1

General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD
Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group
Las Vegas !e"ada
#une $$%$& $''&
2
AISC ASD and LRFD
(
AISC ) Ameri*an Institute o+ Steel
Constru*tion
(
ASD ) Allowable Stress Design
AISC !int, -dition
(
LRFD ) Load and Resistan*e Fa*tor Design
AISC T,ird -dition
3
AISC Steel Design .anuals
(
/012 AISC ASD 1
t,
-dition
(
/010 AISC ASD 3
t,
-dition
(
/034 AISC ASD 4
t,
-dition
(
/040 AISC ASD 0
t,
-dition
(
/041 AISC LRFD /
st
-dition
(
/002 AISC LRFD $
nd
-dition
(
/000 AISC LRFD 2
rd
-dition
4
ASD and LRFD
.a5or Di++eren*es
(
Load Combinations and load +a*tors
(
ASD results are based on t,e stresses and
LRFD results are based on t,e +or*es and
moments *apa*it6
(
Stati* anal6sis is a**eptable +or ASD but
nonlinear geometri* anal6sis is re7uired +or
LRFD
(
8eams and +le9ural members
( C
b
*omputation
5
ASD Load Combinations
(
/:'D ; /:'L
(
':3&D ; ':3&L ; ':3&W
(
':3&D ; ':3&L ; ':3&E
D ) dead load
L ) li"e load
W ) wind load
E ) eart,7ua<e load
6
ASD Load Combinations
=r 6ou *an use +ollowing load *ombinations wit, t,e
parameter ALSTRI!C to a**ount +or t,e />2 allowable
in*rease +or t,e wind and seismi* load
(
/:'D ; /:'L
(
/:'D ; /:'L ; /:'W
(
/:'D ; /:'L ; /:'E
(
?ARA.-T-R @ ALSTRI!C based on t,e A in*rease
(
ALSTRI!C 22:222 L=ADI!GS $ 2
7
LRFD Load Combinations
(
/:BD
(
/:$D ; /:1L
(
/:$D ; /:1W ; ':&L
(
/:$D C /:'E ; ':&L
(
':0D C D/:1W or /:'EE
D ) dead load
L ) li"e load
W ) wind load
E ) eart,7ua<e load
8
De+le*tion Load Combinations
+or ASD and LRFD
(
/:'D ; /:'L
(
/:'D ; /:'L ; /:'W
(
/:'D ; /:'L ; /:'E
D ) dead load
L ) li"e load
W ) wind load
E ) eart,7ua<e load
9
For*es and Stresses
(
ASD ) a*tual stress "alues are
*ompared to t,e AISC
allowable stress "alues
(
LRFD ) a*tual +or*es and moments
are *ompared to t,e AISC
limiting +or*es and moments
*apa*it6
10
AST. Steel Grade
(
Comparison is between Table / o+ t,e AISC ASD 0
t,
-dition
on ?age /%3 "ersus Table $%/ o+ t,e AISC LRFD 2
rd
-dition on
?age $%$B
(
A&$0 Gr: B$ o+ ASD not a"ailable in LRFD
(
A&$0 Gr: &' and && are new in LRFD
(
ABB/ not a"ailable in LRFD
(
A&3$ Gr: && is new in LRFD
(
A1/4 Gr: I II F III are new in LRFD
(
A0/2 Gr: &' 1' 1& F 3' are new in LRFD
( A00$ DF
6
) &' F
u
) 1&E is new in LRFD Dnew standardE
(
A4B3 is new in LRFD
11
Slenderness Ratio
(
Compression
KL/r G $''
(
Tension
L/r G 2''
12
Tension .embers
(
C,e*< L>r ratio
(
C,e*< Tensile Strengt, based on t,e *ross%
se*tionHs Gross Area
(
C,e*< Tensile Strengt, based on t,e *ross%
se*tionHs !et Area
13
Tension .embers
ASD
f
t
) FX>A
g
G F
t
Gross Area
f
t
) FX>A
e
G F
t
!et Area
LRFD
P
u
) FX G
t
P
n
)
t
A
g
F
y

t
) ':0 +or Gross Area
P
u
) FX G
t
P
n
)
t
A
e
F
u

t
) ':3& +or !et Area
14
Tension .embers
ASD DASD Se*tion D/E
Gross Area F
t
) ':1F
y
!et Area F
t
) ':&F
u
LRFD DLRFD Se*tion D/E
Gross Area
t
P
n
)
t
F
y
A
g

