kpp \a-kvImcw

\n_() \a-kvIm-c-n\p ]pdsa Nne \a-kvIm-c- sFOnI DEambp-apv. \n_--am \-a-kvImcw

aptJ\ IqSp- X ssZhnI {]Xn-^ ew Ic- -a m- pI, \n_- - \- a - k v I m- c - n kw`- h n- p sshI- e y-
]cn-l-cn-pI, hnizm-knv Am-lp-hp- ambn IqSp-X ASp-hpw _hpw km[n-pI apX-em-b-h-bmWv AXp-hgn
t\Sm-\p-Xv. \_n (k) ]d--Xmbn A_q-lp-ssdd (d) D-cn-pp:

$ ] `^ ^n ] m e ^$] g^vm ^ $ $
^` $ i f ] ] - a - j ^e% m
]% i V^ % _i ^ % _i f a ] ] V^ ^n ^` j] ^ $ ^i kf j $ ^i k^ [^`
o ^] i $ $ % _i jm f
D]eE

(Ay-\m-fn a\p-jysc hnNm-cW sN-p Imcy--fn BZy tXv \a-kvIm-c-amWv. \psS \mY Ahv
\-t ]mse Adn-b m- hp- - t Xm-s Smw ae- p-I - t fmSv ]dbpw: Fs ASn-a -b psS \a-k v I mcw Ah ]qW-a mbn
\nh-ln-n-p-tm, AtXm Ipdhp hcp-n-bn-p tm Fp ]cn-tim-[n-p-I. AXp ]qW-sa-n Ah\p ]qW-Ia
-ambn tcJ-s-Sppw. AXn h Ipdhpw hn-p-s-n Amlp ]dbpw: Fs ASn-av h sFOnI
(\a-k vI mc)hpw Dtm Fv ]cn-t im-[ n- pI. Ahv sFOnI(\a-kv I mc)aps-n Amlp ]d-b pw: Ahs
sFOn-I-\-a-kvImcw FSpv Ahs ^Znse Ipdhv \nI-pI. ]ns ap Ia-fpw AX-\p-k-cnv ]cn-K-Wnpw.)

hon
kpp \a-kvImcw hon shm-hp--XmWv Daw. \_n (k) ]d--Xmbn Pm_n (d) D-cn-pp.

$ ] u o$ ]
(uE ] n i j ne ^q $ q $ # ] $ i ^fn j nf rn r
D
(\n-f n-e mscnepw ]n-b n shv \a-k v I -c n- pp-s h- n hon\pw \a-k v I m-c - n Hcp hnlnXw Ah
\n-bn-s. ImcWw Amlp \a-kvImcw hgn Ahs hon \ hcppw). ^Zp- \-a-kv Im-c-p appw
tij-hp-ap dhm-Xn_p kp-p-I \_n (k) hon-em-bn-cpp \a-kvI-cn-n-cp--sXv lZo-Yp-I-fn\nv {Klnmw.

\on \a-kvI-cn-p-Xv Daw

kpv \a-kvImcw Jp-B ]mcm-b-Whpw ZnIvdp-Ifpw ZoLn-n p \a-kI
v c
- n-p-X
- mWv Daw. Gw t{ijvTI
- aw
GXv F tNmZy n\v ^n] (\ndpw ZoLn-n- \a-kvImcw) FmWv \_n (k) Hcn- adp-]Sn \In-bXv.
tIhew (_), A\p-_w (n) Cs\ kpv \a-kvImcw cphn[-apv. ^Zp \a-kvIm-ct- mSp
tN- X - m {Kl- W - \- a - k v Imcw, ag- tX- S p \a- k v I mcw XpS- n- b - h -b mWv tIh- e - \- a -k v I m- c - . ^Zv
\a-kvIm-c--tfmSp tNphcp--XmWv A\p-_-- kp--p-I. fi]] ] Fpw gi]] Fpw AXn\v t]cpv.

dhm-Xn_p kpv:

{]_-e -amb dhm-X n_p kpv ]v dIv-A - mWv. C_v\ p Dadn (d) \nv Camw _pJmcn dntmv sNbv X
lZo-YmWv sXfnhv.

j ne h] e nj ^a e nj `% ] f nj V l^ $ n # ] o$ ( f] k u
D^f]E xf% ] f nj j ne ^ ] e nj

(\_n(k)bn\nv Rm ]p dIvAv \a-kvImcw {Kln-p: fplvdn\papv cv, tijw cv, aKvcn-_n\ptijw

honshv cv. Cim-Cv tijw honshv cv. kp_vlv \a-kvIm-c-n\papv cv.)
Ah-bpsS IqSp-X hnh-cWw Xmsg.

1. kp_vln\p apv:

Bbni (d) D-cn- pp.

Dj] ( (uE ^ nq ^n % ] $ g% u ^a

(apgp-h Zpbm-hnepw Gsd F\nv CjvSw B cv dIv-A-m Wv.) kp_vlns kpv \_n (k) A[nIw
ZoLn-n-n-cp-n. Cu kp-n BZys dIv-A-n ^mXn-lbvp ]pdsa ^] kqdxbpw cm-a-t-Xn
] kqdxbpamWv \_n (k) HmXn-bncp- -sX-sXv Bbni (d) \nth-Z\w sNbvX lZo-Yn-epv.
bm{X-I -f n t]mepw \_n Cu \a-kvI mcw Hgn-hm- n-b n-c p-n. kabw sshIn-b-X n-\m kp_vln\p apv CXv
\a-k v I - c n- m Ign- n-s - n kp_v l v \a-k v I m- c - n\ptijw kqcy DZn- p- I -g n- n- m-b mepw AXp
\nh-ln-m-hp--XmWv.

