CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H.

Varma
-Chapter 5. Design of Beams Flexure and Shear
5.1 Section force-deformation response & Plastic oment !p"
A beam is a structural member that is subjected primarily to transverse loads and negligible
axi

al loads.
The transverse loads cause internal shear forces and bending moments in the beams as shown
in Figure 1 below.
w
P
Vx!
"x!
x
w
P
Vx!
"x!
x
Figure 1. #nternal shear force and bending moment diagrams for transversely loaded beams.
These internal shear forces and bending moments cause longitudinal axial stresses and shear
stresses in the cross$section as shown in the Figure % below.
Vx!
"x!
y
d
b

dF & b dy
Vx!
"x!
y
d
b

dF & b dy
1
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
'urvature & & (d(%!

% ( d
% ( d
dy b F y dy b "
% ( d
% ( d

Planes
remain plane!
Figure #. )ongitudinal axial stresses caused by internal bending moment.
*teel material follows a typical stress$strain behavior as shown in Figure + below.

y

u

y

u

Figure $. Typical steel stress$strain behavior.

#f the steel stress$strain curve is approximated as a bilinear elasto$plastic curve with yield
stress e,ual to y- then the section "oment $ 'urvature "$! response for monotonically
increasing moment is given by Figure ..
%
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
"
y
"
p
A/ 0xtreme fiber reaches
y
1/ 0xtreme fiber reaches %
y
'/ 0xtreme fiber reaches 2
y
3/ 0xtreme fiber reaches 14
y
0/ 0xtreme fiber reaches infinite strain
A
1
' 0
3
'urvature-
*
e
c
t
i
o
n

"
o
m
e
n
t
-

"

y
2
y
2
y
5
y
5
y
10
y
10
y
A 1 ' 3 0
"
y
"
p
A/ 0xtreme fiber reaches
y
1/ 0xtreme fiber reaches %
y
'/ 0xtreme fiber reaches 2
y
3/ 0xtreme fiber reaches 14
y
0/ 0xtreme fiber reaches infinite strain
A
1
' 0
3
'urvature-
*
e
c
t
i
o
n

"
o
m
e
n
t
-

"

y
2
y
2
y
5
y
5
y
10
y
10
y
A 1 ' 3 0

y
2
y
2
y
2
y
2
y
5
y
5
y
5
y
5
y
10
y
10
y
10
y
10
y
A 1 ' 3 0
Figure %. *ection "oment $ 'urvature "$! behavior.
#n Figure .- "y is the moment corresponding to first yield and "p is the plastic moment
capacity of the cross$section.
The ratio of "p to "y is called as the shape factor f for the section.
For a rectangular section- f is e,ual to 1.2. For a wide$flange section- f is e,ual to 1.1.
'alculation of "p/ 'ross$section subjected to either 5y or $y at the plastic limit. *ee Figure
2 below.
Plastic centroid.
A
1
A
%

y
A
1

y
A
%
y
1
y
%
% %
1 1
% 1 y
% 1
% y 1 y
A of centroid y
A of centroid y - 6here
! y y
%
A
"
% ( A A A
4 A A F

+


Plastic centroid.
A
1
A
%

y
A
1

y
A
%
y
1
y
%
% %
1 1
% 1 y
% 1
% y 1 y
A of centroid y
A of centroid y - 6here
! y y
%
A
"
% ( A A A
4 A A F

