Voltage Follower

Noninverting Op Amp
VIN RG

Inverting Op Amp
RF

Design EquationsCommonly Used Amplifier Configurations

VOUT Voltage Follower Voltage Follower VIN Voltage Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Follower VOUT = VIN
VOUT
VIN VIN VIN

Voltage Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Voltage Follower Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Follower Voltage Follower
VIN VIN VOUT

Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op AmpOp Amp Noninverting Noninverting Op Amp Op Amp Noninverting VIN Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op Amp
V VIN IN VIN

Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op Op Amp Noninverting Amp Noninverting Op Amp Noninverting Op Amp

VIN

VIN VIN

IN VIN VV V VOUT V VOUT BUFFER SOURCE VOUT IN IN HIGH OUT IMPEDANCE VOUT VOUT LOW RESISTANCE LOAD VTO V IN VOUT = V V = V IN IN V V =V =V

VOUT VOUT VOUT V OUT VOUT VOUT V OUT

RG RG RGInverting RG VIN VIN R R R G VIN G V IN R RG G RG VIN G V VIN IN R VIN G RG VIN VIN

RG

Inverting Op Amp Inverting Op Amp Inverting Op Amp Inverting OpAmp Amp Inverting Op Inverting Op Amp R R Inverting Op R F Amp
FF F R RF F RG RF RF R F

Op Amp Inverting Op Amp G Inverting F Inverting Inverting Op Amp Op Inverting Op Amp RF R Amp Inverting Op Op Amp RF F RF Amp
RR R

RF

VOUT

OUT VOUT AMPLIFY AND OUT INVERT INPUT

VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VV

VOUT

OUT

IN OUT

V V OUT OUT V VOUT OUT

VOUT

VOUTIN = V == VIN VOUT VIN V= = V V V OUT IN OUT OUT IN VOUT = VIN V OUT = V IN

OUT IN

VIN

FER BUFFER HIGH HIGHBUFFER IMPEDANCE SOURCE SOURCE FER HIGH IMPEDANCE IMPEDANCE SOURCE HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE TO TO RESISTANCE LOW RESISTANCE LOAD LOAD TO LOW LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOWLOAD RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOW RESISTANCE

BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE TOHIGH LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD BUFFER IMPEDANCE SOURCE TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD TO LOW RESISTANCE LOAD LOW RESISTANCE LOAD BUFFER HIGH IMPEDANCE SOURCE

V V VIN VOUT =V V IN OUT = OUT = IN V OUT = VIN

AMPLIFY INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY ANDAND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY AND INVERT INPUT

AMPLIFY AMPLIFY AND INVERT ANDAMPLIFY INVERT INPUT AMPLIFY INVERT INPUT INPUT AND INVERT INPU AMPLIFY AND AND INVERT INPUT

Voltage Subtractor/ Difference Amplier

Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ Voltage Subtractor/ R Difference Amplier Difference Amplier 1 VA Voltage Subtractor/ Difference Amplier Voltage Subtractor/ Difference Amplier R2 R2 Difference Amplier Difference Amplier Difference Amplier Difference Amplier R2 Difference Amplier R2 R2 R2 R2 VB R2 Difference Amplier
A A 1 1 AA B A CM CM R R VB VCM V V 2 2B B V V V CM V CM CM B VB R1 R 1VB VCM VR CM R2 R R R B A A 1 11 1 1 2 B1 R R2 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 RR 1 2 RR R2 11 R2 R2 R2 R R1 1 R 2 1 V V V R OUT OUT R 2 V OUT 2

Voltage Adder
Voltage Adder Voltage R2 Adder Voltage Adder Voltage Adder Voltage Adder Voltage Adder VB Voltage Voltage Adder Adder R R RF R 1 F R11 Voltage R Adder F VA VA RR RF R1 Voltage R Adder R1 VA R1 R1 R 1 R3R F F FF
VA R1 RF

Low-Pass Filter/Integrator
C

R2

VOUT
VA VA

R VCM RR R V Voltage V Subtractor/ V V Voltage Voltage Subtractor/ 1 R 2 Subtractor/ R V V Voltage Subtractor/ R RR R2 V V V VB R1 V R1VV V V V VOUT A OUT Difference Difference Amplier Amplier A Difference Amplier R V V 1 VA R Difference V V Amplier V V V V VVOUT

VB VCM

AMPLIFY AMPLIFY THE THE AMPLIFY DIFFERENCE AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, ECT REJECT COMMON-MODE COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE ECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE

