Chapter 16.

Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6

th
Edition
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion

16-1. Body temperature is normal at 98.6
0
. !hat is the correspondin" temperature on the
Celsius scale#
0 0 0
$ $
9 9
% &' ( %98.6 &' (
C F
t t = = ) t
C
= &*
0
C
16-'. The +oilin" point o, sul,ur is ---.$
0
C. !hat is the correspondin" temperature on the
ahrenheit scale#
0 0 0
9 9
$ $
&' %---.$ ( &'
F C
t t = + = + ) t
F
= 8&'
0

16-&. . steel rail cools ,rom *0

to &0
0
C in 1 h. !hat is the chan"e o, temperature in ahrenheit
de"rees ,or the same time period#
t / *0
0
C 0 &0
0
C / -0

C
0
)
0
0
0
9
-0
$ C
t C

=


; t / *'
0
116--. .t 2hat temperature 2ill the Celsius and ahrenheit scales ha3e the same numerical
readin"#
0 0
$ 9
9 $
% &' ( &' x x = + ) x / --0
0
C or 0-0
0

16-$. . piece o, charcoal initially at 180

0
experiences a decrease in temperature o, 1'0

0
.
Express this chan"e o, temperature in Celsius de"rees. !hat is the ,inal temperature on
the Celsius scale#
t / 1'0

0
)
0
0 0
0
$ C
1'0 66.* C
9

=


) t / 66.* C
0
The final temperature is 180
0
0 1'0
0
/ 60
0
which must be converted to
0
C:
0 0 0
$ $
9 9
% &' ( %60 &' (
C F
t t = = ) t
C
= 1$.6
0
C
''&
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
16-6. .cetone +oils at $6.$
0
C and li4uid nitro"en +oils at -196
0
C. Express these speci,ic
temperatures on the 5el3in scale. !hat is the di,,erence in these temperatures on the
Celsius scale#
Acetone: T = t
C
6 '*&
0
m / $6.$
0
6 '*&
0
) T / &'9.$ 5
Nitrogen: T = t
C
6 '*&
0
m / -196
0
6 '*&
0
) T / **.0 5
t = $6.$
0
C 0 %-196
0
C( / '$'.$ C
0
) t / '$'.$

C
0
Note: The difference in kelvins is the same as in Celsius degrees.
16-*. The +oilin" point o, oxy"en is 0'9*.&$
0
. Express this temperature in 7el3ins and in
de"rees Celsius.
0 0
$
9
% '9*.&$ &' ()
C
t = t
C
/ -18&
0
C
T / t
C
6 '*&
0
/ -18&
0
C 6 '*&
0
) T = 90.0

5
16-8. 8, oxy"en cools ,rom 1'0
0
to *0
0
, 2hat is the chan"e o, temperature in 7el3ins#
t / 1'0
0
0 *0
0
/ $0
0
)
0
0 0
0
$ C
$0 '*.8 C
9

=


) 1 5 / 1 C
0
) t / '*.8 5
16-9. . 2all o, ,ire+ric7 has an inside temperature o, &1&
0
and an outside temperature o, *&
0
.
Express the di,,erence o, temperature in 7el3ins.
t / &1&
0
0 *&
0
/ '-0
0
)
0
0 0
0
$ C
'-0 1&& C
9

=


) 1 5 / 1 C
0
) t / 1&& 5
''-
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
16-10. 9old melts at 1&&65. !hat is the correspondin" temperature in de"rees Celsius and in
de"rees ahrenheit.
t
C
= 1&&6 5 0 '*&
0
/ 106&
0
C) t
C
= 1060
0
C
0 0 0
9 9
$ $
&' %106& ( &'
F C
t t = + = + ) t
F
= 19$0
0

16-11. . sample o, "as cools ,rom 01'0 to -180

0
C. Express the chan"e o, temperature in 7el3ins
and in ahrenheit de"rees. : ince 1 5 / 1 C
0
, the change in kelvins is the same as in C
!
.;
t / -180
0
C 0 %-1'0
0
C( / -60 C
0
) T / -60 5
0
0 0
0
9
60C 108
$ C
t

