hnjbw: Ad_naebmfw.

BapJw
tIcfcbnse amnf ]mccyhpambn Hcnepw
thsSpm\mhmhn[w Cg]ncnv InSpXpw, aebmfn apkvenwIfpsS
kK Pm{KXbpsSbpw {]Xntcm[ ssh`hntbpw BhnjvImchpambncpp
Ad_n aebmfw. amXr`mjbpsS inebn \nv asmcp `mjsb
sImnbpmnb IchncpXv. apkvenw \thmm\ [mcsb [\yamnb
ss]XrIfnsemv Ad_n aebmfw XsbmWv. ae_m {]tZihpw apkvenw
Ad_nIfpw Xnep NncIme kns Dt]mambn ssIcfnv
knn Cu `mjm an{Xw CcpP\XIfpw Xnep CuSp kmwkvImcnI
hn\nabns t{]mzamb ASbmfswSp IqSnbmWv.
tIcfnse kmaqly cmjv{Sob PohnXn CgpIntv
Pohnpshnepw PohnXns GXmsm XpdIfnepw hyXncnXIfpw
]pentmhcmWv amnfam FdnbsSp ae_m thj `qjW BNmc
coXnIfnset]mse `mjm {]tbmKnepw Cu hyXncnX ImWm km[npw.
Ncn{Xw
Ad_n aebmf en_nv cq]w \InbXv Bcv Fv hyamp
tcJIsfmpan. H hynbptSXv FXnt\m Hcp kaqlns
{iafmImw AXn\p ]nn PohnXmhiyfpsS A\nhmcyX kzbw
krjvSnsSpXmIm\mWv IqSpX km[yX.
{InkvXm_vZw HXmw \qmntem ]mw \qmns Bcw`ntem
Xs Ad_n aebmf `mj DSseSpnpv FmWv H A_p Ad_n aebmf
kmlnXy Ncn{Xn A`n{]mbsSpXv. almIhn Sn Dss_Zpw Cu
A`n{]mbs icnshpp. Fm aplZv \_n(k)bpsS (570 632)
ImepXs tIcfn Ckvemans Bhn`mhhpw ]pXnsbmcp en]nbpsS
Bcw`hpw Dmbnpspw Ncn{Xapv. ae_m amnfamsc Ipdnv {K cN\
\Snb dh tdmfv C an 500 hjs ]gsa Ad_n aebmfn\v
ImWppq. Fm bpnklamb A`n{]mbw HXmw \qmn
aX{]NcWmw tIcfnsenb Ad_nI \mpsamgnI Ad_nbn
]InbXmWv AXns XpSsa \ncoWamWv.
Ad_n aebmf IrXnIfpsS DShpw hnImkhpw \nconm
Ah hnhn[ LfneqsS hfp hXmbn ImWmw. ]Xn\mdmw \qmv apX
]smXmw \qmWv hsc {][m\ambpw kq^n `nbpw CkvemanI Ncn{Xhpw
aX Zi\fpambncpp Ad_n aebmfns DSw. 15Dw 16Dw
\qmpIfnse ae_m Ncn{Xw hcpImp Cu IrXnI ae_m apkvenwI
t]mpKokpImcpsS hchn\m A\p`hn IjvSmSpIfpsS Hcp kmlnXn
{]XnIcWamWv.
Ad_n aebmf kmlnXyw AXns hfbpsS ]mcaynsepXv
ASn hnZybpsS {]NmctmsSbmWv. 1868 apX _mk anjIm Xs
Xetcnbn [mcmfw {]pI m]npIbpw ]noSv AXv
tIcfnetmfantmfw DbphcnIbpw sNbvXp. CtXmsS amnfam
kmlnXy {]hIcpw t{]mmfpambn amdn.
`mjtbm en]ntbm?