t
) ':0
!et Area
t
P
n
)
t
F
u
A
e

t
) ':3&
15
Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD /:'D ; /:'L
LRFD /:$D ; /:1L
':1F
y
DASDE I D/:&E ) ':0F
y
DLRFDE
':&F
u
DASDE I D/:&E ) ':3&F
u
DLRFDE
ASD I D/:&E ) LRFD
16
Tension .embers
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-400.
o
17
Tension .embers
(
.ember is /& +eet long
(
Fi9ed at t,e top o+ t,e member and +ree at t,e bottom
(
Loadings areJ
(
Sel+ weig,t
(
B'' <ips tension +or*e at t,e +ree end
(
Load *ombinations based on t,e ASD and
LRFD *odes
(
Steel grade is A00$
(
Design based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
18
Tension .embers
ASD
K/49B1 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':040
LRFD
K/'9B0 A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':040
19
Tension .embers
ASD
K/49B1 Area ) /2:& in:
$
FL ) B'':144 <ips Ratio ) ':040
LRFD
K/'9B0 Area ) /B:B in:
$
FL ) 1B':44/ <ips Ratio ) ':040
20
Tension .embers
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
1B':44/ > B'':144 ) /:&00
-7uation Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
LRFD ) D/:&E I ASD
-stimate re7uired *ross%se*tional area +or LRFD
LRFD K/'9B0 Area ) /B:B in:
$
A r e a + o r L R F D / 2 &
1 B ' 4 4 /
B ' ' 1 4 4
/ '
/ &
' 0 4 0
' 0 4 0
/ B 2 0 & :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
21
Tension .embers
Code C,e*< based on t,e ASD9 and using K/'9B0
FL ) B'':32B <ips Ratio ) ':0$4
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
1B':44/ > B'':32B ) /:&00
LRFD K/'9B0 Ratio ) ':040
L R F D R a t i o * o m p u t e d + r o m A S D ' 0 $ 4
1 B ' 4 4 /
B ' ' 3 2 B
/ '
/ &
' 0 4 0 :
:
:
:
:
:
22
Tension .embers
ASD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) B'' <ips
K/49B1 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':040
LRFD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) B'' <ips
K/'9B0 A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':040
-9ample M $
Dead Load ) $'' <ips
Li"e Load ) $'' <ips
K/B9B2 A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':040
Code *,e*< K/B9B2 based on t,e ASD0
K/B9B2 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) /:'1
23
Compression .embers
(
C,e*< KL>r ratio
(
Compute Fle9ural%Torsional 8u*<ling and
-7ui"alent DKL>rE
e
( Find .a9imum o+ KL>r and DKL>rE
e
( Compute Q
s
and Q
a
based on t,e b>t and h>t
w

ratios
(
8ased on t,e KL>r ratio *ompute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting +or*e in LRFD
24
Compression .embers
ASD
f
a
) FX>A
g
G F
a
LRFD
P
u
) FX G
c
P
n
)
c
A
g
F
cr
K,ere
c
) ':4&
25
Limiting Kidt,%T,i*<ness Ratios
+or Compression -lements
ASD
b/t ) h/t
w
)
LRFD
b/t ) h/t
w
)
0 & > F
y
' & 1 : > E F
y
$ & 2 > F
y
/ B 0 : > E F
y
26
Limiting Kidt,%T,i*<ness Ratios
+or Compression -lements
Assume E ) $0''' <si
ASD
b/t ) h/t
w
)
LRFD
b/t ) h/t
w
)
0 & > F
y
0 & 2 1 : > F
y
$ & 2 > F
y
$ & 2 3 B : > F
y
27
Compression .embers
ASD KL/r G C
c
DASD -$%/ or A%8&%//E
LRFD DLRFD A%-2%$E
( )
( ) ( )
F
Q
K L r
C
F
K L r
C
K L r
C
a
c
y
c
c

1
]
1
1
+

/
$
&
2
2
4
4
$
$
2
2
>
> >
( )
F Q F
c r
Q
y
c
' 1 & 4
$
:

W h e r e C
E
Q F
c
y
$
$

W h e r e

c
y
K L
r
F
E

c
Q / & :
28
Compression .embers
ASD KL/r N C
c
DASD -$%$E
LRFD DLRFD A%-2%2E
( )
F
E
K L r
a

/ $
$ 2
$
$

>
W h e r e C
E
Q F
c
y
$
$

c
Q > / & :
F F
c r
c
y

1
]
1
' 4 3 3
$
:

W h e r e

c
y
K L
r
F
E

29
Compression .embers
LRFD
F F
c r
c
y

1
]
1
' 4 3 3
$
:

W h e r e

c
y
K L
r
F
E

F
K L
r
F
E
F
c r
y
y

_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
' 4 3 3
$
:

( )
F
E
K L r
c r

' 4 3 3
$
$
:
>

( )
F
E
K L r
c r

$ ' / 3 /
$ 2
$
$
:
>

30
Compression .embers
ASD LRFD
F
cr
> F
a
) /:14/
LRFD F
cr
) ASD F
a
I /:14/
( )
F
E
K L r
a

/ $
$ 2
$
$

>
( )
F
E
K L r
c r

$ ' / 3 /
$ 2
$
$
:
>

31
Compression .embers
ASD
DASD C%-$%$E
LRFD
O
*
) .a9imum o+ D O
*6
O
*P
O
e
E
K L r
K L
r
K L
r
K L
r
y Y
y
z z
z e
>

_
,

_
,

W h e r e
K L
r
E
F
e e

_
,

32
Compression .embers
LRFD
K,ereJ

c y
y y
y
y
K L
r
F
E

c z
z z
z
y
K L
r
F
E

e
y
e
F
F

33
Compression .embers
Fle9ural%Torsional 8u*<ling
( )
F
E C
K L
G
! !
e
w
" "
y z
+

1
]
1
1
+

$
$
/ ' :
34
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n 0 & / 0 & > > > > > F # b t F #
y c y c
< <
Q b t F #
s y c
/ $ 0 2 ' ' ' 2 ' 0 : : D > E >
W h e n ' & 1 / ' 2 : > > : > E F b t E F
y y
< <
Q b t F E
s y
/ B / & ' 3 B : : D > E >
( )
#
h t
h t #
c c
>
B ' &
3 ' / '
' : B 1
:
>
> : i + o t , e r w i s e
35
Q
s
Computation
Assume E ) $0''' <si
ASD
LRFD
W h e n 0 & / 0 & > > > > > F # b t F #
y c y c
< <
Q b t F #
s y c
/ $ 0 2 ' ' ' 2 ' 0 : : D > E >
W h e n 0 & 2 1 / 3 & B : > > : > F b t F
y y
< <
Q b t F
s y
/ B / & ' ' ' B 2 B & : : D > E
36
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n b t F #
y c
> > > / 0 &
( )
[ ]
Q # F b t
s c y
$ 1 $ ' '
$
> >
W h e n b t E F
y
> : > / ' 2
( )
[ ]
Q E F b t
s y
' 1 0
$
: > >
37
Q
s
Computation
Assume E ) $0''' <si
ASD
LRFD
W h e n b t F #
y c
> > > / 0 &
( )
[ ]
Q # F b t
s c y
$ 1 $ ' '
$
> >
W h e n b t F
y
> : > / 3 & B
( )
[ ]
Q F b t
s y
$ ' ' / '
$
> >
38
Q
a
Computation
ASD
LRFD
b
t
f b t f
b
e

1
]
1
1

$ & 2
/
B B 2 :
D > E
b t
E
f b t
E
f
b
e

1
]
1
/ 0 / /
' 2 B
:
:
D > E
A s s u m e k s i E b
t
f b t f
e

1
]
1
1
$ 0 ' ' '
2 $ & $ 1
/
& 3 0

: :
D > E
39
Compression .embers
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-100.
o
40
Compression .embers
(
.ember is /& +eet long
(
Fi9ed at t,e bottom o+ t,e *olumn and +ree at t,e top
(
Loadings areJ
(
Sel+ weig,t
(
/'' <ips *ompression +or*e at t,e +ree end
(
Load *ombinations based on t,e ASD and
LRFD *odes
(
Steel grade is A00$
(
Design based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
41
Compression .embers
ASD
K/'9B0 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0B/
LRFD
K/'9&B A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':0BB
42
Compression .embers
ASD
K/'9B0 Area ) /B:B in:
$
FX ) /'':32B <ips Ratio ) ':0B/
LRFD
K/'9&B Area ) /&:4 in:
$
FX ) /1':013 <ips Ratio ) ':0BB
43
Compression .embers
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
/1':013 > /'':32B ) /:&04
-7uation Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
LRFD F
cr
) D/:14/E I ASD F
a
-stimate re7uired *ross%se*tional area +or LRFD
LRFD K/'9&B Area ) /&:4 in*,
A r e a + o r L R F D / B B
/ 1 ' 0 1 3
/ ' ' 3 2 B
/ '
/ 1 4 /
/ '
' 4 &
' 0 B /
' 0 B B
/ 1 ' & :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
44
Compression .embers
Code C,e*< based on t,e ASD9 and use K/'9&B
FX ) /'':4'1 <ips Ratio ) ':4B&
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
/1':013 > /'':4'1 ) /:&03
LRFD K/'9&B Ratio ) ':0BB
L R F D R a t i o * o m p u t e d + r o m A S D ' 4 B &
/ 1 ' 0 1 3
/ ' ' 4 ' 1
/ '
/ 1 4 /
/ '
' 4 &
' 0 B B :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
45
Compression .embers
ASD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /'' <ips
K/'9B0 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0B/
LRFD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /'' <ips
K/'9&B A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':0BB
-9ample M $
Dead Load ) &' <ips
Li"e Load ) &' <ips
K/'9B0 A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':0$/
Code *,e*< K/'9B0 based on t,e ASD0
K/'9B0 A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0B/
46
Fle9ural .embers
( 8ased on t,e b>t and h>t
w
ratios determine t,e *ompa*tness o+
t,e *ross%se*tion
(
Classi+6 +le9ural members as Compa*t !on*ompa*t or
Slender
( K,en non*ompa*t se*tion in ASD allowable stress F
b
is
*omputed based on t,e $>r
t
ratio: $ is t,e laterall6 unbra*ed
lengt, o+ t,e *ompression +lange: Also C
b
,as to be *omputed
(
K,en non*ompa*t or slender se*tion in LRFD LT8 FL8
and KL8 are *,e*<ed
( LT8 +or non*ompa*t or slender se*tions is *omputed using L
b