1 F V V VOUT VOUT OUT t= R C = RFC R OUT R R R1 R1 tR = RF1 R FRC F F RC = 1 VOUT OUT 1 RR AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE R RF R t= RC = RF C 3 t = RC CF F 1 R3 V =FF V VOUT =OUT V= V VIN 1 VIN VF IN 1 INR IN V V V IN V VB C C C V = V V V 1 SR R C 1 R C R +1 1 +1 BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, OUT IN R B IN F VC FR 1 1 R FC F VB R VIN = VV == R RFC + 1 F S VOUT VOUT V V V R1 OUT OUT IN 1 S IN R OUT OUT 1 VCM R AMPLIFY DIFFERENCE AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE 1 R 1 THE 1 R V R1 R C + 1 F BANDWIDTH R1 R1 R C + M R R CS + 1 SIGNAL F R SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES RN REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT OF F S1 OUT RN 1 F S 1 R 1 F AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE 1 R N R RN VOUT = V R R V = V R2 F F R IN OUT IN 2 2 2 V = V N BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, V BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, VOUT = V1 AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE R AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE OUT IN IN C + R C VN R 2 AMPLIFY VN 1 RR FR S+ N BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, V N 1 F1R S 1R C + 1 R C + 1 F S V t = RC = t R = C RC = R C t = RC = R C 1 F S= RFC t = RC N SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES F F REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF F SIGNAL BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE t = RC = R C AMPLIFY THE DIFFERENCE SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECTTHE COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OFFSIGNAL AMPLIFY DIFFERENCE SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, BETWEEN TWO BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES, VOLTAGES, SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE LIMIT LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL SUM SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGEVOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL 1 1 R R 1F SIGNAL R MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECTCOMMON-MODE COMMON-MODE BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL RF F F SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES REJECT VOLTAGE LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF RF V V = V VOUT = =V V VOUT = VIN IN OUT IN 1 IN VOUT OUT = VIN R RS + RFCS + 1 R1 R1 R RF C +1 1 1 FC S R11 RFC + 1 S

VA VA

1 1

R1 1 VA

VAVA VA R R2 R 21 V VA C R R 1 R 2 VV R2 R2 BA VB 2 R V R 2 OUT OUT B 2 VBVB VB OUT R RN R VB R 32 R3 2 OUTOUT OUT R3 VN R R R1 VC R RF RF V 1 B 1VV F 1 R CB R 3 3 R3 RF R3R1 VC R VA V OUT A 3A A VCV C VC R R R 3 N N R VCVA VC 3 RN R R R2 VN V R2 2VV RN NC C2 RN RN R2 V NR V VB VB N VR V V NB V B N N N VB V RN R N VN V OUT N V VR N3 R R3 R 3 N

Voltage Voltage Adder Adder Voltage Adder VOUT VOUT Voltage Adder VOUT
VOUT

RF

RF

Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrator C Filter/Integrator C Low-Pass VOUT C R1 RF Low-Pass Filter/Integrator CC C
C VIN C
C

ROUT OUT F VOUT

V V

VOUT

VOUT

VOUT VIN

VIN VIN R RR R R1 R F F C RF 11 C C RV RF F 1IN V R1 VIN V C R1 R IN R1 VIN F IN V IN V

F

Low-Pass Low-Pass Filter/Integrator Filter/Integrator Low-Pass Filter/Integrat Low-Pass Filter/Integrator R R R1 R 1 R R

1
F F

IN

VC OUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT V t= =OUT RFC VOUT RF t = RC = RC RFC VOUT t = RC = RFC VOUT V OUT = VIN t= RC R t= RC = RF C t= RC FC= RFC R R

RF

t = RC = RFC

SUM MULTIPLE SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES VOLTAGES SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES SUM MULTIPLE VOLTAGES

LIMIT BANDWIDTH LIMIT BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL OF SIGNAL OF SIGN LIMIT OF SIGNAL LIMIT BANDWIDTH LIMIT BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH OF SIGNAL

High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator RF C C

CIN
IN IN C C IN R RIN VIN V CIN FC F IN C IN IN VIN V IN R R VIN V IN IN V IN IN R RIN CIN RIN IN RR IN IN VIN C CIN IN RIN V

High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator High-Pass Filter/Differentiator RF R F RF R R RF F High-Pass Filter/Differentiator F RF
RF

F Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier

Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier Differential Amplier RF RF R F RF Differential Amplier RR FF R

VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT

VOUT VOUT VOUT VIN High-Pass VINFilter/Differentiator IN Differential Differential Amplier Amplier gh-Pass Filter/Differentiator Differential Amplier V High-Pass Filter/Differentiator V Differential Amplier High-Pass RIN RIN RINFilter/Differentiator

R RF F

C CIN IN VIN VIN R RIN IN

R RF RF F R R RF RF RF R RINCS RF R R C R RF CS RINCS V IN F F IN S R F = VOUTF = V RIN VOUT = V VIN CS F V V OUTdiff V V V VOUT =V V R OUTdiff = VOUT VIN F IN= diff diff IN OUT = OUT = IN VOUT = IN IN R R R V = VIN RG diff G G G OUT IN R R R C + 1 R C + 1 RIN R C + 1 RINCS + 1 IN S S+ 1 RIN IN IN S R IN RG RIN C IN IN S

