Hoi Dap Ve QLVH Luoi Dien Va TBA

Dng cho ngh QLVH ng dy v trm - tp 1
giangdt - Hi p qlvh in
1
Cu hi 1: Gii thch ti sao b iu chnh in p ca my bin p li t pha
cun dy s cp m khng t pha cun dy th cp?
Tr li:
My bin p thng c mt cun dy s cp v c mt hoc hai cun dy th
cp. Khi t in p U
1
vo cun dy s cp th trong cun dy ny s c dng
in I
1
chy qua v trn cun dy th cp xut hin in p U
2
. Khi c ph ti u
vo cun dy th cp th trong cun dy th cp s c dng in I
2
chy qua.
ln ca dng in s cp v th cp tng gim theo ph ti. Quan h gia s vng
dy s cp W1 v s vng dy th cp W2 vi dng in I, in p U ca my bin
p tun theo quy lut sau:
W
- vng
W
1
U
1
~ I
2
~ I - Ampe
= = U - Von
W
2
U
2
~ I
1
~
S vng dy t l thun vi in p v t l nghch vi dng in.
Do bn knh cung cp in ln trn ng dy c nhiu ph ti v cng sut tiu
th in ca cc ph ti trong mt ngy thng dao ng gy ra s dao ng in
p cui ngun. My bin p lc thng c b iu chnh in p t pha cun
dy s cp :
+ Trc tip iu chnh s vng dy ca cun dy s cp cho ph hp in p u
ngun, gi c in p pha u ra ca my bin p t nh mc.
+ Hn ch c qu in p my bin p.
+ Gim c tn tht in nng cho li in.
V dng in i qua cun dy s cp nh nn dng in i qua tip im ca b
CA cng nh do cc kch thc ca tip im b CA cng gim i d
ch to, h c gi thnh. V b iu chnh in p c ch to theo kiu phn
nc nn ch c kh nng iu chnh in p u ra ca my bin p gn bng nh
mc.
Cc my bin p 3 pha thng dng khng c yu cu n nh in p nn
thng hay dng b iu chnh in p 3 pha kiu n gin c t 3 n 5 u
phn nc, khng cho php iu chnh in p khi my bin p vn hnh mang ti.
Mi khi thay i u phn nc iu chnh in p phi ct in ton b my bin
p, sau phi o in tr tip xc ri mi c php ng in.
Tt c cc my bin p c yu cu n nh in p u phi lp b iu chnh
in p di ti. B CA c cu to c bit cho php iu chnh c in p
ca my bin p ngay c khi my bin p ang mang ti. B iu chnh in p
di ti 3 pha thng c ch to 19 nc.
Cu hi 2: My bin in p lm nhim v g trong trm bin p? S ging nhau
v khc nhau gia my bin p lc v my bin in p? S ging nhau v khc
nhau gia my bin in p v my bin dng in?
Tr li:
My bin in p l my bin p chuyn dng bin i in p c 3 nhim v:
1- Cung cp in p 100V~ cho ng h Vonmt o in p pha cao th.
2
2- Cung cp in p 100V~ cho cc cun dy in p ca cng t in 3
pha.
3- Cung cp in p th t khng (3U0) cho r le bo chm t khi c chm
t pha cao th.
My bin in p c mt s im ging my bin p lc:
My bin in p v my bin p lc c ch to da trn nguyn l cm
ng in t. Nng lng in c truyn dn t cun dy s cp sang cun dy
th cp thng qua qu trnh cm ng t.
My bin in p v my bin p lc c cu to c bn ging nhau, my
bin in p v my bin p lc u c cun dy v li thp.
My bin in p c mt s im khc my bin p lc:
Cng sut ca my bin in p thng nh cha n 1kw, dung lng S
ca my bin in p c tnh bng VA (S ~ 250VA).
Cng sut ca my bin p lc ln, dung lng S ca my bin p tnh bng
kVA (S > 50kVA)
My bin in p thng c kch thc hnh hc nh hn my bin p lc
rt nhiu.
My bin in p c kch thc mch t v kch thc ca cc cun dy
nh. Theo chng loi v vi tng cp in p khc nhau my bin in p t thay
i v cu to, kiu cch, hnh dng v kch thc.
Tu theo tng loi my bin p lc, cun dy s cp v th cp c nhiu cp
in p khc nhau, trong khi my bin in p ch c duy nht mt cp in p
th cp l 100 V~.
My bin p lc 3 pha c rt nhiu t u dy khc nhau, trong khi my
bin in p 3 pha thng c t u dy Y0/Y0/ A h.
My bin in p ging my bin dng in:
My bin in p v my bin dng in cng c ch to da trn nguyn
l cm ng in t. Nng lng in c truyn dn t cun dy s cp sang
cun dy th cp thng qua qu trnh cm ng in trng v t trng.
My bin in p khc my bin dng in:
V nhim v cng tc:
+My bin in p chuyn lm nhim v bin i U.
+My bin dng in chuyn lm nhim v bin i I.
V cch u dy trong li in:
+My bin in p u song song trong mch in.
+My bin dng u ni tip trong mch in.
3
Cu hi 3: My bin dng in lm nhim v g trong h thng in? Ti sao
trong vn hnh khng c php h mch cun dy th cp my bin dng
in?
Tr li:
Trong h thng in my bin dng ( TI ) lm nhim v bin i dng in t tr
s ln thnh tr s nh, tr s dng in th cp nh mc ( I2m) ca my bin
dng c quy chun l 5A hoc 1A.
Cng dng:
Dng cp in cho mch dng in ca ampe mt, watt mt, cng t
in.
Cc thit b o m ni trn mun u vo TI phi c ch to theo quy
chun dng in nh mc l 5A hoc 1A cho ph hp vi dng in nh mc
pha th cp ca my bin dng.
Th d:
Nu dng in i qua cun dy s cp ca TI l 500A, dng in nh mc
ca cun dy th cp ca TI l 5A th TI c t s bin i l:
k
I
= 500A/5A = 100
Nu dng in i qua cun dy s cp ca TI l 500A dng in nh mc
ca cun dy th cp ca TI l 1A th TI c t s bin i l:
k
I
= 500A/1A = 500
Trong cc trm bin p 110kV mi TI c ch to 2 cun dy th cp, 1 cun
dng cho o lng v 1 cun dng cho r le bo v. Trong cc trm bin p phn
phi h th 220/380V thng dng 2 b TI, mt b dng ring cho ng h am pe
mt b dng ring cho cng t in. Khng cho php cc thit b o trong trm
bin p dng chung 1 b TI m bo cho cng t in lm vic c chnh xc.
Trong vn hnh nu h mch th cp my bin dng s gy ra chy hng v
hai nguyn nhn:
Nguyn nhn 1: Gy t ha li thp lm nng mch t dn n cch in
MBD chng b gi ci.
U
1
~ U
1m
~
I
1m
~
I
2m
~ = 5A
( hoc 1A )
S u dy
My bin p lc
S u dy
My bin in p
S u dy
My bin dng in
U
2
~
4
Bnh thng trong cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI u c dng in chy qua
i
1
~ sinh ra lc t ha F
1
= i
1
w
1
i
2
~sinh ra lc t ha F
2
= i
2
w
2
Ta c F
= F
1
- F
2
= i
1
w
1
- i
2
w
2
~ 0
Khi h mch th cp i
2
~ = 0
F
2
= i
2
w
2
= 0
F
= F
1
- F
2
= F
1
F
= i
1
w
1
.
F
1
gy t ha li thp TI dn n TI thng xuyn b nung nng dn n cch
in ca cun dy TI b ha gi rt nhanh.
Nguyn nhn 2: Lm xut hin in p nh nhn E
2
trong cun dy, chc
thng cch in ca TI.
Khi vn hnh c ti cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI u c dng in chy
qua: Dng in ph ti I
1
~ s c c tuyn hnh sin, dng in I1~ sinh ra t thng
u
1
~c dng hnh sin, t thng ny cm ng trong cun dy th cp mt dng in
I
2
~ cng c dng hnh sin .
Khi cun dy th cp ca TI b h mch trong li thp xut hin t thng u
1~
tn
s 50Hz. ng c tuyn c dng hnh thang. Ti im i chiu (im 0) tc
bin i ca t thng du/dt l ln nht s sinh ra sc in ng e
2
c dng nh
nhn trn cun dy th cp ca TI (xem hnh v c tuyn ca TI).
Trong biu thc (1)
du
1
/dt l tc bin i ca t thng.
k l h s t l.
e
2
(kV) l sc in ng.
e
2
= k (1)
Cu hi 4: C bao nhiu dng s c c bn trong h thng? V s v gii
thch?
Tr li :
du
1
dt
5
C 5 dng s c c bn trong h thng in 3 pha
1. Ngn mch 3 pha: ( thng kmtheo chm t )
A
B
C I
"
KE
I
K 3 E
2. Ngn mch 2 pha: khng chm t
A
B
C I
K2
3. Ngn mch 2 pha: chm t
A
B
C I
K2
I
K2E
4. Ngn mch 1 pha: chm t
A
B
C
I
K1E
5. Ngn mch chm t ti hai im khc nhau trn mt ng dy:
A
B
C
I
K2E
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s c ngn mch trong h thng in:
1- Nguyn nhn khch quan:
6
Do st nh vo h thng in vi cng ln, in p cao, cc thit b
chng st lm vic khng hiu qu.
2- Nguyn nhn ch quan :
Hu ht cc s c ch quan u do con ngi gy ra:
- Do trnh k thut non yu.
- Do x dng cc thit b c, lm vic km hiu qu.
- Do khng thc hin ng quy trnh vn hnh v duy tu bo dng thit b.
- Do mang ti khng ng quy nh cho php.
- Do ph hoi (o phi ng cp, nm cht chy vo thit b lm ngn
mch...)
Cc gii php k thut ngn chn v hn ch sut s c:
Mt h thng in coi l c tnh an ton, cht lng tt l h thng in
c sut s c thp nht, thi gian s c nh nht. m bo c yu
cu ni trn h thng in cn phi c:
- H s d phng cao (thit b c cp cch in v dng in cho php cao
hn nh mc nhiu ln)
- C phng thc vn hnh hp l.
- Khng xy ra qu ti h thng in, qu ti my bin p.
- Cn phi c nhiu ngun in d phng.
Cu hi 5: S khc nhau gia my ct in v cu dao,
cu ch? Gia ptmt v cu dao cu ch? Nu trnh t thao tc thit b ?
Tr li :
Trong trm bin p v li in thng x dng my
ct in, cu dao, cu ch, p t mt:
My ct in:
+ Chu c dng in ngn mch ti 25kA vi my ct SF6.
+ Chu c dng in ngn mch 300kA vi my ct chn khng.
+ S ln ng ct trong ch s c t ti 50 n 100 ln, 20.000 ln trong ch
mang ti
+ My ct in cho php ng ct ch mang ti v ch ngn mch.
+ Thi gian ct ca my ct c th t ti 45mmgiy.
+ My ct in mun lm vic c phi c thm b TI v h thng r le bo v.
+ Thng c dng in p cao t 3kV tr ln.
+ Dng in nh mc thng thng l 630A,
1250A, 2500A, 3000A.
+ Thao tc my ct bng in v c kh. T ng
hoc bng tay.
Hnh nh
My ct t ng ng li
7
Cu dao cao th
+ Nhim v chnh l cch ly ngun in
vi ph ti phc v cho cng tc vn hnh,
duy tu bo dng thit b in.
+ Cu dao cao th thng c ch to theo
in p li in v cp dng in 100A,
200A, 400A, 600A, 800A, 1000A, 1250A,
2500A.
+ Cu dao cao th thng c ng ct
thng qua b truyn ng c kh m bo
khong cch an ton cho ngi vn hnh.
+ Dng in nh mc ca cu dao bao gi
cng phi ln hn dng in ph ti i qua
dy dn.
+ Khng cho php thao tc cu dao trong ch
c ti.
+ Cu dao ph ti l loi cu dao c trang b
thm b dp h quang v l so ct, cho php
thao tc trong ch mang ti. Tuy nhin
cu dao ph ti khng th lm vic c nh
my ct v n khng c trang b h thng
bo v r le.
Thit b chng st
Cu dao
Auto reclosers
( my ct t ng
ng lp li)
Tt c c thay
bng mt c cu
ng ngt: Cu
dao phn on
c iu khin
CU DAO PHN ON C IU KHIN
Hnh nh
Cu dao ph ti trung th
Hnh nh
Cu dao ph ti 12,24,36kV
8
Cu ch cao th
THNG S K THUT CA CU CH T RI
TT Thng s k thut n v 24kV 35kV
1 in p nh mc kV 22 35
2 in p ln nht kV 24 38,5
3 iu kin mi trng lm vic Nhit i ho
4 iu kin lp t Ngoi tri
5 Nhit mi trng lm vic
o
C 5- 45
6 Tn s nh mc Hz 50
7
in p chu ng tn s ngun n t v v gia cc cc
t ( 10 sec) kVrms 50 60
Kh ( 1 pht ) kVrms 60 70
8 in p chu ng xung st 2.2/50s (BIL)
n t v gia cc cc
kV (peak) 125 170
9 Dng in nh mc A 100
10 Dng in ngn mch nh mc ( 1s) kA 12 10
11 Dng ng, ct MBA khng ti A 2,5
12 Dng ng, ct ng dy khng ti A 10
13 Chiu di ng r mm/kV 25
14 Tiu chun ch to
IEC 265,282
ASNIC 37,41
ANSIC37,42
c lp ni tip sau cu dao cao th.
y l thit b bo v n gin trong mch
in m yu cu bo v khng cao lm,
Cu ch ch yu dng bo v ngn mch.
Thng dng li trung p 35kV tr
xung.
Cu ch t ri thng dng li in trung
p.
cp in p >110kV khng dng cu ch.
Cu ch ui xoy Cu ch np s Cu ch thch anh
HNH NH CU CH H TH
Cu ch t ri 12, 24, 36kV
c dng in r khc nhau
9
Trong trm 110kV cu ch thng dng bo v cho cc my bin in p cp
in p 6kV, 10kV, 22kV, 35kV.
ptmt
Vi cng sut ph ti ln thng dng loi ptmt c iu khin c tnh nng
gn ging nh my ct in cao th, ngi ta cn gi loi ptmt ny l my ct
in h th.
BNG THNG S K THUT CA PTMT
TT Hng mc n
v
yu cu
1 kiu 3 pha 3
cc
2 in p nh mc V 600
3 Tn s h thng Hz 50
4 in p chu ng tn s ngun trong 1 pht kV 2,5
5 in p xung nh mc( 1.2/50ms ) kV 8
6
Kh nng chu ng dng ngn mch I
cu
ti in p 380/400V
kA 25
Im = 100A kA 25
Im = 150A kA 35
Im = 250A kA 35
Im = 400A kA 35
Im = 500A kA 35
Im = 630A kA 35
Im = 800A kA 50
7 Kh nng chu ng dng ngn mch I
cs
= 50% I
cu
8 S ln thao tc Ln 15.000
9 c tnh bo v: c tnh C: theo tiu chun IEC947- 2
10 Gii chnh nh
10-1
p t mt s 250A
Bo v qu dng (Overload protection ) (0,8-1) Im
Bo v ngn mch ( Short circuit protection ) (5- 10) Im
10-2
p t mt > 250A
Bo v qu dng (Overload protection ) (0,4-1) Im
Bo v ngn mch ( Short circuit protection ) (2- 10) Im
ptmt thng c dng in p thp t
1000V tr xung.
