
52
Cr
3+
10 10 10
8 8 10
17 18 18
20 20 18
24 28 21
52
24
Cr
3+
122
51
Sb
3-
OH
-
CO
3
2-
2
1
D
3
O
+
[
16
8
O-N-
18
8
O]
-
24 28 21
51 71 54
9 8 10
30 30 32
11 11 10
23 25 24
1.2 Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms which have the same proton number
but different nucleon number
In the previous table, ____________ are isotopes
Other examples of isotopes
Element Isotopes No of proton No of neutron
% of
abundance
Hydrogen
Protium,
1
1
H 99.0
Deuterium, D :
2
H 0.99
HYDROGEN & DEUTERIUM
1 0
1 1
Hydrogen Deuterium, D :
2
1
H 0.99
Tritium, T :
3
1
H 0.01
Oxygen
Oxygen-16 :
16
8
O 98.9
Oxygen-17 :
17
8
O 1.00
Oxygen-18 :
18
8
O 0.01
Chlorine
Chlorine 35 ;
35
17
Cl 75
Chlorine 37 ;
37
17
Cl 25
1 1
1 2
8 8
8 9
8 10
17 18
17 20
Isotope
54
Fe
56
Fe
57
Fe
58
Fe
% composition 5.8 91.6 2.2 0.4
No. of protons 26 26 26 26
No. of neutron 28 30 31 32
The relative abundance (% composition) of the isotopes in the sample
of an element is not the same for all the isotopes present.
Same Different
Proton number
No. of electron (neutral
atom)
Electronic configuration
Chemical properties
No. of neutron in nucleus
Density
Mass
Rate of diffusion
If compounds are formed from different isotopes, the
molecular mass of that particular compound is the
summation of all the isotopic mass involved
Example
C
16
O
2
and C
18
O
2
1 C + 2 (
16
O) = 44 1 C + 2 (
18
O) = 48
H
2
O and T
2
O
2 H + 1 O = 18 2 T + 1 O = 22
N
35
Cl
3
and N
37
Cl
3
1 N + 3 (
35
Cl) = 119 1 N + 3 (
37
Cl) = 125

79
Br
79
Br and
79
Br
81
Br
79 + 79 = 158 79 + 81 = 160
1.2.4 Uses of Radioisotopes
Widely used as tracers in biological processes. For example
tracing the uptake of phosphorus by plant using
32
P
Carbon-14 is used in carbon dating, which is used to
determine the age of archeological artifacts
Gamma radiation from
60
Co is used in radiotherapy to
destroy malignant tissues in cancer patients.
Energy released by nuclear fission is used to generate
electricity in nuclear plants.
To sterilise food or surgical instruments. To sterilise food or surgical instruments.
Used in leak management. Underground leakage, especially
in water or fuel pipeline leakage. Sudden increase in
radioactivity mean that theres a leakage.
1.3 Relative Mass
Mass of an atom is approximately equal to the sum
of the mass of all the sub-atomic particles present.
Example
In this method, the mass of the atom is compared
to the mass of another atom which is used as
reference. Initially, hydrogen was used as standard
because it is the lightest. Subsequently, the oxygen
atom was used to replace hydrogen as standard atom was used to replace hydrogen as standard
due to a few reason.
In 1961, carbon-12 was chosen as the standard for
comparing relative atomic masses because it is
easily available and its solid in room temp. It is
known as
12
C scale. On this scale, an atom of
12
C
has the mass exactly 12 atomic mass unit (a.m.u).
1.3.1 Relative Isotopic Mass (RIM)
The relative isotopic mass of an isotope is the mass
of 1 atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 times the
mass of one atom of
12
C.
RIM = mass of 1 atom of the isotope
1/12 x mass of 1 atom of C-12
The relative isotopic mass of an isotope is
approximately equal to its nucleon number. For
example, example,
Isotope Relative isotopic mass
40
Ca 40.080
19
F 18.999
127
I 126.910
Thus for most calculation involving atomic mass, the
nucleon number can be use as a substitute for the
actual RIM.
1.3.2 Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
Most elements consist of a mixture of isotopes with
different abundance as mention in slide 7. Therefore,
the relative abundance of the abundance of the
isotopes has to be taken into consideration when
calculating the average mass of an atom of the
element.