OUT OUT OUT RG G OUT + ~ VOUT SOURCE BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AC DIFFERENTIAL OR REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL R R RG RGSINGLE-ENDED G + + + + RGA G DRIVE AINPUT DIFFERENTIAL INPUT A AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, DRIVE DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL ADC FROM A ADC AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, V V SIG VSIG DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A FROM AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL SIGNAL, V SIG DIFFERENTIAL R2 R2 R2 SIG + R2 V ~ ~ ~ R2 2 2 2 SIG ~ BLOCK DC, AC AMPLIFY AC DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED COMMON-MODE SIGNAL 2A2 ~ A2 A2REJECT BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AC DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE COMMON-MODE SIGNAL A2 BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCESOURCE REJECT 2 REJECT A2 COMMON-MODE SIGNAL

VOUT AMPLIFY 2R1 G R3 + DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, R3 G = 2R1 + LOW 2R1 V2R1 VSIG RF R1' V V OUT R1' LEVEL VOUT R3 = R1' + V RIN 1+ R V CM F R VCM OUT VCM = R1' V R R OUT F IF R2 = R3, V V = V OUT ADC 1SIG +1 + R CM OUT COMMON-MODE SIG 1 +SIGNAL, BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AMPLIFY R RF BLOCK CS =DC, INAC S AC V F DRIVE DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT SIGNAL DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL IN OUT AV DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL R R V = F G DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A V AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT FROM A AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, R1' V R2 R IN R2 RA3 V CM R R R F INC S F DC, IN V G R2 GR V VIN V VINdiff = VDRIVE = V VIN R G OUT INV G G AMPLIFY G V VOCM A3 VOUT AMPLIFY A3 OUT INOCM DIFFERENTIAL ORV SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE COMMON-MODE SIGNAL OUT VOUTR = G V OUT INDIFFERENTIAL IN AC A3 V BLOCK DRIVE A INPUT ADC FROM A LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGN OCM IN diff IN RG REJECT R diff OCM OUT = V IN V V G A3 R R R C + 1 BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AC R IN R1 R1 DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL R1 BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY 2R1 BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AC DIFFERENTIAL OR OR SINGLE-ENDED REJECT COMMON-MODE OCM SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL G DIFFERENTIAL R1 IN IN S AC RIN RR C 1INC 2R1 SIGNAL ININ S +R IF R2 = R3, G= 1+ 2R1 DRIVE AG DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADCSOURCE FROM A AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, S+1 R1
R

CIN CIN

VIN

R C RINCS RF RF RF IN RS VOUT V =OUT VIN = VIN INCS V =R V R R R C R RF R C R + 1 R C OUT INC S R R C F IN IN S IN IN S IN S F IN IN S+ 1 F IN VOUT = V V = V R RS V = V IN OUT IN V = V IN INCS + 1 OUT IN COUT IN IN RIN R R C + 1 R R C + 1 R R C + 1 IN R S IN ININ SS R R C IN C +1 FIN VOUT IN IN SS VOUT = VV VVOUT INOUT OUT R R C + 1 IN IN S R C R

RF RF

RF

VIN

RG R RF R RF RF F RR RF R V R FF V V V F VOUT = V VOUTdiff = diff F R OUT IN F V IN RR R V = R R F F RF R R R RG OUT R F G RFIN GG diff F F VOUT = V VOUT = = = VG R V diff IN VOUT IN VIN VIN diffOUT diff diff RG R RF RG R G R R RG RG F R G G G VOUTdiff = V RDRIVE VOUT IN G DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A A V V V R RF ADC G OUT OUT OUT DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT FROM A R

VIN

RF RG RG R R G G R RF RF F RG RG RG VIN VIN VOCMVOCM V R V V IN V OCM VINVIN VIN IN G VOCM VOCM VOCM OCM RG RG RG RG R G R VIN V G VOUT RG RG RG RG OCM