Dng in nh mc ca ptmt thng thng
t 15A n 3000A, chu c dng in ngn
mch ti 12kA.
Cho php ng ct trong ch mang ti v ngn
mch.
Thng thng bn trong ptmt khng cn phi
lp thm TI.
Hnh nh p t mt
10
Hnh nh
Cu dao h th kiu v nha
Cu dao h th thng i lin vi cu ch. Dng in nh mc ca cu dao v cu
ch phi c la chn ph hp vi dng in nh mc ca ph ti v dng in
cho php i qua dy dn
Icd > Icf
Icc = 2,5Itt
Icf l dng in cho php i qua dy dn.
Itt l dng in tnh ton ca ph ti.
Cc cu dao c cht lng tt thng c thm li dao ph. Li dao ph s ct ra
sau khi li dao chnh ct, tc ct ca li dao ph rt nhanh nh c trang b
thm l so ct. Li dao ph lm nhim v bo v li dao chnh khng b chy
trong qu trnh thao tc.
Trnh t thao tc: bo m cho cc thit b in lm vic bnh thng cn
phi thc hin cc thao tc theo trnh t nh sau:
Khi ng in phi ng cu dao trc, ng my ct hoc ng p t mt sau.
Khi ct in phi ct my ct hoc p t mt trc, ct cu dao sau.
BNG THNG S K THUT CU DAO H TH KIU HP ST
Cu dao h th
in p nh mc
Ums 400V.
Dng in nh mc
Im s 3000A.
Nhim v chnh ca cu dao h th l
cch ly ngun in vi ph ti, phc
v cho cng tc vn hnh v duy tu bo
dng thit b in. Trong mch in tnh
t pha ngun in cu dao phi b tr
trc ptmt. Cho php thao tc cu dao
c ti trong phm vi dng in nh mc
ca cu dao.
Hnh nh
cu dao an ton kiu hp st
11
Kiu CDH3P-IN CDH3P-2N CDH3P4C-IN CDH3P4C-2N
S cc 3 3 4 4
in p phc v ti a nh
mc (V)
600 600 600 600
Kh nng chu
in p cch
in/pht (kV)
Pha-pha 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Pha-v 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Dng in nh mc 40
o
C
(A)
100 150 200
250 300 400
500
630 800
1000
100 150
200
250 400
630 800
1000
1600 2000
2500 3000
100 150 200
250 300 400
500
630 800 1000
100 150 200
250 300 400
630 800 1000
1200
1600 2000
2500 3000
Phn t bo v: Cu chy ng x x x x
Cng dng in qu ti
(A)
1.6Idm 1.6Idm 1.6Idm 1.6Idm
Cch in gia pha vi pha v
pha vi v
>=20MD >=20MD >=20MD >=20MD
Kch thc ngoi (khi tay y v tr ng) v khi lng.
Kch thc ngoi
CDH
3PIN
100A
150A
200A
CDH
3PIN
250A
300A
400A
500A
CDH
630A
800A
1000A
CDH
3P2N
100A
150A
200A
CDH
3P2N
250A
400A
CDH
3P2N
630A
800A
1000A
CDH
3P2N
1600A
2000A
CDH
3P2N
2500A
3000A
A 330 440 530 305 630 650 764 869
M 260 332 430 258 500 527 618 720
Q 190 235 350 190 330 330 500 500
B 460 615 880 460 413 665 810 860
N 408 564 710 408 600 600 750 850
P 350 460 630 350 500 500 650 750
C 230 - - 230 320 365 531 552
D 171 220 260 187 237 237 336 352
8.5 10.5 12.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 16.5 16.5

Khi lng (kg)
9
9
9
19
19
19
20
43.6
46
46.8
9
9
9
32.5
34
41.2
42.8
46
73.6
96
110
120
KCH THC HNH HC CU DAO H TH KIU HP ST
12
BNG TNH SN DNG IN NH MC CA DY CHY CU CH
Kch thc
ngoi
CDH
3PIN
100A
150A
200A
CDH
3PIN
250A
300A
400A
500A
CDH
630A
800A
1000A
CDH
3P2N
100A
150A
200A
CDH
3P2N
250A
400A
CDH
3P2N
630A
800A
1000A
CDH
3P2N
1600A
2000A
CDH
3P2N
2500A
3000A
A 330 440 530 305 630 650 764 869
M 260 332 430 258 500 527 618 720
Q 190 235 350 190 330 330 500 500
B 460 615 880 460 413 665 810 860
N 408 564 710 408 600 600 750 850
P 350 460 630 350 500 500 650 750
C 230 - - 230 320 365 531 552
D 171 220 260 187 237 237 336 352
8.5 10.5 12.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 16.5 16.5
Khi lng (kg)
9
9
9
19
19
19
20
43.6
46
46.8
9
9
9
32.5
34
41.2
42.8
46
73.6
96
110
120
Kch thc ngoi
CDH
4CIN
100A
150A
200A
CDH
4CIN
250A
300A
400A
500A
CDH
4CIN
630A
CDH
4C2N
100A
150A
200A
CDH
4C2N
250A
300A
400A
500A
CDH
4C2N
1600A
2000A
CDH
4C2N
2500A
3000A
A 365 740 630 365 740 776 1090
M 318 610 535 318 610 652 900
Q 250 440 445 250 440 455 500
B 460 413 880 460 413 665 860
N 408 600 710 408 600 600 900
P 350 500 630 350 500 500 750
C 230 320 - 230 320 365 552
D 205 237 - 205 237 237 352
8.5 10.5 12.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 12.5
Khi lng (kg)
12
12
12
40
46
48
48
54 12
12
12
40
46
48
48
54
57
61
61.5
150
160
13
BNG TNH SN DNG IN NH MC CA DY CHY CU CH
CHO MY BIN P PHN PHI H TH
TT
cng
sut
MBA
(kVA)
6kV 10kV 15kV 24kV 35kV
dng
in
nh
mc
(A)
chng
loi
dy
dn
dng
in
nh
mc
(A)
chng
loi
dy
dn
dng
in
nh
mc
(A)
chng
loi
dy
dn
dng
in
nh
mc
(A)
chng
loi
dy
dn
dng
in
nh
mc
(A)
chng
loi
dy
dn
1 30 2,89 6k 1,73 3k 1,16 2k 0,79 2k 0,5 1k
2 50 4,82 8k 2,98 6k 1,93 3k 1,31 2k 0,83 2k
3 75 7,23 12k 4,34 6k 2,89 6k 1,97 3k 1,24 2k
4 100 9,63 15k 5,78 8k 3,85 6k 2,63 6k 1,65 3k
5 160 15,41 25K 9,25 12K 6,17 10K 4,20 6K 2,64 6K
6 200 19,27 25K 11,56 15K 7,71 10K 5,25 8K 3,3 6K
7 250 24,08 30K 14,45 20K 9,63 15K 6,57 10K 4,13 6K
8 320 30,83 40K 18,50 25K 12,33 20K 8,41 12K 5,28 8K
9 400 38,54 50K 23,12 30K 15,41 25K 10,51 15K 6,61 10K
10 560 53,95 80K 32,37 50K 21,58 30K 14,71 25K 9,25 15K
11 630 60,69 100K 36,42 65K 24,28 40K 16,55 30K 10,4 20K
12 1000 96,34 57,80 80K 38,54 65K 26,27 40K 16,52 25K
13 1600 154,14 92,49 61,66 100K 42,04 65K 26,42 40K
14 2500 240,85 144,51 96,34 65,69 100K 41,29 65K
15 3200 308,29 184,79 123,31 84,08 52,85 80K
16 4000 385,36 231,21 154,14 105,10 61,06 100K
Vt liu
ng
knh dy
chy (mm)
Dng in nh mc
Ch ng Nhm
0,2 0,5 8 2
0.3 1,2 12 6
0,4 1,5 14 10
0,5 1,8 16 14
0,6 2,6 21 18
0,7 3,2 28 18
0,8 4,3 36 20
1,0 6,0 48 32
1,2 9,0 69 40
1,4 11,5 81 50
1,6 14 100 60
1,8 17 120 70
2,0 20 145 80
2,2 25 175 97
2,4 30 - 115
2,6 35 - 125
14
Cu hi 6: TI hnh xuyn treo c cp lm vic nh th no? Ti sao dy tip
a c cp li phi lun trong lng TI hnh xuyn?
Tr li:
Ti cc trm bin p 110kV thng dng loi cp XLPE lm cp xut tuyn
trung th, cp ny thng c bao bc bn ngoi 1 lp ai thp (Fe) bo v v
c hc, ngoi cng ca cp li c bc mt lp nha dy bng PVC bo v
cho ai thp khi b r. Di u cp c lp mt my bin dng hnh xuyn c
tn l my bin dng th t khng, ai thp ti c cp c hn mt dy tip a.
TI hnh xuyn treo c cp lm vic nh sau:
Bnh thng khi khng c chm t s khng c dng in i qua ai thp, khi
c s c chm t 1 pha dng in chm t s xut hin v i qua ai thp xung
t.
Nu im ni t ca c cp nm pha trc my bin dng dy ni t
khng lun qua my bin dng th dng in chm t khng i qua my bin
dng, my bin dng s khng c tc dng trong mch bo v r le bo v chm
t.
Trong li in trung im cch in, khi xy ra chm t dng in th t
khng (3I
0
) i qua im chm t rt nh.
+ Dng in chm t c chiu i t thanh ci ra ng dy v i qua im
ni t nm sau my bin dng.
+ Vi cc ng dy cng u chung mt thanh ci th dng in 3I
0
xut hin
trn cc l ng dy s cng c chiu i t ng dy vo thanh ci sau lng
qua cun dy my bin p chnh ri i v pha ng dy ang c chm t 1 pha
v chui xung t. Dng in chm t c gi tr bng tng dng in th t khng
trn thanh ci 3I
0
.
Mun cho bo v chm t lm vic c th dy tip a ti c cp bt buc
phi c lun pha bn trong ca my bin dng tp trung c hon ton
dng in chm t Th t khng 3I
0
i qua.
Cu hi 7: Trong trm bin p phn phi h th cng t in t pha trc v
sau my bin p c g khc nhau?
Dy tip a ti c cp
lun qua my bin dng.
15
Tr li:
Trong trm bin p cng t in c t pha trc hoc pha sau my bin th
u lm nhim v o m in nng. C mt s im khc nhau:
Cng t in t pha cao th l cng t o m in nng pha trc my
bin th, lm vic c cng t s phi u qua my bin in p v my bin
dng in cao th.
+ Treo cng t in pha cao th s o m c ton b in nng tiu th
ca trm bin p.
+ Trong trm bin p 110kV pha cao p v pha trung p u lp TU v TI nn
cng t in thng c t pha 110kV v tt c cc l ra pha trung p,
bng cch ny ngi ta s o c in tiu th ca trm bin p v cc l ra.
+ Treo cng t pha cao th phi lp thm my bin in p v my bin dng
in cao th nn c gi thnh xy dng tng.
Cng t in t pha h th l cng t o m in nng pha sau my bin
p.
+ Trm bin p phn phi c dung lng nh nn cng t in t pha h th.
+ V MBD lp sau my bin p lc nn s khng o m c tn tht in
nng trong ni b my bin p v tn tht in nng trn cc on ng dy t
my bin p n cng t.
+ Vi nhng trm bin p phn phi h p ngi ta thng ch t TI h th
gim gi thnh xy dng.
+ Khi t cng t in pha h th, ngi ta thng phi a thm vo h s
quy i tnh ton gi thnh tiu th in. Cch lm ny s gy ra sai lch kt
qu o m.
S u dy cng t in S u dy Cng t in
t pha cao th c TU v TI t pha h th 380/220V ch c TI
Cu hi 8: V sao TI cao th thng u 2 pha A, C m khng u pha B?
Nu u TI pha A, B hoc pha C, B c c khng? Ti sao cun dy th cp
my bin in p thng c ni t pha b m khng ni t pha a hoc pha
c?
16
Tr li:
Trong trm bin p, mch cng t o m cao th ta hay gp trng hp TI lp
pha A,C m khng lp pha B. y l quy c chung trong vic u dy h
thng cng t.
Khng u TI pha A, B hoc C,B v:
Cng t o m in nng t pha cao th thng hay dng loi cng t 3 pha
2 phn t, cun dy in p ca cng t c cp in t my bin in p bng
in p dy
Uab = Ucb = 100V~.
My bin in p 3 pha c ni t pha B nn trong s u dy vi cng t
in loi 3 pha 2 phn t bt buc phi u pha a, c. ph hp th t pha trong
s u dy cng t TI phi lp pha A, C.
TU ni t pha b, khng c ni t cc pha a hoc c v:
Theo s u dy khi my bin dng t pha A v C, hai cun dy in p
ca cng t in phi u vo in p dy Uab v Ucb.
+ Nu ni t pha c th hai cun dy in p ca cng t in li u vo
in p dy Uac v Ubc ca TU. (Hnh 2)
+ Nu ni t pha a th hai cun dy in p ca cng t in li u vo
in p dy Uca v Uba ca TU. (Hnh 3)
Mun cng t lm vic ng ta phi cho ni t cun th cp pha b ca TU.
Cu hi 9: Cng t in v cng v cng t in hu cng c g khc nhau? Ti
sao cc cc u dy ca hai loi cng t ny li ging nhau?
Tr li:
Cng t v cng dng m in nng v cng, cng t hu cng dng
m in nng hu cng, quy nh v s u dy ca cun dy dng in v
cun dy in p ca hai loi cng t nh sau (Hnh 1, hnh 2):
1- Cng t Hu cng:
Vi li in cao th Vi li in h th
dng in Ia i vi in p Uab - dng in Ia i vi in p Uao
dng in Ib i vi in p Ubc - dng in Ib i vi in p Ubo
dng in Ic i vi in p Uca - dng in Ic i vi in p Uco
2- Cng t V cng:
Hnh 1 Hnh 2 Hnh 3
17
Vi li in cao th v h th
dng in Ia i vi in p Ubc
dng in Ib i vi in p Uca
dng in Ic i vi in p Uab
Cch u dy bn trong cng t v cng hoc hu cng c tun theo quy
nh v cc tnh v th t pha ca cun dy dng in v in p trn s .
tin cho vic u dy cc cc u dy trn hng boc v cch u dy bn ngoi
ca hai loi cng t ny c lm ging nhau. Mun nhn bit 2 loi cng t
ni trn ta cn phi xem k hiu kWh, kVArh mt ngoi cng t.
Hnh 1: Cng t hu cng v v cng 380/220V 5A
loi 3 pha 3 phn t
Hnh 2: Cng t hu cng v v cng cao th 100V~/ 5A
loi 3 pha 2 phn t
Hnh nh Cng t in
18
Hin nay ti cc im o m ranh gii trn li in hoc ti cc trm bin
p ph bin dng loi cng t 3 pha 3 phn t (Hnh 3).
Cu hi 10: Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p lc? Ti sao
ni my bin p lc va l ngun in trung gian li va l ph ti ca li in?