and C
b
: L
b
is t,e laterall6 unbra*ed lengt, o+ t,e *ompression
+lange
47
Fle9ural .embers
ASD
f
b
) %&>'
&
G F
b
LRFD
%
u
) %& G
b
M
n
K,ere
b
) ':0
48
Limiting Kidt,%T,i*<ness Ratios
+or Compression -lements
ASD
LRFD
Assume E ) $0''' <si
( t F
w y
> > 1 B '
b t E F
y
> : > ' 2 4 h t E F
w y
> : > 2 3 1
b t F
y
> > 1 &
b t F
y
> : > 1 B 3
h t F
w y
> : > 1 B ' 2
49
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
ASD DASD F/%/E
F
b
) ':11F
y
LRFD DLRFD A%F/%/E

b
M
n
=
b
M
p
=
b
F
y
Z
Z
1.5F
y
S
Z
K,ere
b
) ':0
50
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-15.00
-15.00
o
o
FIXED JOINT
8ra*ed at />2 ?oints
51
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
(
.ember is /$ +eet long
(
Fi9ed at bot, ends o+ t,e member
(
Loadings areJ
(
Sel+ weig,t
(
/& <ips>+t uni+orm load
(
Load *ombinations based on t,e ASD and
LRFD *odes
(
Steel grade is A00$
(
8ra*ed at t,e />2 ?oints
(
Design based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
52
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
ASD
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0&0
LRFD
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':04$
53
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
ASD
K/49B' '
z
) 14:B in:
2
%& ) $/1&:333 in*,%<ips Ratio ) ':0&0
LRFD
K/49B' &
z
) 34:B in:
2
%& ) 2B1$:022 in*,%<ips Ratio ) ':04$
54
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
2B1$:022 > $/1&:333 ) /:&040
-7uation Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
LRFD ) D':11'
z
ED/:&040E > D':0&
z
E I ASD
&
z
LRFD K/49B' Z
P
) 34:B in:
2
+ o r L R F D 1 4 B
2 B 1 $ 0 2 2
$ / 1 & 3 3 3
' 1 1
' 0
' 0 & 0
' 0 4 $
3 4 2 :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
55
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
Code C,e*< based on t,e ASD9 ?ro+ile K/49B'
%& ) $/1&:333 in*,%<ips Ratio ) ':0&0
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
2B1$:022 > $/1&:333 ) /:&040
LRFD K/49B' Ratio ) ':04$
L R F D R a t i o * o m p u t e d + r o m A S D ' 0 & 0
2 B 1 $ 0 2 2
$ / 1 & 3 3 3
' 1 1
' 0
1 4 B
3 4 B
' 0 4 / :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
56
Fle9ural .embers
Compa*t Se*tion
ASD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0&0
LRFD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':04$
-9ample M $
Dead Load ) 3:& <ips>+t
Li"e Load ) 3:& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':4&0
Code *,e*< K/49B' based on t,e ASD0
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':0&0
57
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
( 8ased on b>t d>t
w
and ,>t
w
determine i+ t,e se*tion is
non*ompa*t
( Compute C
b
( Compute Q
s
( 8ased on t,e $/r
t
ratio *ompute allowable stress F
b
(
Laterall6 unbra*ed lengt, o+ t,e *ompression +lange D$E
,as a dire*t e++e*t on t,e e7uations o+ t,e non*ompa*t
se*tion
58
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
f
b
) %&>'
&
G F
b
LRFD
%
u
) %& G
b
M
n
K,ere
b
) ':0
59
Limiting Kidt,%T,i*<ness Ratios
+or Compression -lements
ASD
LRFD
1 & 0 & F b t F
y y
<
( t F
w y
> 1 B '
' 2 4 ' 4 2 : > : E F b t E F
y L
<
2 3 1 & 3 : : E F h t E F
y w y
<
h t F
w b
3 1 '
60
Limiting Kidt,%T,i*<ness Ratios
+or Compression -lements
Assume E ) $0''' <si
ASD
LRFD
1 & 0 & F b t F
y y
<
( t F
w y
> 1 B '
1 B 3 / B / 2 : > > : > F b t F
y L
<
1 B ' 2 0 3 ' 3 : > : > F h t F
y w y
<
h t F
w b
3 1 '
61
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
DASD F/%2E
DASD F/%$E
ASD -7uations F/%1 F/%3 and F/%4 must to be *,e*<ed:
F F
b
t
F
b y
f
f
y

1
]
1
1
' 3 0 ' ' ' $
$
: :
( )
I + m i n i m u m o r L L
b
F ( A F
b c
f
y f y
>

_
,

3 1
$ ' ' ' '
62
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
K,en
DASD F/%1E
/ ' $ / ' & / ' / '
2 2

C
F
$
r
C
F
b
y )
b
y
( )
F
F $ r
C
F F Q
b
y )
b
y y s

1
]
1
1

$
2
/ & 2 ' / '
' 1
$
2
>
:
63
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
K,en
DASD F/%3E
$
r
C
F
)
b
y

& / ' / '

2
( )
F
C
$ r
F Q
b
b
)
y s

/ 3 ' / '
' 1
2
$
>
:
64
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
For an6 "alue o+ $>r
)
DASD F/%4E
F
C
$ ( A
F Q
b
b
f
y s

