ANTIBIOTICS FOR UTI

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of action Adverse Effects

Ceftriaxone
(Cephalosporin)
Acrexon Bactericidal activity result from
inhibiting cell wall synthesis by
binding to one or more penicillin
binding proteins
Shock. Hypersensitivity.
Blood abnormality. Liver &
Kidney failure. GI &
Respiratory disturbances.
Superinfection. Vitamin
deficiency.
Cefotaxime
(Third-
generation
cephalosporins)
2 World
Cefotaxime
Cephalosporins bind to PBPs on
bacterial cell membranes to
inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis by mechanisms similar
to those of the penicillins.
Cephalosporins are bactericidal
against susceptible organisms.
Pain at IM injection sites
and phlebitis after IV
administration.
Gentamicin
(Aminoglycoside)
Genom Interferes with bacterial protein
synthesis by binding to 30s and
50s ribosomal subunits
Increased BUN, NPN,
serum creatinine, or
oliguria. Neurotoxicity.
Ampicillin
(Penicillin)
Ampinex Interferes with bacterial cell wall
synthesis during active
replication, causing a
bactericidal activity against
susceptible organisms
Skin rashes (urticarial or
maculopapular). Diarrhea.
n/v. pseudomembranous
colitis.
Amoxicillin and Addex Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial Diarrhea. n/v. Skin rash.
Clavunate
(Penicillin)
cell wall synthesis by binding to
penicillin-binding proteins
Clavunate inhibits beta
lactamase producing bacteria
Urticarial. Vaginitis. Rarely,
pseudomembranous
enterocolitis, stomatitis &
candidiasis, erythema
multiforme, & other skin
effects. Hepatic, renal,
hematologic, or CNS
effects.
Sulfamethoxazole
and
Trimethoprim
(Antibacterial
combination)
Bactrinol TMP: inhibits dihydrofolate
reductase
SMX: competes with para-
aminobenzoic acid
GI disturbances. Skin
reactions.
Cefalexin
(Cephalosporin)
Airex By binding to 1 or more
penicillin-binding proteins, it
arrest bacterial cell wall
synthesis and inhibits bacterial
growth
GI discomfort. Diarrhea.
Skin rashes. Urticarial.
Eosinophilia. Angioedema.
Anaphylaxis.
Cefixime
(Cephalosporin)
Actimax By binding to 1 or more
penicillin-binding proteins, it
arrest bacterial cell wall
synthesis and inhibits bacterial
growth
Diarrhea. Stool changes.
N/V. Abdominal pain.
Dyspepsia. Vomiting.
Flatulence.
Pseudomembranous
colitis. Headache.
Dizziness. Rash. Pruritus.
Urticaria. Drug fever.
Arthralgia.
Thrombocytopenia.
Leukopenia. Eosinophilia.
Cefpodoxime Cefadox Inhibits cell wall synthesis Chest pain. Hypotension.
Fungal skin infection. Skin
scaling/peeling. Menstrual
irregularity. Pruritus.
Diarrhea. Flatulence.
Decreased salivation.
Candidiasis.
Pseudomembranous
colitis. Anaphylactic shock.
Decreased appetite.
Dizziness. Fatigue.
Anxiety. Insomnia.
Flushing. Nightmares.
Weakness. Cough.
Epistaxis. Taste alteration.
Eye itching. Tinnitus.
Malaise. Fever.
Nitrofurantoin
(urinary
antiseptic)
Macrodantin Synthetic nitrofurantoin that
interferes with bacterial
carbohydrate metabolism by
inhibiting acetylcoenzyme A.
Nausea. Emesis. Anorexia.
Abdominal pain. Diarrhea.
Pulmonary hypersensitivity
reaction. Peripheral
Bacteriostatic at low
concentration (5-10 mcg/ml)
and is bactericidal at higher
concentration.
neuropathy. Exfoliative
dermatitis. Erythema
multiforme. Lupus-like
syndrome. Urticaria. Rash.
Agranulocytosis.
Leukopenia.
Granulocytopenia.
Ciprofloxacin
(Quinolone)
Baxolyn. Fluoroquinolone that inhibit
bacterial DNA synthesis and
consequently, growth by
inhibiting DNA gyrase and
topoisomerases, which are
required for replication,
transcription, and translation of
genetic materials. Promotes
breakage of double stranded
DNA
Nausea. Diarrhea.
Vomiting. Abdominal pain.
Flatulence. Anorexia.
Dizziness. Headache.
Tiredness. Agitation.
Trembling. Skin rashes.
Pruritus. Drug fever. Joint
pains. Photosensitivity.
Transient renal
impairment. SJS. Lyell
syndrome.