Tr li:
E
2
= i
2
(Z
0
+ Z
2
) = i
2
Z
0
x i
2
Z
2
= U
0
+ U
2
- U
0
l in p ging trn ni b cun dy W
2
- U
2
l in p ging trn ph ti mch ngoi Z
2
Mi my bin p lc u c mt dung lng ti hn lm nhim v cung cp
in trc tip cho ph ti, n ng vai tr mt ngun in trung gian phn phi
nng lng in ca ngun in. Trong vn hnh mi my bin p lc tiu th
Hnh 3: S u dy cng t hu cng v v cng
cao th 100V/ 5A loi 3 pha 3 phn t
Cu to: Xem hnh nh
Nguyn l lm vic :
My bin p c ch to theo nguyn
l cm ng in t. Khi c in p xoay
chiu t vo cun s cp W
1
, trong
cun dy s cp s c 1 dng in i
1
chy qua, dng in i
1
cm ng trong li
thp 1 t thng u
1
. T thng u
1
mc
vng qua cun dy th cp W
2
sinh ra
trong cun dy th cp 1 sc in ng
cm qua. Do cun dy th cp ca my
bin p c tr khng nn ti cun dy
th cp xut hin 1 in p ging U
0
lc
ny sc in ng:
Hnh nh my bin p phn phi
19
mt lng cng sut khng ti P
0
v cng sut ngn mch P
N
nn trong h thng
in my bin p ng vai tr ph ti.
Hnh v m t
Hnh dng bn ngoi MBA
THNG S K THUT CA MY BIN P DO VIT NAM SN XUT
sut
(kvA)
Cp din p
(kV)
Tn hao (W)
Dng
din
khng
ti lo%
in
p
ngn
mach
Uk%
Kch thuc bao
(mm)
Tm
bnh
xe
(mm)
D
Trong luong
Ko ti
(Po)
C ti
(Pk)
Di
A
Rng
B
Cao
C
Du
(lt)
Ton
b
(Kg)
25
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
120 500 2 4 600 560 1050 450 110 390
15/0.4;
22/0.4
120 500 2 4 610 610 1050 450 130 390
35/0.4 140 510 2 4.5 680 620 1080 450 180 500
30
(31,5)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
125 600 2 4 930 580 1080 450 120 390
15/0.4;
22/0.4
125 600 2 4 950 620 1110 450 140 450
35/0.4 150 610 2 5 1090 640 1600 450 260 610
50
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
185 850 1.8 4 1180 600 1280 450 140 560
15/0.4;
22/0.4
185 850 1.8 4 1240 650 1480 450 180 660
35/0.4 215 880 1.8 5 1260 830 1560 450 304 810
- u1 l t thng.
- U1 l in p s cp
- U2 l in p th cp
- w1 l cun dy s cp
- W2 l cun dy th cp
Cu to my bin p
1. Thng du ph
2. ng ch th mc du
3. ng ni thng du chnh v thng
du ph
4. Thng du chnh
5. S MBA
6. Cnh tn nhit
7. Li thp MBA
8. Cun dy s cp v cun dy th
cp
9. Du my bin p (trong thng du)
7
8
U
1
~
U
2
~
W
1
W
2
20
63
(75)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
235 1200 1.8 4 1110 680 1300 550 260 680
15/0.4;
22/0.4
235 1250 1.8 4 1200 680 1300 550 270 730
35/0.4 270 1300 1.8 5 1300 720 1400 550 310 840
100
(125)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
310 1700 1.8 4 1290 700 1350 550 290 750
15/0.4;
22/0.4
325 1700 1.8 4 1370 720 1490 550 300 790
35/0.4 350 1750 1.8 5 1560 750 1700 550 320 910
160
(180)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
450 2100 1.7 4 1400 800 1500 600 300 1020
15/0.4;
22/0.4
450 2150 1.7 4 1400 800 1520 600 330 1080
35/0.4 510 2250 1.7 5 1480 850 1780 600 420 1350
250
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
640 3000 1.7 4 1440 820 1580 600 370 1220
15/0.4;
22/0.4
650 3050 1.7 4 1440 820 1700 600 380 1250
35/0.4 720 3200 1.7 5 1600 850 1800 660 400 1580
320
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
700 3670 1.6 4 1540 860 1720 660 390 1480
15/0.4;
22/0.4
700 3670 1.6 4 1590 880 1750 660 400 1600
35/0.4 720 3880 1.6 5 1640 900 1910 660 460 1890
400
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
840 4460 1.5 4 1590 920 1760 660 410 1800
15/0.4;
22/0.4
850 4500 1.5 4 1610 930 1800 660 460 2110
35/0.4 920 4600 1.5 5 1710 960 2010 660 520 2650
500
(560)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
940 5210 1.5 4 1690 950 1940 660 560 2400
15/0.4;
22/0.4
960 5270 1.5 4 1720 960 1950 660 630 2600
35/0.4 1060 5470 1.5 5 1800 1000 2160 820 710 2960
630
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1100 6010 1.4 4.5 1790 980 2010 820 680 2510
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1150 6040 1.4 4.5 1810 990 2020 820 690 2720
35/0.4 1250 6210 1.4 5.5 1900 1080 2160 820 900 3020
750
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1200 6590 1.4 4.5 1820 1040 2030 820 800 3310
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1220 6680 1.4 4.5 1830 1080 2060 820 840 3360
35/0.4 1350 7100 1.4 5.5 1920 1140 2120 820 940 3570
1000
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1550 9000 1.3 5 1850 1120 2090 820 1040 4040
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1570 9500 1.3 5 1910 1150 2130 820 1100 4110
35/0.4 1680 10000 1.3 6 2200 1400 2410 1070 1440 4750
1250
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1710 12800 1.2 5.5 2110 1200 2170 1070 1300 4650
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1720 12910 1.2 5.5 2150 1230 2210 1070 1340 4980
21
35/0.4 1810 13900 1.2 6.5 2280 1310 2370 1070 1480 5110
1600
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2100 15500 1.0 5.5 2290 1780 2410 1070 1550 5100
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2100 15700 1.0 5.5 2350 1810 2470 1070 1650 5320
35/0.4 2400 16000 1.0 6.5 2410 1950 2810 1070 1750 5910
1800
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2400 18020 0.9 6 2360 1910 2510 1070 1680 5820
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2420 18110 0.9 6 2380 1960 2610 1070 1720 6100
35/0.4 2500 18900 0.9 6.5 2460 2070 2920 1070 2150 6350
2000
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2700 18400 0.9 6 2390 1970 2690 1070 2010 6210
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2720 18800 0.9 6 2410 1980 2740 1070 2230 6540
35/0.4 2850 19400 0.9 6.5 2590 2160 2980 1070 2470 6820
2500
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
3250 20000 0.8 6 2420 1980 2740 1070 2360 6710
15/0.4;
22/0.4
3300 20410 0.8 6 2460 2030 2810 1070 2480 6940
35/0.4 3400 21000 0.8 6.5 2610 2210 2990 1070 2570 7800
Cu hi 11: Nhng kim loi no thng dng ch to dy dn in? So snh
c tnh k thut ca tng loi? Ti sao ngi ta khng dng dy nhm li thp
trong li in h th 0.4kV?
Tr li:
Vt liu thng dng ch to dy dn in l ng, nhm, thp...
BNG SO SNH C TNH K THUT
Tn
vt
liu
in tr sut Kh nng chu ko c tnh k thut
ng
(Cu) = 0,017241 O
mm
2
/m
o=38 39kg/mm
2
ng thanh
o=26 28kg/mm
2
ng mm
- dn nhit tt
- dn in tt
- chng n mn
cao
Nhm
(Al)
= 0,0295 Omm
2
/m
o= 16 17 kg/mm
2
nhm thanh
o= 8 kg/mm
2
nhm mm
- dn nhit tt
- dn in tt
- kh nng chng
n mn km
hn ng
Thp
(C)
= 0,1 Omm
2
/m
loi nguyn cht
= 0,13 Omm
2
/m
loi c nhiu cacbon
o=120 150 kg/mm
2
- dn in km
- dn nhit bnh
thng
- b n mn mnh
Khi in p cao trn 1000V v tn s cao trn 1000Hz s xut hin hiu ng
b mt. Trong thc t li in cng nghip thng c tn s 50Hz, li in
22
thng tin truyn thanh thng dng in p thp nhng li c tn s cao hng kHz
(1kHz = 1000Hz) hoc hng MHz (1MHz = 1000kHz). Dng in i qua dy dn
s phn b ra pha mt ngoi ca dy dn, li thp ng vai tr tng cng lc c
gii ng dy v vy li in cao p tn s cng nghip 50Hz cho php dng
dy nhm li thp lm dy dn in. Khng dng dy nhm li thp lm dy
dn in trong li in h th 0,4kV v vi in p thp < 1000V tn s cng
nghip 50Hz( 60Hz) s c hiu ng b mt rt nh nn li thp ca dy nhm li
thp
Dy nhm li thp (ACSR)
Aluminium conductor steel reinforced
TCVN 5064 : 1994 & TCVN 5064:
S1/95
Hard - Drawn aluminium stranded
conductor
TCVN 5064 : 1994 & TCVN 5064:
S1/95
Tit
din danh
nh
Nominal
Area
Kt cu
Structure
Tit
din tnh
ton
Calculated
Area
ng
knh tng
Overall
Diameter
Trng
lng
gn ng
Approx.
Weight
in tr
DC 20
0
C
DC
Resistance
at 20
0
C
Lc ko
t nh
nht
Minimum
breaking
load
Chiu
di sn
xut
Length
mm
2
N
0
/mm mm
2
mm kg/km /km N m
16 7/1.70 15.88 5.10 43 1.8007 3.021 2.000
25 7/2.13 24.93 6.39 68 1.1489 4.500 2.000
35 7/2.51 34.62 7.53 94 0.8347 5.913 2.000
50 7/3.00 49.46 9.00 135 0.5748 8.198 2.000
70 7/3.55 69.25 10.65 189 0.4131 11.288 2.000
95 7/4.10 92.37 12.30 252 0.3114 14.784 2.000
120 19/2.80 116.93 14.00 321 0.2459 19.890 2.000
150 19/3.15 147.99 15.75 406 0.1944 24.420 1.500
185 19/3.50 182.71 17.50 502 0.1574 29.832 1.500
240 19/4.00 238.64 20.00 655 0.1205 38.192 1.500
300 37/3.15 288.2 22.05 794 0.1000 47.569 1.500
400 37/3.66 389.08 25.62 1072 0.0740 63.420 1.500
Dy nhm li thp (ACSR)
Dy nhm trn xon (A)
23
BNG TRA CU CP TRN
Tit din
danh nh
Nominal
Area
Kt cu Structure
Tit
din tnh
ton
Calculated
Area
ng
knh tng
Overall
Diameter
Trng lng gn
ng Approx. Weight
in tr DC
20
0
C DC
Resistance
at 20
0
C
Lc ko
t ti
thiu
Minimum
breaking
load
Chiu
di sn
xut
Length
Phn
nhm
Aluminium
Phn
thp
Steel
Nhm
Aluminium
Thp
Steel
Tng
Total
mm
2
N
0
/mm N
0
/mm mm
2
mm kg/km kg/km kg/km /km N m
35/6.2 6/2.80 1/2.80 36.9/6.15 8.40 100 48 148 0.7774 13.524 2.000
50/8.0 6/3.20 1/3.20 48.2/8.04 9.60 132 63 195 0.5951 17.112 2.000
70/11 6/3.80 1/3.80 68.0/11.3 11.40 188 88 276 0.4218 24.130 2.000
70/72 18/2.20 19/2.20 68.4/72.2 15.40 188 567 755 0.4194 96.826 1.200
95/16 6/4.50 1/4.50 95.4/15.9 13.50 261 124 385 0.3007 33.369 1.200
95/141 24/2.20 37/2.20 91.2/141 19.80 251 1106 1357 0.3146 180.775 1.000
120/19 26/2.40 7/1.85 118.0/18.8 15.15 324 147 471 0.2440 41.521 1.200
120/27 30/2.20 7/2.20 114.0/26.6 15.40 320 208 528 0.2531 49.465 1.200
150/19 24/2.80 7/1.85 148.0/18.8 16.75 407 147 554 0.2046 46.307 1.200
150/24 26/2.70 7/2.10 149.0/24.2 17.10 409 190 599 0.2039 52.279 1.200
150/34 30/2.50 7/2.50 147.0/34.3 17.50 406 269 675 0.2061 62.643 1.200
185/24 24/3.15 7/2.10 187.0/24.2 18.90 515 190 705 0.1540 58.075 1.200
185/29 26/2.98 7/2.30 181.0/29.0 18.82 500 228 728 0.1591 62.055 1.000
185/43 30/2.80 7/2.80 185.0/43.1 19.60 509 337 846 0.1559 77.767 1.000
185/128 54/2.10 37/2.10 187.0/128.0 23.10 517 1008 1525 0.1543 183.816 1.000
240/32 24/3.60 7/2.40 244.0/31.7 21.60 673 248 921 0.1182 75.050 1.200
240/39 26/3.40 7/2.65 236.0/38.6 21.55 650 302 952 0.1222 80.895 1.200
240/56 30/3.20 7/3.20 241.0/56.3 22.40 665 441 1106 0.1197 98.253 1.200
300/39 24/4.00 7/2.65 310.0/38.6 23.95 830 302 1132 0.0958 90.574 1.200
300/48 26/3.80 7/2.95 295.0/47.8 24.05 812 374 1186 0.0978 100.623 1.200
300/66 30/3.50 19/2.10 288.5/65.3 24.50 796 517 1313 0.1000 117.520 1.200
300/67 30/3.50 7/3.50 288.5/67.3 24.50 796 527 1323 0.1000 126.270 1.200
300/204 54/2.65 37/2.65 298.0/204.0 29.15 823 1603 2426 0.0968 284.579 1.200
330/30 48/2.98 7/2.30 335.0/29.1 24.78 924 228 1152 0.0861 88.848 1.200
330/43 54/2.80 7/2.80 332.0/43.1 25.20 918 337 1255 0.0869 103.784 1.200
400/18 42/3.40 7/1.85 381.0/18.8 25.95 1052 147 1199 0.0758 85.600 1.200
400/22 76/2.57 7/2.00 394.0/22.0 26.56 1089 172 1261 0.0733 95.115 1.200
400/51 54/3.05 7/3.05 394.0/51.1 27.45 1090 400 1490 0.0733 120.481 1.200
400/64 26/4.37 7/3.40 390.0/63.5 27.68 1074 498 1572 0.0741 129.183 1.200
24
Dy ng trn xon (C)
Hard - Drawn copper stranded conductor
TCVN 5064 : 1994 & TCVN 5064: S1/95
Tit din danh
nh
Nominal Area
Cu trc
Structure
Tit din
tnh ton
Calculated
Area
ng
knh tng
Overall
Diameter
Trng
lng
gn ng
Approx.
Weight
in tr
DC 20
0
C
DC
Resistance
at 20
0
C
Lc ko
t nh
nht
Minimum
breaking
load
Chiu
di sn
xut
Length
mm
2
N
0
/mm mm
2
mm kg/km /km N m
16 7/1.70 15.88 5.10 142 1.1573 6.031 2.000
25 7/2.13 24.93 6.39 224 0.7336 9.463 2.000
35 7/2.51 34.62 7.53 311 0.5238 13.141 2.000
50 7/3.00 49.46 9.00 444 0.3688 17.455 2.000
70 19/2.13 67.67 10.65 612 0.2723 27.115 1.500
95 19/2.51 93.97 12.55 850 0.1944 37.637 1.200
120 19/2.80 116.93 14.00 1058 0.156 46.845 1.000
150 19/3.15 147.99 15.75 1338 0.1238 55.151 800
185 37/2.51 182.99 17.57 1659 0.1001 73.303 700
240 37/2.84 234.27 19.88 2124 0.0789 93.837 600
300 37/3.15 288.20 22.05 2614 0.0637 107.422 500
400 37/3.66 389.08 25.62 3528 0.0471 144.988 350
Si dy nhm trn k thut in
25
Si dy nhm trn k thut in
Electrotechnical round aluminium wire
TCVN 5934 - 1995
ng
knh si
Diameter
Sai s
cho
php
Toleranc
e
Mt ct
Sectional
Area
Sut ko t ti
thiu Minimum
Tensile Strength
dn di ti
thiu Minimum
Elongation
Trng
lng
gn
ng
Approx.
