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A2 Chemistry Answer Book
A2 Chemistry Answer Book
(aq) and SO
4
2
(aq) with H
3
O
+
(aq) and H
2
O(l)
b HClO
4
(l) and ClO
4
(l) with CH
3
COOH
2
+
(l) and CH
3
COOH(l)
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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2 A solution of ethanoic acid in water has very low electrical conductivity; this shows there are few ions
in solution, and so the equilibrium lies to the left.
3 Arrhenius definition: acids and bases dissolve and separate partially or completely into charged
particles in a process called dissociation: H
+
from acids, OH
from bases.
BrnstedLowry definition: an acid is a proton donor; a base is a proton acceptor.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 79
1 a 1.0
b 13.3
c 1.0 remember that sulfuric acid is a dibasic acid.
2 a A strong acid is completely dissociated into ions in aqueous solution at up to moderate
concentrations; a concentrated acid contains a large number of moles of acid per unit volume of
solution.
b Yes.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 83
1 K
w
=[H
+
(aq)][OH
(aq)] =1 x 10
14
mol
2
dm
6
[H
+
(aq)] =[OH
(aq)]
[H
+
(aq)]
2
=1 x 10
14
mol
2
dm
6
[H
+
(aq)] =1 x 10
7
mol dm
3
; pH =7.0
2 a [H
+
(aq)] =1 x 10
2
mol dm
3
; pH 5 2
b [H
+
(aq)] =4.12 x 10
4
mol dm
3
; pH =3.38
c [OH
] =6.00 x 10
3
mol dm
3
; [H1
+
aq)] =1.67 x 10
12
mol dm
3
; pH =11.78
3 [H
+
] =3.4 x 10
3
mol dm
3
; pH =2.5
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 85
1 Approximately 2.4 x 10
6
mol dm
3
2 a This will add very little. The same result should be obtained three times because nothing has
changed. If different results are obtained then it would be worrying.
b If different results are obtained, it suggests that the pH meters may not be accurate. If the same
results are obtained then it suggests that the results are reliable.
c If the same results are obtained, it suggests that the solution was mixed properly and that the
results are reliable.
page 87
1 There is no slow change in colour of an indicator to give an early warning; the change in colour that
happens on the steep part of the curve occurs on addition of one drop. It is this fact that makes titration
a successful technique.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 89
1 a A phenolphthalein; B methyl orange or bromothymol blue.
b The fall in pH at A is not as clear because there is not such a big decrease.
c At A: Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NaHCO
3
(aq) + NaCl(aq)
At B: NaHCO
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
2 a (i) Any of the three; (ii) congo red; (iii) thymol blue.
b 4.0 and 8.8
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 91
1 a Method 1 is better because a graph is plotted from a large number of points, and it does not rely
on getting an exact end-point by eye. If you go beyond the end point, the solution stays the same
colour.
b Method 2 could be improved by carrying out the titration a number of times and using a suitable
average volume.
2 a Usually the alkali goes in the flask and the acid in the burette. The phenolphthalein then changes
from pink to colourless.
b Sodium hydroxide solution and other bases can cause glass taps to stick or seize up.
3 The more acidic the pH, the more pronounced the antimicrobial activity. Also, in general, acids with
lower pK
a
values have higher antimicrobial activity at the same pH.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Stretch & Challenge page 94
a 4.77
b 5.07
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 95
1 4.0
2 3.9
3 The pK
a
of a buffer should be close to the ideal pH of the skin/hair and/or the product. For example,
glycolic acid (pK
a
5 3.83), ethanoic acid (4.76), citric acid (3.14) and succinic acid (4.16) are used to
make acidic buffers for use where the product needs to be acidic such as on skin with a typical pH of
5.5. Students need to find things out for themselves and then show an understanding of the basic
principles.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 97
1 Pickling in vinegar lowers the pH; microorganism activity is reduced.
2 To remove the products of respiration; especially carbon dioxide.
3 Depends on research tool chosen.
4 Carbon dioxide undoubtedly dissolves in water to form an acidic solution, but it is a very weak acid
(K
a
=4.5 x 10
7
mol dm
3
) compared to the weak acid responsible largely for the acidification of rain
sulfurous acid (K
a
=1.5 x 10
2
mol dm
3
). Others say that the role of the oceans is to act as a carbon
dioxide sponge and to control the atmospheric content of the gas.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 101
1 a 12, i.e. anticlockwise.
b 0
c Racemic mixture.
2 To remove all vibrations of light not in the same plane.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 103
1 S
N
1 mechanism.
2 In small scale production during the development of thalidomide, the S
N
2 mechanism resulted in only
the L-isomer being formed. Different compounds and processes used in large scale production resulted
in the formation of a planar intermediate. This planar molecule led to an S
N
1 mechanism, which, as
usual, led to the formation of a racemic mixture of products, and so to the production of some of the
D-isomer, which is teratogemic.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 109
1 Propanal; see table 1.6.1.
2 Boiling temperatures are affected by atmospheric pressure and are more difficult to measure
accurately.