VIN V VOCM OCM

VOCM

RG

+ + R2' R3' R2' R3' + + + R2' R3' + ++ + V SIG V SIG R2' R3' R2' R2' R3' R3' + + + SIG V SIG 2 2 V SIG + SIG 2 ~ ~ VSIG ~ R2' R3' 2 + 2 + + + A1 VOUT VOUT V SIG R2' R3' V R2' R3' R3' + R1' R2' R1' V OUT + ~ + VOUT V V OUT CM CM OUT 2 R1' R1' R R V A1 A1 V V A1 G G V CM A3 VOUT A3 CM OUT V SIG VR OUT VOUT V SIG SIG R1' V OUT R1' V OUT R1' V OUT A3 ~ VCM RG ~ G A3 V ~ R1 R1 CM 2 2 R R 2 RG G R1 A3 G + + A3 A3 ~ ~ VOUT R1 V OUT VOUT + R1 R1 ~ R1 VOUT R1' V OUT V + ~ CM OUT + + + ~ V R+ ~ V ~ + OUT A3 OUT VOUT V SIG + V SIG G OUT R2 R2 OUT R1' V OUT V OUT R1 V CM ~R1' V V OUT +R1' V CM V CM 2 R2 +SIG ~ 2 + + A2 A2 R V SIG + RG 2 V ~ RG ~ V VOUT G R2 A3 R2 A3 R2 R2 SIG A3 A2 ~ ~ SIG + ~ + + ~ R1 R1 2 + R3 2 2 2R1 2R1 A2R1 +A2 A2 R3 + A2 R2' R2' R3' R3' R2' R3' F ++ + R2' R3' V = V V = V + + 1 + 1 + OUT OUT SIG SIG + R2' + 2R1 ~ + + R2 V SIG ~ OUT RG + RG R3' R2 ~+ VSIG R3 1 + A1 OUT A1 A1 VOUT = R2 A1 ++ ~ 2R1 R 2R1 R3 R2 2R1 R3 2R1 R3 G V V SIG 2 VSIG R3 + V OUT VSIG V SIG + V OUT == VSIG = V 1 + R SIG ~ F A2 A1 1 + V = VSIG 1 + + ~ OUT SIG ~ 1 + + OUT ~ R 2R1 2R1 R2 R + V R2 G R2 G1+ RG G R2 V SIG IF R2 G= IF R2 = R3, G = R3, 1+ 2 SIG ~ V 2 V2 2 2R1 R2 SIG RG R2 RG R2 SIG 2R1 ~ + IF R2 R3, G = 1+ 2 ~ R3 2 ~ V OUT = = VA2 2R1 RG 2 1+ 2R1 2R1 SIG 2 A2 IF R2 R3, G 1 + R2 == R3, GR2 == R2 A2 IF 1 2R1 IF =+ R3, GR = 1+ RGRG G IF R G R2 = R3, G = 1 +

V A1Amplier ~ ~ Instrumentation Instrumentation Amplier Instrumentation Amplier ~ ~ A1 A1 2A1

Instrumentation Instrumentation Amplier Amplier Instrumentation Amplier Instrumentation Amplier Instrumentation Amplier Instrumentation Amplier Instrumentation Amplier + R2' R3' + Instrumentation Amplier A1 A1 A1

Instrumentation Instrumentation Amplier Amplier Amplier Instrumentation Instrumentation Amplier

AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL,
~
IF R2 = R3, G 1+ + + IF= R2 = R3, R G= 1+

BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AC

DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE ~ ~ V V V V~

+ RG REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL +

VIN

RF

+ + +

DRIVE A DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC INPUT FROM ADC A FROM A ADC AMPLIFY AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, SIGNAL, DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A INPUT AMPLIFY LOW DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL FROM A AMPLIFY LOW LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIG DRIVE A DIFFERENTIAL INPUT ADC FROM A AMPLIFY LOWLEVEL LEVEL DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL, BLOCK BLOCK DC, DC, AMPLIFY AC AC AMPLIFY BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY AMPLIFY AC AC DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE SOURCE REJECT REJECT COMMON-MODE COMMON-MODE SIGNAL SIGNAL DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL BLOCK DC, AC DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL BLOCK DC, AMPLIFY DIFFERENTIAL OR SINGLE-ENDED SOURCE REJECT COMMON-MODE SIGNAL

2R1 R3 + R3 V 2R1 2R1 + R3 1 + 2R1 V V VOUT =V V V OUT = VSIG R3 1 + 1+ +R SIG OUT = 1 SIG OUT = SIG R R R2 R2 1 + 2R1 RG V OUT = VSIG R3 G G G R2 R2 RG R2 2R1 2R1 2R1 2R1 IF IF = =2R1 R3, G = 1 + 1 IF R2 R2 = = R3, R3, G G =R2 1+ + RG IF R2 = R3, G = 1 + R R IF R2 = R3, G = 1 + R G G G RG