Ad_n aebmfs Hcp `mjsbv hntijnnmtam F Imcyn
`mjm ]nXmnSbn A`n{]mb hnXymkapv. hyXncnamb
]Zmhenbpw ssienbpw hymIcW hoWhpw Ah {]Xn]mZnp {Kfpw
sImv kamb Ad_n aebmfw hyXykvX `mj XsbmWv. F Ad_n
aebmf Ncn{Xw cNnpIbpw Cu imJbn [mcmfw ]T\ \SpIbpw
sNbvXnp H A_p Xdnp ]dbpp. ]n.F skbvXp aplZv, tUm. kn.sI
Icow XpSnb Ncn{XImcmcpw Cu \ne]mSphcmWv . aebmfnenm
At\Iw ]Zfpw LS\bpw BJym\ ssienbpw aebmfn\pv
FXn\memWv AhcpsS Cu \ne]mSv. Fm tUm. Fw.F Imctcn
DssSbp Nne `mjm ]nXm iamb FXn hmZ \ncppv.
`mjbpsS X\na \nbnpXv AXns hymIcWs ]cnKWnmWv. Fm
Ad_n aebmfn\v {]tXyI hymIcWan. Hcp]mSp ]Z kv DXv sImv
`mjbmbn ]cnKWnm\mhn. apkvenw hn`mKnse Xs \yq\]ns
hmsamgnbpsS kzm[o\w am{XamWv AXn\pXv. AXn\m AXv Hcp en]nbmbn
am{Xta ]cnKWnmhq FmWv Ah DbnpXv.
A\y`mjIfpambn Ffpw CWntcp Ad_n `mjbpsS
khntij{]IrXamWv Cu `mjm an{Xw ]ndhnsbSpm ImcWw. aebfmn
am{Xa Ad_n en]n amXrIbn kzw `mjsb cq]mcsSp coXn temIv
thsdbpapv. ]cnjvIrX Ad_n en]nbn Cwojv FgpXp coXn bqtdmn
Dv. t]jy `mj Ad_nbn FgpXnbtXmsS AXns {]mKv coXn CmXmhpI
Xs sNbvXp. Cy `mjIfn Ad_nangv Ad_nS Ad_nknv
Fnhbpw Dv. CXns tIcf tamU BWv Ad_n aebmfw FXv Ad_n
aebmfw `mjsb F hmZn\v in ]Icpp.
`mjm ssien
Ad_n aebmfn\v hyXncnamb ]Zmhenbpw ssienbpw hymIcW
hoWhpw, Ah {]Xn]mXnp {Kfpapv.`mj `qjWw knZv aplZv
tImb X FgpXnb _lp`mj \nLp XpSnbh Cu en]nbn cNns
{]ikvX i_vZtImifmWv. Ad_n, t]jy, lnpm\n `mjm ]Z
XsbmWv Ad_n aebmfn s]mXpsh D]tbmKnpsXn kwkvIrXw,
Xangv, IS, Fo `mjbnep ]ZfpsS Xh cq]fmWv IqSpXepw
ImWsSpXv. Nne `mjIfn Htm ctm h hyXymkneqsSbmWv
]etmgpw Ad_naebmfw ]Z DmbnpffXv. DZmlcWw K`s sIw
Fpw t{Im[s sImtcm[w Fpw {]nbn\v ]ncniw Fpw kwkvIrX
`mjbn \npw D]tbmKnpp. Xangv, IS `mjIfn \nv ISsaSpv
t]ipI, DXw, Bh, Dss\v, Ffpv Fns\ D]tbmKnpp. Cesb
Fe Fpw, Cdnv Fdn Fpw, ]gn\v ]iw Fpw apIfn ]d h
hyXymkw \Sn D]StbmKnp Ad_naebmf ]ZfmWv. tamln\v
]qXnsbpw `mcyv _oS Fpw, I\v GI Fpap D]tbmK
Ad_naebmfns X\Xv ]ZfmWv.