2. fplvdn\p appw ]npw:

fplvdn\p appw ]npw cp dIv-Av hoXw {]_-e-amb kp -mWv. C_v\p Da (d) ]d-bpp.

DuE ^a e nj `% ] f nj m "
# # ] k^

(fplv d n\papv cpw tijw cpw dIv - A v Hcp Imc- W - h - i mepw Dt]- n- m- X n- c n- pI F- X m- b n- c pp
\_n(k)bpsS \a-kvIm-c- coXn.)
fplvdn\papv \mepw tijw cpw dIv-Av \a-kvI-cn--Xmbpw lZo-Yn hn-pv.

3. aKvcn-_n\pw Cim-C\pw tijw:

aKv c n- _ n\pw Cim-C \pw tijw cp dIv -A v hoXw {]_-e -a mWv . apIfn D-c n C_v \ p Da-d ns lZokv
ImWpI. aKvcn-_n\pw Cim-C\pw appw cv dIv-Av hoXw kp-pv. AXv {]_-e-a. \_n (k) ]d--Xmbn
A_vZp-m-ln_v\p apK-^v^ D-cn-pp.

D^f]E ^ V %^%] ^ $ $ = h] f ]% h] f ]%

(aKv c n- _ n\papv \a- k v I - c n- pI, aKv c n- _ n\papv \a- k v I - c n- pI. aqm- a s XhW \_n (k) ]dp:
CjvS-ap--hv.)
Cu \a- k v I m- c - - f n kp_v l n\papv cv , fplv d n\v apv cpw tijw cpw, aKv c n- _ n\p tijw cv ,
Cim-C\ptijw cv Cs\ ]v dIv-A-mWv {]_ew. kpv \mep- d-Iv-Av \a-kvI-cn-p -tm Cucp
dIv-Av \a-kvI-cnv kemw sNmp--XmWv Daw.

4. Akzvdn\p apv
Akv \a-kvIm-c-n\papv \mep dIv-Av kp-pv. \_n (k) ]d--Xmbn C_v\p-D-a (d) D-cn-pp.

Dj] (]e (uE ^ e ] f o$ ] ]

] u

(Akzdn\p apv \mep dIv-Av \a-kvI-cn--hs\ Amlp A\p- {K-ln-p-am-dm-Is!) apI-fn-ep--cn lZo-Yn Cu
\mep dIv-A-p-I ]cm-ain-n-n-m--Xn-\m {]_-e-amb dhm-Xn_p kp-p-I-fn Ah Ds]-Sp-n.

II. hnXv \a-kvImcw

H FmWv "hnXv ' F ]Z- n-\ Yw. H dIv -A - n Ah-k m- \n- p- p F-X mWv Cu \a-k v I m- c - n\v
As\ t]cp hcm Imc Ww. CimAv -\-a-kvIm-c-n\ptijw kp_vlv hsc-bmWv hnXvdns kabw. cm{Xn-bpsS
Ah-km-\- bm-a-n Dd--ap-Wv AXp \nh ln-p--XmWv IqSp-X Daw. cm{Xn Ipsd t\cw Dd-n-b-tijw
Fgp-tv \a-kvI-cn-p--Xn\v Xl-qZv ( r`i ) Fv ]d-bpp. Fm cm{Xn Ah-km\w DW-cp-sav
Xo-bn-m--h Ddpw apv \a-kvI-cn--emWv \Xv. Aen (d) ]d-bpp.

jve n i] $
i] g% vm i # ] $ ] i l] a ^m V ^ $ $ i "
# # ] e j] i
D u E

(^Zp- \-a-kvImcw t]mse \n_--ap H hnXv. Fm \_n (k) hnXv \a-kvI-cn-n-pv. ]ns \_n
(k) ]dp: Jp- B-\ns A\p-bm-bn-Itf, \n hnXv \a-kvI-cn-pI. ImcWw Amlp Hcp-h-\mWv. Ah H
CjvS-s-Spp).
hnXv \a-kvImcw Hp-ap-X ]Xn-s\mp dIv-A-p-hsc BImw. cv dIv-Av hoXw \a-kvI-cnv kemw sNmpI.
HSp-hn Hcp dIv- Av \a-kvI-cn-pI. CXmWv hnXvdns coXn. CSbvv kemw sNmm sX HSp-hn-es aqpw Apw
dIv-A-p-I \_n (k) Nnetmsg- nepw Hnp \a-kvI-cn--Xmbpw lZo-Yp-I-fn-epv.
hnXv \a-kvIm-c-n \_n (k) ZoL-ambn Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNbvXn-cp--Xmbn lZo-Yp-I-fn ImWmw. aqv
dIv-A-v hnXv \a-kv I-cn- p--h Xmsg lZo-Y n ]d-b p kqd- p-I HmXp- Xv kp- mWv . Bbni (d)
]d-bpp.

e( ] xf( o] $ ] m "
u $] a %^%$] ^] ^` m% ^m n ^%$] o]
# # ] ^
Dj] (]e (uE ni$ ]

(\_n (k) BZy-d-Iv-A-n

aqm-a-t-Xn

o] e ] xf F kqdxbpw cm-a-t-Xn ^] ^`m ^m F kqdxbpw

ni ] (u ] a kqd-I-fp-amWv HmXn-bn-cp--Xv.)

hnXvdnse Jp\qXv
da- Z m- \ nse Ah- k m\ ]Ip- X n- b n hnXv d nse Ah- k m- \ - d - I v - A - n se CA- v X n- Z m- e n Jp\qXv kp- mWv .
A_q-Zm-hqZv D-cn-pp:

^ ^f ] (] $ km n m ` ( m ^ g e ( e o ^$] q h^_] e $
D]eE

(Da (d) D_-p-_v \p- I-A-v _ns t\Xr-X z- n P\-sf kwL- Sn-np. Atlw Ccp-]Xp Znhkw Ahv
\a-kvIm-c-n\v t\XrXzw \Ip-am-bn-cpp. da-Zm-\ns tijn ]mXn-bnte Atlw Jp\qv \nhln-n-cp-pq.)
hnXv \a-kvIm-cm-\-cw % ]
] ^vf Fv aqpXhW, aqmw XhW i_vZ-ap-bn ]d-bp-Xv
k
p

m
W
v
.
]
n
s

|% ] ] h% Fpw, ]no-Sv Cu {]m--Y-\bpw kp--mWv.

n ^$ u

e
j e
i ^^ e (
_ ^e ( $ ` # ]
^ k
o kn$

Fpw ]d-bp-Xv kp-mWv.

]Xn-hmbn hnXv \a-kvI-cn-p--h GsX-nepw cm{Xn AXp \n h-ln-m Ign-bmsX t]mbm ]It\cv
AXp \nhln-p-Xp \-XmWv. \_n (k) ]d--Xmbn A_q-lp-ssdd (d) ]d-bpp.

( ,p^f]E i n i m

u xf ]

(\n-fn Bs-nepw hnXv \a-kvI-cn-m-\m-hmsX t\cw ]pev t]mbmepw Abm hnXv \a-kvI-cn-Ww.)

ap \a-kvIm-c--fnse Jp\qXv
apkvenw-Isf s]mXp-hn _m[n- p h hn]pw kw`-hn-m {]kvXpX hn]v \om Am-lp-h n-t\mSv
{]mYn- p- Xv D- a - a m Ipp. _\p- k pssew, dnAv , ZIv h m, Dkz Fo tKm{X- Ckv em- a npw
apkv e nw-I pw t{Zml-I -c -a mb \ne-]mSv ssIsm- tm Hcpamk-mew \_n (k) Fm \a-k v I m-c - -f nepw
Ahs-Xn-cn {]mYn-n-cpp. CXn\v ^] l FmWv t].

III. cm{Xn \a-kvImcw ( n] ^n)

cm{Xn ZoL- t \cw \nv Jp- B ]mcm- b Ww sNbv X p \a- k v I - c n- p- - X mWv Jnbm- a p- s s. cm{Xn- b psS
BZy- ntem a[y- ntem Ay- ntem kuIcywt]mse AXv \nhlnmw. cm{Xn- b psS Ay - b m- a - n
\nhln-p--X mWv Ghpw \Xv . Cucp dIv -A- m- bmWv AXv \nhln-t-Xv . Ah-k m\w Hcp dIv -A v
\a-kvI-cnv H-bm-Ww. AXn-\m Jnbm-ap-ssepw hnXvdpw Htc \a-kvImcw Xs-bmWv.
IV. Xdm-holv ( xm]j] )
da-Zm-\nse cm{Xn-I-fnse Jnbm-ap-ss \a-kvIm-c-n\v Xdmholv Fp ]d-bpp. da-Zm-\n kwL-Sn-X-ambn AXv
\nhln- emWv Daw. ap Ime- - f n Jnbm- a p- s s H- m- W tm \nh- l n- pI. ZoL- t \cw Jp- B
]mcm-bWw sNbvXmWv AXv \nhln-t-Xv. Cucp dIv-A-mbn thWw \a-kvI-cn-p-Xv. Ah-km\w aqv dIvAv hnXvdpw. Xdm-ho-lns {]m[m\yw \_n (k) hy-am-nbnp v. A_q-lp-ssdd (d) ]d-bpp.

$ i ^ ^e^j u] ^^m ^ ^ V n m e n m n ^ ^n o g( m "

# # ] ^
D^r] ]E f

(dkq (k) da-Zm amk-nse \a-kvIm-c-n\v I-i-ambn Iev]n-msX t{]mm-ln-n-p-am-bn-cpp. \_n

(k) ]dp: da-Zm- \n hnizm-k-tmSpw {]Xn-^-te-O-tbmSpw IqSn \a-kvI-cnp--h\v Ahs IgnIme- ]m]w
s]mdpp Inp--XmWv).

V. Zplm -\-a-kvImcw Dov] )

kpv \a-kvIm-c--fn-sem-mWv Zplm. kqcy DZnv Aev]w DbXp apX \p--h-sc-bmWv AXns kabw.
AXp Npc-pn- bXv cv dIv-Apw IqSn-bXv Fp dIv-A-p-amWv. Cucp dIv-A- m-bmWv \a-kvIc
- n-t-Xv. AXp
kp-m-sW--Xn\v Xmsg lZoYv sXfn-hmWv. A_q-k-CuZv (d) ]d-bpp.

Dj]E ^` n( m oju ^` m ^` m oju ov% ] ( m "

# % f$] ^

(\_n(k) Nne-Im-e--fn Zplm\-a-kvImcw \nhlnpw. Atlw AXv Dt]-n-p-I-bn-sv R ]d-bp-w.

\_n (k) C\n AXp \nhln-p-I-bn-sv ]d-bp-thmfw Nne-Im-e--fn Atlw AXv Dt]-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.)
\_n (k) Zplm \akvImcw Fp dIvAv \akvIcnXmbn lZoYpv. NpcpnbXv cp dIvApamImw.
Dp-lm-\n-Av (d) ]d-bpp:

(\_n (k) Zplm- \ - a - k v I mcw Fp dIv - A v \a- k v I - c np. Fm Cucp dIv - A - nepw \_n (k) kemw
sNmpambn-cp-p.)