ANTI-TB DRUGS

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of action Adverse Effects
Isoniazid Rifater,
Rifamate
Blocks mycolic acid synthesis Immunologic: fever, rash,
SLE
Peripheral neuropathy,
hepatitis, CNS toxicity,
jaundice, psychosis
Rifampicin Rifater,
Rifamate
Inhibit RNA synthesis by binding
to the B subunit of DNA
dependent RNA polymerase of M.
TB
Causes light chain
proteinuria, impair
antibody response, skin
rash, thrombocytopenia,
nephritis, liver
dynsfunction, jaundice,
flu-like syndrome, anemia,
orange discoloration of
body fluids, oliguria,
albuminuria, convulsion
Pyrazinamide Rifater UNKNOWN Non-gouty polyathralgia,
hyperuricemia, drug fever,
jaundice
Ethambutol Myambutol Inhibit mycobacterial arabinosyl
transferase
Optic neuritis, retinal
damage, peripheral
neuropathy, confusion,
headache
Streptomycin Irreversible inhibitors of protein
synthesis; binds to 30S subunit
Fever, rash, vertigo, loss of
balance, nephrotoxic,
ototoxic, oliguria,
albuminuria













DRUGS USED IN ANGINA

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of Action Adverse Effect
Nitroglycerine
(Nitrate)
Nitrostat Vasodilation

of the venous
capacitance vessels by stimulating
the endothelium-derived relaxing
factor (EDRF)
orthostatic hypotension
headache (30-60%)
tachycardia
glaucoma

Metoprolol
(Beta Blocker)
Lopressor Competes with the adrenergic
neurotransmitter for binding of
beta adrenergic receptor in the
heart
contraindicated in asthma,
diabetes, COPD, severe AV
block, bradycardia-
tachycardia syndrome,
severe heart failure
abrupt discontinuation
lead to rebound

Verapamil Isoptin SR prevent entry of calcium into Flushing
(Calcium
Channel
Blocker)
cardiac and smooth muscle; dilate
the coronary and peripheral
arteries and have negative
inotropic and chronotropic effects

Hypotension
Headache
peripheral edema
constipation
















ANTI-HISTAMINES

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of action Adverse Effects
(Old 1
st
Gen.
Histamine H1
Antagonist)
Diphenhydramine


Benadril
H1 blockers are competitive
pharmacologic antagonists at the
H1 receptor; these drugs have no
effect on histamine release from
storage sites.
CV & CNS effects. Blood
disorders. GI
disturbances.
Antimuscarinic effects.
Allergic reactions.
(New 1
st
Gen. Sedation. Lassitude.
Histamine H1
Antagonist)
Chlorpheniramine


Antamin

Elation or Depression.
Irritability. Paranoid
psychosis. Delusion.
Hallucination. Muscular
weakness.
Incoordination. GIT
disturbances. Headache.
Tinnitus. Difficulty in
micturition. CV effects.
Allergic reactions.
(2
nd
Gen.
Histamine H1
Antagonists)
Cetirizine



Fexofenadine




Loratadine



Ceritec



Fexodine




Claritin



Agitation. Dry mouth.
Headache.
Hypersensitivity
reactions.

Occasionally GI effects
including n/v, diarrhea or
epigastric pain.
Palpitation, ventricular
arrhythmia.

Fatigue. Headache.
Somnolence. Dry mouth.
Rash. GI disorders like
nausea, gastritis.
(Histamine H2
Antagonists)
Cimetidine









Ranitidine



Famotidine


Tagamet









Ranifin



H2 Bloc
H2 antagonists produce a
surmountable pharmacologic
blockade of histamine H2
receptors. They are relatively
selective and have no significant
blocking actions at H1 or
autonomic receptors.
Mild & transient diarrhea.
Tiredness. Dizziness.
Severe & reversible
alopecia. Skin rash.
Reversible gynecomastia.
Decreased white cell
count. Agranulocytosis.
Thrombocytopenia.
Leukopenia. Increases in
plasma creatinine &
serum transaminase
levels. Reversible
confusion in elderly.
Headache. Dizziness.
Myalgia.