= =


; t / -108
0
Temperature and Expansion
16-1'. . sla+ o, concrete is '0 m lon". !hat 2ill +e the increase in len"th i, the temperature
chan"es ,rom 1'
0
C to &0
0
C. .ssume that / 9 x 10
-6
<C
0
.
-6 0 0 0
0
%9 x 10 <C (%'0 m(%&0 C - 1' C( " " t = = ) = / &.'- mm
16-1&. . piece o, copper tu+in" is 6 m lon" at '0
0
C. >o2 much 2ill it increase in len"th 2hen
heated to 80
0
C#
-$ 0 0 0
0
%1.* x 10 <C (%6 m(%80 C - '0 C( " " t = = ) = / 6.1' mm
16-1-. . sil3er +ar is 1 ,t lon" at *0
0
. >o2 much 2ill it increase in len"th 2hen it is placed into
+oilin" 2ater %'1'
0
(#
-$ 0 0 0
0
%1.1 x 10 < (%1 ,t(%'1' - *0 ( " " t = = ) = / 0.001$6 ,t
= / 0.001$6 ,t%1 in.<1' ,t() = / 0.018* in.
''$
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
16-1$. The diameter o, a hole in a steel plate 9 cm 2hen the temperature is '0
0
C. !hat 2ill +e
the diameter o, the hole at '00
0
C#
-$ 0 0 0
0
%1.' x 10 <C (%9 cm(%'00 C - '0 C( " " t = = ) = / 0.019- cm
= / =
0
6 = / 9.00 cm 6 0.019- cm) = / 9.0' cm
116-16. . +rass rod is '.00 m lon" at 1$
0
C. To 2hat temperature must the rod +e heated so that
its ne2 len"th is '.01 m# : " = '.01 m 0 '.00 m / 0.01 m ;
0
0 -$ 0
0.010 m
) ) '*8 C
%1.8 x 10 <C (%'.00 m(
o
"
" " t t t
"

= = = =
t = t
o
# t = 1$
0
C 6 '*8 C
0
) t / '9&
0
C
16-1*. . s4uare copper plate - cm on a side at '0
0
C is heated to 1'0
0
C. !hat is the increase in
the area o, the copper plate# : / ' / '%1.* x 10
-$
<C
0
( / &.- x 10
-$
<C
0
;
. / .
o
t / %&.- x 10
-$
<C
0
(%- cm(
'
%1'0
0
C 0 '0
0
C()
. / 0.0$-- cm
'
.
116-18. . circular hole in a steel plate has a diameter o, '0.0 cm at '*
0
C. To 2hat temperature
must the plate +e heated in order that the area o, the hole +e &1- cm
'
#
' '
'
%'0 cm(
&1-.16 cm
- -
$
A

= = = at '*
0
C
The change in area must be &1- cm
'
0 &1-.16 cm
'
? . / - 0.16 cm
0
0 -$ 0
0
0.16 cm
' ) '1.' C
' '%1.' x 10 <C (%&1-.16 cm(
A
A A t t
A

= = = =
Thus% the final temperature is '*
0
C 0 '1.'
0
C? t = $.88
0
C
''6
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
16-19. !hat is the increase in 3olume o, 16.0 liters o, ethyl alcohol 2hen the temperature is
increased +y &0 C
0
#
& = &
o
t = %11 x 10
--
<C
0
(%16 =(%$0
0
C 0 '0
0
C() & / 0.$'8 =
16-'0. . Pyrex +ea7er has an inside 3olume o, 600 m= at '0
0
C. .t 2hat temperature 2ill the
inside 3olume +e 60& m=# : & = 60& m= 0 &00 m= / & m= ;
0
0 $ 0
0
& m=
) $$6 C
%0.& x 10 <C (%600 m=(
&
& & t t
&

= = = =
t = '0
0
C 6 $$6
0
C) t / $*6
0
C
16-'1. 8, '00 cm
&
o, +en@ene exactly ,ills an aluminum cup at -0
0
C, and the system cools to
18
0
C, ho2 much +en@ene %at 18
0
C( can +e added to the cup 2ithout o3er,lo2in"#
0 0
%& ( )
' A" '
& & & & t & t = =
t / %18 0 -0( / -'' C
0
A / %1'.- x 10
--
<C
0
(%'00 cm
&
(%-''