Weight
in tr
DC 20
0
C
DC
Resistance
at 200C
Si
cng
Hard
Wire
Si na
cng
Semi-
Hard
Wire
Si
cng
Hard
Wire
Si na
cng
Semi-
Hard
Wire
mm mm mm
2
kg/mm
2
kg/mm
2
% % kg/km /km
1.4 0.02 1.539 17.0 9 14 1.0 2 4.154 18.389
1.6 0.02 2.010 17.0 9 14 1.3 2 5.426 14.073
1.8 0.02 2.543 17.0 9 14 1.3 2 6.867 11.120
2.0 0.02 3.140 17.0 9 14 1.3 2 8.478 9.008
2.3 0.02 4.153 17.0 9 14 1.3 2 11.212 6.812
2.6 0.03 5.307 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 14.328 5.331
2.9 0.03 6.602 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 17.825 4.285
3.0 0.03 7.065 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 19.076 4.011
3.2 0.03 8.038 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 21.704 3.520
3.5 0.04 9.616 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 25.964 2.942
3.7 0.04 10.747 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 29.016 2.633
3.8 0.04 11.335 16.5 9 14 1.5 2 30.606 2.497
4.0 0.04 12.560 16.0 9 14 2.0 3 33.912 2.252
4.2 0.04 13.847 16.0 9 14 2.0 3 37.388 2.045
4.5 0.05 15.896 16.0 9 14 2.0 3 42.920 1.780
26
Si dy ng trn k thut
in
Si dy ng trn k thut in
Electrotechnical round copper wire
TCVN 5934 - 1995
ng
knh si
Diameter
Sai s cho
php
Tolerance
Mt ct
Sectional
Area Trng lng gn ng Approx. Weight
in tr DC 20
0
C
DC Resistance at 20
0
C
Sut ko t ti thiu
Minimum Tensile
Strength
dn di ti thiu
Minimum Elongation
Si cng
Hard Wire
Si mm
Soft Wire
Si cng
Hard Wire
Si mm
Soft Wire
Si cng
Hard Wire
Si mm Soft
Wire
mm mm mm
2
kg/km /km /km kg/mm
2
kg/mm
2
% %
0.40 0.01 0.1256 1.118 142.91 138.22 40 20 28 0.6 20
0.45 0.01 0.1590 1.415 112.92 109.21 40 20 28 0.6 20
0.50 0.01 0.1963 1.747 91.46 87.81 40 20 28 0.6 20
0.55 0.01 0.2375 2.113 75.59 72.57 40 20 28 0.6 20
0.60 0.01 0.2826 2.515 63.52 60.98 40 20 28 0.6 25
0.65 0.01 0.3317 2.952 54.12 51.96 40 20 28 0.6 25
0.70 0.015 0.3847 3.423 46.67 44.8 40 20 28 0.6 25
0.80 0.015 0.5024 4.471 35.73 34.3 40 20 28 0.6 25
0.90 0.015 0.6359 5.659 28.23 27.10 40 20 28 0.6 25
1.0 0.02 0.7850 6.987 22.87 21.95 40 20 28 1.6 30
1.2 0.02 1.130 10.061 15.88 15.24 40 20 28 1.6 30
1.4 0.02 1.539 13.694 11.67 11.20 40 20 28 1.6 30
1.6 0.02 2.010 17.885 8.932 8.575 40 20 28 1.6 30
1.8 0.02 2.543 22.636 7.057 6.775 40 20 28 1.6 30
2.0 0.02 3.140 27.946 5.656 5.488 40 20 28 1.6 30
2.3 0.02 4.153 36.959 4.277 4.150 40 20 28 1.6 30
2.6 0.02 5.307 47.229 3.347 3.247 40 20 28 1.6 30
2.9 0.02 6.602 58.756 2.690 2.610 40 20 28 1.6 30
3.2 0.03 8.038 71.542 2.209 2.144 38 20 27 1.5 30
3.5 0.03 9.616 85.585 1.847 1.792 38 20 27 1.5 30
3.7 0.03 10.747 95.645 1.653 1.603 38 20 27 1.5 30
4.0 0.04 12.56 111.784 1.414 1.372 38 20 27 1.5 30
4.3 0.04 14.515 129.180 1.224 1.187 38 20 27 1.5 30
4.5 0.04 15.896 141.477 1.117 1.084 38 20 27 1.5 30
5.0 0.04 19.625 174.663 0.905 0.878 38 20 27 1.5 30
27
28
29
Cu hi 12: H thng in gm my phn t? Nhim v ca cc phn t trong h
thng in? Nu cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng h thng in?
Tr li:
H thng in bao gm 3 phn t :
1- Ngun in: Nh my pht in, lm nhim v sn sinh ra nng lng
in
2- Li in: Bao gm ng dy ti in v cc trm bin p.
3- Ph ti: L cc thit b tiu th in nng.
C 2 ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng h thng in:
1- Tn s (f ) : Lun n nh tn s 50Hz.
2- in p (U ): Lun m bo ch in p nh mc U = U
m
.
Mt h thng in c cht lng tt phi lun m bo c hai ch tiu trn.
Cu hi 13: Du bin th lm nhim v g trong my bin p? Nu cc tiu
chun quan trng nht ca du my trong vn hnh? Phng php qun l du my
bin p trong vn hnh?
Tr li:
Du bin p lm 2 nhim v :
1- Cch in cho my bin p .
2- Lm mt cho my bin p theo nguyn tc i lu tun hon.
C 3 ch tiu quan trng nht ca du my bin p trong vn hnh:
1- in p chc thng [kV]
Th nghim in p chc thng ca du bng cc th du, khong cch phng
in gia 2 cc mang in p cao trong mi trng cha y du l 2,5cm.
- Cp in p di 15kV:
+ 30kV vi du mi trong MBA cha qua vn hnh.
+ 25kV vi du trong MBA ang vn hnh.
- Cp in p di 15kV n 35kV:
- Cp in p di 110kV:
- Cp in p 110kV n 220kV:
30
- Cp in p 500kV:
2- Nhit chp chy kn: Khng thp hn 135
0
C, suy gim khng qu
5% so vi ln phn tch trc.
3- Tr s axt: khng qu 0,25mg KOH trong 1g du.
Qun l du trong vn hnh :
- Bnh thng mi nm phi th nghim nh k mu du 1 ln.
- MBA lm vic trong tnh trng y ti hoc qu ti thng xuyn th phi rt
ngn thi gian th nghim nh k.
- Khi s c chy my bin p thng l km theo du b chy, cht lng du
MBA suy gim, phi thay du.
- Khi i tu MBA phi thay du.
- Khi mc du trong my bin p gim thp, phi b xung du theo hng dn
ca nh ch to.
- Du b xung vo my phi c cng gc du hoc c gc du tng ng.
- Phi kim nh li du trc khi vo my theo cc tiu chun k thut
ca ngnh in.
Cu hi 14: Nu cc thng s k thut ghi trn bin nhn ca mt my bin p
lc phn phi h th? Gii thch ngha ca cc thng s ?
Tr li:
Cc thng s k thut trn bin nhn ca mt my bin p lc phn phi h th l:
1. S
m
[kVA]: Dung lng nh mc ca my bin p.
2. U
m1
, U
m2
[kV]: in p nh mc ca cun dy pha s cp v th cp ca
my bin p.
3. Im1, Im2 [A]: Dng in nh mc ca cun dy pha s cp v th cp ca
my bin p .
4. UN% (cn gi l UK%): in p ngn mch tnh theo phn trm, cho ta bit
tn tht in p trong cun dy my bin p khi my bin p mang ti.
UN
UN% = 100
Um
5. I0% : Dng in khng ti ca my bin p tnh theo phn trm dng in
nh mc ca my bin p.
I
0
I
0
% = 100
I
m
6. P
0
[kW]: Tn tht khng ti l mt tr s khng i vi mi my bin p, n
khng ph thuc vo tnh trng vn hnh mang ti ca my bin p.
7. f [Hz]: Tn s ca ngun in.
8. Trng lng ton b ca my bin p [kG]
9. Trng lng ca du my bin p [kG]
Cu hi 15: Trc khi a mt my bin p lc vo vn hnh phi lm nhng th
nghim g, nu cc hng mc cn th nghim v gii thch?
31
Tr li:
Cc hng mc cn th nghim my bin p trc khi a vo vn hnh bao gm:
1- o R cch in bng m gm mt 2500 V
- Gia cc cun dy cao v cun dy h.
- Gia cc cun dy cao v cun dy cao.
- Gia cun dy cao v v.
- Gia cun dy h v cun dy h.
2- o in tr 1 chiu ca cc cun dy.
3- o t s bin my bin p.
4- o in p ngn mch U
N
%
5- o dng in khng ti I
0.
6- Th nghim du my bin p.
y l nhng hng mc th nghim quan trng cn phi lm trc khi ng in
my bin p.
Cu hi 16: vng v khong cch ti t l g? Biu din bng hnh v?
vng v khong cch ti t ph thuc vo cc yu t g?
Tr li:
+ vng f ca dy dn l khong cch thng ng t im thp nht ca
dy dn n ng thng cng dy trn 2 u s.
+ Khong cch ti t h ca dy dn l khong cch gn nht tnh t dy dn
n mt t.
T cng thc tnh vng :
g.l Trong : - g l t ti ca dy dn
f = - l l khong ct.
8.o - o l ng sut ko ca dy dn
Ta suy ra :
+ f cng ln khi g v khong ct l cng ln, ng sut ko o ca dy dn cng
nh, v ngc li f cng nh khi g v khong ct cng nh, ng sut ko o
ca dy dn cng ln.
+ Qua hnh v ta thy: Khong cch ti t h ca dy ph thuc vo f v
cao ca im treo dy.
32
Cu hi 17: Biu din lc tc dng ln u ct ti cc v tr ct xut tuyn, ct
cui, ct no gc, ct no trung gian, ct chuyn hng, ct trung gian?
Tr li:
Cu hi 18: Tn tht in p l g?
Nu cc gii php lm gim tn tht in p?
Tr li:
Tn tht in p l lng in p b mt i trn ng dy trong qu trnh chuyn
ti, tn tht in p gy ra st in p trn ng dy ti in.
AU = U
1
U
2
Tn tht in p l mt ch tiu quan trng ca li in:
AU
S1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5
1- Ct no u cui, 2- ct gc,
3- ci no trung gian, 4- Ct chuyn hng, 5- Ct trung gian
F1, F2: lc cng dy. Fc: lc ct. FN: Lc no ct. F: Lc tng hp


33
AU% = s 5%
U
1
Nu tn tht in p ln s lm cho cc thit b dng in khng hot ng c,
gim nng sut ca hiu sut thit b dng in, gy ra tn tht in nng trn
ng dy ti in.
Cc gii php lm gim tn tht in p :
1- Phi lm gim in tr R v in khng X ca ng dy bng cch :
+ C bn knh cung cp in hp l.
+ Chn dy dn c in tr sut nh, c tnh dn in tt.
+ Tng cng tit din dy dn, c h s d phng cao.
+ Hn ch ti a cc mi ni, cc mi ni phi c R tip xc nh nht
2 - Phi la chn cp in p li in ph hp vi cng sut chuyn ti v bn
knh cung cp in, iu chnh in p u ngun lun t in p nh mc.
3 - t thit b b cng sut v cng cho thit b in.
Cu hi 19: Hy gii thch ngha ca t u dy my bin p? Ti sao khi ha
song song cc my bin p bt buc phi c cng chung mt t u dy?
Tr li:
Cc cun dy ca my bin p 3 pha thng c mt trong ba cch u dy sau:
+ Y (sao)
+ A (tam gic)
+ Z (zch zc) loi ny t dng.
Ty theo thit k cc cun dy s cp v th cp MBA thng c mt chiu qun
dy mt v mt kiu u dy nht nh. Khi vn hnh s xut hin gc lch pha
gia in p pha cao th v h th. Gc lch pha in p ph thuc vo cch u
dy ca cc cun dy v to ra t u dy nh: Y/A- 5, Y/A-11, Y/Yo - 6, Y/Yo -
12.
Quy c t tn t u dy nh sau:
Dng kim ng h thi gian lm mu so snh. Quy c:
+ Nu trn mt ng h c 12 vch chia th khong chia ca mi vch l 30
o
.
+ Quy c vc t in p s cp U1 tng ng vi kim di ca ng h v tr
12 gi.
+ Quy c vc t in p th cp U2 tng ng vi kim ngn ca ng h, kim
ngn nm v tr tng ng vi gc lch pha ca in p th cp U2 vi in
p s cp U1 l 30
0
, 60
0
... 360
0
.
+ Mt vng trn c 360
0
. Nu ly 360
0
chia cho 30
0
ta s c 12 vch, tn t u
dy ca my bin p s ly ln lt t 1 n 12.
Th d: T u dy
Y/Yo -12
Nu cun dy s cp v
th cp cng u sao c
trung im cun th cp
ni t (0) v c cng
chiu qun dy, Khi vn
hnh s xut hin gc lch
pha ca in p pha s
cp v th cp l 360
0
, ly
360
0
chia cho 30
0
c 12
34
Nu cun dy s cp v th cp cng u sao, trung im cun dy th cp ni
t (0) nhng c chiu qun dy ngc nhau khi vn hnh s xut hin gc lch
pha ca in p pha s cp v th cp l 180
0
, ly 180
0
chia cho 30
0
c 6 ta c
t u dy Y/Yo- 6.
T u dy l mt tiu chun quan trng dng cho ha song song cc MBA
nu ho hai my bin p khc t u dy s xut hin s lch pha in p ti u
cc my bin p dn n s c ngn mch.
Trc khi ho song song 2 my bin p phi kim tra li t u dy thc t bng
cch o in p gia 2 u cc ca 2 my bin p.
in p o c l:
Ua1- a2 = 0
Ub1- b2 = 0
Uc1- c2 = 0
MT S T U DY THNG DNG CA MY BIN P LC
Y/ Y0
T u dy
s cun
dy cao p
s cun
dy h p
Biu vc t
Y/ Y6
/ 0
Nhm ni
dy khc
4; 8
10; 2
4; 8
T u dy Y/ Y0- 12
35
Cu hi 20: Nu cc tiu chun ha song song hai my bin p? Gii thch v sao
my bin p c cng dung lng, cng cp in p U
K
% li khng hon ton ging
nhau?
Tr li:
Cc tiu chun ha song song hai my bin p l:
- phi c cng sut tng ng, khng chnh lch nhau qu 3 ln.
- Phi c cng cp in p.
- Phi c cng t s bin (K
U1
= K
U1
)
- Phi c cng cc tnh (cn gi l th t pha)
- Phi c cng in p ngn mch tnh theo phn trm U
K
% hoc U
N
%
- Phi c cng t u dy.
- cp in p 380/220V cn thm yu cu: Dy trung tnh 2 MBA ni chung.
Tuy rng cc MBA c cng dung lng, cng cp in p nhng c th vt liu
ch to khng hon ton ging nhau, dy qun khng cng tit din, s vng dy
khng bng nhau, cc bi dy qun cht hoc qun lng, khong cch cc vng
dy khng u nhau.vv... s lm cho U
K
% khng hon ton ging nhau.