The relative atomic mass (A
r
) of an element is
defined as the average mass of 1 atom of the
element relative to 1/12 times the mass of 1 atom of
12
C.
12
C.
RAM = average mass of 1 atom of the element
1/12 x mass of 1 atom of C-12
Example : The element oxygen consist of 3 isotopes,
16
O,
17
O and
18
O in the ratio of 99.76 : 0.04 : 0.20. Calculate
RAM of oxygen.
RAM=(16 x 99.76) + (17 x 0.04) + (18 x 0.20) = 16.0044
99.76 + 0.04 + 0.20
1.3.3 Relative Molecular Mass (RMM)
RMM of a molecular substance is the mass of 1 molecule of
the substance relative to 1/12 times the mass of 1 atom of
12
C
RMM = average mass of 1 molecule of substance
1/12 x mass of 1 atom C-12
~ is equal to the sum of the relative mass of all the atoms
shown in the molecular formula.
For ionic compound the terms relative formula mass (RFM) is
used because it do not exist as discrete molecules but consist
of an infinite array of ions. RFM is defined as the mass of one of an infinite array of ions. RFM is defined as the mass of one
formula unit of the compound relative to 1/12 times the mass
of 1 atom of carbon-12.
1.4 Introduction to Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
Relative mass of atom can be determine by using
analytical instrument. One of the instrument that is
frequently used nowadays is MASS SPECTROSCOPY
Mass Spec can be used to determine :
Relative isotopic mass
Relative abundance of the isotopes
Relative atomic mass Relative atomic mass
Relative molecular mass
Structural formula of compound
Figure on the next slide shows a simplified diagram
of a mass spec.
Mass Spectrometer
This machine is used to find out the relative atomic mass of
an element. There are 4 main stages in the process:
1. Ionisation - after a vapourised sample is put into the
mass spectrometer, it is ionised - electrons are removed -
usually one electron is removed but sometimes two. The
positively charged species then go into the accelerating
chamber.
One electron is removed : A (g) A
+
(g) + e

2
nd
electron is removed : A
+
(g) A
2+
(g) + e

If molecule involved e.g. : ABC

ABC (ABC)
+
+ e
-
or A
+
+ (BC)
+
+ 2 e
-
/ C
+
+ (AB)
+
+ 2 e
-
or A
+
+ B
+
+ C
+
+ 3 e

2. Acceleration - the ions are subjected to a negatively

charged electric plate in order to accelerate the ion
2. Acceleration - the ions are subjected to a negatively
charged electric plate in order to accelerate the ion.
3. Deflection - the heavy ions (ones with the larger atomic
mass) are deflected less than the the lighter
ions. Therefore the ions are separated according to their
atomic masses and travel a different path in the mass
spectrometer (shown by the dotted lines in the diagram
below).
56
Fe
+
;
59
Fe
+
56
Fe
+
;
56
Fe
2+
4. Detection - only ions of a certain mass actually end up at
this point (the ones taking the green path). To make sure
that all of the ions are detected, you have to vary the
strength of the accelerating field. The detector records
each species as a peak on a trace.
Ratio of
79
Br to
81
Br is 50 : 50 or 1 : 1, so RAM of Br = 80
For peak m/e 158, it is due to the existence of (
79
Br
79
Br)
+
; so
the probability of peak P(
79
Br
79
Br) = (1/2)(1/2) =
For peak m/e 160, it is due to the existence of (
79
Br
81
Br)
+
; or,
it may also be (
81
Br
79
Br)
+
, so the probability of peak is
P(
79
Br
81
Br) = (1/2)(1/2) + P(
81
Br
79
Br) = (1/2)(1/2) =
For peak m/e 162, it is due to the existence of (
81
Br
81
Br)
+
; so
the probability of peak P(
81
Br
81
Br) = (1/2)(1/2) =
RAM = 206(15) + 207(72) +
208(8) + 209(5)___
15 + 72 + 8 + 5
= 207.03
O
+
N
+
O
+
NO
+
N
2
O
+
NO
2
+
N
2
O
2
+
N
2
O
3
+
N
2
O
4
+
CH
2
+
CH
3
+
C
2
H
2
+
C
2
H
3
+
C
3
H
5
+
C
3
H
6
+
C
4
H
8
+
CH
3
+
O
+
C
2
H
3
+
C
2
H
5
+
COH
+
C
3
H
6
+
C
2
H
3
O
+
C
3
H
6
O
+
1.5 Mole
One mole of substance is the amount of substance that
contains the same number of particles as the number of
atom in exactly 12 g of the C-12 isotope.