R2 VN, R1

GAIN FROM = A TO OUTPUT

A TO OUTPUT R2 NG = 1 + R1 = NOISE GAIN 4kTR2 VN B CLOSEDR2 LOOP BW NG = 1 + VOUT R1 = fCL VN, R2 VN, R3 A 4kTR1 CLOSEDGAIN FROM = R2 R3 IN+VN R2 GAIN FROM = A OUTPUT LOOP BW VOUT TO B TO OUTPUT R1 = fCL VN, R3 NOISE GAIN = V VN, R1 N, 4kTR2 R2 IN A R2 FROM B 4kTR3 R3 R2 R1 IN+ GAIN FROM = GAIN R2 = TO OUTPUT B TO OUTPUT ANG R1= 1+ R1 2 4kTR3 V R2 NOISE GAIN = 4kTR1 IN +V N, R1 CLOSED4kTR2 N 4kTR1 VN2 + 4kTR3 B R1 LOOP BW VOUT R1 + R2 R2 NG = 1 + RTI NOISE = V BW = fCL 2 R1 N, R3 R2 2 A 2 2 R3 IN+ VN R2 + 4kTR1 4kTR1 V R1 N + 4kTR3 GAIN FROM R1CLOSED R2 = V R1 + R2 + 4kTR2 + IN+2 R32 + IN2 LOOP BW B TO OUTPUT OUT R1 RTI NOISE = BW R1 + R2 R1 + R2 = fCL V N, R3 4kTR3 2 2 A R3 R IN+ R1 R2 R2 1 FROM + 4kTR2 BW = GAIN 1.57 fCL IN+2 R32 + IN2 RTO NOISE = NG RTI+ NOISE = B TO 2 OUTPUT R1 + R2 R1 + R2 R1 RTI = REFER TO INPUT R2 4kTR3 RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT VN2 + 4kTR3 + 4kTR1 R1 += R2 BW 1.57 fCL RTO NOISE = NG RTI NOISE RTI NOISE = BW RTI = REFER TO INPUT 2 2 2 R2 RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT R1 R1 R2 + 4kTR1 VN2 + 4kTR3 2 2 2 + + IN+ R3 + IN R1 + R2 4kTR2 R1 + R2 R1 + R2 RTI NOISE = BW VN, R1 4kTR1 R1

R1

NOISE GAIN = IN Noise for GAIN FROM 4kTR2 Op Amp Single-Pole System R2 =

VN, R2

Op Amp Noise for Single-Pole System

IN

IN IN IOUT IOUT 20 Log (Gain) OUT = 20 Log GAIN (Gain) == 20 Log (Gain) I OUT I = 20 Log (dB) (Gain) IINIIN IN Closed-Loop Frequency Response IGAIN IN Decibel (dB) Formulas Impedances) (dB) (Equal for Voltage V Feedback Ampliers P IN IN V PIN V P IN IN IN db = 10 Log = 20 Log Closed-Loop Frequency Response Decibel (dB) Formulas (Equal Impedances) VOUTV db == 10 Log == 20 Log V P db 10 Log 20 Log OUT Decibel (dB) Formulas (Equal Impedances) IN IN P OUT OUT P V db = 10 Log = 20 Log P V OUT OUT db = 10 Log Log for Voltage Feedback Ampliers OUT = 20 OUT P V OPENIN INV LOOP P I OUT INGAIN LOOP I V6dB/OCTAVE P VOUT IOUT IN GAIN OUT OUT IOUT = 20 Log (Gain) IN (Gain) ROLL-OFF OUT = 20 Log GAIN = 20 Log (Gain) db = 10 Log = 20 Log = 20 Log (Gain) db = 10 Log = 20 Log I (dB) IN I OUT OPENIOUT V I P V LOOP = 20 Log (Gain) IN IN I IN IN IN 6dB/OCTAVE LOOP OUT GAIN ROLL-OFF OUT GAIN OUT GAIN IIIOUT = 20 Log (Gain) (dB) = 20 Log IP (Gain) V IN IN IN Transformers Transformers IIN db = 10 Log = 20 Log Transformers

db = N 10 = Log =I 20 Log Z E = = EEP == = I I == = Z V NN N = E I = I = ZZ I Z =N 20 Log E (Gain) IOUT CLOSED-LOOP BANDWITH CLOSEDP P LOOP P P OUT SS P P OUT P P OPEN- GAIN S LOOP P GAIN OUT OUT I P P S P LOOP INCLOSED-LOOP S S P S GAIN S S P S BANDWITH = 20 S Log Transformers S GAIN (Gain) P S IN LOG FREQUENCY S SIOUT P Ratios) S (Step-Up or Step-Down
NOISE

POUT VOUT CLOSEDNOISE (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) Transformers (Step-Up Step-Down Ratios) LOOP or (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) OPENGAIN LOOP I IN VIN PLOOP GAIN = 20 Log (Gain) IN (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) GAIN V P db N = Log = CLOSEDIOUT IN GAINNOISE N10 E EP I I20 Log Z Z V IN

6dB/OCTAVE ROLL-OFF 6dB/OCTAVE ROLL-OFF

RTO NOISE = NG RTI NOISE + IN+2 R32 + IN2 RTI = REFER TO INPUT RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT RTO NOISE = NG RTI NOISE RTI = REFER TO INPUT RTO = REFER TO OUTPUT