Cu hi 21: Phn bit :
- in nng hu cng v in nng v cng
- Cng sut hu cng v cng sut v cng
- in nng tiu th v tn tht in nng
Tr li:
/ 6
Y/ 11
Y/ 5
10; 2
3; 7
9; 1
36
in nng hu cng:
L in nng c chuyn ha thnh
cng hu ch di dng c nng, nhit
nng, ha nng tnh trong mt khong
thi gian
A
P
= P . t [kWh]
in nng v cng:
L in nng c chuyn ha thnh
cng v ch tn ti trong t trng v
in trng (cun dy in t, t in...)
tnh trong mt khong thi gian
A
Q
= Q . t [kVArh]
Cng sut hu cng:
L cng sut tiu th c bin thnh
cng sut tc dng di dng c nng,
nhit nng, ha nng, quang nng...
Cng sut hu cng c xc nh ti 1
thi im.
P = S.cos [kW]
Cng sut v cng:
L cng sut tiu th in c chuyn
ha di dng in trng v t trng.
Cng sut v cng c xc nh ti 1
thi im.
Q = S.sin [kVAr]
in nng tiu th:
in nng tiu th l lng in nng
m ph ti tiu th tnh trong mt
khong thi gian.
A = Pt + jQt [kwh]
Tn tht in nng:
Tn tht in nng l nng lng in
b mt mt trn h thng in trong qu
trnh vn hnh tnh trong mt khong
thi gian.
A A = APt [kwh]
Cu hi 22: Hy gii thch v sao li in phn phi 3 pha 4 dy cun th cp
ca my bin p bt buc phi u theo s hnh sao v c thm dy trung ha?
Tr li:
Li in phn phi 3 pha 4 dy cun th cp ca MBT bt buc phi u theo
s hnh sao c thm dy trung tnh to ra c 2 cp in p 220V/ 380V
in p 380V l in p dy Uab, Ubc, Uca,
in p 220V l in p pha Uao, Ubo, Uco.
Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha:
U dy = \ 3 U pha
Trung im ca cun dy h th my bin p ni t c gi l ni t lm
vic. Khi vn hnh nu xy ra s c ngn mch 1 pha pha th cp my bin
p s gy ra dng in ngn mch ln cc thit b bo v nh cu ch,
aptmt khi ng ct in bo m an ton cho li in.
Trn dy trung tnh s c ni t mt s im c gi l ni t lp li to
nn mt ng dy trung tnh d phng i qua t, hn ch c nguy c qu
in p ni b khi b t dy trung tnh. V cc ph ti 1 pha dng in p
220V thng c cng sut khng bng nhau, dy trung tnh ng vai tr to ra
in p pha. Nu xy ra t dy trung tnh ca ngun in th dy trung tnh s
chuyn thnh im ni dy trung gian ca cc ph ti 1 pha. Lc ny in p
pha chuyn thnh in p dy, in p t vo ph ti 1 pha s phn b li theo
tr khng ca cc ph ti dn n tnh trng mt s ln ph ti 1 pha b qu
in p, ta gi l qu in p ni b gy ra chy hng cc thit b dng in.
37
Cu hi 23: Gii thch v sao trc khi ng in my bin p phi th nghim
khng ti? Dng in khng ti c lin quan g n vic nh gi cht lng my
bin p?
Tr li:
Th nghim khng ti c thc hin bng cch ng in vo cun dy th cp
c in p thp ca my bin p v h mch cun dy s cp, sau o dng in
khng ti cun dy th cp my bin p.
Trc khi xut xng my bin p phi lm th nghim khng ti 3 pha xc
nh dng in khng ti I
0
v tn tht khng ti P
0
ca my bin p.
Trc khi ng in vn hnh my bin p cng phi lm th nghim khng ti.
Th nghim khng ti trc khi vn hnh ch yu l kim tra v pht hin xem
cc cun dy ca my bin p c b chm chp khng. Trng hp th nghim
khng ti trong vn hnh ch cn lm ln lt vi tng pha v ch cn dng ngun
in c in p khong 220V~, sau khi c kt qu o dng khng ti Io ta s tnh
ton quy i v tr s thc.
Mi mt my bin p s c mt dng khng ti khc nhau. Tr s dng in
khng ti Io thng t thay i theo thit k nn khi o c dng in khng ti ta
c th xc nh ngay c cng sut ca my bin p.
Cu hi 24: Nu nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in p v tn tht in
nng? Tn tht in p c lin quan g n tn tht in nng? Nu cc bin php
lm gim tn tht in p v tn tht in nng? Ti sao khi vn hnh lch pha tn
tht in nng li tng ln?
Tr li:
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in p v tn tht in nng :
Tn tht in p v tn tht in nng sinh ra trong qu trnh truyn ti v
tiu th in. Nguyn nhn l do :
1- Trn ng dy dn in c in tr R
O
v in khng X
O
.
2- Do cc my bin p c tn tht cng sut trong cun dy v tn tht khng
ti trong li thp
3- Do tiu th nhiu cng sut v cng trn li in, ch yu do cc ph ti c
thnh phn in cm nh cun dy my bin p, cun dy ng c in,
cun cm c li thp... lm gim cos ca li in.
4- Do ch vn hnh ca li in :
+ Tn tht cng ln khi cng sut tiu th in ca ph ti cng ln.
+ Tn tht cng ln khi thi gian s dng cng sut cc i cng ko di
(thi gian s dng cng sut cc i k hiu l T
Max
).
+ Do my bin p thng xuyn vn hnh trong tnh trng non ti hoc
khng ti.
+ Do tnh trng lch ti cc pha, tnh trng ny thng xy ra trong li
in phn phi h th.
Tn tht in p lin quan trc tip n tn tht in nng v :
Khi li in khng ti ch tn ti in p khng c dng in i qua th
s khng c tn tht in p v tn tht in nng
AU=0, AA=0.
38
Khi li in c ti, trong dy dn s c dng in I chy qua. Do dy dn c
in tr R v in khng X nn trn dy dn xut hin tn tht in p
AU = 0
Tn tht in p:
xx
x
Tn tht in nng c tnh bng:
gi thit nu ph ti ca mng in khng thay i ta c
Trong :
I
max
l dng in cc i.
R l in tr ca ng dy.
t l thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht, l thi gian m mng in lin
tc chuyn ch cng sut ln nht P
max
(hay I
max
) s gy ra mt tn tht
in nng trong mng in ng bng tn tht in nng thc t ca mng
in sau 1 nm vn hnh.
R rng tn tht in nng v tn tht in p c lin quan trc tip n nhau,
chng u ph thuc vo in tr ng dy (R) v tnh trng mang ti ca mng
in.
Cc bin php lm gim tn tht in p v tn tht in nng :
1. Nng cao h s cng sut cos cc h dng in ch yu l cc x nghip
c th l la chn cng sut ca ng c hoc loi ng c cho ph hp, nng cao
h s ph ti k
B
...hn ch lm vic khng ti.
cos l h s cng sut c tnh bng:
P P l cng sut tc dng
cos =
S S l cng sut biu kin
Phn phi cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng trong mng in theo
mt phng thc hp l nht. Gim cng sut phn khng chuyn ti trong mng
in. B v cng bng my b ng b hoc bng t in tnh.
2. My bin p vn hnh theo phng thc tn tht in nng t nht, vn hnh
kinh t trm bin p bng cch ha ng b my bin p.
3. Nng cao mc in p vn hnh ca mng in.
AA= AP.t
AA = 3I
2
max
Rt
AU%
=
P.R + Q.X
Um
2
.
100
1000
39
4. Nng cao cp in p nh mc ca mng in.
5. La chn s ni dy hp l nht cho mng in
Th d:
Nn dng mng in kn thay cho mng in h.
Bn knh cung cp in ph hp theo tiu chun cho php.
Kim tra thng xuyn tnh trng tn tht in p, tn tht in nng v thc
hin cn o pha thng xuyn trong li in phn phi h th 220/380V,
trong li in > 110kV c 200km li c 1 ln hon thnh hon v pha gim
in khng ca ng dy.
Trong li in h th 220/380V nu vn hnh lch pha th tn tht in p,
tn tht in nng tng ln v: Khi vn hnh lch pha trn dy trung tnh xut
hin mt dng in khng cn bng Io chy qua v bng tng hnh hc dng
in trong cc pha.
I
0
= I
A
+ I
B
+ I
C
(k hiu mi tn biu din i lng vct)
Dng in ny gy ra trong dy trung tnh mt tn tht in p:
AU
0
= I
A
r
o
+ I
B
r
o
+ I
C
r
o
(Cng vct)
r
o
l in tr ca dy trung tnh.
Dng in i trong dy pha gy ra tn tht in p trong cc dy pha l:
AU
PA
= I
A
r AU
PB
= I
B
r AU
PC
= I
C
r (Cng vct)
Trong r l in tr ca dy pha.
Tn tht in p ton phn ca 1 pha s bao gm c tn tht in p trong
dy pha v trong dy trung tnh :
L
AU
A
= ( + ) - ( P
B
+ P
C
)
Um F F
0
2 .F
o
. Um
P
B
L 1 1 L
AU
B
= ( + ) - ( P
A
+ P
C
)
Um F F
0
2 .F
o
. Um
P
C
L 1 1 L
AU
C
= ( + ) - ( P
A
+ P
B
)
Um F F
0
2 .F
o
. Um
Trong
- P [ kW] Pm Cng sut tc dng.
- U [ kV]: Um in p nh mc.
- [m/O. mm
2
] l in dn sut ( ca ng l 53, ca nhm l
48)
P
A
L
1 1
40
- F
o
, F [ mm
2
] F
o
, F l Tit din ca dy dn trung tnh v dy pha.
Nh vy khi vn hnh lch pha tn tht in nng trn ng dy s tng ln v
ngoi tn tht in p trn dy pha cn c thm tn tht in p trn dy trung
tnh.
Cu hi 25: T b c vai tr g trong vic gim tn tht in nng trn li in?
Tr li:
T b c vai tr tch cc trong vic gim tn tht in nng trn li in
Trong thc t ph ti in l cc ng c in khng ng b c cos rt thp,
ngoi ra cc ph ti khc nh cc my bin th phn xng, cc l in kiu cm
ng, my bin th hn, qut in, n tup, cc loi n hunh qung co cng tiu
th kh nhiu cng sut phn khng v cng c cos thp. ng nhin khi
ng dy chuyn ti thm mt lng cng sut phn khng Q ln s lm hn ch
nhiu n kh nng dn in ca dy dn, lm cho dy dn b pht nng v lm
cho tn tht in nng tng ln.
Th d: Mng in c ph ti l P- jQ th tn tht cng sut trong mng l:
AP
1
= R v AQ
1
= X
U
2
U
2
P- jQ l cch biu din di dng phc
P l cng sut tc dng. kW
Q l cng sut phn khng. kVAr
X l in khng ng dy. O
R l in tr ng dy. O
U l in p ca im t t b. V(kV).
Nu ta t t b ngay ti h dng in, t b s a vo li mt dng in
mang tnh cht in dung I
C
v pht ra 1 cng sut phn khng gi l Q
b
. Cng
sut phn khng cn chuyn ti trn ng dy s gim xung cn l Q - Q
b
AP
2
= R v AQ
2
= X
U
2
U
2
Nh vy t b c tc dng hn ch cng sut v cng pht sinh trn li in ci
thin c cos v gim c tn tht in nng.
Cu hi 26: S khc nhau v u nhc im trong vic t t b pha cao th v
pha h th?
Tr li:
t t b pha cao th
C li ch:
+ Gi thnh u t tnh theo kVAr/ng r hn pha h th v khi b pha cao
th thng t dng thit b iu chnh dung lng b.
P
2
+ Q
2
P
2
+ Q
2
P
2
+ (Q - Q
b
)
2
P
2
+ (Q - Q
b
)
2
41
+B c c dung lng Qpt ca ph ti pha h th v dung lng Qo trong
ni b MBT
Khng c li ch:
+T in cao th thng lp cp in p trung p nn yu cu lp t s phc
tp hn, chim nhiu din tch v khng gian hn.
+Do dung lng t khng cao lm nn ch dng cc thit b ng ct v bo v
n gin nh cu dao cu ch, trm bin p 110kV u cp cp n nhm t
thng t 1 my ct khng t thit b iu chnh dung lng b v gi thnh u
t s cao ln rt nhiu. Trong li in ch c cc trm pht b c dung lng ln
ngi ta mi a vo h thng iu chnh dung lng b, trong trng hp ny
ngi ta dng nhiu my ct in v cc t hp b r le iu khin t ng.
t t b pha h th
C li ch :
+Qun l vn hnh v sa cha n gin v in p thp s d lp t, chim
t din tch v khng gian.
+ Thng c t cc thit b ng ct, iu khin v bo v. D dng iu
chnh c dung lng b theo ch cng sut, in p, cos.
Khng c li ch:
+Gi thnh u t tnh theo kVAr/ ng t hn pha cao th mt t v c thm
cc thit b iu chnh dung lng b.
+ Ch b c trong phm vi cng sut ph ti h th ca mt my bin p.
Cu hi 27: Cch tnh ton dung lng t b. Khi dng in tr phng in bng
bng n nn u theo s hnh sao hay tam gic?
Tr li:
Dung lng t b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
b
= P( tg
1
- tg
2
)o .
Q
b
= P.Atg.o .
Trong :
P l ph ti tnh ton ca cc h tiu th in kw,

1
l gc ng vi h s cng sut cng sut trung bnh cos
1
trc khi b

2
l gc ng vi h s cng sut cng sut trung bnh cos
2
sau khi b .
Thng cos
2
ly bng 0,8- 0,95.
o h s iu chnh dung lng b thc t khi c thm gii php nng cao
cos khng cn lp thit b b.
C th dng bng tnh sn (1-1) kt hp vi cng thc (1):
khi bit cos
1
v cos
2
tra bng (1-1) bng cch ging 2 tr s cos
1
v cos
2
v
mt to ta c tr s Atg = ( tg
1
- tg
2
)
Dung lng t b Q
b
= P. Atg.
Tc dng ca in tr phng in trong mch in t b:
in tr phng in trong mch in t b c tc dng trit tiu in p d trn t
ngay sau khi ct in t b. Nu trn t cn lu in tch d s nguy him cho
ngi vn hnh nu nh v tnh chm vo in cc ca t in.
Quy nh:
(1)
42
Sau 30 pht in p d ch c php tn ti trn cc t in di 65V
in tr phng in khng c php tiu hao cng sut tc dng qa
1W/1kVAr tnh theo dung lng t.
tin cho vic theo di qu trnh phng in ca t ngi ta dng bng n lm
R phng in.
Thng dng bng n c cng sut 40W/230V hoc 60W/230V ni tr ca
1 bng n l:
U
2
220 x 220
R= = = 1210
O
P 40
U
2
220 x 220
R= = = 807
O
P 60
Do in p ngun in l 220V nn hay u cc bng n theo s hnh Y.
Cch u ny tin cho thi cng nhng khng c li cho vn hnh v nu c 1 nhm
bng n ca mt pha b chy th s c mt nhm t khng c dp in tch d.
u bng n theo s tam gic dng in p dy tt hn v nu xy ra trng
hp mt nhm bng n b chy in tch d trn cc pha t vn c trit tiu qua
2 nhm bng n cn li. V in p ca ngun l 380V m bng n chu in p
nh mc 220V nn mt vai ca s u tam gic phi dng ti thiu l 2 bng
n.
Cc t in h th thng lp sn in tr dp in tch d bn trong.