/ $ / '
' 1
2
>
:
65
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD
/: LT8 Lateral%Torsional 8u*<ling
$: FL8 Flange Lo*al 8u*<ling
2: KL8 Keb Lo*al 8u*<ling
66
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD
R
LT8
( Compute C
b
( 8ased on t,e L
b
*ompute limiting moment *apa*it6: L
b
is
t,e lateral unbra*ed lengt, o+ t,e *ompression +lange
* ) L
b
>r
y
( L
b
,as a dire*t e++e*t on t,e LT8 e7uations +or non*ompa*t
and slender se*tions
R
FL8
(
Compute limiting moment *apa*it6 based on t,e b>t ratio o+
t,e +lange * ) b>t
R
KL8
( Compute limiting moment *apa*it6 based on t,e h>t
w
ratio
o+ t,e web * ) h>t
w
67
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD LTB DTable A%F/:/E
For *
+
S * G *
r
DLRFD A%F/%$E
K,ereJ
%
+
) F
y
&
z
G /:&F
y
'
z
%
r
) F
L
'
z
F
L
) Smaller o+ DF
yf
T F
r
E or F
yw
* ) L
b
>r
y
*
+
)
( )
% C % % % %
n b + + r
+
r +
+

_
,

1
]
1
1

/ 3 1 : E F
y f
68
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD LTB DTable A%F/:/E
K,ereJ
*
r
)
L
/
)
L
$
)
X
F
X F
L
L
/
$
$
/ / + +

'
E G A
z
$
B
$
C
!
'
G
w
y
z

_
,

69
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD FLB DTable A%F/:/E
For *
+
S * G *
r
DLRFD A%F/%2E
K,ereJ
%
+
) F
y
&
z
G /:&F
y
'
z
%
r
) F
L
'
z
F
L
) Smaller o+ DF
yf
T F
r
E or F
yw
* ) b/t
*
+
)
*
r
)
( )
% % % %
n + + r
+
r +

_
,

1
]
1
1


' 2 4 : E F
y
' 4 2 : E F
L
70
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD WLB DTable A%F/:/E
For *
+
S * G *
r
DLRFD A%F/%2E
K,ereJ
%
+
) F
y
&
z
G /:&F
y
'
z
%
r
) ,
e
F
y
'
z
,
e
) /:' +or non%,6brid girder
( )
% % % %
n + + r
+
r +

_
,

1
]
1
1


71
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
LRFD WLB DTable A%F/:/E
* ) h/t
w
*
+
)
*
r
)
2 3 1 : E F
y
& 3 : E F
y
72
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
LRFD
( ) ( )
C % % % %
% %
% % % C
b
b
+ +
<

/ 3 & / ' & ' 2 $ 2

/ '
/ $ / $
$
/ $
/ $
: : : :
:
m a 9
I + b e t w e e n a n d
C
%
% % % %
%
%
%
b
A - C
A
-
C

+ + +

/ $ &
$ & 2 B 2
:
:
m a 9
m a 9
a b s o l u t e " a l u e o + m o m e n t a t 7 u a r t e r p o i n t
a b s o l u t e " a l u e o + m o m e n t a t * e n t e r l i n e
a b s o l u t e " a l u e o + m o m e n t a t t , r e e 7 u a r t e r p o i n t
73
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
X
Y
Z
Roller
-12.00
-12.00
o
o
Pi
74
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
(
.ember is /$ +eet long
(
?in at t,e start o+ t,e member
(
Roller at t,e end o+ t,e member
(
Cross%se*tion is K/$91&
(
Loadings areJ
(
Sel+ weig,t
(
/$ <ips>+t uni+orm load
(
Load *ombinations based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
(
Steel grade is A00$
(
C,e*< *ode based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
75
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
K/$91& C
b
) /:'
A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':044
LRFD
K/$91& C
b
) /:/21
A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':03/
Code *,e*< is *ontrolled b6 FL8:
C
b
) /:' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':032
76
Fle9ural .embers
!on*ompa*t Se*tion
ASD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /$ <ips>+t
K/$91& A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':044
LRFD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /$ <ips>+t
K/$91& A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':03/
-9ample M $
Dead Load ) 1 <ips>+t
Li"e Load ) 1 <ips>+t
K/$91& A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':4&
Code *,e*< K/$91& based on t,e ASD0
K/$91& A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':044
77
Design +or S,ear
ASD
f
.
) FY>A
w
G F
.
) ':BF
y
DASD FB%/E
LRFD
/
u
) FY G
.
/
n
=
.
':1F
yw
A
w
DLRFD F$%/E
K,ere
.
) ':0
h t F
w y
> 2 4 '
h t E F
w y w
> : > $ B &
78
Design +or S,ear
Assume E ) $0''' <si
ASD
f
.
) FY>A
w
G F
.
) ':BF
y
DASD FB%/E
LRFD
/
u
) FY G
.
/
n
=
.
':1F
yw
A
w
DLRFD F$%/E
K,ere
.
) ':0
h t F
w y
> 2 4 '
h t F
w y w
> : > B / 3 $
79
Design +or S,ear
ASD
f
.
) FY>A
y
G DASD FB%$E
LRFD
/
u
) FY G
.
/
n
)
.
DLRFD F$%$E
K,ere
.
) ':0
h t F
w y
> > 2 4 '
$ B & 2 ' 3 : > > : > E F h t E F
y w w y w
<
( )
F
F
C F
.
y
. y