3 Perhaps propanone, but possibly impure; impure compounds melt at a lower temperature and over a
range.
page 113
1 a Fehlings/Benedicts test or Tollens test.
b Iodoform test.
2 Pentan-2-one CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COCH
3
or 3-methylbutan-2-one (CH
3
)
2
CHCOCH
3
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
Answers to questions in Student Book
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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2 Glycine is not optically active because it contains a central carbon atom attached to two hydrogen
atoms. Serine has a chiral centre because there are four different groups attached to the central carbon
atom so it is the one that is optically active.
Page 1 of 1
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 132
1 For example: quicker, more reliable, use small samples, can be used without destroying a sample.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 143
1 a Y (less polar) and then X (polar).
b X and then Y.
2 Retention times vary with conditions.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 158
1 a The potential difference between the electrodes of the two half-cells that make up an
electrochemical cell.
b The reference half-cell used for measuring standard electrode potentials; consists of hydrogen gas
at 1 atm pressure and 298 K bubbling around a platinum electrode in 1.00 mol dm
3
H
+
(aq) ions.
c One half of an electrochemical cell; one of the two electrodes of the cell.
d The electrode potential of a half-cell as measured against a standard hydrogen electrode, indicated
as E .
2 a 2Ag
+
(aq) + 2e
2Ag(s); Cu(s) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e
b Cl
2
(aq) + 2e
2Cl
(aq); 2I
(aq) I
2
(aq) + 2e
c Zn(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + 2e
; Pb
2+
(aq) + 2e
Pb(s)
3 The standard electrode potential of a half-cell is a measure of the oxidising power or reducing
power of the species in it in other words, its ability to compete for electrons; in general, the
stronger an oxidising agent, the more positive its electrode potential, while a strong reducing
agent has a large negative electrode potential.
4 a +0.12 V, Pb
2+
(aq) + Ni(s) Pb(s) + Ni
2+
(aq)
b +0.03 V, Ag
+
(aq) + Fe
2+
(aq) Ag(s) + Fe
3+
(aq)
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 167
1 a Fuel cell.
b IR spectroscopy.
The roadside test is a screening test that needs to be easy to administer, but the test to provide evidence
for use in courts must be more accurate and reliable.
2 Fuel cell breath tester any alcohol is oxidised and electrons are released. An external circuit with a
microprocessor measures the current and calculates the blood alcohol content.
Infrared breath analyser IR radiation is passed through the sample and the resulting spectrum allows
the concentration of ethanol to be measured accurately by a microprocessor.
IR spectrometry gives very accurate results but the instrumentation is not very portable; the process is
both mechanised and accurate, so this evidence is admissible in court.
However, other groups, most notably aromatic rings and carboxylic acids, can give similar absorbance
readings.
Unfortunately, breathalysers only give the composition of the air breathed out and it is assumed that
this is exhaled from deep within the lungs; however, alcohol may have come from the mouth, throat or
stomach.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 174
1 Copper(II) ions have unfilled 3d orbitals; copper(I) ions have filled 3d orbitals.
2 Both involve the sharing of a pair of electrons. In a covalent bond each bonded atom supplies one
electron to the bond. In a dative covalent bond both electrons come from one atom.
3 a At least one pair of electrons.
b Monodentate ammonia molecules; bidentate ethanedioate ions; polydentate edta.
c They all use lone pairs of electrons to form co-ordinate/dative covalent bonds to a metal ion;
monodentate ligands use one lone pair, bidentate ligands use two, and polydentate ligands use
more than two (edta uses six lone pairs).
4 The colours can be used to identify transition metals and to indicate changes in oxidation state of
transition metal ions.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 183
1 a The d-block ions are relatively small and have a strong electric field around them; this attracts
species rich in electrons; the metal ion can accommodate anions or molecules that act as electron-
pair donors; forming co-ordinate/dative covalent bonds and a group of atoms/molecules/ions
called a complex ion.
b Transitions between the partly-filled d orbitals in transition metal ions are the source of their
colours.
2 The 3d orbitals are split into three orbitals of lower energy and two orbitals of higher energy;
absorption of visible light, and colour formation, are explained in terms of photons causing
electrons to jump from the orbitals with lower energy to those with higher energy; the difference
between these energies depends on a number of factors which transition metal it is, what ligands
it is complexed with, concentration of solution, etc.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Page 1 of 2
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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page 244
1 Butanoic acid has a COOH group so the compound is acidic, but weak; it will react with alcohols to
form esters; it will react with nucleophiles like amines to form amides; it will react with PCl5 to form
butanoyl chloride; aqueous solution will react with sodium carbonate to give carbon dioxide; with
alkalis to form butanoate salts; and with reactive metals to form hydrogen.
Methyl propanoate and propyl methanoate are esters; they will hydrolyse to the parent acid and
alcohol.
2 Depends on the choice made.
Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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Edexcel A2 Chemistry
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