The number of particles in one mole of any substance is a
constant known as the Avogadro constant (L)
Avogadro Constant = 6.023 x 10
23
mol
-1
1 mole of any substance is the same as the relative atomic/
molecular/formula mass of that substance expressed in gram
e.g. : 3 mole of boron
= 3 x 6.023 x 10
23
atoms of boron
1.5.1 Moles of Gases
In reactions involving gases, the volume of the gases that
take part in the reaction is usually more important than the
mass of the gases involved.
The relationship between the amount of gas (in moles) and
the volume of gas is given in Avogadros Law
Avogadros Law state that under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure, an equal volume of gases
contains equal number of moles where ;
volume number of moles
For example, under room condition, 5 cm
3
of Cl will contain For example, under room condition, 5 cm
3
of Cl
2
will contain
the same number of mole/molecules as5 cm
3
NH
3
At standard temperature and pressure, (s.t.p ; 273 K and
101 kPa), 1 mole of all gases will occupy a volume of 22.4
dm
3 .
This volume is known as molar volume (V
m
). Under
room condition, 1 mole of gas occupies 24.4 dm
3
.
1.5.2 Moles and Solutions
The concentration of a solution is usually expressed as the
mass solute per 1.0 dm
3
of solution (g dm
-3
) or mole of
solute in 1.0 dm
3
of solution (mol dm
-3
).
Concentration in unit mol dm
-3
is also known as molarity, M.
The relationship between molarity and concentration is given
by expression :
Molarity (M) = concentration (g dm
-3
)
relative molecular mass of solution (g mol-1)
The number of moles of solute present in a given volume of The number of moles of solute present in a given volume of
solution (of molarity M) is
mole = molarity x volume = MV
1.6 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula of a compound shows the simplest whole
number ratio for atom of all the different elements present in
one molecule of the compound
Molecular Formula of a compound shows the actual number
of atoms of different elements in one molecule of compound
Example
Compound Molecular Formula Empirical Formula Compound Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
Ethene C
2
H
4
CH
2
Phosphorous (V) oxide P
4
O
10
P
2
O
5
Hydrogen peroxide H
2
O
2
HO
Ethanoic acid CH
3
COOH CH
2
O
1. A saturated hydrocarbon (hydrocarbon which only have carbon
and hydrogen in it) contains 82.66% of carbon.
i. What is its empirical formula?
Elemen
t
C H
Mass 82.66 17.34
Mol 82.66
12
= 6.89 mol
17.34
1
=17.34 mol
Ratio 6.89/6.89
= 1
17.34/6.89
= 2.5
Empirical formula
C
2
H
5
ii. What is its molecular formula if given the relative molecular
mass of the hydrocarbon is 58.0
= 1 = 2.5
Empirical formula = C
2
H
5
(C
2
H
5
)n = 58
(12(2) + 5(1))n = 58
n = 2
Molecular formula = (C
2
H
5
)2
= C
4
H
10
2. Ester is the main chemical substance applied in perfume. In
an analysis of determining the molecular formulae of the
ester, it is say that this ester contains 54.5% of carbon,
9.10% of hydrogen and 36.4% of oxygen. Given the
molecular mass of the ester is 88.0, determine the
molecular formulae of this ester.