C
0
( 0 &%'.- x 10
-$
<C
0
(%'00 cm
&
(%-'' C(
A / -$.-$6 cm
&
6 0.&168 cm
&
/ -$.1- cm
&
) A
B
/ $.1- cm
&
16-''. . Pyrex "lass +ea7er is ,illed to the top 2ith '00 cm
&
o, mercury at '0
0
C. >o2 much
mercury 2ill o3er,lo2 i, the temperature o, the system is increased to 68
0
C#
&
o
= '00 cm
&
)
m
/ 1.8 x 10
--
<C
0
)
p
/ 0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
0 0
%& ( )
m p m p
& & & & t & t = =
t

/ 68
0
C 0 '0
0
C / -8 C
0
)
A / %1.8 x 10
--
<C
0
(%'00 cm
&
(%-8

C
0
( 0 &%0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
(%'00 cm
&
(%-8 C
0
(
A / 1.*'8 cm
&
0 0.086- cm
&
/ $.1- cm
&
) A
B
/ 1.6- cm
&
''*
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
Challenge Problems
116-'&. The diameter o, the hole in a copper plate at '0
0
C is &.00 mm. To 2hat temperature must
the copper +e cooled i, its diameter is to +e '.99 mm. := / %'.99 0 &.00( / -0.01 mm ;
0
0 -$ 0
0.010 m
) ) -196 C
%1.* x 10 <C (%&.00 m(
o
"
" " t t t
"

= = = =
t = t
o
# t = '0
0
C - 196 C
0
) t / -1*6
0
C
16-'-. . rectan"ular sheet o, aluminum measures 6 +y 9 cm at '8
0
C. !hat is its area at 0
0
C#
.
o
/ %6 cm(%9 cm( / $- cm
'
) t / 0
0
0 '8
0
C / -'8
0
C ) / '
. / 2.
o
t / '%'.- x 10
-$
<C
0
(%$- cm
'
(%-'8

C
0
( / -0.0*'6 cm
'
. / $- cm
'
0 0.0*'6 cm
'
) . / $&.9 cm
'
116-'$. . steel tape measures the len"th o, an aluminum rod as 60 cm 2hen +oth are at 8
0
C.
!hat 2ill the tape read ,or the len"th o, the rod i, +oth are at &8
0
#
The aluminum rod will expand more than does the steel tape. Thus the tape
will give a smaller reading based on the difference in the change of length.
=
.=
/
.l
=
0
t / %'.- x 10
-$
<C
0
(%60 cm(%&0 C
0
() =
.l
/ 0.0-&' cm
=
s
/
s
=
0
t / %1.' x 10
-$
<C
0
(%60 cm(%&0 C
0
() =
.l
/ 0.0'16 cm
The reading will be less b( the difference in the expansions.
)eadin" / 60 cm 6 %0.0-&' cm - 0.0'16 cm() )eading / 60.0' cm
16-'6. .t '0
0
C, a copper cu+e measures -0 cm on a side. !hat is the 3olume o, the cu+e 2hen
the temperature reaches 1$0
0
C# : &
!
= %-0 cm(
&
/ 6-,000 cm
&
) t / 1$0 0 '0 / 1&0 C
0
;
''8
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
& = &
!
# *&
!
t = 6-,000 cm
&
6 &%1.* x 10
-$
<C
0
(%6-,000 cm
&
(%1&0 C
0
(
A / 6-,000 cm
&
6 -'- cm
&
) & = 6-,-'0 cm
&
16-'*. . Pyrex +ea7er % / 0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
( is ,illed to the top 2ith '00 m= o, "lycerine % / $.1
x 10
--
<C
0
(. >o2 much "lycerine 2ill o3er,lo2 the top i, the system is heated ,rom '0
0
C
to 100
0
C# : &
o
= '00 m=)
"
/ $.1 x 10
--
<C
0
)
p
/ 0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
;
0 0
%& ( )
m p m p
& & & & t & t = =
t

