Revision of geocentric

datum of malaysia
(gdm2000)
Dr Azhari bin Mohamed, Hasan bin Jamil,
David Chang Leng Hua,
Muhammad Asyran bin Che Mat
Geodesy Section, Mapping Division,
Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
(JUPEM)
INTRODUCTION
! The Department of Survey and Mapping
Malaysia (JUPEM) - the authorize agency in
the maintaining of the national reference
system for horizontal and vertical control in
Malaysia.
! The Geocentric Datum of Malaysia or
GDM2000 is the new national geodetic datum
for Malaysia and it replaces the old datum of
MRT48 and BT68. It was officially launched
nationwide on 26 August 2003.

Tectonic
Plates

Our Dynamic
Earth


Tectonic Plate
Motions


3cm/y
r

MASS Station Estimated Velocities (1999 2002)

Launching of
GDM2000
26 August 2003
FIRST REALISATION OF
GDM2000
! MASS Stations - Zero Order Geodetic
Network
! Basis for the realization of the precise
geocentric datum in ITRF2000
! 17 MASS Stations and 11 IGS Stations
were used in the computation
ZERO ORDER GEODETIC
NETWORK
! MASS Stations Zero Order Geodetic
Network
! Basis for the realization of the precise
geocentric datum in ITRF2000
! 17 MASS Stations and 11 IGS Stations
were used in the computation
MASS
DATA ACQUISITION
IGS STATIONS
GUAM
SHAO
WUHN
KUNM
PIMO
BAKO
LHAS
IIS
C
COCO
KARR
NTUS
DATA PROCESSING
! Software: Bernese GPS processing
software version 4.2
! Automated by using Bernese
Processing Engine (BPE) that ran on
Red Hat Linux version 6.2
! Processing Steps:
Pre-Processing, Daily Adjustment and
Weekly Combination

FINAL COMBINED SOLUTION
! Two strategies were employed to
obtain an optimum results and to
check for outliers in the final
adjustment. The two strategies were
as follow:
- Free Network with introduction of
Helmert Transformation
- Heavily constrained adjustment
FREE NETWORK
ADJUSTMENT
RMS of
Residuals
























0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Arau Geti Kual Utm
j
Ktpk Ipoh Usm
p
Kuan
Statio
n


North

East

Up
m
m
FREE NETWORK
ADJUSTMENT
! Final coordinates - transformed to mid
of observation epoch using 11 IGS
Stations
! Internal accuracy of the MASS stations
- 5 to 11 mm in the horizontal
component - 5 to 12 mm in the height
component
! Comparison of IGS stations
coordinates


FREE NETWORK
ADJUSTMENT
! The accuracy for MASS stations with
respect to the ITRF2000 reference
frame with free network strategy is 9 to
15 mm in the horizontal component
and 12 to 19 mm in height
HEAVILY CONSTRAINED
ADJUSTMENT
RMS of
Residuals
0
2
4
6
8
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
Arau Get
i
Kua
l
Utm
j
Ktp
k
Ipo
h
Usmp Kua
n
Statio
n
Series
1
Series
2
Series
3
mm
North
East
Up
! The heavily constrained adjustment
was to adopt the specific reference
frame in ITRF2000
! The accuracy of station coordinates is
between 3 to 16 mm in horizontal
component and 8 to 13 mm for the
height
HEAVILY CONSTRAINED
ADJUSTMENT
GDM2000
! High Quality Coordinates of MASS
Stations
! The Zero Order Geodetic Network is
now defined on ITRF2000 reference
frame to within 2 cm accuracy with
final coordinates in ITRF2000 at
Epoch 1 January 2000
! Known as Geocentric Datum of
Malaysia (GDM2000) officially
adopted on 26 August 2003
MALAYSIAN PRIMARY
GEODETIC NETWORK 2000
(MPGN2000)
! Strengthening of PMGSN94 AND
EMGSN97
- 36 stations (PMGSN94) and 30
stations (emgsn97) re-observed
- The aim was to connect the existing
PMGSN94 and EMGSN97 to the Zero
Order Geodetic Network
Strengthening of PMSN