Element C H O
Mass 54.5 9.10 36.4
Mol
54.5
12
=4.542
9.10
1
=9.10
36.4
16
= 2.275
Mol 12
=4.542
1
=9.10
16
= 2.275
Ratio
4.542 / 2.275
= 2
9.10 / 2.275
= 4
2.275 / 2.275
= 1
Empirical formula = C
2
H
4
O
(C
2
H
4
O)n = 88
(12(2) + 4(1) + 16(1))n = 88
n = 2
Molecular formula = (C
2
H
4
O)2
= C
4
H
8
O
2
3 An organic acid has the following composition by mass: C, 40.0%;
H, 6.7%; O, 53.3%. Its mass spectrum shows major peaks
(including the molecular ion) at the following m/e (mass) values:
15, 17, 43, 45, 60.
(a) Calculate the empirical formula of the acid, and use the mass
spectrum to suggest its molecular formula and its structural
formula. [3]
Element C H O
Mass 40.0 6.7 53.3
Mol
40.0 / 12
= 3.33
6.7 / 1
= 6.7
53.3 / 16
= 3.33
Empirical = CH
2
O
(CH
2
O)n = 60
(12(1) + 1(2) + 16(1))n
= 60
n = 2
(b) By suggesting their molecular formulae, identify the various
species responsible for the peaks in the mass spectrum. [3]
m/e = 15 CH
3
+
m/e = 17 OH
+
m/e = 43 CH
3
CO
+
m/e = 45 COOH
+
m/e = 60 CH
3
COOH
+
= 3.33 = 6.7 = 3.33
Ratio
3.33 / 3.33
= 1
6.7 / 3.33
= 2
3.33 / 3.33
= 1
n = 2
Molecular = (CH
2
O)2
= C
2
H
4
O
2
1.6 Stoichiometry
The term Stoichiometric comes from a balanced chemical
equation where the amount of mole required for reactants to
form a certain amount of mole of products.
The moles of reactants required to form how many moles of
products are referred from the chemical equation
Example 1 : In the reaction of
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H
2
O (l)
Stoichiometrically : 1 mole of sodium hydroxide is required to
form 1 mole of sodium chloride
1 mol NaOH 1 mol NaCl
Example 2 : In the reaction of
2 KOH (aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (l)
Stoichiometrically : 2 mole of potassium hydroxide is required to
form 1 mole of potassium sulphate
2 mol KOH 1 mol of K
2
SO
4
Students are required to understand thus balanced the chemical
equation before knowing the stoichiometry between the reactants
and products.
1. The composition of an organic compound is 76.6 % C,
6.38 % H and 17.02 % O. Its relative molecular mass is
94. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the
compound?
Element
C H O
Mass
76.60 6.38 17.02
Mol
76.60
12
= 6.38
6.38
1
= 6.38
17.02
16
= 1.06 = 6.38 = 6.38 = 1.06
Ratio
6.38 / 1.06
= 6
6.38 / 1.06
= 6
1.06 / 1.06
= 1
Empirical formula = C
6
H
6
O
(C
6
H
6
O)n = 94
[(12(6) + 1(6) + 16(1)]n = 94
n = 1
Molecular formula = (C
6
H
6
O)1
= C
6
H
6
O
2. What volume of oxygen (at STP) is required to burn
exactly
(a) 100 cm
3
methane, CH
4
?
(b) 200 cm
3
ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH?
CH
4
+ 2 O
2
CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Since 1 CH
4
= 2 O
2
Volume of oxygen gas = 2 (100)
= 200 cm
3
C
2
H
5
OH + 3 O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
Since 1 C
2
H
5
OH = 3 O
2
Volume of oxygen gas = 3 (200)
(c) 2.2 dm
3
propanone, C
3
H
6
O?
(d) 3.0 dm
3
octane, C
8
H
18
?
Volume of oxygen gas = 3 (200)
= 600 cm
3
C
3
H
6
O + 4 O
2
3 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
Since 1 C
3
H
6
O = 4 O
2
Volume of oxygen gas = 4 (2.2)
= 8.8 dm
3
C
8
H
18
+ 25/2 O
2
8CO
2
+ 9H
2
O
Since 1 CH
4
= 25 / 2 O
2
Volume of oxygen gas = 25/2 (3.0)
= 37.5 dm
3
3. When 1.25 g of a mixture of ethane C
2
H
6
and propene,
C
3
H
6
was burned in excess oxygen, 3.78 g of CO
2
was
obtained. What is the percentage by mass of C
2
H
6
in the
mixture?