$ 4 0
' B
:
:
' 1
$ B &
:
: >
>
F A
E F
h t
y w w
y w
w

_
,

80
Design +or S,ear
LRFD
/
u
) FY G
.
/
n
)
.
DLRFD F$%2E
K,ere
.
) ':0
2 ' 3 $ 1 ' : > > E F h t
y w w
<
( )
A
E
h t
w
w
B & $
$
:
>

1
]
1
1
81
Design +or S,ear
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-15.00
-15.00
o
o
FIXED JOINT
8ra*ed at />2 ?oints
82
Design +or S,ear
(
Same as e9ample M 2 w,i*, is used +or design o+ +le9ural
member wit, *ompa*t se*tion
(
.ember is /$ +eet long
(
Fi9ed at bot, ends o+ t,e member
(
Loadings areJ
(
Sel+ weig,t
(
/& <ips>+t uni+orm load
(
Load *ombinations based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
(
Steel grade is A00$
(
8ra*ed at t,e />2 ?oints
(
Design based on t,e ASD and LRFD *odes
83
Design +or S,ear
ASD DC,e*< s,ear at t,e end o+ t,e member e7uation UFB%/ VWE
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':4
LRFD DC,e*< s,ear at t,e end o+ t,e member e7uation UA%F$%/ VWE
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':0B4
84
Design +or S,ear
ASD
K/49B' A
y
) &:124 in:
$
FY ) 0':$B/ <ips Ratio ) ':4
LRFD
K/49B' A
y
) &:124 in:
$
FY ) /BB:$40 <ips Ratio ) ':0B4
85
Design +or S,ear
Code C,e*< based on t,e ASD9 ?ro+ile K/49B'
FY ) 0':$B/ <ips Ratio ) ':4
Load Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
/BB:$40 > 0':$B/ ) /:&040
-7uation Fa*tor di++eren*e between LRFD and ASD
LRFD ) D':BED/:&040E >D':1ED':0E I ASD
LRFD K/49B' Ratio ) ':0B4
L R F D R a t i o * o m p u t e d + r o m A S D ' 4
/ B B $ 4 0
0 ' $ B /
' B
' 1
/ '
' 0
' 0 B 4 :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
86
Design +or S,ear
ASD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':4
LRFD
-9ample M /
Li"e Load ) /& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':0B4
-9ample M $
Dead Load ) 3:& <ips>+t
Li"e Load ) 3:& <ips>+t
K/49B' A*tual>Limiting Ratio ) ':42
Code *,e*< K/49B' based on t,e ASD0
K/49B' A*tual>Allowable Ratio ) ':4
87
Combined For*es
ASD f
a
>F
a
N 0123
DASD H/%/E
DASD H/%$E
LRFD P
u
/P
n
0.2
DLRFD H/%/aE
f
F
C f
f
F
F
C f
f
F
a
a
4 y b y
a
e y
b y
4 z b z
a
e z
+

_
,

_
,

/
/
/ ' :
f
F
f
F
f
F
a
y
b y
b y
b z
b z
' 1
/ '
:
: + +
P
P
%
%
%
%
u
n
u y
b n y
u z
b n z

+ +

_
,

4
0
/ ' :
88
Combined For*es
ASD f
a
>F
a
G 0123
DASD H/%/E
LRFD P
u
/P
n
< 0.2
DLRFD H/%/aE
f
F
f
F
f
F
a
a
b y
b y
b z
b z
+ + / ' :
P
P
%
%
%
%
u
n
u y
b n y
u z
b n z
$
/ '

