The laws of electromagnetic induction

Faradays law
The magnitude of the induced electromotive force is directly proportional to
the rate of change of flux linkage or the rate of flux cutting
Induced e.m.f, | E |
dt
d
where is the flux linkage
E = -
dt
d

The minus in the equation indicates the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes
the change of flux linkage. (Lenzs Law)
For certain Calculations, Faradays law is expressed as
E =
t

, where change :
For cutting of flux by a metal rod,
E = BLv

Lenzs law
Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current is such as to
produce an effect that opposes the change of the magnetic flux that
gives rise to it.
The minus sign in the equation E = -
dt
d
(N) expresses the Lenzs law.
Lenzs law is an example of the principle of the conservation of energy.
Magnetic flux and the weber Wb
The magnetic flux through a small plane surface is defined as the product
of the magnetic flux density normal to the area and the area of the surface.
) A )( cos B ( =
or ) A )( sin B ( =



Magnetic flux linkage ()
If a coil of N turns and area A is placed in a magnetic field of flux density B with
its axis along the field, the total flux, known as flux linkage, is given by
= N
= N B A cos , where N: Number of turns of the coil


B


B cos
B sin
Normal
Faradays Law of EMI: E =
t

E =
t
cos NBA

: N : B : A : ) (cos
E =
t
N ) cos BA (

E=
t
B ) cos NA (

E=
t
A ) cos NB (

E=
t
) (cos ) NBA (

S N


























t/s
/Wb






E/V
t/s

B (into page)
v
/Wb
t/s
E/V
t/s
To induce emf, the numerator
cannot be zero, hence at least one
of the four quantities (N, B, A, )
must be a variable.
Removing the
coil out of the
B-Field, i.e.
B
f
= 0
Force Force
Exerting a force
on two ends of
the coil, thus
reducing the
number of turns
of the coil, N.
Electromagnetic Induction
Eddy Current Small, circulating, unwanted currents generated by a magnetically induced electromotive
force in a closed conductive path, such as a large metal plate, resulting in a waste of energy.
If a large metal plate is moved through a magnetic field which intersects perpendicularly to the sheet, the
magnetic field will induce small circulating current which will actually create internal magnetic fields
opposing the change, thus slowing the object down. (Lenzs Law)
In effect, the kinetic energy will go into driving small currents inside the metal which will give off that energy
as heat as they push through the metal.
N S
Bar
magnet
B (into page)

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