Since gas is mixture of C
2
H
6
and C
3
H
6
If the total mass of gas = 1.25 g
Then, lets assume mass of C
2
H
6
= x ; while C
3
H
6
= 1.25 x
The mole of each gas are
Given the mass of CO
2
formed from mixture is 3.78 g
30
x
H C of mol
6 2
=
42
x 25 . 1
H C of mol
6 3

=
Given the mass of CO
2
formed from mixture is 3.78 g
mol of CO
2
= 3.78 / 44 ; mol = 0.0859 mol
The amount of CO2 released from each gas is known from equation
C
2
H
6
+ 7/2 O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O (2 mol of CO
2
is given by 1 C
2
H
6
)
C
3
H
6
+ 9/2 O
2
3 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O (3 mol of CO
2
is given by 1 C
3
H
6
)
Hence the total mol of CO
2
,
x = 0.69 g
% C
2
H
6
= 0.69 / 1.25 x 100%
= 55.2 %
0859 . 0
42
x 25 . 1
3
30
x
2 =

4. 20.0 cm
3
of a gaseous hydrocarbon X mixed with 150 cm
3
of oxygen and bum completely. When the mixture is cooled
the total volume of gas is 110 cm
3
. When the gaseous
mixture is passed through concentrated potassium
hydroxide solution, 30.0 cm
3
of gas remains. Determine the
molecular formula of X.
Given the chemical equation of combustion for hydrocarbon
C
x
H
y
+ (x + y/4) O
2
x CO
2
+ y/2 H
2
O
Initial 20 cm
3
150 cm
3
After 0 cm
3
30 cm
3
80 cm
3
?
The volume of O
2
used for water = 150 110 = 40 cm
3
According to Avogadros Law
Since 20 cm
3
of C
X
H
Y
formed 80 cm
3
of CO
2
So, the mol of CO
2
= 80 / 20 = 4 ; Hence x = 4
As for H, since the 20 cm
3
of C
X
H
Y
react with 40 cm
3
oxygen for water
So, mol of O for water = 40 / 20 = 2
Since y / 4 = 2 ; so y = 8
As a conclusion, the formula of hydrocarbon is C
4
H
8
5 Q is more electropositive than Y. When 1.92 g of metal Q is
added to an aqueous solution containing Y
2+
ions, 12.4 g
of metal Y is obtained. In this reaction, Q
3+
ions are
produced.
(a) Write an ionic equation to represent the reaction above.
2 Q + 3 Y
2+
3 Y + 2 Q
3+
(b) What is the relative atomic mass of Q if the relative
atomic mass of Y is 207?
Mol of Y = mass / RAM Mol of Y = mass / RAM
Y = 12.42 / 207
Y = 0.060 mol
Since from equation 3 Y = 2 Q
Mol of Q = 0.060 x 2 / 3
Q = 0.040 mol
RAM of Q = 1.92 / 0.040
RAM of Q = 48
6. 1.0 dm
3
sample of air containing carbon dioxide is passed
through aqueous calcium hydroxide. If 0.080 g of calcium
carbonate is formed, determine
(a) the number of moles of CO
2
present.
The equation between CO
2
and Ca(OH)
2
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Since 1 mol of CO
2
= 1 mol of CaCO
3
= 0.080 g / [40 + 12 + 3 (16)]
= 8.0 x 10
-4
mol
(b) the percentage by volume of CO
2
in the sample at STP.
Since mol of CO
2
= 8.0 x 10
-4
mol
So volume of CO
2
in sample = 8.0 x 10
-4
(22.4 dm
3
)
V = 0.018 dm
3
% by V of CO2 = 0.018 dm
3
/ 1.0 dm
3
x 100%
= 1.8 %
7. When 6.70 g of iron is burned in 3.64 g oxygen, Fe
2
O
3
is
formed. [Ar O = 16; Fe = 55.8]
(a) Write a balanced equation for the action.