VI. CkvXn-Jm-dXv \a-kvImcw

D^j] E

hnhmlw, I-h-S - C-S-]m-S p-I XpSn A\p-h-Z-\ o-b-Imcyw hXpw sNm-\p-t-i n- p-Ibpw AXp sNp- -Xn
\-b ptm Fv kwibw tXmp-I bpw sNbv X m \- b n-t ev \bn- m Am-l p-h n- t \mSv {]mYn- p-s Imv
\nhln-p \a-kvIm-c-amWv ^j] . AXv Hcp kzX-{- \-a-kvIm-c-am-h-W-sa-n. GXv kpv \a-kvImcw
\a-kvI-cnpw \_n (k) ]Tn-n {]mY\ Dcp-hn-S-W-sa-t-bpq. Pm_n (d) ]d-bpp:

n ^e u $ a ] V m l] % ] ^( m ^ ^` ( ] ^j ] ^( m "
# # ] ^
$ n ]


i e j
e nj $ ` # ] V n $ $ m] n nj

f ^ ^ m n ] ]a $ i k $ ` # ] hn ] $ k i i
^e $ $ ( m ^
( ^ f ^ ^ m ] ]a $ i k ( n o
D^f]E e $ $ ^ &nu n] ] ]

(GsXmcp Imcy-nepw \ tXSp coXn Jp- B -\ nse GsXnepw kqdx ]Tn- npwhn[w \_n(k) Rsf
]Tn-n-pambncpp. \_n (k) ]dp: \n-fn Bsc-nepw h Imcyhpw Dtinm ^Z- m cv dIv-Av
\a-kvI-cn tijw C{]-Imcw {]mYn-Ww.

. e $ $
e nj ( $ ` # ]

Cu {]mY-\-bnse ] ]a F `mKv Xm Dt-in-p Imcyw FmtWm AXpIqSn ]d-bWw. Cu

{]mY-\sb XpSp Dn-jv S-I m-c y-n \mbn tXmp--sXtm AXmWv Abm kzoI- cn-t-Xv . t\cs
FSp Xocp-am-\-n Ddp \np-I-b.

VII. {Kl-W \-a-kvImcw

D] E

kqcy- s \tbm N{- s \tbm {KlWw _m[n- p- t m \nhln- p \a- k v I m- c - a mWv {Kl- W - \- a - k v I mcw.
]pcp- j - mpw kv{XoIpw AXv {]_- e - a mb kp- mWv. kwL- S n- X - a m- b mWv {Kl- W - \ - a - k vImcw
\nhln-t-Xv. \a-kvI-cn-m Dt-in-m ^q ] Fv hnfw- _cw sNWw. CXpw cv dIv-A-mWv. Hmtcm
dIv-A-nepw Cuc p dpIqDw Cucp kpPqZpw \nhln-Ww. BZys dpIq-C\p tijw hopw ^mXn-lbpw
kqdpw HmXWw. \a-kvIm-cm-\cw JpXp-_bpw. CXmWv {KlW\a-kvIm-c-n cq]w. Bbni (d) ]d-bpp:

$ $ m ] j^ ] ^$] $ f$ ^ r] o "
# # ] t "
# ( f$] ^n u $ ] k
^e$ u # ] V^ $ $ o] ] ] o a
m ^ f$
j^ ^ $ $ v]
^e$ u # ] V ^ $ $ $ ] ] o a ^ f$ $ $ o] ] ] o a m ]
% p ] $ ] $ $ (r $ $ v]

$ ] kr] (l]r e l^ e j] oju
$ q $ # ] l^ml ^jml ] $ ] $ V ^ $ $ a a ^e # ] o o$ ^$] g_ ^ $ $ m f
D (^f]E $ ] o ] ^ ^a jm ] i^n v u l ^m

(\_n(k)bpsS Pohn-X-Im-ev Hcn- kqcys\ {KlWw _m[n p. Atm dkq (k) ]n-bn-tev t]mbn.
Atlw \nv XIv _o sNmn. P\- At-l-n\p ]nn AWn-\n-cp. Atlw ZoL-t\cw HmXn. ]ns
GI-tZiw BZys Hmn-t\mfw ZoLnv dpIq-Av sNbvXp. ]ns v] ^e u ] Fv ]dp
sImv Xe Dbn. ]nsbpw ZoL-t\cw HmXn. AXpw GI-tZiw BZys Hmn-t\mfw Dm-bn-cpp. ]ns
XIv_o sNmn dpIq-Av sNbvXp. AXv GI-tZiw BZys dpIq-C-t\mfw hcp-am-bn-cpp. ]ns ^e u ]
v] Fv ]dv Xe Dbn. ]ns kpPqZv sNbvXp. ]ns ASp dIv-A-nepw C{]-Imcw sNbvXp.
As\ \mep dpIqDw \mep kpPqZpw ]qn-bmn. \_n (k) \a-k vI m-c - n \nv hnc-an-p-t m kqcy
{Kl-W-_m[ hnv ]pd-p- I-Sn-cpp. ]ns Atlw Fgp-tv P\--tfmSv {]kw -Knp. Am-lp-hns\ bYmlw
kv XpXnp. ]ns ]dp: kqcy\pw N{\pw Am-l p-h ns cv Zrjv Sm---f mWv. AXp cn-s \bpw {KlWw
_m[n-p-Xv Bcp-sS-sb-nepw P\n-ar-X n-I Imc-W -am-b. AXn-\m Ahsb {KlWw _m[n-p-I-m \n
\a-kvIm-c- n Gs-p-sIm-pI).
lk _-kcn (d) ]d-bpp:

^ kn$ ^$ V ^ g $ $ nj ( nj ^e o$ t f ] o n ^f$ e] ]
D] ^] ]E ( m "
# $ f$] km

(C_v\p Amkv (d) _k-d-bn Aao-dm-bn-cnt Hcn- N{ {- K-l-W-ap-mbn. Atlw Rv t\XrXzw

Fnv ]dp: \_n (k) \a-kvI-cnv I coXn-bn-emWv Rm \a-kvI-cn-Xv.)