Cu hi 28- V sao t b 3 pha thng u theo s tam gic, ch b cho li
in bng t in 3 pha m khng b 1 pha? Nu nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht
in nng do t b trong vn hnh?
Tr li:
V cu to: Cc t in cao th thng c ch to 1 pha, c in p dy U
d
do
khi u vo li phi u t theo s tam gic. Cc t in h th thng
c ch to kiu 3 pha c u sn theo s tam gic chu in p dy.
V mt vn hnh: nu u t theo s tam gic c li hn, so vi cch u t
theo s Y cng tr s in dung C [Fara] nh nhau th dung lng ca t tng
c ln gp 3, .
Q
A
= U
d
2
e C = (\ 3 U
f
)
2
e C = 3 Q
Y
T in
in tr phng in
S u dy
trong ni b t in
43
V cc ph ti 1 pha thng nm trong li in phn phi tiu ph cng sut v
cng nh nn khng b cho 1 pha.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh t in no cng sinh s ra 1 t nhit lng lm nng
nh v t in. Nu cht in mi ca t b km cht lng t s rt nng gy ra
tn hao in nng ln.
T thng c u song song thm in tr phng in, t b cao th thng
c in tr phng in bng 2MO. Khi ct in t, in tch d s phng in
qua cc in tr song song . y l nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in nng ca
t in. Vi dung lng 100 kVA th sut tn tht ln nht do t b gy ra l 0,1
W/kVAr.
Cch gim tn hao ca t:
Cn phi la chn dung lng t hp l.
Chn im t t b ti ni c Q ln,
cos thp.
La chn tr s in tr phng in ph
hp vi dung lng b nm trong phm
vi quy nh: 1W / 1kVAR.
Nu qu b Q
b
> Q rt d gy nn qu in
p ph hng t. chng hin tng qu b
trong vn hnh cn phi thng xuyn iu
chnh dung lng t bng cch phn chia t
b thnh cc nhm nh v t thit b t ng
iu chnh dung lng b.
k1 k2 k3
AB - 500V
380/220V t hanh c i t in h t h
c o s pl c
K1 K2 K3
b iu khin
kh i ng t
Hnh nh
Cc loi t b
44
Nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in nng do t b trong vn hnh?
B bng t b cho trm bin p
45
Cau hi 29: Hy phan biet v cong dung, nguyen l cau tao ca my bien in p
v my bien dng dien . Cch xc dinh chi so thuc cua cung do dng dien, dien
p, cong suat, dien nang tieu thu tren cc dung cu do khi dng qua my bien p do
lung v my bien dng dien?
Tra li:
My bien in p TU My bien dng dien TI
- My bien p do lung chuyen dng de
bien doi dien p cao xuong dien p thap
de c the do lung bang dung cu do
thong thung hoac c the dua vo mach
dien cc thiet bi ro le tu dong dieu
khien bao ve .
- Cc my bien p do lung thung
duoc che tao c cap dien p th cap
dinh mc l 100V.
- Cuon day so cap noi song song vi
mach do ( c dien p cao the ), cuon
th cap noi song song vi cc dung cu
do dien p.
- Chi dng trong mach dien cao the.
- uoc che tao dua tren nguyen l cam
ng dien t. Ca hai cuon day deu duoc
quan bang day c tiet dien nho, so vng
day ti le thuan vi dien p dinh mc.
- Ti so bien cua my bien p do lung
duoc ghi tren nhn my :
U
1
N
1
N l so vng day
U
2
N
2
k
U
= N
1
/N
2
= U
1
/U
2
U
1
= U
2
k
U
- My bien dng dien dng de bien doi
cc dng dien ln xuong dng dien nho
de c the do bang cc dung cu do thong
thung hoac c the dua vo mach dien
cc thiet bi ro le tu dong dieu khien bao
ve .
- Cc my bien dng dien thung duoc
che tao c cap dng dien th cap dinh
mc l 5A (hoc1A).
- Cuon day so cap noi noi tiep vi mach
do c dng dien i qua ln, cuon th cap
no noi tiep vi cc dung cu do dng
dien.
- Dng ca trong mach dien cao , ha the.
- uoc che tao dua tren nguyen l cam
ng dien t. Cuon day so cap c tiet dien
to, cuon day th cap c tiet dien nho so
vng nhieu hon v ti le nghich vi dng
dien dinh mc.
- Ti so bien cua my bien dng dien
duoc ghi tren nhn my :
I
1
N
2
N l so vng day
I
2
N
1
K
I
= N
2
/N
1
= I
1
/I
2
I
1
= I
2
k
I
Bnh thung chi so do dem dien s duoc xc dinh truc tiep theo dong ho . Khi
cc dong ho Vonmt, Ampemt, Wattmt, KWh, KVArh dng qua dung cu do
lung phu l my bien p do lung, my bien dng th chi so do dem thuc cua
cung do dng dien, dien p, cong suat, dien nang hu cong, dien nang vo cong
s duoc xc dinh bang cch lay so chi tren dong ho nhan vi ti so bien dien p
(kU) v ti so bien dng dien (kI).
Th du: Mot dong ho cong to hu cong 3 pha loai gin tiep c so chi trong 1
thng l 100 so ( lay hieu so cua 2 lan ghi chi so cong to gan nhat ). ien p
=
=
46
pha cao the l 22kV, dien p pha ha the l 0,4kV. My bien dng dien cao the
c ti so bien 400/5A. Chi so thuc cua cong to dien s l:
A = 100 x kUx kI.
100 x ( 22/0,1) x ( 400/5) =
100 x 220 x 80 = 1.760.000 kWh.
Cau hi 30: Tai sao khi lua chon my bien in p v my bien dng phai quan
tam den cong suat dinh mc cua my bien in p v tro khng dinh mc th cap
cua my bien dng? Hy cho bit cch xc dinh kha nang cho php noi cc dung
cu do vo cun dy th cap cua my bien in p v my bien dng?
Tra li:
- Cong suat dinh mc cua my bien p do lung v tro khng dinh mc cua my
bien dng dien l thong so k thuat quan trong, n cho ta biet gii han kha nang
noi cc dung cu do vo th cap cua my bien p do lung v my bien dng. ay
chnh l phu tai cua my bien p do lung v my bien dng. Neu lua chon my
bien dien p v my bien dng c cong suat dinh mc v tro khng dinh mc th
cap nho hon nhu cau xu dung s dan den qu tai, gay sai so cua php do, tham ch
gay ra su co.
V vay khi lua chon my bien p do lung v my bien dng phai quan tam
den cong suat dinh mc cua my bien p do lung v tro khng dinh mc th cap
cua my bien dng.
- Cch xc dinh kha nang noi cc dung cu do vo th cap cua my bien p do
lung v my bien dng trong van hnh :
Th du 1:
Neu biet 1 my bien p do lung c cong suat 60VA. Cc dung cu do lung
gom c
+ Mot von ke c cong suat tieu thu rieng bang 12VA.
+ Cuon day dien p cua 1 Wattmt c cong suat tieu thu rieng bang 5VA.
+ Cuon day dien p cua pha ke c cong suat tieu thu rieng bang 8VA.
+ Mot tan so ke c cong suat tieu thu rieng bang 5VA.
Phu tai cua my bien dien p :
+ P
2
= 12 + 5 + 8 + 5 = 30VA.
+ P
2
= 30VA < P
2dmm
= 36VA.
Nhu vay c kha nang noi duoc cc dung cu do tren vo th cap cua my bien
p do lung.
Th du 2:
Neu biet 1 my bien dng dien
C tro khng dinh mc th cap l Z
2dm
= 0,6O.
Cc dung cu do lung gom c :
mot ampemt tieu thu cong suat P
2dm
Ampemt = 2,5VA
mot Wattmt tieu thu cong suat P
2dm
Wattmt = 5VA
mot pha ke tieu thu cong suat P
2dm
pha ke = 3,5VA
Tro khng dinh mc cua cc dung cu do lung duoc tnh nhu sau:
47
P
2dm
Z
2dm
=
I
2
2dm
l
Vi dien tro cua day noi R
d
= Z
d
= Z
d
= 1/33x20/6 = 0,1O
s
Vi Ampemt dien t Z
A
= 2,5/5
2
= 0,1O
Vi cuon day cua Wattmt dien dong Z
W
= 5/5
2
= 0,2 O
Vi cuon day dng dien cua pha ke Z
f
= 3,5/5
2
= 0,14 O
Tong tro khng can phai noi vo l Z
2
= 0,1 + 0,1 + 0,2 + 0,14 = 0,54O
Z
2
< Z
2dm
Nhu vay c kha nang noi duoc cc dung cu do tren vo th cap cua my bien
dng dien
Ph l c t ham kho
Mot my bien dng c dng dien dinh mc th cap 5A th c ga tri tro khng l
0,2O. 0,6O. 0,8O.1,2O. 2O. Tro khng dinh mc cua my bien dng l tro khng
ln nhat c the noi den cuon day th cap cua my bien dng tuong ng.
Bang tra cu cong suat dinh mc mot so loai
my bien p do lung thong dung
Loai my bien
dien p
ienp
dinh mc
cua cuon
so cap
( V )
Cong suat dinh mc P
dm
doi vi cap chnh xc
Cong
Suat
Ln
nhat
(VA)
0,5 1 3
( VA )
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mot pha vi
2 cuon day
380,500
3.000
6.000
10.000
15.000
35.000
25
30
50
} 80
150
40
50
80
150
250
100
120
200
320
600
200
240
400
640
1.200
7
8
9
10
11
Ba pha vi
2 cuon day
380,500
3.000
6.000
10.000
15.000
} 50
80
} 120
80
150
200
200
320
480
400
640
960
48
Cau hi 31: Trnh by cau tao v co ban nguyen l lm viec cua cong to dien 1
pha?
Tra li:
1. Cau tao cua cong to dien 1 pha: gom 2 phan chnh
- Phan tinh: Gom 2 nam cham dien, 1 nam cham vinh cuu.
- Phan dong l mot a nhm, tam dia gan 1 truc. Dng dien xoay chieu lech
pha ve thi gian 1gc o.
Giai thch cc k hieu tren hnh v
(1) Li sat t v cun dy dng in.
(2) Li t v cuon day dien p.
(3) ia nhom gan tren cc dau truc quay.
Hnh nh
My bin dng trung p n 36kV
Hnh nh
My bin in p n 36kV
Hnh nh
My bin dng h p 0,4kV
49
(8) Truc vt, bnh vt, bo so
Z l phu tai 1 pha.
I
1
l dng dien cua phu tai 1 pha qua cong to.
I
2
l dng dien di qua cuon day dien p cua cong to
Dng dien I
1
, I
2
sinh ra t thong u
1
, u
2
.
. Neu khong ke den hien tuong bo ho th u
1
& u
2
ti le thuan v cng pha vi
dng dien:
u
1
= C
1
I
1
v u
1
= C
2
I
2
C
1
&C
2
l cc he so ti le
. Cc t thong xuyen qua dia nhom s cam ng trong dia nhom cc sc dien dong
tuong ng E
1
, E
2
. Cc sc dien ny ti le vi t thong v tan so f, dong thi cham
sau t thong tuong ng 1 gc 90
0
.
E
1
= C
`
1
f u
1
v E
2
= C
`
2
f u
2
Sc dien dong E
1
, E
2
gay nen trong dia nhom dng dien xoy tuong I
`
v I
``
ti le
vi E
1
v E
2
.
. I
`
=
k
1
E
1
= k
1
C
`
1
f u
1
= k
1
C`
1
f C
1
I
1
= K
1
f I
1
K = k
1
C
1
C
`
1
= hang so
I
`
=
k
2
E
2
= k
2
C
`
2
f u
2
= k
2
C
'
2
f C
2
I
2
= K
2
f I
2
K = k
2
C
2
C
`
2
= hang so
Dng dien I
1
v I
2
cng pha vi sc dien dong E
1
& E
2
. Cc dng dien ny nam
trong t trung nam cham 1 & 2 nen chiu tc dung, tao thnh mo men lm cho dia
nhom quay.
. T gian do vc to ta lan luot c 4 mo men c gi tri sau:
+ T thong u
1
vi dng dien I
`
tao nen mo men M
11
M
11
= C
11
u
1
I
`
cos90
0
= 0
+ T thong u
1
vi dng dien I
``
tao nen mo men M
12
M
12
= C
12
u
1
I
cos ( 90
0
- o )
M
12
= C
12
( C
1
I
1
) ( K
2
f I
2
) sin o = C
12
C
1
K
2
I
1
I
2
f sin o
+ T thong u
2
vi dng dien I
`
tao nen mo men M
21
M
21
= C
21
u
2
I
`
cos(90
0
+ o ) = - C
21
( C
2
I
2
) ( K
1
f I
1
) sin o
M
21
= - C
21
C
2
K
1
I
1
I
2
f sin o
+ T thong u
2
vi dng dien I
``
tao nen mo men M
22
M
12
= C
22
u
2
I
``
cos 90
0
= 0
Mo men quay tong tc dung len dia l
Mquay = M
12
+ M
21
= (C
21
C
1
K
2
f - C
21
C
2
K
1
f) I
1
I
2
sin o
Mquay = K I
1
I
2
sin o
Trong d K = C
12
C
1
K
2
f - C
21
C
2
K
1
f l hang so mi
Do vay: Mo men quay tong ti le vi tch so cua ca 2 dng dien v sin cua gc
lech pha gia chng.
'Day chinh l nguyen ly cam ung dien t '
2. Nguyen l lm viec cua cong to dien 1 pha :
. Cuon day dng dien dng vai tr mot nam cham dien (1) duoc dau noi tiep vo
phu tai do d I
1
= I vi I l dng dien phu tai .
. Cuon day ny c tiet dien ln t vng quan nen c dien cam L b .
. Cuon day (2) mac vo dien p cua ho tieu thu c so vng ln hon nhieu v cng
c tiet dien day b hon do d c dien cam L ln hon .
50
Dng dien trong cuon day ny s ti le vi dien p U:
U
I
2
=
Le
V dien cam L ln nen I
2
s lech pha sau dien p U l 90
0
.
U
T d ta c men quay M quay = KI
1
I
2
sino = KI sino = K
C
U I cos
Le
Trong d = 90
0
- o l gc lech pha gia dien p U v dng dien I
K
K
C
= l hang so
Le
V U I cos l cong suat P cua ho tieu thu nen o cong to dien kieu cam ng mo
men quay ti le vi cong suat tieu thu P cua ho tieu thu:
M quay = K
C
.P
'Chinh mo men quay ny lm quay dia nhom'
Cong to duoc che tao dua tren nguyen l kieu cam ng c uu diem l mo men
quay ln . Nhuoc diem cua n l trong qu trnh lm viec dia nhom bi nng len ,
lm tang dien tro cua dia nhom v lm thay doi tri so mo men quay, dan den cong
to c cap chnh xc thap.
He so K
C
phu thuoc vo tan so f do d cong to chi chnh xc khi lm viec vi tan
so quy dinh ( f = 50hZ )
2
1
3
Hnh nh
Cng t in 1 pha
Hnh nh
cng t in 3 pha
51
Cau hi 32: Trnh by cau tao v co ban nguyen l lm viec ca cong to dien 3
pha 2 phan tu v 3 pha 3 phan tu do dien nang tc dung, pham vi ng dung cua
tng loai?
- Cc loai cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu dng chung 2 dia nhom v loai cong to 3 pha
2 phan tu dng chung 1 dia nhom thung t dng v c sai so ln.
- Cong to dien 3 pha 2 phan tu v 3 pha 3 phan tu deu dng nguyen l cam ng.