/ 100
0
C 0 '0
0
C / 80 C
0
)
A / %$.1 x 10
--
<C
0
(%'00 m=(%80

C
0
( 0 &%0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
(%'00 m=(%80 C
0
(
A / 8.16 m= 0 0.1--- m= / 8.016 m=) A
B
/ 8.0' m=
16-'8. . sto3e is at -$0
0
. 8, the temperature drops +y $0 7el3ins, 2hat is the ne2 temperature
in de"rees Celsius#
0 0
$ $
9 9
% &' ( %-$0 &' (
C F
t t = = ) t
C
/ '&'.'
0
C
ince 1 5 / 1 C
0
? t / '&'.'
0
0 $0
0
and t / 18'
0
C
*16-'9. . 100-,t steel tape correctly measures distance 2hen the temperature is '0
0
C. !hat is
the true measurement i, this tape indicates distance o, 9-.6' ,t on a day 2hen the
temperature is &6
0
C#
" = "
o
t / %1.' x 10
-$
<C
0
(%100 ,t(%&6
0
C 0 '0
0
C( / 0.019' ,t
" = "
o
# " = 9-.6' ,t 6 0.019' ,t) = / 9-.6- ,t
*16-&0. The diameter o, a steel rod is &.000 mm 2hen the temperature is '0
0
C. .lso at '0
0
C, the
diameter o, a +rass rin" is '.99$ mm. .t 2hat common temperature 2ill the +rass rin"
slip o3er the steel rod smoothly#
=
+
- =
s
/ &.000 mm 0 '.999 mm / 0.001 mm
''9
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
%1.8 x 10
-$
<C
0
(%&.000 mm( t 0 %1.' x 10
-$
<C
0
(%'.999 mm( t / 0.001 mm
rom 2hich? t / $$.' C
0
and t / '0
0
C 6 $$.'
0
C t / *$.'
0
C
*16-&1. . certain metal cu+e increases its 3olume +y 0.$0 percent 2hen its temperature increases
+y 100 C
0
. !hat is the linear expansion coe,,icient ,or this metal# : 0.$ B / 0.00$ ;
0 0 0
0
1 1
& ) %0.00$0(
& &%100 C (
&
& & t & t
t &


= = = =

/ 1.6* x 10
-$
<C
0
16-&'. By 2hat percenta"e does a +rass cu+e increase its 3olume 2hen heated ,rom '0
0
C to
100
0
C# : / & and t / 100
0
C 0 '0
0
C / 80 C
0
;
-$ 0 0
0 0
0
& ) & &%1.8 x 10 <C (%80 C (
&
& & t & t t
&

= = = =
-&
0
-.&' x 10
&
&

=
) +&,&- / 0.-&' B
16-&&. . round +rass plu" has a diameter o, 8.001 cm at '8
0
C. To 2hat temperature must the
plu" +e cooled i, it is to ,it snu"ly into an 8.000 cm hole#
0
0 -$ 0
0.001 cm
) ) -6.9- C
%1.8 x 10 <C (%8.001 cm(
o
"
" " t t t
"

= = = =
t = t
o
# t = '8
0
C 0 6.9- C
0
) t / '1.1
0
C
16-&-. i3e hundred cu+ic centimeters o, ethyl alcohol completely ,ill a Pyrex +ea7er. 8, the
temperature o, the system increases +y *0 C
0
, 2hat 3olume o, alcohol o3er,lo2s#
&
o
= $00 cm
&
)
m
/ 11 x 10
--
<C
0
)
p
/ 0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
0 0
%& ( )
m p m p
& & & & t & t = =
t

/ *0 C
0
)
'&0
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
A / %11 x 10
--
<C
0
(%$00 cm
&
(%*0

