BJ Furman Amplifiers 09/13/99

Op-amps
1
2
i o
R
R
V V =
Inverting Amplifier
1 in
R R =

+ =
1
2
i o
R
R
1 V V
Non-Inverting Amplifier
=
in
R
2
3
2
1
3
1 o
R
R
V
R
R
V V =
Summing Amplifier
1 in
R R = for V
1
2 in
R R = for V
2
V
o
=V
i
Voltage Follower
=
in
R
[ ]
2 1
1
2
o
V V
R
R
V =
Differential Amplifier
1 in
R R = for V
2
2 1 in
R R R + = for V
1
BJ Furman Amplifiers 09/13/99
Limitations of Practical Operational Amplifiers
1. The output voltage of signal-type op-amps is limited to about 1 to 2 V below the supply
voltage (which is typically 15 V). It will depend on the output current beyond about 10 mA.
2. The output current of signal-type op-amps is limited to about 10-20 mA.
(Power op-amps can handle much larger voltages and output currents.)
3. The gain setting resistors should be kept within a range of about 1 k to 1 M to prevent noise,
drift, and excessive circuit loading.
4. The gain of a typical op-amp should be limited to about 100 or less to prevent offset and drift