Diarrhea & other GI
disturbances. Dizziness.
Tiredness. Headache.
Rashes.

Headache. Anorexia. Dry
mouth. N/V.
Constipation. Diarrhea.






















ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS




Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of action Adverse Effects
Propranolol
(Beta Blocker)
Inderal Competes with the adrenergic
neurotransmitter for binding of
beta adrenergic receptor in the
heart
Bradycardia, cardiac
failure, hypotension

Verapamil
(Calcium
Channel
blocker)
Isoptin SR Inhibits slow inward calcium
current responsible for sinus and
AV nodal depolarization
Headache, confusion
Losartan
(Angiotensin
Receptor
Blocker)
Cozaar Blocks binding of angiotensin II to
type I receptors. Blocks the
vasoconstrictor and aldosterone
secreting effects of angiotensin II
Fatigue, hypoglycemia,
chest pain
Captopril
( ACE
Inhibitors)
Capoten Prevents convertion of angiotensin I
to angiotensin II through inhibition
of ACE by competing with
physiologic subsrate for active site
of ACE,
hyperkalemia












DRUGS USED IN ACID PEPTIC DISEASE

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects
Sodium
bicarbonate
(Antacids)
Neut Neutralization of hydrochloric acid
by forming sodium chloride and
carbon dioxide
Rebound hyperacidity
Milk-alkali syndrome
Magnesium-
aluminum
hydroxide
(Antacids)
Gaviscon Neutralization of hydrochloric acid
by forming magnesium or
aluminum chloride and water
Nausea
Constipation
Diarrhea
Ranitidine
(H2 blocker)
Zantac Competitively inhibits gastric acid
secretion by blocking the effect of
histamine on H2 receptors
Headache
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Omeprazole
(Proton pump
inhibitor)
Losec Blocks the final step of acid
production by inhibiting the
H+/K+ ATPase system at the
secretory surface of the gastric
parietal cell
Headache
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Clarithromycin
(Antibiotics)
Biaxin Acts by binding to the 50S
ribosomal subunit of susceptible
organisms
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Amoxicillin
(Antibiotics)
Amoxil Binds to penicillin-binding proteins
and inhibit cell wall synthesis
Nausea
Vomiting
Gastritis
Stomatitis
Metronidazole
(Antibiotics)
Flagyl Binds to DNA, resulting in loss of
helical structure, strand breakage,
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
and cell death
Headache
Vaginitis
Nausea










DRUGS USED IN DIABETES

Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects
Metformin
(Biguanide)
Glucophage Decreased hepatic glucose
production
Hypoglycemia
Lactic acidosis
Diarrhea
Glipizide
(Sulfonylurea)
Glucotrol Lowers blood glucose by
stimulating the release of insulin
Hypoglycemia
Headache
Dizziness
Repaglinide
(Meglitinides)
Prandin Lowers blood glucose by
stimulating release of insulin from
the pancreas
Hypoglycemia
Headache
Nausea
Rositiglitazon
e
(Thiazolidine
diones)
Avandia Improves blood glucose levels by
improving insulin sensitivity in DM2
Headache
Edema
Back pain
Pioglitazone Actos Decreases insulin resistance in the
periphery and liver resulting in
increased insulin-dependent
glucose disposal and decreased
hepatic glucose output
Hypoglycemia
URTI
Headache
Acarbose
(Alpha-
glucosidase
inhibitor)
Precise Causes a competitive, reversible
inhibition of pancreatic alpha
amylase and membrane-bound
intestinal alpha-glucosidase
hydrolase enzymes
Flatulence
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Rapid-acting: Lispro
(Humalog), aspart
(Novolog), glulisine

Short-acting: Regular
(Semilente)

Intermediate-acting: NPH
(Lente)

Long-acting: Detemir,
glargine (Lantus)

(Insulin)

Activates insulin receptors thereby
reducing circulating glucose
Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia
Injection site reaction
Lipodystrophy
Pruritus
Rash
Exenatid
e
(Incretin
-based
drugs)
Byetta Enhances glucose-dependent
insulin secretion by pancreatic
beta-cells, suppresses
inappropriately elevated glucagon
secretion, and slows gastric
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
emptying
Pramlinti
de
(Amylin
analog)
Symlin Modulation of gastric emptying,
prevention of the postprandial rise
in plasma glucagon, satiety leading
to decrease caloric intake and
potential weight loss
Hypoglycemia
Headache
Nausea