+ +

_
,

:
89
Combined For*es
X
Y
Z
90
Combined For*es
(
2D Simple Frame
(
2 8a6s in L dire*tion 2 X /& +t
(
$ 8a6s in Z dire*tion $ X 2' +t
(
$ Floors in V dire*tion $ X /& +t
(
Loadings
(
Sel+ weig,t o+ t,e Steel
(
Sel+ weig,t o+ t,e Slab 1$:& ps+
(
=t,er dead loads /&:' ps+
(
Li"e load on se*ond +loor &':' ps+
(
Li"e load on roo+ $':' ps+
(
Kind load in t,e L dire*tion $':' ps+
(
Kind load in t,e Z dire*tion $':' ps+
91
Combined For*es
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemie !ase" #n the P$O%IL& >
< T#tal Length' (#l)me' Weight' an" N)m*e+ #f ,em*e+s >
< >
< P+#file Names T#tal Length T#tal (#l)me T#tal Weight - #f ,em*e+s >
< W./011 23.4//&5/1 23/678&5/8 9368.:&5// .2 >
< W.209: .388//&5/1 2388:/&5/8 436192&5// 8 >
< W.2049 .388//&5/1 2379/8&5/8 7376.6&5// 8 >
< W.2072 23.4//&5/1 839974&5/8 .326.2&5/. .2 >
< W406 1328//&5/1 :34:12&5/1 2384//&5// .: >
< W:08/ .388//&5/1 .34:8:&5/8 83771/&5// 8 >
< W:08: .388//&5/1 23/1/8&5/8 93792.&5// 8 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTI(& UNITS W&I;HT KIP L&N;TH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL L&N;TH' W&I;HT AN< (OLU,& %O$ SP&CI%I&< ,&,!&$S >
< >
< L&N;TH = .3112/&5/8 W&I;HT = 834944&5/. (OLU,& = .34817&5/9 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined For*es
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemie !ase" #n the P$O%IL& >
< T#tal Length' (#l)me' Weight' an" N)m*e+ #f ,em*e+s >
< >
< P+#file Names T#tal Length T#tal (#l)me T#tal Weight - #f ,em*e+s >
< W./011 134///&5/1 138694&5/8 636/1/&5// .4 >
< W./016 .388//&5/1 .3494/&5/8 8346.8&5// 8 >
< W./086 732///&5/2 .3/14:&5/8 236171&5// 8 >
< W.2089 .388//&5/1 .36//:&5/8 931:9/&5// 8 >
< W406 1328//&5/1 :34:12&5/1 2384//&5// .: >
< W:01. .388//&5/1 .31.87&5/8 137284&5// 8 >
< W:08/ .388//&5/1 .34:8:&5/8 83771/&5// : >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTI(& UNITS W&I;HT KIP L&N;TH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL L&N;TH' W&I;HT AN< (OLU,& %O$ SP&CI%I&< ,&,!&$S >
< >
< L&N;TH = .3112/&5/8 W&I;HT = 131:78&5/. (OLU,& = .3.697&5/9 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
93
Combined For*es
ASD
K-IGHT ) B1:&11 <ips
LRFD
K-IGHT ) 22:43B <ips
94
De+le*tion Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemie !ase" #n the P$O%IL& >
< T#tal Length' (#l)me' Weight' an" N)m*e+ #f ,em*e+s >
< >
< P+#file Names T#tal Length T#tal (#l)me T#tal Weight - #f ,em*e+s >
< W./011 23.4//&5/1 23/678&5/8 9368.:&5// .2 >
< W.209: .388//&5/1 2388:/&5/8 436192&5// 8 >
< W.2049 .388//&5/1 2379/8&5/8 7376.6&5// 8 >
< W.2072 23.4//&5/1 839974&5/8 .326.2&5/. .2 >
< W.8081 .388//&5/1 .3:.88&5/8 93.8/2&5// 8 >
< W.808: .388//&5/1 23/1/8&5/8 93792.&5// 8 >
< W406 1328//&5/1 :34:12&5/1 2384//&5// .: >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTI(& UNITS W&I;HT KIP L&N;TH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL L&N;TH' W&I;HT AN< (OLU,& %O$ SP&CI%I&< ,&,!&$S >
< >
< L&N;TH = .3112/&5/8 W&I;HT = 834611&5/. (OLU,& = .34944&5/9 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
De+le*tion Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemie !ase" #n the P$O%IL& >
< T#tal Length' (#l)me' Weight' an" N)m*e+ #f ,em*e+s >
< >
< P+#file Names T#tal Length T#tal (#l)me T#tal Weight - #f ,em*e+s >
< W./011 23.4//&5/1 23/678&5/8 9368.:&5// .2 >
< W./086 .388//&5/1 23/714&5/8 93:789&5// : >
< W./098 732///&5/2 .3.174&5/8 13222:&5// 8 >
< W.208/ .388//&5/1 .34662&5/8 83:.1:&5// 8 >
< W.8081 23:://&5/1 1342::&5/8 .3/2:/&5/. : >
< W.808: .388//&5/1 23/1/8&5/8 93792.&5// 8 >