R1 R2 R1 + R2

BW = 1.57 fCL R1 + 4kTR2 R1 + R2

BW = 1.57 fCL Resistor Johnson Noise Formula

Resistor Johnson Noise Formula

10,000

10,000 1000

Resistor Johnson Noise Formula Resistor Johnson Noise Formula

1000 en at 25C 100

nV Hz en at 25C

10,000 10010 10,000 1000 10 1

nV Hz

en at 25C 1000 100 nV 1 0 10 100 10

100 1k 10k 100k RESISTANCE () 1M 10M 100M

en at Hz 25C nV 010 Hz

VR = 4kTRB where: 100

1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M RESISTANCE () VR = resistor Johnson Noise spectral density VR k == 4kTRB Boltzmanns constant (1.38 1023 J/K)

10 1

T = absolute temperature in Kelvin where: resistance in Ohms VR R = =resistor Johnson Noise spectral density 1 0 bandwidth in Hz = =Boltzmanns constant (1.38 1023 J/K) 10k B 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 20 W/Hz, RESISTANCE = absolute temperature in KelvinV ( therefore, =) 1.65 10 20RB At 25C,T 4kT = 1.65 10
100M

LOOP EP I ZP FREQUENCY NP Transformers = GAIN = S =GAINLOG Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents N E I Z Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents S S P S (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) CLOSEDSinusoidal Voltages and Currents Transformers NOISE RMS == Root Mean Square = Effective LOOP RMS Root Mean Square = Effective Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents GAIN RMS =V Root Mean Square = Effective (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) GAIN rms = 0.707 VPEAK E IS ZP CLOSED-LOOP BANDWITH V rms 0.707 V P Root P= RMSN = Mean Square = Effective PEAK = = = V rms = 0.707 V PEAK V = 0.637 V LOG FREQUENCY AVE PEAK N E I Z V = 0.637 V V rms = 0.707 V S S P PEAK S Voltages and Currents PEAK I ZP NSinusoidal VAVE = 0.637V V P P 1.414 S AVEE PEAK = PEAK EFF = =Square = RMSV = Root Mean = Effective CLOSED-LOOP BANDWITH V = 1.414 V V = 0.637 V PEAK EFF AVE PEAK VPEAK ==1.414 VEFF NS VEFF E1.11 IP ZS LOG FREQUENCY = V S V rms 0.707 V AVE PEAK V V V =1.11 1.414 VEFF EFF = AVE VPEAK = 1.11 V EFF AVE VAVE = 0.637 V VPEAK = 1.57 V PEAK AVE V = 1.57 V V = 1.11 V PEAK EFF AVE VPEAK = 1.57 1.414 VAVE VPEAK = V Sinusoidal Voltages EFF Currents AVE VAVE = 0.9 VEFFand V = 0.9 V V = 1.57 V AVE EFF PEAK AVE= Effective VEFF = 0.9 1.11 AVE RMS = Root Mean Square VAVE = VV EFF V = 1.57 VAVE V == 0.9 VEFF PEAK VAVE rms 0.707 VPEAKCurrents Sinusoidal Voltages and V = 0.9 V AVE EFF Ohms Law (DC Circuits) V = 0.637 V AVE PEAK RMS = Root Mean Square = Effective Ohms Law (DC Ohms Law (DCVCircuits) Circuits) V = 1.414 PEAK EFF V rms = 0.707 VPEAK Ohms Law (DC Circuits) Ohms Law (DC Circuits) VEFF = 1.11 VAVE 2 0.637V VAVE = VPEAK V VPEAKV = 2 1.57 VAVE 2 1.414 VV = VEFF RV RV PEAK V 0.9 VEFF 2 AVE = 2 P V V R R 2 VR1.11 VAVE V I R VEFF = R 2R R R VP I P R R 2R2V I2 I RPEAK = 1.57 VAVE P P V Ohms Law (DC Circuits) V P V IR VAVE = 0.9 VEFF VI V P I R P VI P P P P II VI VI R R P I P 2 R VI Ohms Law V V V P I V (DC R Circuits)V R PR RV R V R V PR R PR P I IV 2 V R PR I R I 2 V V V V R V 2 I PRP P 2 2 I V PV2 P V V P IP I P VI P 2 P IP P IR IRR R V I 2 P R I2 P I P I P 2 P IR IR P 2 I IR I V V V RP I2 PR IR I I2

VI

for Voltage Feedback Ampliers V resistor Johnson Noise spectral density20RB therefore, V At 25C, 4kT = 1.65 1020 W/Hz, R = R = 1.65 10 VR 4kTRB k= = Boltzmanns constant (1.38 1023 J/K) where: T = absolute temperature in Kelvin VR Johnson Noise spectral density R= = resistor resistance in Ohms GAIN k = Boltzmanns constant (1.38 1023 J/K) B = bandwidth in Hz (dB) T = absolute temperature in Kelvin At 25C, 4kT = 1.65 1020 W/Hz, therefore, VR = 1.65 10 20RB R = resistance in Ohms GAIN B = bandwidth in Hz (dB)