99.5

100

100.5

101

101.5

102

102.5

103

103.5

104

104.5

2
3
4
5
6
7
GP5
0
GP5
8
GP8
4
GP1
8
GP2
4
P10
2
P28
1
P31
0
P24
7
GP3
6
P21
9
P25
8
P22
1
P23
8
P22
9
GP3
2
P29
0
P29
8
P29
9
GP0
2
P21
3
GP4
7
GP4
3
GP5
2
GP3
7
GP2
1
P29
7
P24
4
P26
3
P27
4
P25
5
GP2
8
GP0
6
M33
1
GP9
8
GP5
4
UTMJ
KTPK
IPOH
KUAN
GET
I
ARAU
USMP KUAL
Mass
Station
Main
Station
Check
Station
Existing PMSN
MPGN2000
! Heavily contrained adjustment with
MASS stations held fixed.
! The adjustment of the MPGN2000
achieved an accuracy of 3 cm refered
to ITRF2000 Epoch 1 January 2000
MPGN2000
MyRTKnet
! Beginning 2002, JUPEM has established a
network known as the Malaysia Real-Time
Kinematic GNSS Network or MyRTKnet that
uses a new generation of RTK solution known
as Virtual Reference Station (VRS). MyRTKnet
is based on a network of continuous operating
GPS reference stations.
! By 2008, Malaysia has seventy-eight (78) RTK
reference stations for the network covering the
whole Peninsular Malaysia with fifty (50)
stations, Sabah (14 stations) and Sarawak (14
stations).
MyRTKnet

3
Earthquakes
Acheh, 26 Dec 04
9.2 Richter Scale
Nias, 28 Mar 05
8.7 Richter Scale
Bengkulu,
12 Sep 07
7.9 Richter Scale
2004 Earthquake
1.5 to 17 cm
2005 Earthquake
1.0 to 6.5 cm
2007 Earthquake
1.0 to 3 cm
POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2006
POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2007
POST-SEISMIC MOTION 2008
2004 - 2009 DISPLACEMENT
1.0 to 25.8 cm
MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)
! GPS data from seventy-eight (78)
MyRTKnet stations and fifty-six (56)
IGS stations in ITRF2005 for the years
2006 to 2009 were used in the data
processing to re-establish the zero
order geodetic network.
! The combined adjustment for these
data was fixed at epoch 1 January
2000. The coordinates was named as
GDM2000@2000.0 (2009).
MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)
! Comparison with the original
GDM2000@2000.00 coordinates was
carried out by using three parameter
Helmert transformation process. The
RMS fitting for the coordinates of four
(4) reference stations (KUCH, BINT,
KINA & MIRI)were less than one (1) cm
in the north, east and height
component.
MyRTKnet IN GDM2000 (2009)
! The final combined adjustment used
the original GDM2000 reference frame
as the reference by holding the
coordinates of six (6) stations fixed.
With this adjustment, the resulting
coordinates of the MyRTKnet stations
were obtained and are labelled as
GDM2000 (2009)
MPGN2000 (2009)
! Apart from producing MyRTKnet stations in
GDM2000 (2009) coordinates, similar efforts
were also made for the MPGN2000 stations.
Thus, with the availability of GDM2000 (2009)
coordinates for all the MyRTKnet stations,
the next step is to revise the GDM2000
coordinates of the MPGN2000 stations,
bearing in mind that stations in Sabah and
Sarawak still maintain their GDM2000
coordinates due to insignificant
displacements from the two earthquakes in
Sumatra.

MPGN2000 (2009)
! Results indicate that the coordinate displacement of
the MPGN2000 network in Peninsular Malaysia is not
linear and displays elastic properties. In addition,
the displacements also differ from one station to
another. Thus, any type of modelling of the actual
displacement needs a long period of monitoring in
order to produce precise parameter. As an
alternative, a multiple regression model was thus
produced using GPS data obtained from 2009 to
provide a relationship between the MPGN2000 in
GDM2000 and MPGN2000 in GDM2000 (2009). Tests
indicate that through the re-observations at selected
MPGN2000 stations and connection to the
MyRTKnet stations is at cm-level accuracy.

CONCLUSION
! The GDM2000 supersedes the classical
geodetic datums in Malaysia and has been
established with respect to a geocentric
reference frame defined in ITRF system at
ITRF2000 epoch 2 January 2000 at an
accuracy of 1 cm. On the other hand, the
new GDM2000 (2009) coordinates have taken
into account the displacement and
movement due to the Sumatran earthquakes
in 2004, 2005 and 2007 with its reference and
epoch maintained.