Fgpv taJebntev IqsS Ad_naebmfw kmlnXymhnjvImc
am[yasa \nev hf {]]nXv Hcp kamc aWn{]hmfneqsSbmWv.
aWn{]hmfnse kwkvIrXns m\mWv Ad_naebmfnse
Ad_nsb hnXymktabpq.
kmlnXyw
ASn hnZybpsS {]Nmcw Ad_naebmf kmlnXys AXns
]mcaynsepXn\v klmbnp. XpSv asm kmlnXy
imJsbtmses Ad_naebmfnepw KZyw ]Zyw Fns\ cmbn
DcpncnbpIbpw Ahbnep kmlnXy {]h\ s]mXpP\nSbn
{]Npc{]Nmcw t\SpIbpw sNbvXp. Fnepw amnf kaqln IqSpX
kzm[o\w sNepnbXpw P\{]oXn sImv {]mapJyw t\SnbXpw ]Zy hn`mKamWv.
CXn amempI ]SmpI JnmpI, IeymmpI aZvlv ]mpI
XSnbpdpZnmpI sJpI XpSn \nch[n imtJm]imJI DsSpp.
aad almcYmsc Ipdnp {]Io\ Km\amWv amemv.
\_nbpsS Imepw tijhpw \S bp Ncn{Xns Km\ cq]amWv ]Smv.
XSnbpdpZnI FXv sImv hnhnpXv Btm]tZi Km\sfbmWv.
InX IYm Km\fmWv sJpI.
amempIv XpSw Ipdn aplvbpo amebmWv Ad_naembmf ]Zy
kmlnXynse {]Ya cN\bmbn KWnsSpXv. {InkvXmw_vZw 1607 BWv
CXv cNnsXv. AYhm Xpv Fgps AymIcmambWtm
Ap hjtmfw ]gapv aplnbpoamev. 155 hcnIfp aplnbo
ame BhnivImc `wKnbnepw AhXcW X\nabnepw hr s]m enabnepw O
imkv{Xnepw Imhy_nw_ \nanXnbnepw h\ coXnbnepw Aemc
{]tbmKnepw Gsd anIhv ]pepIbpw kmlnXy KthiIcpsS
{ibmIinpIbpw sNbvXnpv.
Ad_naebmfnse ]ctamX Ihn tambn Ipn sshZycmWv 20 #m#w
hbn Atlns XqenIbn DZbw sIm _Zdp ap\o lpkv\p
Pam BWv Cu kmlnXy imJbnse {]Ya t{]aIrXn.
Atlw hpw ]qhpw, kemko, FenS, _Zdp ap\o XpSnb ssZ\w
Zn\ Npp]mSpIsf hnjbo`hn Imhy FgpXopsnepw, ]Smv
cN\bneqsSbmWv sshZy {]ikvX\mbXv. \qamebpw, Impw cNn
Ipmbn apkvenbm k^eamebpsS Imhv ipPmb#n apbvXp apnbm
^pXplpmw cNn tNphmbn ]copn ]pentmn sslZ XpSnbh Cu
cwKs almcYamcmWv.
`mhnbpw ham\hpw
KZyhpw ]Zyhpambn 2500 ]cw {KfpsS IehdbmWv
Ad_naebmfsapw tIcfnse amnfamsc sshImcnIambpw
sshm\nIambpw ALmXambn kzm[o\n Cu am[yaw henb Hcp P\
kaqls apgh \qmpIfmbn kmccpw hnZym kcpambn
\ne\npXn \nkvXpeamb ]mWv hlnnpXv. Fm Cv
Ad_naebmfn\v kakvXbpsS a{Zkm ]mT]pkvXIfn am{Xta
Pohnm\mIppp FXv thZ\mP\IamWv.
Ad_naebmfn ]pXpXmbn kw`mh\Isfmpw Dmbnsn
t]mepw AXv Dsmp almb ss]ZrIhpw kmlnXy kpw
]cncnm\p {iaw A\nhmcyamWv.
\o Hcp]mSv hjmew B\pImenI kmlnXyneqsS
Ad_naebmfn\v Poh \Inb AapAnw amknIv C\nbpw
{]knbpv.
Npcpn tIcfnse kmaqlnIamfpw Ncn{Xhpw
a\nemnsbSpphm X hnhcfpw DmgvNIfpw ]Ip \Ip
Ad_naebmfneqsS amnf Ncn{Xn ImXep IsepI
sImphcm km[npw.