VIII. agsb tXSp \a-kvImcw

D^j] )

ka-bv agInmsX hcp-tm \nhln-p-X

- mWv ^j] (agsb tXSp \a-kvImcw). \a-kvImcw
A\p-h-Zn--s GXp ka-b pw AXv Bhmw. cv dIv-Av \a-kvI-cn-p-Ibpw tijw JpXp_ \nhln-p-Ibpw
sNpI F-XmWv Cu \a-k vI m-c -ns coXn. \_n (k) JpXzp-_bvp tijw \a-kvI -cn-Xmbpw dntmpv.
\a-kvIm-c-n BZy dIv-A-n ^mXn-lv tijw o] bpw cm-as dIv-A-n n^] bpw HmXWw.
PpapA, s]cpm \akvImc t]mse DdsbmWv HmtXXv. JpXp_ Ign-m \a-kvIm-c-n ]s-Sp
Fm-hcpw Ah-cpsS taXw, ASn-`mKw tatebpw he-Xp-`mKw CS-Xp-ambn Xncn-nv Jn_vesb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- Ww.
Fnv ssI cpw ]c-am-h[n Dbn hn\-b-]p-c-cw {]mYn- Ww.
\a-kvI-cn-m Hcp Znhkw \n-bnv Camw P\-sf apIqn Adn-bn-Ww. Bbni (d) ]d-bpp:

]e nu t n q m ^ m ^$] o$ ^e f e _] v "
# # ] o ^$] ^
i # ] ^m hq i $ V^ $ $ # ] u f$ f ] o $ ] gq^u
k $ $ ` # ] mm ^ m # ] $ m( ] m
^ nu$ ] Fu$ ] n^ ] h( # v] V^ $ $ gnrjm
e $ ^n k ^ q] &n] ^n ] ] v % ] k
oju m m mm $ $ nu o ^
o^ i # ] nj o$ ^$] o f $ $ mm ] a ] g ` ^$] o $ u $ $ n_e ^n e
( ] ] ` j p ^$ (n % ] k^ oju r lm o^ i # ] e l _ $ $ k e l e^v
v
D]e (^uE # ] f ( m n ( o # ] $ ` V^ q] le oju

(P\- \_n(k)tbmSv ag-bpsS Zue-`y-Xsb-n Bh-em-Xn-sp. Atlw Iev]n--X-\p-k-cnv \a-kvIm-c--ev

(ssaXm- \ n- b n) Hcp an m]np. Ahn- t Sp t]mhm P\- v Hcp Znhkw \n- bnp- s Im- S pp.
\nn-X-Zn-hkw cmhnse kqcy-{]-Imiw ]c-p-Xp-S-n- b-tm \_n (k) \a-kvIm-c--ev hp. an-dn Ibdn
Ccpp. ]ns XIv_ o sNmn, Am-l p-h ns\ kv X pXnp. Fnv ]dp: \n \mnse Pe-Zm-cn-{ Zy-s - n
Bh-emXn ]d-p-htm. Am- lp-hn-t\mSv {]mYn-m Ah Iev]n-n-cn-pp. {]mY\ kzoIcn m--sav Ah
Gn-p-apv.
]ns \_n(k) nu o ^e n^] h v] Fv ]dp: ]nsbpw \_n (k) I-p shfpv
ImWp-thmfw ssI Dbn ZoL-t\cw {]mYnp. ]ns ]n`mKw P\--fn-te-mn Xnc-np- \np. taXw
Xncn-np. Atmgpw ssI Dbn-bn-cpp. ]ns P\--fn-tev Xs Xncnp\np. Ahn-sS-\n-n-dn cv dIv-A
v \a-kvI-cnp. Atm-tgpw Amlp taLs Dmn. anepw CSn-bp-ambn Am-lp-hns Iev]\ {]Imcw
ags]bvXp. \_n (k) ]n-bn-sepw apt shw Ipn-sbm-enpXpSn. P\- hoSp- I-fn-tev HmSp-Xp Iv
\_n (k) ]p-I ]pd-p-ImWpw hn[w Nncnp. Fnv ]dp: Amlp Fm Imcy-n\pw Ign-hp--h-\m- sWpw
Rm Am-lp-hns Zmk\pw ZqX-\p-am-sWpw Rm kmyw hln-pp.)
ap k`- -f n ag-b n- msX P\- hnj-a n- -t m {]tXyIw \a-k v I m-c hpw JpXzp- _ -b p-a n- msX PpapA
JpXzp-_ -b n ag- p-t hn {]mYn- -X ns\pSp ag e`n- -X mbn _pJm-c nbpw apkv e napw A\kv ( d)hn\nv
dntmp sNbvX lZo-Yn-epv. Ppap-A-tbm-S-\p-_- n-
- m-sXbpw \_n (k) ag-mbn {]mYn-p-shv ImWn-p
lZo-Yp-I-fpv.

s]cp-m \a-kvImcw (mn] )

CuZp ^nXzv, CuZp AZvlm Fn-h-bmWv cp s]cp-m-fp-I. lnPvd: Hmw hj-amWv s]cp-m \a-kvImcw
\S- n- e m-b Xv . AXp {]_-e -a mb kp- mWv . \_n (k) AXv IrXyambn A\p-j v T n- p-I bpw ]pcp-j - m-t cmSpw
kv{XoI-tfm-Sp-samw AXn ]s-Sp-m Bm-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv.
s]cp-m-fn\v Ipfn-p-Ibpw \ hkv{X-a-Wn-bp-Ibpw kpKw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sN kp-mWv. lk (d)
]d-bpp:

D^uE r ^ $e v( r ^ qe gn( _ r ^ q f mn ] "

# # ] ^

(cp s]cp- m- f pI- f n Inm- h p- - X n \ hkv { Xw [cn- m\pw Inm- h p- - X n \ kpK- - { Zhyw
D]-tbm-Kn-m\pw Inm-hp--Xn hne-Iq-Snb Dcp-hns\ _en\Im\pw dkq (k) R-tfmSv \nt-in- n-cpp.)
sNdnb s]cp- m-f n\v \a- k v I -c n- m t]mIpw- a pv hXpw `n- p- Xv kp- mWv . henb s]cp- m-f n\v
\a-kvIm-c-tijw Blmcw Ign-p--XmWv kpv. A\kv (d) ]d-bpp:

D^f] (uE ] i $ ` l] i m oj$u _ ] m m "

# % f] ^

(\_n (k) ^nXzv Znhkw Aev]w Cu-gw Xn-ti-j ta \a-kv I-cn-m t]mbn-cp-pq. AXv H-bm-bmWv
Atlw Xnn-cp-Xv.)
_pssdZ (d)bpsS dntmn C-s\-bpv:

(AZvlm- Zn-hkw aS-n-hcpw hsc Atlw Hpw Xnn-cp-n.)

]n-bn shpw s]cp-m \a-kvIm-c-a mhmw. Fm hnim-e amb ssaXm-\n-bn AXv \nhln-p--XmWv
Daw. ag-I m-cWw Hcp {]mhiyw am{X-amWv \_n (k) ]n-b n s]cp- m \a-k v I -c n- - Xmbn dntmp- Xv .
A_q-lp-ssdd (d) ]d-bpp:

D^u (q^ e] (]eE r] n ] "

# % f$] `e o$ n m _ ` e^ ` $

(Hcp s]cp-m Znhkw Ahsc ag _m[np. AXpIm-cWw \_n (k) Ahv ]n-bn s]cp-m \a-kvIm-c
- n\v
t\XrXzw \In.)
]pcp-j-m-tcm-sSmw kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw \a-kvIm-c--ev ]s-Sp-Ww. Dp AXzn: (d) ]d-bpp:

Dn jE o$ ] n$v] jm n ] n] ` m mn ] n$v] i ] ] t ^

(cp s]cp- m- f nepw bph- X n- I - s fbpw EXp- a - X n- I - s fbpw sImp- h- c - W - s av R- t fmSv \nt- i n- n- c pp.
Ah- s c- mw \- b nepw apkv enw- I - f psS {]mY- \ - b nepw ]p- s Im- Ww. EXp- a - X n- I \a- k v I m- c - n \nv
Hgn-p-\np-Ibpw thWw). km[y-sa-n \a-kvIm-c-n\v t]mb- hgn-bn-eqsSb, asmcp hgn-bn-eqsS
Xncn-p-h-cp-XmWv kp- v. Pm_n (d) ]d-bpp:

D^f]E m_] ^ n m ^ ]] "

# % f$] ^

(\_n (k) s]cp-m Znhkw hgn-am-dp-am-bn-cpp).

kqcy DZnv N{I-hm-f
- n GI-tZiw aqv ao Db-Xp- ap-X D-hs- c-bmWv s]cp-m \a-kI
v mc kabw. henb s]cp-m \a-kv
Imcw sNdnb s]cp-m \a-kI
v m-ct- -m Aev]w t\cs \nh- ln-p-Xpw kp-mWv. PqZp_v (d) ]d-bpp:

D^f] u e uE x ov] nv o $ ] _ ] ^e ( m "

# % f$] ^

(^nXzv \a- k v I mcw kqcy cv Ip- ns Afhv Db tijhpw AZv l m- \- a - k v I mcw kqcy Hcp
Ip-ns Afhv Db tij-hp-amWv \_n (k) Rv t\XrXzw \In \a-kvI-cn-n-cp- Xv.)
s]cp- m \a- k v I m- c - n\v _mtm CJm- a tm ap coXn- b n- e p hnfw- _ - c tam kp- n. s]cp- m
\a-kvIm-c-n\v aptm ]ntm ap \a-kvIm-chpw kp-n. BZy-d-Iv-A-n XIv_o-dp Clv dm-ans\ XpSv
Ggpw cm- a s dIv - A - n kpPq- Z n\nv Fgp- tp- t m- g p XIv _ o- d n\v ]pdsa Apw XIv _ o
kp-mWv. Awdp-_v\p -ip-sF_v ]nXmhv hgn ]nXm-a-l-\n \nv D-cn-pp:

e] (uE ^a e ^` f ( m ] o ^ o] o ^ f nfi j$] n f$ "

# $ f] $
Dq^

(\_n (k) s]cp- m-f n\v ]{v XIv_ o sNmn. Hm-as dIv-A-n Ggpw Ah-k m-\ -t -Xn Apw.
AXn\v aptm tijtam \_n (k) \a-kvI-cn-p-an.)
]pcp- j - m, kv { XoI, henbh, Ipn- I , Xt- i o- b , bm{X- m Fm- h cpw s]cp- m \a- k v I mcw
\n-ln-Ww. h Imc-W-h-im epw kwL-SnX \a-kvIm-c-n ]s-Sp-m Ign-bmsX hm H- m-bmepw cv
dIv-Av \a-kvI-cn-Ww. AXv hontem ]n-bntem Fhn-sSbpw BImw. amk-n-d-hn-bpsS hnhcw Inm-Xn-\mtem
atm Hcp {]tZ-iv s]cp-m Znhkw \a-kvI-cn-m km[n-n-s-n ASp Znhkw AXv \a-kvI-cn-t--XmWv.
A_q-D-ssa-dp_v\p A\-kn(d)\nv D-cn-p lZo-Yn C{]-Imcw ImWmw:

^e `] ] ` $ "
# # ] ]` ^` $] l g ^r ^ ^n ^vf ]$ a ^n
Dq^ e] (^] (uE ] an o ]q m ] _m "
# # ] a

(im-ens amk-n-dhn Rv ImWm-\m-bn. ASp Znh-k hpw R t\m-\p-jvTnp. ]I-ens HSp-hn

Hcp bm{Xm-kwLw hp. Ah, X Xte-m _me-N{- s\ I-Xmbn dkqen(k)\p apn kmn ]dp.
dkq (k) P\--tfmSv t\mv apdn-m\pw ASp Znhkw s]cp-m \a-kvI-cn-m\pw \nt-inp.)

s]cpm JpXzp_
s]cp- m \a- k v I m- c m- \ - cw JpXp_ kp- mWv . JpXp- _ - n-S - b n [mcm- f -a mbn XIv _ o sNmp- Xpw
kp- mWv. Fm JpXp_ XpS-t -Xp ap JpXp-_-I t]mse-X s Am-l p-hns\ kv XpXn- p-s Im- mWv.
A_q-k-CuZv (d) ]d-bpp:

^$] ^$] e^ n m $ $ $ ] e fm n $ o$ ] o ov] _ ] m t m "

# % f$] ^
Dn jE a m `nm ` n ` o q

(\_n (k) ^nXzvdn-sbpw AZvl-bp-sSbpw Znhkw \a-kvIm-c- -e-tp t]mIpw. \_n (k) BZyw XpS-pI
\a-kvIm-c-amWv. ]ns \a-kvIm-c-n\nv hnc-anv P\--`n-ap-J-ambn \npw. P\- AWn-I-fn Ccn-pI
Xs-bmhpw. As\ \_n (k) Ahsc D]-tZ-inpw, \ntiw \Ipw, Iev]-\-I Adn-bnpw.)
s]cp-m \a-kvIm-c-tm-S-\p-_-nv Hcp JpXzp_ \nh-ln-m epw aXn-bm-I pw. \_n (k) s]cp-m-fn\v cv
JpXp_ \nh-ln--Xmbn sXfn-hn-sv Camw \hhn (d) ]d-bp-pv.
sNdnb s]cp- m- f n\v Xtev Akv X - a bw apX \a- k v I mcw \nh ln- pw- h - s cbpw, henb s]cp- m- f n\v

Ad- ^ m- Z n- h - k - nse kp_v l v apX Xiv c o- J ns Ah- k m- \ - Z n- \ - nse Akzv hscbpw XIv _ o sNm
kp-pv.
s]cp-m Znhkw IpSpw-_-_p-fpw kplr-p-fpw ]c-kv ]cw kin-p-Ibpw Biw-k-I ssIam-dp-Ibpw
sNp-Xv \-Xm- Wv. kzlm-_n-am ]c-kv]cw ImWp-tm ^ ] fi Fv ]d -bm-dp-m-bn-cpp Fv
dntmp-I-fpv.
s]cp-m-fn\v \ntZm-j-amb Ifnbpw hnt\m-Zhpw BIm-hp--XmWv. A\kv (d) ]d-bpp:

e] ^]E ov] _ ] m ^` ] n ^`e o^ i # ] e ^ ^`n f m ^ m ` #

" % f]
D q ^

(\_n (k) aZo-\-bn hcp-tm Ahv hnt\m-Zn-m cv Znh-ka

- p-m-bn-cpp. \_n (k) Ah-tcmSv ]dp:
Amlp B cv Znh- k-n\v ]Icw \nv IqSp- X D-a - a mb ap cp Znhkw \n-b npXn-c n- pp.
^nXzvdn-sbpw AZvl-mbp-sSbpw Znhkw.)

Ppap-Abpw s]cp-mfpw Hnphm

shn-bmgvN Znhkw s]cp-m-fm-bm s]cp-m \a-kv Im-chpw PpapA \a-kvIm-chpw \nhln-t--Xptm
F Imcy-n hyXy- kvXm-`n-{]m-b--fpv. s]cp-m \a-kvIm-c-n kw_-n-hv PpapA \n_--a-sv
ImWn- p lZo- k p-I - f pv . Fm ]n- bn km[m- c -W - t ]mse Camw PpapA \a-k v I mcw \nh- l n- Ww.
Aku-I-cy--fn-m--hv AXn kw_-nmw. Am-h
- fplv \a-kvI-cn-Ww.
sskZp_v\p AJw (d) ]d-bpp:

D] ]E ( n ( m ^ V^ r] $ $ $ n ] "
# % f$] o$

(\_n(k) s]cp- m \a-k v Imcw \nh-l np. ]ns Ppap-A -b psS Imcy-n Cfhv \In-smv ]dp:
XmXv]-cy-ap--hv PpapA \akvI-cnmw.)