+


+
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
a! 7eneral cross$section b! *tress distribution c! Force distribution
d! 0,uations
Figure 5. Plastic centroid and "p for general cross$section.
The plastic centroid for a general cross$section corresponds to the axis about which the total
area is e,ually divided- i.e.- A1 & A% & A(%
The plastic centroid is not the same as the elastic centroid or center of gravity c.g.! of the
cross$section.
As shown below- the c.g. is defined as the axis about which A1y1 & A%y%.
c.g. & elastic 8.A.
A
1
- y
1
A
%
- y
%
About the c.g. A
1
y
1
& A
%
y
%
y
1
y
%
c.g. & elastic 8.A.
A
1
- y
1
A
%
- y
%
About the c.g. A
1
y
1
& A
%
y
%
y
1
y
%
For a cross$section with at$least one axis of symmetry- the neutral axis corresponds to the
centroidal axis in the elastic range. 9owever- at "p- the neutral axis will correspond to
the plastic centroidal axis.
For a dou&l' s'mmetric cross-section( the elastic and the plastic centroid lie at the same
point.
"p & y x A(% x y15y%!
.
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
As shown in Figure 2- y1 and y% are the distance from the plastic centroid to the centroid of
area A1 and A%- respectively.
A(% x y15y%! is called )( the plastic section modulus of the cross$section. Values for : are
tabulated for various cross$sections in the properties section of the );F3 manual.
"p & 4.<4 : Fy $ *ee *pec. F%.1
where-
"p & plastic moment
"y & moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme fiber from an elastic stress
distribution & Fy * for homogenous cross$sections and & Fyf * for hybrid sections.
: & plastic section modulus from the Properties section of the A#*' manual.
* & elastic section modulus- also from the Properties section of the A#*' manual.
2
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
*xample #.1 3etermine the elastic section modulus- *- plastic section modulus- :- yield
moment- "y- and the plastic moment "p- of the cross$section shown below. 6hat is the design
moment for the beam cross$section. Assume 24 =si steel.
1% in.
1> in.
12 in.
4.?2 in.
1.4 in.
F
1
6
F
%
t
w
& 4.2 in.
1% in.
1> in.
12 in.
4.?2 in.
1.4 in.
F
1
6
F
%
1% in.
1> in.
12 in.
4.?2 in.
1.4 in.
F
1
6
F
%
t
w
& 4.2 in.

Ag & 1% x 4.?2 5 1> $ 4.?2 $ 1.4! x 4.2 5 12 x 1.4 & +1.1%2 in

%
Af1 & 1% x 4.?2 & < in
%
Af% & 12 x 1.4 & 12.4 in
%
Aw & 4.2 x 1> $ 4.?2 $ 1.4! & ?.1%2 in
%

distance of elastic centroid from bottom &

y
. in >1< . >
1%2 . +1
2 . 4 12 1%2 . @ 1%2 . ? ! % ( ?2 . 4 1> <
y
+ +

#x & 1%4.?2
+
(1% 5 <.4<.44>
%
5 4.21..%2
+
(1% 5 ?.1%21.24>
%
5 12.41
+
(1% 5
12>.11<
%
& 1.+4 in
.
*x & #x ( 1>$>.>1<! & 12%..+ in
+
"y$x & Fy *x & ?>%1.@ =ip$in. & >+2.12 =ip$ft.

distance of plastic centroid from bottom & p

y
. in 1%2 . % y
2>%2 . 12
%
1%2 . +1
! 4 . 1 y 2 . 4 4 . 1 4 . 12
p
p

+
>
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
y1&centroid of top half$area about plastic centroid &
2?.> . 14
2>%2 . 12
2>%2 . > 2>%2 . > 2 . 1+ <

+
in.
y%&centroid of bottom half$area about plas. cent. &
2@>> . 1
2>%2 . 12
>%2 . 1 4 . 12 2>%2 . 4 2>%2 . 4

+
in.
:x & A(% x y1 5 y%! & 12.2>%2 x 14.2?.> 5 1.2@>>! & 1@<.%> in
+
"p$x & :x Fy & 1@<.%> x 24 & <.>%.<+ =ip$in. & ?@@.2@ =ip$ft.

3esign strength according to A#*' 'hapter F& b"p& 4.< x ?@@.2@ & ?4<.?% =ip$ft.
;eading Assignment A A#*' *pecification 'hapter F.
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CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
5.# +ocal &uc,ling of &eam section Compact and -on-compact
"p- the plastic moment capacity for the steel shape- is calculated by assuming a plastic stress
distribution 5 or $ y! over the cross$section.
The development of a plastic stress distribution over the cross$section can be hindered by two
different length effects/
1! Local buckling of the individual plates flanges and webs! of the cross$section before
they develop the compressive yield stress y.
%! Lateral-torsional buckling of the unsupported length of the beam ( member before
the cross$section develops the plastic moment "p.

Figure .. )ocal buc=ling of flange due to compressive stress !