- Cong to 3 pha 2 phan tu thung dng trong mach dien 3 pha 3 day c phu tai
3 pha can bang. Thung duoc dat pha cao the dien p dat vo cong to l
100V.
- cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu thung dng trong mach dien 3 pha 4 day c phu tai 3
pha khong can bang. Thung duoc dat pha ha the dien p dat vo cong to l
380V/220v.
S nguyn l S nguyn l
cng t 3 pha 3 phn t cng t 3 pha 2 phn t
Cu hi 33: Cap chnh xc cua cong to dien l g? C may loai sai so cua cong to
dien?
Tra li:
- Cap chnh xc cua cong to dien l su sai lech nhieu nhat chi so cua cong to so
vi luong dien nang tieu thu thuc te tnh theo cng t mu%(tnh theo phan tram
%).
Th du:
Cong to dien 1 pha c cap chnh xc l 2 c nghia l su sai lech nhieu nhat chi so
cua cong to so vi luong dien nang tieu thu thuc te l 2%.
Cong to dien 3 pha c cap chnh xc l 1 c nghia l su sai lech nhieu nhat chi so
cua cong to so vi luong dien nang tieu thu thuc te l 1%.
C 2 loai sai so:
Tra li:
Ca hai loai cong to tren deu l to hop cua cc cong to 1 pha trong d mo men
quay hop thnh t nhng phan tu 1 pha. Trong cong to 3 pha, cc dia nhom cua
tng phan tu rieng biet gan tren cng mot truc quay, tao ra mo men quay tong
hop bang tong mo men quay cua tng phan tu, khong phu thuoc vo phan tu
tham gia tao ra mo men quay, chi can dng 1 bo so chung cho cc phan tu. Moi
phan tu duoc tnh gom 1 cuon day dien p v 1 cuon day dng dien cua 1 pha.
- Hien nay dng pho bien l loai cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu dng rieng 3 dia
nhom v loai cong to 3 pha 2 phan tu dng rieng 2 dia nhom .
52
1- Sai so co ban cho php: L sai so cua cong to sau khi hieu chinh xong trong
dieu kien tieu chuan: ien p, tan so, nhiet do moi trung....
2- Sai so phi tieu chuan: L nhng sai so xuat hien them, nam ngoi pham vi sai
so cho php sau khi d dua cong to vo xu dung, cu the l:
- Sai so do nhiet do moi trung thay doi: Quy dinh nhiet do van hnh tieu chuan
l 20
0
C, khi nhiet do moi trung thay doi, sai so co ban cua cong to s thay doi
theo quy luat phi tuyen nghia l cng xa nhiet do van hnh tieu chuan th sai so
cng bien doi manh. Neu nhiet do tang len 10
0
C th toc do dia quay s tang len
t 0,1% den 7%. Sai so do nhiet do moi trung khong the kiem sot duoc.
- Sai so do dien p bien dong: Sai so 2% duoc tnh vi dien p 220/380V, neu
dien p bien dong 10% th xuat hien sai so phu l 7%. Sai so theo dien p
phu thuoc vo tri so cos , cong nghe che tao cua nh san xuat(chat luong
mach t, cch dau day, cch quan day...).
- Sai so do tan so nguon dien thay doi: Sai so co ban cho php duoc tnh vi tan
so nguon dien l 50hZ. oi vi dong co dien , khi tan so tang len th toc do
quay tang len. Nhung vi cong to dien th nguoc lai, toc do quay cua dia
nhom lai giam di. Cu the neu tan so cua he thong dien ( f ) tang len 5% th toc
do quay cua dia nhom giam di t 0,3%, den 5%. Vi he thong dien c chat
luong tot th tan so luon on dinh l f = 50hZ.
- Sai so do dng dien tieu thu thay doi: Sai so co ban cho php duoc tnh vi
dng dien dinh mc I
Zdm
= 5 A( 1A, 10A), tuy theo loai cong to.
+ Neu dng dien tieu thu nho I
Z
s 5% I
Zdm
sai so thung duong.
+ Neu dng dien tieu thu nho I
Z
~ 5% I
Zdm
sai so thung am.
+ Neu cong to qu tai I
Z
> I
Zdm
sai so thung rat am.
ieu ny rat c loi cho ngui dng dien nhung neu qu tai cong to rat de bi
chy.
- Sai so do mat sat: Khi hieu chinh cong to neu khong ch den viec khu mat
sat ( cn goi l rau t) trong khe ho t cua nam cham dien s dan den tnh trang
cc ' rau t ny roi rung ra trong qu trnh di chuyen gay ra sai so duong,
lm cho cong to chay nhanh len.
- Sai so do thi gian van hnh lau nam: Chu ky lm viec cua cong to t 4 nam
den 12 nam, vi cong to c chat luong km th chu ky lm viec s rt ngan
hon,
Neu tiep tuc van hnh s gay ra sai so.
+ Sai so duong: Thung do nam cham cua cong to bi mat t tnh hoac bi
nhut t tnh.
+ Sai so am: Do ma st tai cc diem goi truc, o d dia quay cong to (nguyen
nhan do kho dau, me mn chan knh cua o truc quay, dia nhom mn ri
suc). Cng van hnh lau cng c loi cho ngui dng dien.
Cc hien tuong r dien do cp cua dung day sau cong to c cch dien km, ghi
chi so sai, lay cap dien cong to v...v nam trong pham vi trch nhiem cua nhan vien
van hnh v cua ngui dng dien khong tnh trong pham vi sai so cua cong to.
53
Hnh nh
Cu hi 34: Trong h thng in c trung im khng ni t khi xy ra chm
t 1 pha trn ng dy v chm t 1 pha trn thanh ci th bo v no tc ng?
Hy trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca 2 loi bo v chm t trn?
Tr li:
1- Trng hp chm t trn ng dy:
- Khi cch in 1 pha trn li in b hng th xy ra chm t. Trn ng dy
xut hin dng in chm t (3I0). Dng in ny i t pha ng dy v
thanh ci trm, lng qua my bin p chnh, v pha b chm t ri xung t.
Dng in 3I0 ny ph thuc vo
+ Tnh trng chm t (chm t qua in tr ni t ln hay b).
+ Chiu di ng dy (km).
+ Cp in p ca li in (kV).
Gi tr dng in chm t c th tnh tng i nh sau:
Ul
3I0 = vi DK .
350
Ul
3I0 = vi cp ngm.
10
Trong : l l chiu di ng dy [ km ]
U l in p ca ngun in [ kV ]
H thng bo v r le chm t 1 pha bao gm:
+ Mt my bin dng th t khng TI0 c dng hnh xuyn treo trn c cp xut
tuyn.
+ Mt r le th t khng RT0 c u vo my bin dng th t khng TI0
Cng t in t kiu VISION
Cng t in 3 pha 2 phn t trong
mch o m cao th cao th
54
+ Mt r le trung gian i tc ng my ct in ca l ng dy ang c chm
t.
+ Mt r le in p bo chm t 3U0 u vo cun dy tam gic h ca TU.
Bnh thng s khng c dng in 3I0 i qua r le. Khi xy ra chm t mt
ng dy no , lp tc trn my bin dng th t khng ca ng dy ang c
chm t xut hin dng in 3I0, dng in ny c chiu i t pha thanh ci ra
ng dy, r le khi ng i tc ng my ct. Cc ng dy khc c cng
chung thanh ci vi ng dy ang b chm t s c dng in 3I0 i t pha
ng dy v thanh ci. Cc dng in 3I0 ny cng i qua TI0 ca bn thn n
nhng c chiu ngc vi chiu ca ng dy c chm t. cc bo v chm
t ca nhiu ng dy khng cng khi ng mt lc, gy ra tc ng sai ngi
ta dng phng php so snh gc lc pha ca in p U= 100V~ ly trn TU v
dng in 3I0 ly trn cc TI0. in p v cc dng in ny cp cho cc r le
RT0, khng nh c ch khi no c dng 3I0 i t pha thanh ci ra ng dy
mi cho php r le khi ng.
Do dng 3I0 nh, 3I0 s 1A nn r le khng khi ng c, cn phi tng 3I0 ln
bng cch dng thm my bin p to trung tnh. My bin p to trung tnh dng
to ra dng in 3I0L. Khi chm t dng in 3I0L mang tnh in cm xut
hin trn cc cun dy my bin p to trung tnh cng lng qua my bin p chnh
v i vo im chm t. Kt qu ta c dng in tng 3I0 c gi tr ln hn dng
in 3I0C nhiu, dng in 3I0C mang tnh in dung. Dng in chm t tng
3I0 c tnh nh sau:
3I0 = 3I0L + 3I0C cng vc t.
3I0 = 3I0L - 3I0C cng i s.
+ Vi li in 110kV o in p cao, tuyn dy c chiu di ln nn khi xy ra
chm t 1 pha th dng in chm t s qu ln cn phi gim i bng cch ni
t trung im my bin p 110kV,
Khi chm t 1 pha 110kV, in p ca pha b chm t bng ~0. Dng in tng
ln bng dng in ngn mch 1 pha.
Trong cun dy 110kV xut hin 1 dng in khng cn bng i qua im ni t
chung:
IA + IB + IC = IO
Dng in IO i qua cun dy 110kV mang tnh in cm c k hiu l I0L.
Dng in chm t tng I0 c tnh nh sau:
I0 = I0C + I0L
I0 = I0C - I0L
Nh vy c th iu chnh c dng in chm t bng cch tng gim s
im ni t ca cc trung im cun dy my bin p 110kV.
55
2- Trng hp chm t trn thanh ci:
Khi chm t mt pha trn thanh ci cng xut hin dng in chm t 3I0
khi ng bo v chm t th 3TI tng phi u dy theo s b lc th t
khng, 3 cun dy th cp ca 3 TI u theo s sao , t im chung ca 3
cun dy th cp TI n im ni t ta u ni tip thm mt r le th t khng.
Trong s di RIa, RIb, RIc l 3 r le dng in dng cho bo v qu dng,
R3I0 l r le bo v chmt.
S nguyn l bo v chm t 1 pha trn ng dy
56
Cu hi 35: Vai tr ca t chnh lu v h thng c quy trong trm bin p
110kV? Hy gii thch v sao trong trm bin p 110kV t chnh lu khng th
thay th vai tr ca h thng c quy?
Tr li:
T chnh lu & h thng c quy trong trm bin p 110kV lm nhim v cung
cp in 1 chiu 220V/ DC cho:
+H thng r le bo v.
+n tn hiu trn mng in trung tm.
+Thao tc my ct in.
Dung lng ca c quy t 200 300A/h (ampe/gi). T chnh lu thng c
dung lng nh t 2 n 5kVA trong khi dng in thao tc ca 1 my ct c
th cn n t 50A 95A nn t chnh lu khng c kh nng cung cp nng
lng in cho thao tc my ct & bo v r le.
in cho t chnh lu l ngun in xoay chiu 220V/380V ly my bin p
t dng, khi xy ra s c ngn mch, in p ca my bin p t dng b gim t
ngt dn n in p 1 chiu ca t chnh lu cng gim theo gy nh hng trc
tip n cht lng in p 1 chiu ca h thng bo v r le dn n h thng bo
v r le s t chi tc ng.
Chnh v vy:
"T chnh lu khng th lm vic thay th cho h thng c quy 220V trong trm
bin p".
Cu hi 36: My bin th t dng lm nhim v g trong trm bin p? Ti sao
khng cho php cc my bin p t dng cp in cho cc ph ti bn ngoi trm
bin p?
S nguyn l h thng in mt chiu trong trm bin p 110kV
57
Tr li:
My bin th t dng chuyn lm nhim v cp in cho cc ph ti trong phm
vi mt trm bin p ln c cp in p > 110kV, my bin p ny thng c cp
in p 6,10,22,35kV/0,4kV Cc ph ti ca my bin p t dng l:
- T chnh lu.
- nh sng lm vic trong trm.
- Qut gi my bin p.
- in tiu ph sinh hot.
- Cc ng c in.
in t dng c vai tr v cng quan trng trong vn hnh, nu khng c in t
dng trm bin p phi ngng vn hnh. Trong mt trm bin p 110kV thng
thng s c 2 my bin p t dng, mi my bin p t dng phi ly in t mt
my bin p chnh khc nhau d phng nng.
Khng c php ly in t dng cp cho cc ph ti tiu ph bn ngoi
phng kh nng gy s c ch quan lm mt in t dng, khng m bo an ton
cho vn hnh trm bin p.
Cu hi 37: Cho s mt trm bin p 110kV, hy cho bit cch c s vn
hnh mt trm bin p:
- Thit b in.
- V tr lp t.
- Cch k hiu tn thit b theo s vn hnh.
Tr li:
c s theo trnh t sau:
- Tn trm bin p.
- Tng dung lng trm bin p cn gi l cng sut t (kVA)
- S lng my bin p
- Dung lng ca tng my bin p ( kVA ).
- Cp in p ca tng my bin p (Cao p110/ Trung p kV/ Trung p kV) .
- Nguon in 110kV cp n trm bin p.
- Nu nhng c im ca s nu c(c dng s cu khng? C thanh ci
mch vng khng?...)
- S lng h thng thanh ci trung p C1, C2, C3, C4 nu c
- Gii thiu v cc thit b in t trn cc h thng thanh ci (cu dao, my ct
lin lc).
- c tn thit b theo qui c trong s vn hnh:
+ MBA : T
1
, T
2
.
+ Thanh ci theo cp in p 110kV
(C
1
110kV, C
2
110kV, C
1
35kV, C
2
35kV, C
1
10kV...)
+ My ct lin lc thanh ci
110kV - 112, 35kV- 312(334), 22kV- 412(434), , 10kV - 912(934), 6kV-
612(634).
+ My bin dng in (TI - cp in p - t s bin dng)
+ My bin in p (TU
1
, TU
2
, U s cp / 0,1kV )
+ My bin p t dng TD
1
, TD
2
( U s cp / 0,4kV )
+ My ct tng
58
131, 132 l my ct tng 110kV
331, 332 l my ct tng 35kV
631, 632 l my ct tng 6kV.
+ Cu dao tng.
+ Cu dao lin lc.
+ Cc l ra
c theo trnh t: Cp in p, s 7 ( 8, 9), th t l ra.
Th d: 172 ng dy 110kV l s 2.
371 ng dy 35kV l s 1.
472 ng dy 22kV l s 2.
974 ng dy 10kV l s 4.
683 ng dy 6kV l s 3.
Cu hi 38: Cho s nguyn l b iu chnh in p di ti ca my bin p
110kV hy gii thch cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca b iu chnh in p di
ti theo s cho?
Tr li:
B iu chnh in p di ti lm nhim v iu chnh in p ca my bin p
trong iu kin c ti.
Gm 2 phn:
B cng tc P cn gi l dao la chn lm nhim v chn trc nc in p lm
vic ca my bin p. B cng tc P nm trong thng du chnh ngay bn cnh
my bin p, cc u dy ca cun dy iu chnh u vo cng tc P.
B cng tc K cn gi l b cng tc dp la nm trong mt thng du ring gi
l thng du cng tc K. B cng tc K c vai tr gn ging nh mt my ct
in, c tc lm vic cc nhanh t 45miligiy n 50miligiy chu c
dng in ngn mch tm thi t 200 n 600A, thi gian ngn mch tm thi
0,1 n 6miligiy l thi gian hai tip im la chn P cng ng mt lc to ra
ngn mch mt s vng dy ca mt nc iu chnh phn p.
Khi dao la chn P chuyn ng trc v chn xong phn nc my bin p, b
tc K mi chuyn ng. Mi pha ca b cng tc K c 4 cp tip im, tng
i cp tip im c lp in tr hn ch dng in c cng sut 200A (600A)
cn gi l in tr ngn mch.