4 Fe + 3 O
2
2 Fe
2
O
3
(b) What mass of Fe
2
O
3
will be produce
Mol of Fe = mass / RAM ; mol of Fe = 6.70 / 55.8
mol of Fe = 0.120 mol
Since 4 Fe = 2 Fe
2
O
3
Mol of Fe
2
O
3
= 0.120 / 2 = 0.060 mol
Mass of Fe
2
O
3
= 0.060 x [2(55.8) + 3(16)]
(c) What mass of oxygen will be left over at the end of the
reaction?
Mass of Fe
2
O
3
= 0.060 x [2(55.8) + 3(16)]
= 9. 58 g
From equation above, since 4 Fe = 3 O
2
Mol of O
2
= 0.120 x 3 / 4 = 0.090 mol
Mass of O
2
= 0.090 x [2(16)]
= 2.88 g
Mass of O
2
unreacted = 3.64 2.88
= 0.96 g
8. Calculate the concentration in mol dm
-3
of the resulting
solution when 300 cm
3
of 0.40 mol dm
-3
Na
2
SO
4
is mixed
with 200 cm
3
of 1.2 mol dm
-3
Na
2
SO
4
. What are the molar
concentration of Na
+
and SO
4
2-
ions in the resulting solution?
When mixing both Na
2
SO
4
Mol of Na
2
SO
4
in A mol of Na
2
SO
4
in B
mol = 0.12 mol mol = 0.24 mol
Total mol = 0.12 + 0.24 = 0.36 mol
1000
) 300 )( 40 . 0 (
mol ;
1000
MV
mol = =
1000
) 200 )( 2 . 1 (
mol ;
1000
MV
mol = =
Total mol = 0.12 + 0.24 = 0.36 mol
When mixed, total volume, V = 300 + 200
V = 500 cm
3
Concentration after mixture
M = 0.72 mol dm
-3
Since Na2SO4 2 Na
+
+ SO
4
2-
So, [Na
+
] = 2 (0.72) = 1.44 mol dm
-3
[SO
4
2-
] = 1 (0.72) = 0.72 mol dm
-3
500
) 1000 )( 36 . 0 (
M ;
V
1000 mol
M
tot
=

=
9. Manganate (VII) ions react with oxalate ions according to
the reaction below: ;
2 MnO
4
-
+ 5 C
2
O
4
2-
+ 16 H
+
8 H
2
O + 2 Mn
2+
+ 10 CO
2
What is the volume of 0.200 mol dm
-3
KMnO
4
-
required to
completely oxidize 28.5 cm
3
of 0.500 mol dm
-3
Na
2
C
2
O
4
?
[Ar H = 1.0; C = 12.0; O = 16.0; K = 39.1]
5
2
) 50 . 28 )( 500 . 0 (
V ) 200 . 0 (
;
b
a
V M
V M
a
b b
a a
= =
V = 28.50 cm
3
V
a
= 28.50 cm
3
10. Brass is an alloy of copper, containiq 90.0% copper and
10.0 % zinc by mass. When nitric acid, HNO
3
is added to tin
alloy, the following reactions occur:
Cu + 4 H
+
+ 2 NO
3
-
Cu
2+
+ 2 NO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
4 Zn + 10 H
+
+ NO
3
-
4 Zn
2+
+ NH
4
+
+ 3 H
2
O
(a) What volume of 2.00 M nitric acid is required to react
completely with 10.0 g of brass?
In 10.0 g of brass ; 9.0 g is Cu and 1.0 g Zn
Mol of Cu = 9.0 / 63.5 = 0.1417 mol
Mol of Zn = 1.0 / 65.4 = 0.0153 mol Mol of Zn = 1.0 / 65.4 = 0.0153 mol
Based on the mol of H
+
in both equation ;
Total mol of HNO
3
= 4 (0.1417) + 10/4 (0.0153)
= 0.605 mol
V
HNO3
= mol x 1000 / M
= 0.605 x 1000 / 2.00
= 302.5 cm
3
(b) What volume of NO
2
gas will be produced at 25C and
1.01 x 10
5
Pa? [A
r
Cu = 63.5: Zn = 65.4]
Since NO
2
is only produced from reaction with Cu
So, mol of NO
2
= 2 (0.1417)
= 0.2834 mol
Under room condition,
V = mol x V
m
= 0.2834 x 22.4 dm
3
= 6.91 dm
3
= 6.91 dm
3