2 /2 + gz) h = u + pv = u + p/! Closed system: "E = Q - W Open system: ! dE dt =
Q
W + m (h + V 2 2 in " + gz) # m (h + V 2 2 out " + gz) Second Law: Closed system: ! S 2 " S 1 = 1 T b dQ # +$ Open system: ! dS dt =
Q T " + m s in " # m s out " + $
Ideal Gas Law: PV = NR u T m = N*M v = V/m ! = PM/R u T R u = 8314 J/kmol-K R = R u / M
Specific Heats: c P = dh/dT c V = du/dT R = c P - c V k = c P / c V
Phase change: x = m vapor / m total u mix = (1-x)*u f + x*u g (also true for h, v, s)
Boundary Work: ! W = PdV "
Isothermal process of ideal gas: PV = C Isentropic process of ideal gas: PV k = C
Conservation of mass: ! dm dt = m in " # m out "
! m = " AV
Isentropic efficiencies: # T = W act /W isen # C = W isen /W act # N = V 2 /V s 2
Isentropic process of an ideal gas: ! P 2 P 1 = V 1 V 2 " # $ % & ' k
! T 2 T 1 = V 1 V 2 " # $ % & ' k(1
! T 2 T 1 = P 2 P 1 " # $ % & ' k(1 k
Carnot cycles: Q H / Q L = T H / T L # = 1 - T L / T H for Carnot power cycle
Coefficient of Performance: Refrigerator $ = Q C / W NET Heat pump % = Q H / W NET
Availability: X = (E - U o ) + P(v-v o ) - T o (S - S o ) Flow exergy: & = (h-h o ) +T o (s-s o ) + V 2 /2 + gz
Properties of air @ STP: k = 1.4 M = 29 kg/kmol R = 287 J/kg-K c P = 1005 J/kg-K c V = 718 J/kg-K Properties of water @ STP: k = 1.0 M = 18 kg/kmol ! = 1000 kg/m 3
c P = 4184 J/kg-K c V = 4184 J/kg-K
! " Otto =1# 1 CR k#1
! " Brayton =1# 1 PR (k#1)/ k
! F THRUST = m V OUT "V IN ( )
Gibbs free energy: g = h T s Helmholtz free energy: a = u T s
Mass fraction: ! Y i = m i m and mole fraction: ! X i = N i N TOTAL
! Y i i " =1 and ! X i i " =1 Mixture mean molecular weight: ! M = X i M i i " and ! Y i = X i M i M
Psychrometrics: Absolute humidity: ! " = m vapor m air and ! " = M vapor M air X vapor X air = M vapor M air P vapor P air = 0.622P vapor P # P vapor
Relative humidity: ! " = m vapor m vapor,saturated also ! " = P vapor P saturation (T)
! " = #P (0.622 +#)P sat (T) and ! " = 0.622#P sat (T) P $#P sat (T)
! Y vapor = " " +1
! h = Y i i " h i = 1 # +1 h air + # # +1 h vapor
the textbook defines the enthalpy per mass of dry air as: h = h air + ' h vapor
M vapor /M air = 18.02 / 28.97 = 0.622 (to 3 significant digits) and P air = P - P vapor .
For -10 C < T < 50 C h vapor ! 2500.9 + 1.82 T [kJ/kg] (thus c P,VAPOR ! 1.82 kJ/kg-K for a very limited range of temperature)
Combustion: For air, for every 1 kmol of O 2 there is 3.76 kmol of N 2
Heats of formation at reference state of 298 K and 1 atm (101.3 kPa) H 2 O 2 N 2 H 2 O CO CO 2
"h 0 f (kJ/kmol) 0 0 0 -241,800 -110,500 -393,500 c P (kJ/kmol-K) 28.87 29.32 29.07 33.45 29.07 37.20
Lower heating values (kJ/kg) at reference state of 298 K and 1 atm (101.3 kPa) CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 C 8 H 18
Conversion factors: 1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s 4.45 N = 1 lbf 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 lbf = 32.2 lbm-ft/s 2 1 hp = 746 W 1 m/s = 2.24 mph 1 mile = 5280 ft 1 Gal = 3.78 L 1000 L = 1 m 3 2.54 cm = 1 in 1 kg = 2.2 lbm