Jp-B ]mcm-b-W-n-s kp-Pq-Zv

Dj] rE

kpPqZv kw_-nv ]cm-ai-ap Bbv HmXp-Itbm tIp- Itbm sNbvXm Hcp kpPqZv kp-mWv. CXn\v
Hmns kpPqZv Dj] r) Fp ]d-bp-p. XIv_o sNmn kpPqZv sNp-I, XIv _o sNmn Fgp-tpI
A{X-bp-amWv B kpPqZv. AXn Xi- lvlpZpw kem-ap-sam-p-an. A_vZp-mln_v\p Da (d) ]d-bpp:

D^u (`nf] (]eE ^r r f$ r$ ^e $ ] l] ^n m "

# # ] ^

(\_n(k) Rsf Jp- B HmXn- t npw. kpPqZv kw_- nv ]cm- a i- a p Bb- n- e qsS
IS-p-t]m-hp-tm \_n (k) XIv_o sNmn kpPqZv sNpw. Rfpw kpPqZv sNpw.) \a-kvIm-c- n-s\--t]mse
Cu kpPq- Z n\pw hpZq- A v , Jn_v e sb A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- , Hudv ad- XpS- nb Imcy- imWv .
\a-kvIm-c-n epw Am--tmgpw Cu kpPqZv kp-mWv. kpPq-Zn,

n ^] u # ] ^f j i$ ve e $ $ $ `q r

Fp ]d-b kp-mWv. Bbni (d) ]d-bpp:

u
] ^fj i $ ve e $ $ `q r Vl] r o m "
# # ] ^
n ^]
(\_n (k) Hmns kpPq-Zn ]dbm-dp-m-bn-cpp:

n ^] u
] ^f j i $ ve e $ `q r Fv ]d-bmdp-m-bn-cpp.)

\n-kq-N-I-amb kpPqZv (] rE
`uXn-I tam Bo-b tam Bbn h t\hpw ssIh- c p-t m Am- lp-h n- \ p \n-k q- N - I - a mbn Hcp kpPqZv
kp-mWv. CXn\v kp-Pq-Zp- p-Iv Fp ]d-bpp. Cu kpPqZv \a-kvIm-c-n-\n-S-bn sNm ]mSn.

ad-m-ep kpPqZv

D`] rE

\a-kvI m-c -n kwK-X -a-m hn[w adhn kw`-hn-m kem-an\v apmbn cv kpPqZv kp-pv. AXn\v
kpPq-Zp-lvhv Fp ]d-bpp. Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bmWv Cu kpPq-Zns Imc-W-:
1). \a-kvImcw ]qn-bmpw apv kemw sNmpI.
\_n (k) fplv, Ak \a-kvIm-c--fn GtXm Hn cv dIv-Av \a-kvI-cnv kemw sNmn. klm-_n-am
Hmann--tm _mn IqSn \a-kvI-cn tijw \_n (k) cv kpPqZv sNbvXp. Cu kw`hw _pJm-cnbpw apkvenapw
D-cn-n-pv.
2) IqSp-X \a-kvI-cn-m :
ad-hn-bm \nWnX dIv-A-n IqSp-X \a-kvI -cn-p-I tbm, Ia]-c-amb h ^Zpw IqSp-X sNp-I tbm
sNbvXmepw cv kpPqZv kp-mWv. C_v\p akv-DuZv (d) ]d-bpp:

 ^ V^ [ $ ] m n ^ o$ "
$ ^ e nir r (^ kn$ V]^ [
# $ f] $
D^r] ]E
(\_n(k) Hcn- Av dIv-Av \a-kvI-cnp. Btcm tNmZnp: \a-kvIm-c-n dIv-Av Iqn-bn-ptm? \_n
(k) tNmZnp: AsX- mWv? Ah ]dp: Xm Av dIvA
- v \a-kvIc
- np. Atm \_n(k) cv kpPqZv
sNbvXp. kemw sNmnbtij-am-bn-cpp AXv.)
3). BZys Xi-lvlpZv ad-m:
BZys Xi-lvlp-Zn\v Ccn-msX Fgp-tm XpSpIbpw \ndp--n-tev ASp-pw- apv Hma hcn-Ibpw
sNbvXm Ccn- Ww. \ndp--n-tev ASppt]mbm ]ns Ccn--cpXv. ^Zn Gs-p-I-gn-m ]ns
kp-n-tev aS-m ]mSn. C_v\p _pssl\ (d) D-cn-pp:

^$ o e ]vf$ nj $ ] ^ o$ "
D^r] ]E $ $ $ nir r i
# $ f] $

(\_n (k) \a-kvI-cnp. cv dIv-Av \a-kvI-cnv Ccn-msX Fgp-tp. Ah Hman-n-m-\mbn Xkv_olp

sNmn. Fnpw Atlw \ndp--n-tev \on. \a-kvImcw Ah-km-\n--tm cv kpPqZv sNbvXp. ]ns kemw
sNmn).
4. dIv-A-n kwibw tXmn-bm:
\a-kvI-cn dIv-A-p-I-fpsS F-n kwibw tXmn-bm t_m[y-ap Fs ASn-m-\-s-Spn _mn
IqSn \a-kvI-cn- Ww. Fnv Ah-km\w cv kpPqZv sNWw. \_n (k) ]d- -Xmbn A_vZpd-lvam-\p_v\p Hu^v
(d) D-cn-pp:

$ ]
] nj$] ^` rn ^$$ o$ nj$ m ] u] ^` rn nj$ o$ u] m i u
$ ^` rn ^ e o$ ^$
$ m
(q^ e] (uE nir ( m f
^q a i ] rm $ $ ^$
Dj]

(\a-k vI-c n-Xp kw_-nv \n-f n Bs-nepw kwibw tXmp-I bpw Hcp dIv-A -mtWm \a-kvI-cn- Xv
AtXm ctm Fv Adn-bmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXm AXv Hcp dIvA
- v Fv Xocp-am- \n-Ww. ctm aqtm
Fv Adn-bmsX t]mbm cv Fv \n- bn-Ww. aqtm \mtem Fv Adn-bmsX t]mbm aqv Fm- Ww.
]ns \a-kvIm-c-n\np hn-c-an-m Ccp-p-sImv kemw sNmpw -apv cv kpPqZv sNWw.)