The analytical e,uations for local buc=ling of steel plates with various edge conditions and
the results from experimental investigations have been used to develop limiting slenderness
ratios for the individual plate elements of the cross$sections.
*ee *pec. 1. page 1. A 1?!- Table 1. 1>$1?!
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CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
*teel sections are classified as compact- non$compact- or slender depending upon the
slenderness ! ratio of the individual plates of the cross$section.
$ Compact section if all elements of cross$section have p
$ Non-compact sections if any one element of the cross$section has p r
$ Slender section if any element of the cross$section has r
#t is important to note that/
$ #f p- then the individual plate element can develop and sustain y for large values of
before local buc=ling occurs.
$ #f p r- then the individual plate element can develop y but cannot sustain it
before local buc=ling occurs.
$ #f r - then elastic local buc=ling of the individual plate element occurs.
Compact
Non-Compact
Slender

'
'
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

a
x
i
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
-

0ffective axial strain-

Compact
Non-Compact
Slender

'
'
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

a
x
i
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
-

0ffective axial strain-

Figure /. *tress$strain response of plates subjected to axial compression and local buc=ling.
Thus- slender sections cannot develop "p due to elastic local buc=ling. 8on$compact
sections can develop "y but not "p before local buc=ling occurs. Bnly compact sections can
develop the plastic moment "p.
<
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
All rolled wide$flange shapes are compact with the following exceptions- which are non$
compact.
$ 6.4x1?.- 61.x<<- 61.x<4- 61%x>2- 614x1%- 6@x14- 6>x12 made from A<<%!
The definition of and the values for p and r for the individual elements of various cross$
sections are given in Table 12.1 and shown graphically on page 1>.1$1@+. For example-
Section Plate element p r
6ide$flange Flange bf(%tf 4.+@ y
F ( 0
4.+@
)
F ( 0
6eb h(tw +.?> y
F ( 0
2.?4 y
F ( 0
'hannel Flange bf(tf 4.+@ y
F ( 0
4.+@
)
F ( 0
6eb h(tw +.?> y
F ( 0
2.?4 y
F ( 0
*,uare or ;ect.
1ox
Flange b$+t!(t
1.1% y
F ( 0
1..4 y
F ( 0
6eb b$+t!(t
+.?> y
F ( 0
2.?4 y
F ( 0
0n C*%.1 2e 2ill tr' to design all &eam sections to &e compact from a local &uc,ling
standpoint
14
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
5.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
The laterally unsupported length of a beam$member can undergo lateral$torsional buc=ling
due to the applied flexural loading bending moment!.

a!
b!

a!
b!
Figure 3. )ateral$torsional buc=ling of a wide$flange beam subjected to constant moment.
11
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
)ateral$torsional buc=ling is fundamentally similar to the flexural buc=ling or flexural$
torsional buc=ling of a column subjected to axial loading.
$ The similarity is that it is also a bifurcation$buc=ling type phenomenon.
$ The differences are that lateral$torsional buc=ling is caused by flexural loading "!- and
the buc=ling deformations are coupled in the lateral and torsional directions.
There is one very important difference. For a column- the axial load causing buc=ling
remains constant along the length. 1ut- for a beam- usually the lateral$torsional buc=ling
causing bending moment "x! varies along the unbraced length.
$ The worst situation is for beams subjected to uniform bending moment along the
unbraced length. 6hyC
5.%.1 +ateral-torsional &uc,ling 4niform &ending moment
'onsider a beam that is simply$supported at the ends and subjected to four$point loading as
shown below. The beam center$span is subjected to uniform bending moment ". Assume
that lateral supports are provided at the load points.
)
b
P
P
)aterally unsupported length & )b.
#f the laterally unbraced length )b is less than or e,ual to a plastic length )p then lateral
torsional buc=ling is not a problem and the beam will develop its plastic strength "p.
)p & 1.?> ry x y
F E (
$ for # members D channels *ee Pg. 15.1$.@!
1%
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
#f )b is greater than )p then lateral torsional buc=ling will occur and the moment capacity of
the beam will be reduced below the plastic strength "p as shown in Figure 14 below.
Figure 11. "oment capacity "n! versus unsupported length )b!.
As shown in Figure 14 above- the lateral$torsional buc=ling moment "n & "cr! is a function
of the laterally unbraced length )b and can be calculated using the e,uation/
"n & "cr &
w y
%
b
y
b
' #
)
0
E 7 # 0
)