C
0
( 0 &%0.& x 10
-$
<C
0
(%$00 cm
&
(%*0 C
0
(
A / &8.$ cm
&
0 0.&1$ cm
&
/ $.1- cm
&
) A
B
/ &8.' cm
&
Critical Thinking Questions
16-&$. The la+oratory apparatus ,or measurin" the coe,,icient o, linear expansion is illustrated in
i". 16-1*. The temperature o, a metal rod is increased +y passin" steam throu"h n
enclosed Cac7et. The resultin" increase in len"th is measured 2ith the micrometer scre2
at one end. Dince the ori"inal len"th and temperature are 7no2n, the expansion coe,,icient
can +e calculated ,rom E4. %16-8(. The ,ollo2in" data 2ere recorded durin" an experiment
2ith a rod o, un7no2n metal?
"
o
= 600 mm t
o
/ '&
0
C
" = 1.0- mm t
f
/ 98
0
C
!hat is the coe,,icient o, linear expansion ,or this metal# Can you identi,y the metal#
0 0
0
1.0- mm
%600 mm(%98 C - '& C(
"
" t

= =

) / '.& x 10
-$
<C
0
) .luminum
16-&6. .ssume that the end points o, a rod are ,ixed ri"idly +et2een t2o 2alls to pre3ent
expansion 2ith increasin" temperature. rom the de,initions o, Eoun"Fs modulus %Chapter
1&( and your 7no2led"e o, linear expansion, sho2 that the compressi3e ,orce F exerted +y
the 2alls 2ill +e "i3en +y
F = A. t
2here A / cross-section o, the rod, . / Eoun"Fs modulus, and t / increase in
temperature o, rod. rom Chap. 1$, youn"Fs modulus E is?

0
=
) ) and or
=
F" "
. F .A " " t t
A " "


= = = =

'&1
F
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
/liminating +","-% we have? F = .A t
116-&*. Pro3e that the density o, a material chan"es 2ith temperature so that the ne2 density
is "i3en +y

=
+
o
t 1
2here
o
/ ori"inal density, / 3olume expansion coe,,icient, and t / chan"e in
temperature.
&
f
= &
o
# &
o
t = &
o
+0 # t- from which
0
1 )
f
&
t
&
=
Now% = m,& or & = m, % so that:
0
<
1
<
m
t
m

= +
0
1 )
1
o
t
t



= + =
+
16-&8. The density o, mercury at 0
0
C is 1&.6 "<cm
&
. Gse the relation in the pre3ious example to
,ind the density o, mercury at 60
0
C#
&
0
-- 0 0
%1&.6 "<cm (
1 1 %1.8 x 10 <C (%60 C ( t

= =
+ +
1 / 1&.$ "<cm
&
16-&9. . steel rin" has an inside diameter o, -.000 cm at '0
0
C. The rin" is to +e slipped o3er a
copper sha,t that has a diameter o, -.00& cm at '0
0
C. %a( To 2hat temperature must the
rin" +e heated# %+( 8, the rin" and the sha,t are cooled uni,ormly, at 2hat temperature 2ill
the rin" Cust slip o,, the sha,t# : =
s
/ -.00& cm 0 -.00 cm / 0.00& cm ;
%a( =
s
/ =
o
t)
0
-$ 0
0.00& cm
6'.$ C
%1.' x 10 <C (%-.000 cm(
t = =
'&'
Chapter 16. Temperature and Expansion Physics, 6
th
Edition
The steel ring must be heated to: '0
0
C 6 6'.$
0
or 8'.$
0
C
11$-&9. %Cont.( %+( Find temperature at which ring slips off easil(.
'egin at '0
0
C where "
s
= -.000 cm and =
c
/ -.00& cm% next
cool both until the diameters are the same. That occurs when
the copper rod shrinks more than the steel ring such that: "
copper
2 "
steel
/ 0.00& cm

c
"
c
t 2
s
"
s
t = 0.00& cm)
c
0.00& cm
c s s
t
" "
=

0
-$ 0 -$ 0
0.00& cm
1$0 C
%1.* x 10 <C (%-.00& cm( %1.' x 10 <C (%-.000 cm(
t = =

Thus the temperature of both copper and steel must decrease b( 1$0
0
C.

t
f
= t
!
3 1$0 C
0
/ '0
0
C 0 1$0 C
0
1 t
f
= -1&0
0
C
'&&