Closed-Loop Frequency Response for Voltage Feedback Ampliers

VR = 4kTRB in Ohms 0 R = resistance 10B = bandwidth 100 1k 10k 100k where: in Hz RESISTANCE ()

Closed-Loop Frequency Response 1M

10M

100M

At 25C, 4kT = 1.65 1020 W/Hz, therefore, VR = 1.65 10 20RB

OPENLOOP GAIN LOOP GAIN 6dB/OCTAVE ROLL-OFF

OPENLOOP GAIN
CLOSEDLOOP GAIN

LOOP GAIN
NOISE GAIN

6dB/OCTAVE ROLL-OFF

CLOSEDLOOP GAIN

NOISE CLOSED-LOOP BANDWITH GAIN

LOG FREQUENCY

= +R R + I R Resistors in Series 2+ =R R1 R + R3 RTOTAL TOTAL 1+ 21 3+ Resistors in Parallel R = = R 1 + R2 + R3 + R V2 TOTAL PTOTAL 1 11 1 + + + Parallel I Resistors R2P R3 P R1 in RTOTAL = Resistors in Parallel Resistors in Series 1 1 1 IR Resistors in + 1 2 + IParallel 1 R = = R1+ +R R2 in + R Two Resistors Parallel TOTAL TOTAL 33+ R RR 1 2 TOTAL = R1 1 1 1 RTOTAL = 1 + 1 R1 + R2 1 + + + R R RTOTAL =inR 1 1 13 + 2 Parallel Parallel Two Resistors Resistors in R1 R R + + + R1 1 2+R2 3 R 1 R2 1 R3 R RParallel RTwo = Resistors in Parallel 1 2 Equal Resistors in TOTAL RTOTAL Resistors Series Two Resistors Parallel 1= in 1 in 1 + + of the Where R is the value of one R R1in + R Resistors Parallel 22+ R R RTOTAL = = R + R + RTwo R R R 1 TOTAL 1 2 3 1 2 3 equal resistors, and N+ is the number R R N R = 1 2 TOTAL = R R11+ RR TOTAL of equal resistors 22 Equal Resistors in Parallel R R = R + R Two Resistors in1Parallel TOTAL 2 inR Parallel Where R is the value R Resistors 1+R2of one of the Resistors in Parallel RTOTAL = Equal R R in2Parallel equal resistors,1 and N is the number 1 N Equal RResistors TOTAL = REqual = Resistors in Parallel Where R is R the value of one of the TOTAL R + R of equal resistors 1 2 R is 1 the value one of the R Where = R 1 1 Nof equal resistors, and theof number = RTOTAL + Where R+ is the+ value ofis one the N R TOTAL equal resistors, and N is the number Equal Resistors in Parallel R R R RTOTAL = N 1 resistors 2 and 3 N is the number of equal equal resistors, N of equal resistors R is the value of one of the R Where equal resistors RTOTAL = Twoof Resistors inand Parallel resistors, N is the number N equal
of equal resistors

=R + R3 + V IR 1 V+ R2in R I2 Series PRRTOTALResistors Resistors in Series Resistors in Parallel

P in I SeriesV2 P Resistors Resistors in Series P = R + R + R3 + IR TOTAL 1 2P

P
R

CLOSED-LOOP BANDWITH

RTOTAL =

R1 R2

rents fective

P V2 V Log VOUT db = 10 Log OUT = 20 PINR VIN R P I2R IOUT = 20 Log (Gain) V IIN P VI Reactance PFormulas I R VIN PIN 1 db = 10 Log XC = V = 20 Log V PR POUT2 fC R VOUT I IIN 2 = 20 Log (Gain) V P XL = 2 fL IOUT P I P IR I2
Transformers (Step-Up or Step-Down Ratios) Impedance Formulas (Series)

4 SR C

4 SR L

XL = 2 fL

Z = VA X Figure of Merit Q= L I R of a Coil

Q=

(Tuned Circuit)

SR. B.W.

Impedance Formulas (Series) Z = R2 + XL2 (Series RL) Z = R2 + XC2 (Series RC) Z = XL XC (Series LC) Z = R2 + (XL XC)2 (Series RLC) Z = VA I