,
_

where- "n & moment capacity

)b & laterally unsupported length.
"cr & critical lateral$torsional buc=ling moment.
0 & %<444 =siF 7 & 11-%44 =si
#y & moment of inertia about minor or y$axis in
.
!
1+
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
E & torsional constant in
.
! from the A#*' manual pages GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
'w & warping constant in
>
! from the A#*' manual pages GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
This e,uation is valid for *+6S70C lateral torsional buc=ling only li=e the 0uler e,uation!.
That is it will wor= only as long as the cross$section is elastic and no portion of the cross$
section has yielded.
As soon as any portion of the cross$section reaches the yield stress Fy- the elastic lateral
torsional buc=ling e,uation cannot be used.
)r is the unbraced length that corresponds to a lateral$torsional buc=ling moment
"r & 4.?4 *x Fy.
"r will cause yielding of the cross$section due to residual stresses.
6hen the unbraced length is less than )r- then the elastic lateral torsional buc=ling e,uation
cannot be used.
6hen the unbraced length )b! is less than )r but more than the plastic length )p- then the
lateral$torsional buc=ling "n is given by the e,uation below/
#f )p )b )r- then
1
1
]
1

,
_

p r
p b
r p p n
L L
L L
M M M M !
This is linear interpolation between )p- "p! and )r- "r!
*ee Figure 14 again.
1.
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
5.%.# oment Capacit' of &eams su&8ected to non-uniform &ending moments
As mentioned previously- the case with uniform bending moment is worst for lateral torsional
buc=ling.
For cases with non$uniform bending moment- the lateral torsional buc=ling moment is
greater than that for the case with uniform moment.
The A#*' specification says that/
The lateral torsional buc=ling moment for non$uniform bending moment case
& C
&
x lateral torsional buc=ling moment for uniform moment case.
C& is always greater than 1.4 for non$uniform bending moment.
C& is e,ual to 1.4 for uniform bending moment.
$ *ometimes- if you cannot calculate or figure out C&- then it can be conservatively
assumed as 1.4.

c 1 A max
max
b
" + " . " + " 2 . %
" 2 . 1%
'
+ + +

where- max & magnitude of maximum bending moment in +&

6 & magnitude of bending moment at ,uarter point of +&
B & magnitude of bending moment at half point of +&
C & magnitude of bending moment at three$,uarter point of +&
The moment capacity "n for the case of non$uniform bending moment
$ "n & C& x H"n for the case of uniform bending momentI p
$ #mportant to note that the increased moment capacity for the non$uniform moment case
cannot possibly be more than p.
$ Therefore- if the calculated values is greater than p- then you have to reduce it to p
12
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
)
r
)
p
"
r
"
p
'
b
& 1.4
'
b
& 1.%
'
b
& 1.2
"
o
m
e
n
t