< W406 1328//&5/1 :34:12&5/1 2384//&5// .: >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTI(& UNITS W&I;HT KIP L&N;TH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL L&N;TH' W&I;HT AN< (OLU,& %O$ SP&CI%I&< ,&,!&$S >
< >
< L&N;TH = .3112/&5/8 W&I;HT = 13:189&5/. (OLU,& = .31919&5/9 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
96
De+le*tion Design
ASD
K-IGHT ) B1:022 <ips
LRFD
K-IGHT ) 24:2B& <ips
97
Compare Design wit,out and wit,
De+le*tion Design
ASD
Kit,out De+le*tion Design K-IGHT ) B1:&11 <ips
Kit, De+le*tion Design K-IGHT ) B1:022 <ips
LRFD
Kit,out De+le*tion Design K-IGHT ) 22:43B <ips
Kit, De+le*tion Design K-IGHT ) 24:2B& <ips
98
Design same e9ample based on
C
b
) /:'
Code and de+le*tion design wit, C
b
) /:'
ASD
Compute C
b
K-IGHT ) B1:022 <ips
Spe*i+6 C
b
) /:' K-IGHT ) &/:3&$ <ips
LRFD
Compute C
b
K-IGHT ) 24:2B& <ips
Spe*i+6 C
b
) /:' K-IGHT ) B4:B$/ <ips
99
Design Similar e9ample based on
C
b
) /:' and LLI&
( Code and de+le*tion design wit, C
b
) /:' and in*rease t,e li"e
load b6 a +a*tor o+ &:
(
Area loads are distributed using two wa6 option instead o+ one
wa6
(
Also *,ange t,e $ ba6s in t,e Z dire*tion +rom 2' +t to /& +t:
ASD K-IGHT ) $&:133 <ips
LRFD K-IGHT ) $$:121 <ips
Di++eren*e ) 2:'B/ <ips
100
Design Similar e9ample based on
C
b
) /:' and LLI/'
( Code and de+le*tion design wit, C
b
) /:' and in*rease t,e li"e
load b6 a +a*tor o+ /':
(
Area loads are distributed using two wa6 option instead o+ one
wa6
(
Also *,ange t,e $ ba6s in t,e Z dire*tion +rom 2' +t to /& +t:
ASD K-IGHT ) 2/:'$$ <ips
LRFD K-IGHT ) $0:'&/ <ips
Di++eren*e ) /:03/ <ips
101
Sti++ness Anal6sis
"ersus
!onlinear Anal6sis
(
Sti++ness Anal6sis R Load Combinations or Form
Loads *an be used:
(
!onlinear Anal6sis R Form Loads must be used:
Load Combinations are not "alid:
(
!onlinear Anal6sis R Spe*i+6 t6pe o+ !onlinearit6:
(
!onlinear Anal6sis R Spe*i+6 .a9imum !umber o+
C6*les:
(
!onlinear Anal6sis R Spe*i+6 Con"ergen*e
Toleran*e:
102
!onlinear Anal6sis
Commands
(
!=!LI!-AR -FF-CT
(
T-!SI=! =!LV
(
C=.?R-SSI=! =!LV
(
G-=.-TRV ALIAL
(
.ALI.U. !U.8-R =F CVCL-S
(
C=!V-RG-!C- T=L-RA!C-
(
!=!LI!-AR A!ALVSIS
103
Design using !onlinear Anal6sis
Input File M /
(
Geometr6 .aterial T6pe ?roperties
(
Loading YSKH YLLH and YKLH
(
F=R. L=AD YAH FR=. YSKH /:B
(
F=R. L=AD Y8H FR=. YSKH /:$ YLLH /:1
(
F=R. L=AD YCH FR=. YSKH /:$ YKLH /:1 YLLH ':&
(
F=R. L=AD YDH FR=. YSKH ':0 YKLH /:1
(
D-FI!- ?HVSICAL .-.8-RS
(
?ARA.-T-RS
(
.-.8-R C=!STRAI!TS
(
L=AD LIST YAH Y8H YCH YDH @ A*ti"ate onl6 t,e F=R. loads
(
STIFF!-SS A!ALVSIS
(
SAV-
104
Design using !onlinear Anal6sis
Input File M $
/: R-ST=R-
$: L=AD LIST YAH Y8H YCH YDH
2: S-L-CT .-.8-RS
B: S.==TH ?HVSICAL .-.8-RS
&: D-L-T- L=ADI!GS YAH Y8H YCH YDH
1: S-LF K-IGHT L=ADI!G R-C=.?UT-
3: F=R. L=AD YAH FR=. YSKH /:B
4: F=R. L=AD Y8H FR=. YSKH /:$ YLLH /:1
0: F=R. L=AD YCH FR=. YSKH /:$ YKLH /:1 YLLH ':&
/': F=R. L=AD YDH FR=. YSKH ':0 YKLH /:1
//: L=AD LIST YAH Y8H YCH YDH
/$: STIFF!-SS A!ALVSIS
/2: CH-CZ .-.8-RS
/B: ST--L TAZ- =FF
/&: SAV-
105
Design using !onlinear Anal6sis
Input File M 2
/: R-ST=R-
$: L=AD LIST YAH Y8H YCH YDH
2: S-L-CT .-.8-RS
B: S.==TH ?HVSICAL .-.8-RS
&: D-L-T- L=ADI!GS YAH Y8H YCH YDH
1: S-LF K-IGHT L=ADI!G R-C=.?UT-
3: F=R. L=AD YAH FR=. YSKH /:B
4: F=R. L=AD Y8H FR=. YSKH /:$ YLLH /:1
0: F=R. L=AD YCH FR=. YSKH /:$ YKLH /:1 YLLH ':&
/': F=R. L=AD YDH FR=. YSKH ':0 YKLH /:1
106
Design using !onlinear Anal6sis
Input File M 2 D*ontinueE
/: !=!LI!-AR -FF-CT
$: G-=.-TRV ALL .-.8-RS
2: .ALI.U. !U.8-R =F CVCL-S
B: C=!V-RG-!C- T=L-RA!C- DIS?LAC-.-!T
&: L=AD LIST YAH Y8H YCH YDH
1: !=!LI!-AR A!ALVSIS
3: CH-CZ .-.8-RS
4: ST--L TAZ- =FF
0: SAV-
107
General Comparison between AISC
LRFD and ASD
Questions