1 .159 SR = or Hz Voltage and2LC Impedance Formulas (Parallel) LC ZL= = Z=

2 2 X2 2 R 4+ SR L C

RX1 L

VA (RL)C = Z= 1 I 42LINE SR2 L (RC) VA = VL = VC = VR

RXC

R2

+ XC2

XL = 2 fL Resistors in Parallel Common 1% Resistor Values Z = XL XC (Series LC) 1 P Voltage Formulas (Parallel) 1% standard values multiples are available from and 10.0 Impedance through 1.00 M (also 1.10 M, 1.20 M, 1.30 M, 1.50 M, 1.60 M, 1.80 M, 2.00 M, and 2.20 M). RTOTAL = decade Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents R 1 1 1 Standard base resistor values are the following table for 2 (Series VA tolerance (1%), along with typically available resistance ranges. RX + +given +in RMS Mean = Effective L the most commonly used Z == Root R2 + (XL Square X ) RLC) RC R2 the R (RL) Z = or 10,000. Z= Impedance Formulas (Series) V 1 than 3 To determine values base, multiply the base value by 10, 100, 1000, V rms = other 0.707 VPEAK ILINE R2 + XL2 I 2 (Series RL) = 0.637 VPEAK Z 10.0 = VAVAVE R2 + XL12.4 Z= 10.2 10.5 11.0 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.1 12.7 13.0 Two Resistors in Parallel 10.7 RXC 1.414 VEFF 13.3 I VPEAK = 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.8 16.2 16.5 16.9 17.4 (RC) VA = VL = VC = VR Z= R1 R2 2 + X 22.1 2 (Series RC) 17.8 VEFF = 18.2 18.7 19.1 19.6 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.6 23.2 1.11 V 2 2 R Z = R = AVE C TOTAL R + XC R 23.7 VPEAK = 24.3 24.9 25.5 26.1 26.7 27.4 29.0 28.7 29.4 30.1 30.9 1+R2 1.57 VAVE 31.6 VAVE = 32.4 33.2 34.0 34.8 35.7 36.5 37.4 38.3 39.2 40.2 41.2 X X 0.9 V Z = X X (Series LC) L C EFF L C Equal Resistors in Parallel (LC) VA = ILINEZ 42.2 43.2 44.2 45.3 Z = 46.4 47.5 48.7 49.9 51.1 52.3 53.6 54.9 X X L C Voltage56.2 and Impedance R Formulas is the value (Parallel) of one of the R Where 57.6 59.0 60.4 61.9 63.4 64.9 66.5 68.1 69.8 71.5 73.2 RTOTAL = 2 R2 + (X93.1 Z= RLC) 97.6 equal resistors, and number 82.5 L XC) (Series NL Law Ohms Circuits) 75.0 76.8(DC 78.7 80.6 84.5 86.6 88.7 90.9 95.3 VA N is the RX Z = 2RX 2 (RLC) of equal (RL) resistors Z= Z= 2 2 I R + X R + XL LINE Z = VA Common Capacitor Values 2 I RXC V pF V pF pF pF F F F F F F F R R (RC) VA = VL = VC = VR Z= 2+X 2 P 2R 1.0 IR C 10 100 1000 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10,000 V 1.1 11 110 1100 XL XC 1.2 120 Z P 1200 (LC) 12 Z= LINE VI X Voltage and Impedance Formulas (Parallel) P 13 I VA = I130 L XC 1.3 R 1300 RXL 150 1.5 15 150 1500 0.015 0.15 1.5 15 1500 VA el (RL) Z = Z= RX V 16 R 160 V 1600 = PR 1.6 Z (RLC) 2 2 ILINE R + XL 1.8 R2 + X2 18 180 I 1800 V2 2.0 20 200 2000 P RXC (RC) V Z22 = A = VL = VC = VR P 2.2 22 220 2200 0.022 0.22 2.2 2200 I 2 + X220 2 P R lel C 2.4 2400 IR 24 I2 240 one of the 2.7 27 270 2700 X XC s the number 3.0 30 300 3000 Z = X L X (LC) VA = ILINEZ L C
3.3 33 330 3.6 36 360 3.9 Resistors 39 in Series 390 + R2 + R3 + RTOTAL = R1 43 4.3 430 4.7 47 470 5.1 Resistors 51 in Parallel 510 5.6 56 1 560 R TOTAL = 6.2 62 620 1 1 1 + + 680 + 6.8 68 R75 R3750 1 R2 7.5 8.2 82 820 Two Resistors in Parallel 9.1 91 910 3300 3600 3900 4300 4700 5100 5600 6200 6800 7500 8200 9100 0.033 0.33 3.3 33 330 3300

NS RTOTAL ES = R1 +IP ZS R2 + R3 + Z = R2 + XC2 (Series RC)

ISin XPL2 (Series RL) ZN =P R2 +E Resistors SeriesZP = = =

XL XC (LC) Formulas VA = ILINEZ Z = XReactance L XC 1 RX XC =(RLC) Z= R2 + X2 2 fC

Z=
0.047 0.47 4.7 47

R2 + X2

RX

(RLC)
4700

470

0.068

0.68

6.8

68

680

6800

RTOTAL =

R1 R2 R1+R2

Equal Resistors in Parallel R Where R is the value of one of the RTOTAL = N equal resistors, and N is the number
of equal resistors