'
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
-

"
n
Jnbraced length- )
b
Figure 11. "oment capacity versus )b for non$uniform moment case.
5.4 Flexural Deflection of Beams Serviceabilit
*teel beams are designed for the factored design loads. The moment capacity- i.e.- the
factored moment strength b"n! should be greater than the moment "u! caused by the
factored loads.
A serviceable structure is one that performs satisfactorily- not causing discomfort or
perceptions of unsafety for the occupants or users of the structure.
For a beam- being serviceable usually means that the deformations- primarily the vertical
slag- or deflection- must be limited.
The maximum deflection of the designed beam is chec=ed at the service$level loads. The
deflection due to service$level loads must be less than the specified values.
1>
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
The A#*' *pecification gives little guidance other than a statement in 'hapter )-
KServiceability Design Considerations-L that deflections should be chec=ed. Appropriate
limits for deflection can be found from the governing building code for the region.
The following values of deflection are typical maximum allowable total service live load!
deflections.
Plastered floor construction A )(+>4
Jnplastered floor construction A )(%.4
Jnplastered roof construction A )(1@4
#n the following examples- we will assume that local buc=ling and lateral$torsional buc=ling
are not controlling limit states- i.e- the beam section is compact and laterally supported along
the length.
1?
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
!xam"le 5.# Design a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed dead
load of 450 lbs/ft. and a uniformly distributed live load of 550 lbs/ft. The dead load
does not include the self-weight of the beam. The length of the beam is 0 ft.
Step 0. 'alculate the factored design loads without self$weight!.
wJ & 1.% w3 5 1.> w) & 1..% =ips ( ft.
"J & wu )
%
( @ & 1..% x +4
%
( @ & 12<.?2 =ip$ft.
Step 00. *elect the lightest section from the A#*' "anual design tables.
From page +$1@ of the A#*' manual- select 91% x $1 made from 24 =si steel with b"p &
1??.4 =ip$ft.
Step 000. 'hec= deflection at service live loads.
& 2 w )
.
( +@. 0 #x! & 2 x 4.22(1%! x +4 x 1%!
.
( +@. x %<444 x %<1!
& 1.1@ in. M )(+>4 $ for plastered floor construction
Step :. ;edesign with service$load deflection as design criteria
) (+>4 & 1.4 in. M 2 w )
.
(+@. 0 #x!
Therefore- #x M +.+.+@ in
.
*elect the section from the moment of inertia selection tables in the A#*' manual. *ee page
+$%1 of the A#*' manual A select 915 x $1.
915 x $1 with 0x & +?2 in
.
and &p & %4+ =ip$ft. 24 =si steel!.
3eflection at service load & & 4.<1 in. N )(+>4 $ ;<=
Note that the serviceability design criteria controlled the design and the section
1@
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
*xample 5.$ 3esign the beam shown below. The unfactored dead and live loads are shown in
the Figure.
4.>? =(ft. dead load!
14 =ips live load!
+4 ft.
12 ft.
4.?2 =(ft. live load!
Step 0. 'alculate the factored design loads without self$weight!.
wu & 1.% w3 5 1.> w) & 1.% x 4.>? 5 1.> x 4.?2 & %.44. =ips ( ft.
Pu & 1.% P3 5 1.> P) & 1.% x 4 5 1.> x 14 & 1>.4 =ips
"u & wJ )
%
( @ 5 PJ ) ( . & %%2..2 5 1%4 & +.2..2 =ip$ft.
Step 00. *elect the lightest section from the A#*' "anual design tables.
From page +$1? of the A#*' manual- select 9#1 x %% made from 24 =si steel with b"p &
+2@.4 =ip$ft.
*elf$weight & wsw & .. lb(ft.
Step 0:. 'hec= deflection at service live loads.
*ervice loads
3istributed load & w & 4.?2 =ips(ft.
'oncentrated load & P & ) & 14 =ips & 14 =ips
3eflection due to uniform distributed load & d & 2 w )
.
( +@. 0#!
3eflection due to concentrated load & c & P )
+
( .@ 0#!
1<
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
T$erefore% service-loa& &eflection ' '
&
(
c
& 2 x 1..>. x +>4
.
( +@. x %<444 x 1% x @.+! 5 14 x +>4
+
( .@ x %<444 x @.+!
& 4.2> 5 4.+<?> & 4.<> in.
Assuming plastered floor construction- max & )(+>4 & +>4(+>4 & 1.4 in.
Therefore- N max - ;<=
%4
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
5.5 Beam Design
0xample 2..
Design t"e beam s"own below# $"e unfactored uniformly distributed live load is e%ual to &
kips'ft# $"ere is no dead load# Lateral support is provided at t"e end reactions#
%. ft.
2
+
> $ ,ips?ft.
)ateral support ( bracing
Step 0. 'alculate the factored loads assuming a reasonable self$weight.
Assume self$weight & wsw & 144 lbs(ft.
3ead load & w3 & 4 5 4.1 & 4.1 =ips(ft.
)ive load & w) & +.4 =ips(ft.
Jltimate load & wu & 1.% w3 5 1.> w) & ..<% =ips(ft.
Factored ultimate moment & "u & wu )
%
(@ & +2..%. =ip$ft.
Step 00. 3etermine unsupported length )b and 'b
There is only one unsupported span with )b & %. ft.
'b & 1.1. for the parabolic bending moment diagram- *ee values of 'b shown in 7a&le $-1
on page $-11 of the A#*' manual. .
Step 000. *elect a wide$flange shape
The moment capacity of the selected section &n @ u 8ote & > 1.3!
&n & moment capacity & C& x &n for the case with uniform moment! &p
Pages +$<> to +$1+< in the A#*'$);F3 manual- show the plots of &n-+& for the case
of uniform bending moment 'b&1.4!
%1
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
Therefore- in order to select a section- calculate u?C& and use it with )b to find the first
section with a solid line as shown in class.
"u('b & +2..%.(1.1. & +14.?. =ip$ft.
*elect 61> x >? 24 =si steel! with b"n &+%? =ip$ft. for )b & %. ft. and 'b &1.4
For the case with 'b & 1.1.-
b"n & 1.1. x +%? & +?+ =ip$ft.- 2hich must &e &p > %31 ,ip-ft.
;<=
$"us( )*+ , +- made from ./ ksi steel wit" moment capacity e%ual to &-& kip-ft# for an
unsupported lengt" of 01 ft# is t"e designed section#
Step 0:. 'hec= for local buc=ling.
& bf ( %tf & ?.?F 'orresponding p & 4.+@ 0(Fy!
4.2
& <.1<%
Therefore- N p $ compact flange
& h(tw & +...F 'orresponding p & +.?> 0(Fy!
4.2
& <4.2
Therefore- N p $ compact web
'ompact section. $ BOP
$"is e,ample demonstrates t"e met"od for designing beams and accounting for Cb 2 *#/
%%
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
0xample 2.2
Design t"e beam s"own below# $"e concentrated live loads acting on t"e beam are s"own in t"e
Figure# $"e beam is laterally supported at t"e load and reaction points#
+4 ft.
2
s2
> 1.1 ,ips?ft.
)ateral support ( bracing
1% ft. @ ft.
14 ft.
$1 ,ips $1 ,ips
Step 0. Assume a self$weight and determine the factored design loads
)et- wsw & 144 lbs(ft. & 4.1 =ips(ft.
P) & +4 =ips
Pu & 1.> P) & .@ =ips
wu & 1.% x wsw & 4.1% =ips(ft.
The reactions and bending moment diagram for the beam are shown below.
2
s2
> 1.1# ,ips?ft.
1% ft. @ ft.
14 ft.
%/ ,ips %/ ,ips
%5.5 ,ips
5$ ,ips
551.5 ,ip-ft.
5#% ,ip-ft.
6
B C
D
6 B C D
%+
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
Step 00. 3etermine )b- 'b- "u- and "u('b for all spans.
Span +&
!ft."
C& u
!,ip-ft."
u?C&
!,ip-ft."
A1 1% 1.>? 224.> +%<.?
1' @ 1.4
assume!
224.> 224.>
'3 14 1.>? 2%..4 +1+.@
3t is important to note t"at it is possible to "ave different Lb and Cb values for different
laterally unsupported spans of t"e same beam#
Step 000. 3esign the beam and chec= all laterally unsupported spans
Assume that span BC is the controlling span because it has the largest u?C& although the
corresponding +& is the smallest.
From the 60SC-+AFD manual select 9#% x 5@ made from 51 ,si steel !page $-113"
'hec= the selected section for spans 6B( BC( and CD
Span +&
!ft."
&n
for C& > 1.1
from 444444
C&
&n
for C& Balue
col# & , col# 1
&p
limit
A1 1% 2.< 1.>? <1>.@ >>. =ip$ft
1' @ >++ 1.4 >++
'3 14 >4+ 1.>? 144?.41 >>. =ip$ft.
Thus- for span A1- b"n & >>. =ip$ft. M "u $ BOP
for span 1'- b"n & >++.4 =ip$ft. M "u $BOP
For span '3- b"n & >>. =ip$ft. M "u $BOP
%.
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
Step 0:. 'hec= for local buc=ling
& bf ( %tf & >.4F 'orresponding p & 4.+@ 0(Fy!
4.2
& <.1<%
Therefore- N p $ compact flange
& h(tw & .+.>F 'orresponding p & +.?> 0(Fy!
4.2
& <4.22
Therefore- N p $ compact web
'ompact section. $ BOP
$"is e,ample demonstrates t"e met"od for designing beams wit" several laterally unsupported
spans wit" different Lb and Cb values#
*xample 5.5
Design t"e simply-supported beam s"own below# $"e uniformly distributed dead load is e%ual to
* kips'ft# and t"e uniformly distributed live load is e%ual to 0 kips'ft# 5 concentrated live load
e%ual to */ kips acts at t"e mid-span# Lateral supports are provided at t"e end reactions and at
t"e mid-span#
2
D
> 1.1 ,ips?ft.
1% ft.
1% ft.
11 ,ips
6
B
C
2
+
> #.1 ,ips?ft.
Step 0. Assume the self$weight and calculate the factored design loads.
)et- wsw & 144 lbs(ft. & 4.1 =ips(ft.
w3 & 15 4.1 & 1.1 =ips(ft.
w) & %.4 =ips(ft.
wu & 1.% w3 5 1.> w) & ..2% =ips(ft.
%2
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
Pu & 1.> x 14 & 1>.4 =ips
The reactions and the bending moment diagram for the factored loads are shown below.
5#.#% ,ips
5#.#% ,ips
2
u
> %.5# ,ips?ft.
1% ft.
1% ft.
15 ,ips
B
x !x" > 5#.#% x - %.5# x
#
?#
Step 00. 'alculate )b and 'b for the laterally unsupported spans.
*ince this is a symmetric problem- need to consider only span A1
)b & 1% ft.F
c 1 A max
max
b
" + " . " + " 2 . %
" 2 . 1%
'
+ + +

"x! & >%.%. x A ..2% x

%
(%
Therefore-
"A & "x & + ft.! & 1>>.+@ =ip$ft. $ ,uarter$point along )b & 1% ft.
"1 & "x & > ft.! & %<%.4@ =ip$ft. $ half$point along )b & 1% ft.
"' & "x & <ft.! & +??.1 =ip$ft $three$,uarter point along )b& 1% ft.
"max & "x & 1% ft.! & .%1... =ip$ft. $ maximum moment along )b &1%ft.
Therefore- 'b & 1.+?
Step 000. 3esign the beam section
"u & "max & .%1... =ip$ft.
)b & 1%.4 ft.F 'b & 1.+?
"u('b & .%1...(1.+? & +4?.>% =ip$ft.
*elect 6%1 x .@ made from 24 =si with b"n & +1% =ip$ft. for )b & 1%.4 ft. and 'b &1.4
For 'b & 1.+?- b"n & G.%?... =$ft.- but must be N or & b"p & +<@ =$ft.
%>
CE 470: Design of Steel Structures A.H. Varma
Therefore- for 'b &1.+?- b"n & +<@ =$ft. N "u
Step 0:. ;edesign the section
*elect the next section with greater capacity than 6%1 x .@
*elect 61@ x 22 with b"n & ++. =$ft. for )b & 1% ft. and 'b & 1.4
For 'b & 1.+?- b"n & +.2 x 1.+? & .2? =$ft. but must be Q b"p & .%4 =$ft.
Therefore- for 'b & 1.+?- b"n & .%4 =$ft.- which is N "u .%1... =$ft!- -;7 ;<=!
*elect 6 %1 x 22 with b"n & +?> =$ft. for )b & 1% ft. and 'b & 1.4
For 'b 1.+?- b"n & +?? x 1.+? & 21>.2 =$ft.- but must be Q b"p & .?+ =$ft.
Therefore- for 'b & 1.+?- b"n & .?+ =$ft- which is M "u .%1... =$ft!. ;<=!
Step :. 'hec= for local buc=ling.
& bf ( %tf & ?.@?F 'orresponding p & 4.+@ 0(Fy!
4.2
& <.1<%
Therefore- N p $ compact flange
& h(tw & 24.4F 'orresponding p & +.?> 0(Fy!
4.2
& <4.22
Therefore- N p $ compact web
'ompact section. - ;<=
$"is e,ample demonstrates t"e calculation of Cb and t"e iterative design met"od#
%?