4 tip im ng ca cng tc K c ni chung, 2 tip im tnh u v cui
ca cng tc K c ni vo hai u dao chn l ca cng tc P, 4 cp tip im
ca cng tc K c cu to hnh khi ch nht, tip im lm vic theo kiu ng
thng to ra tip xc mt. Cng tc K theo chuyn ng theo kiu c cu cu lt
ngha l bin chuyn ng quay ca trc truyn thnh chuyn ng thng. Cc
nc iu chnh ca cun dy iu chnh in p u vo dao la chn theo h
chn (2,4,6,8,10),& l (1,3,5,7,9).
Thng thng my bin p c ch to cun dy iu chnh ring, dng thm
mt dao o chiu. S u dy o chiu cc tnh c vai tr o ngc cc tnh
cun dy iu chnh lm cho t thng ca cun dy iu chnh ngc vi chiu t
59
thng ca cun dy chnh c tc dng tng gp i s lng nc iu chnh in
p, gim bt c mt na s vng cun dy iu chnh,
u cc chung ca dao la chn u vo hai cc chnh 31 thuc h l, 32 thuc
h chn, vi pha A s c tn l 31A , 32A, vi pha B c tn l 31B, 32B vi pha C
c tn l 31C, 32C. u cc chung 3 pha ca cng tc K ni ra s trung tnh
110kV MBA.
Gi s my bin p ang lm vic nc c l nc 1, nh vy tip im s 2 ang
ni vo cc 32 A, nc s 1 ang ni vo cc 31A. Mun chuyn v nc 3 th dao
chn bn l phi chuyn t nc 1 v nc 3 trc, sau cng tc K bt v 31A.
Trong qu trnh cng tc K lm vic, 6 in tr R c tr s ging nhau (t 4 n 8
O) ging nhau dng hn ch dng in ngn mch ti thi im nc 3 v nc 2
ca cun dy iu chnh b chp tt, lc ny in tr cc in tr R ng vai tr
ph ti, Ton b 12 b tip im dng cho 3 pha ca cng tc K, 1 b tip im ni
chung ca b cng tc K (ni ra s trung tnh) v 6 in tr ca b cng tc K
c ngm trong du. Khi ngn mch cun dy iu chnh, nhit lng sinh ra s
tn nhanh trong thng du cng tc K. Tt c cc chuyn ng trn u thc hin
bng c cu c kh, l xo th nng t pha di b cng tc K. B cng tc P v
cng tc K dng chung mt b truyn ng.
C mt s b CA kiu hnh V, tip im ca b CADT chuyn ng lt
qua lt li, nguyn tc lm vic tng t ging nhau, ch khc nhau c cu truyn
ng c kh.
S nguyn l b t ng iu chnh
in p di ti biu din cho mt pha
-
1
+
10
9 7
5
3
2 8 6 4
k
1
3
5
7
9
2
4
6
8
10
R2
R1
32- a
31- a
cun dy chnh
Dao o chiu
Cun dy iu chnh
Dao la
chn chn
Dao la
chn l
Cng tc K
A
0
60
Cu hi 39: Hy gii thch v sao my bin p 110kV/ 22kV/ 10kV phi dng t
u dy sao khng, sao khng, tam gic (Y0/ Y0/ A)?
Cc my bin p phn phi h th cp in p 22kV/ 0,4kV phi dng phi
dng t u dy sao khng, sao khng (Y0/ Y0) hoc t u dy tam gic, sao
khng (A/ Y0)?
Tr li:
- Cc My bin p c cng sut ln thng dng 1 cun dy u A chng sng
a hi bi 3 xut hin trong mch t gy nng my bin p v gy tn tht trong
ni b my bin p. Do my bin p 110kV/ 22kV/ 10kV phi dng t u dy
sao khng, sao khng, tam gic (Y0/ Y0/ A).
- Cc my bin p phn phi h th 22/ 0,4kV thng u Y0/ Y0 cn bng
in p cho my bin p 110kV, nu trn li 22kV xut hin tnh trng lch ti (I
A
= I
B
= I
C
) th my bin p 110kV cng b nh hng, vic cn bng pha cng c
lm ging nh trn li in 380V/ 220V, trong trng hp ny li in 22kV
phi lp thm dy trung tnh.
- Do my bin p phn phi h th thng xuyn vn hnh trong lch pha dng
in nn cp in p 22kV/ 0,4kV phi dng t u dy tam gic sao khng
(A/Y0), cun dy 22kV u A c tc dng ngn nga nh hng ca s lch pha
dng in cho MBA 110kV, trong trng hp ny li in 22kV khng c dy
trung tnh.
Hnh v
m t cu to b CADT
R le dng du Np y
Gin chp sng cng tc K
61
Cu hi 40: Ti sao t in tng trung th v t lin lc trung th thng x dng
ba my bin dng, cc t in ng dy thng x dng hai my bin dng?
Tr li:
+ Nu dng 3 my bin dng h thng bo v r le s lm vic tin cy hn nhng
tn thm thit b. H thng r le u theo s b lc th t khng dng 3 TI
u theo s hnh Y bo v qu dng v bo v chm t thanh ci .
+ i vi ng dy dng 2TI va cho bo v qu dng v bo v ct nhanh
lm vic.
+ Vic lp TI 2 pha cho cc t ng dy ph hp vi h thng m in nng
khi dng cng t loi 3 pha 2 phn t.
Cu hi 41: Gii thiu cc bo v r le cho mt my bin p 110kV? Bo v so
lch my bin p lm vic nh th no? C g khc nhau gia bo v so lch vi
bo v qu dng, ct nhanh? Bo v qu dng v bo v ct nhanh c ng dng
trong s bo v r le no?
Tr li:
Bo v chnh MBA gm c:
- Bo v So lch
- Bo v ga Ct in cc pha khng thi gian.
- Bo v dng du
Bo v d phng MBA:
- Bo v qu dng 110kV Ct in cc pha c thi gian.
- Bo v nhit du tng cao Bo tn hiu, khi ng qut gi.
Bo v So lch l bo v chnh cho my bin th da trn s so snh dng
in th cp cc pha ca TI t trc v sau my bin th, quy nh vng bo
v so lch nm trong phm vi t TI cc pha ca my bin p. Khi vn hnh
bnh thng do dng in th cp ca TI cc pha cn bng nn khng c dng
in i qua r le so lch, khi c chm chp mt trong cc cun dy my bin p
th dng in i qua b TI ca cun dy s tng ln t bin lm xut hin
dng in khng cn bng qua r le so lch. lin mt lc r le so lch khi
ng tt c cc my ct in tng cc t ng tch my bin th b s c ra
khi vn hnh.
Bo v So lch khc vi bo v qu dng v ct nhanh l:
+ Trong bo v qu dng v ct nhanh lun tn ti dng in th cp s 5A khi
s c dng in s tng ln t 1,5 n 7 ln so vi nh mc.
+ Trong bo v so lch th khng khng bao gi c php c dng in
khng cn bng i qua r le so lch. Ch cn mt dng in rt nh xut hin
trong r le so lch l bo v r le tc ng ngay. Trc khi a bo v so
lch vo lm vic cn phi th nghim hiu chnh sao cho dng in khng cn
bng i qua r le so lch trit tiu hon ton.
I
so lch
= I
1-2
+ I
2-2
= 0 (I
1-2
, I
2-2
l dng in th cp ca TI
1
v TI
2
).
Bo v qu dng, ct nhanh: Dng trong bo v r le cho ng dy v thanh
ci.
62
Bo v qu dng: Dng trong bo v r le tng pha trung p v pha cao p
110kV.
Cu hi 42: Hy nu ging nhau v khc nhau gia ni t lp li v ni t an
ton trn ng dy? Hy gii thch v sao tr s in tr tip a trong trm bin
p R
t
s 4O, trong khi li quy nh in tr tip a lp li l R
t
s 10O.
Tr li:
Ging nhau:
- Cng c lm trn ng dy.
- Cc tip a u c chn chn su cch mt t khong 0.5m-0.8m.
- C th dng b ni t c cu to ging nhau.
Khc nhau:
- Nhim v ca tip a an ton l m bo an ton cho con ngi khi tip xc
vi cc gi thit b mang in. Dy tip a lm bng dy thp m u10, c
ni t x st n cc tip a.
- Nhim v ca tip a lp li l ngn nga nguy c qa ti in p ni b do
t dy trung tnh, ph hng thit b. Dy tip a lp li c lm bng dy
ng nhiu si c tit din ti thiu l 25mm
2
, c ni t dy trung ha n
cc tip a.
in tr tip a trung im my bin p v tip a lp li c tr s khc nhau:
+ Trong trm bin p tip a R
t
s 4O.
+ Trn ng dy thng lm tip a lp li ti v tr ct cui, ct gc, ct c
nhiu nhnh dy cng sut ln nn to thnh nhiu mch tip a song song
c R
t
s 10O.
1
RE
tip a
= R
tip a
s R
tip a
trung im my bin p
n
Th d : C 3 im tip a lp li th
Dng in th cp ca TI
I
1-2
= I
2 -2
Dng in i vo R le so lch = 0
TI
1
TI
2
63
1
RE
tll
= 10 O = 3,3O s 4O
3
Kt qu tnh ton cho thy tng gi tr in tr tip a lp li cng nh tng ng
vi gi tr in tr tip a ti trm. Mc d tr s R
t
ti trm v R
tip a
ca 1 v
tr trn ng dy c khc nhau nhng vn m bo cho h thng tip a chung
lm vic tt.
Cu hi 43: C my loi tip a trong li in cao h th? Hy nu cc quy
nh v cc tr s in tr tip a tiu chun trong trm bin p v ng dy trn
khng?
Tr li:
Trong li in cao h th c 3 loi tip a :
Tip a an ton: Bo m an ton cho ngi khi tip cn vi cc vt ang
mang in nh cc tip a v t in, cc gi thit b in, x s, v cp
in.
Tip a lm vic: Bo m tnh trng lm vic bnh thng ca cc thit b
in. Trong trm bin p tip a lm vic l tip a t ti trung im my bin
p, tip a lp li, tip a im cui cun dy tam gic h ca my bin in p,
tip a im cui ca cun dy th cp my bin dng in.
Tip a chng st: Chng qu in p kh quyn do st gy ra.
Quy nh v cc tr s in tr tip a tiu chun trong trm bin p v ng
dy trn khng:
+ Tip a an ton
Trong trm bin p R
tip a
s 4O (vi trm bin p h p)
R
tip a
s 10O (vi trm bin p cao p 6,10,35kV)
R
tip a
s 0,5O (vi trm bin p cao p >110kV)
Ngoi ng dy ty theo in tr sut ca t R
tip a
s khc nhau
Nu
t
< 10
4
Ocm R
tip a
= 10O
Nu 10
4
Ocm s
t
< 5.10
4
Ocm R
tip a
= 15O
Nu 5.10
4
Ocm s
t
< 10
5
Ocm R
tip a
= 20O
t
> 10
5
Ocm R
tip a
= 30O
+ Tip a lm vic
Trong trm bin p : R
tip a
s 0,5O.
Ngoi ng dy : R
tip a lp li
s 10O.
+ Tip a chng st R
tip a
s 0,5O.
Cu hi 44: Vai tr cua he thong tiep dia trong he thong dien? Neu cc quy dinh
cua cc trang bi noi dat?
Tr li:
He thong tiep dia trong tram bien p cn goi l he thong tiep dat c vai tr quan
trong trong van hnh.
64
Khi xay ra hien tuong cch dien cua thiet bi dien, cch dien cua s bi hong
s xuat hien dng dien ngan mach, dng dien r chay qua vo thiet bi dien
hoac chay qua s di theo day dan xuong cc dien cuc v chay tan vo dat.
Khi c st dnh vo dung day, sng st mang dien p cao lan truyen vo
tram bien p, lc d cc thiet bi chong st lm viec dan dng dien st di theo
day dan xuong cc dien cuc v chay tan vo dat.
Khi xay ra su co cham dat trong he thong dien 3 pha trung im khng ni
t. Dng dien cham dat (cn goi l dng dien th t khng) s di qua cc
dien cuc v chay tan vo dat.
Hai thnh phan chnh cua he thong tiep dia l: dien cuc v day tiep dia.
Cc dien cuc noi dat gom dien cuc thang dng hoac dien cuc nam ngang
chon ngam dui dat o mot do sau nhat dinh. Trong thuc te dien cuc thung
duoc lm bang thp > L 50x50x5 mm ma km hoac bang thp trn u 22mm
2
ma km c chieu di t 2m den 3m duoc dng sau xuong dat theo phuong
vuong gc, dau tren coc nam cch mat dat t 0,5m den 0,8m duoc hn lien
ket vi nhau trong lng dat bang cc thanh sat det c tiet dien S= 40x 4 =
160mm
2
, de chong an mn ho hoc khong dng thp c chieu day nho hon
4mm. Khoang cch gia hai coc t 2m den 5m.
Day tiep dia nam pha tren mat dat lm bang thp trn ma u10 hoac day
dong ma nhieu soi S > 25mm
2
. Mot dau day tiep dia bat vo cc coc tiep dia,
mot dau bat vo cc bo phan can duoc noi dat nhu cc thiet bi chong st hoac
cc gi d thiet bi dien, vo MBA, cuc trung tnh MBA...v.v. Tiet dien day
noi dat khong b hon 1/3 tiet dien cua day pha.
Phan loai
He thong tiep dia duoc chia lm 3 loai:
He thong tiep dia an ton c vai tr dam bao an ton cho con ngui khi
lm viec gan cc thiet bi mang dien c dien p cao, ngan nga tai nan dien
giat khi cch dien bi hu hong. Day tiep dia duoc noi vo cc gi d thiet bi
dien, vo tu bang dien, vo my bien the...
He thong tiep dia lm viec c vai tr dam bao tnh trang lm viec bnh
thung cua cc thiet bi dien. Day tiep dia duoc noi vo s trung diem my
bien p, diem cuoi chung cuon day th cap TI, diem cuoi chung cuon day so
cap & diem cuoi cuon day th cap A ho (Z ) cua my bien dien p TU...
He thong tiep dia chong st lm nhiem vu ngan nga anh huong cua dien
p kh quyen do st gay ra dnh thang vo tram hoac dnh lan truyen qua
dung day vo tram. Day tiep dia duoc noi vo diem cuoi cua kim thu loi
hoc diem cuoi ca cc thiet bi chong st.
ien tro noi dat
ien tro noi dat duoc xc dinh bang dien tro suat ( - r) cua dat, hnh dang
kch thuc cua dien cuc v do chon sau cc coc tiep dia trong dat. () phu thuoc
vo thnh phan, mat do, do am v nhiet do cua dat. ien tro suat cua dat l
mot tri so khong co dinh trong nam m luon thay doi do anh huong cua do am,
nhiet do cua dat.
Cc tri so gan dng cua dien tro suat cua dat " dat" nhu sau:
at st, dat st lan soi - do dy cua lp dat st t 1 den 3m : 1.10
4
Ocm
+ at vun, dat ruong: 0,4.10
4
Ocm
65
+ at bn: 0,2.10
4
Ocm
+ Ct: (7 den 10).10
4
Ocm
+ at lan ct: (3 den 5).10
4
Ocm
ien tro noi dat cua cc trang bi noi dat khong duoc ln hon cc tri so d
quy dinh trong quy pham k thuat dien.
Trong cc mang dien c trung diem truc tiep noi dat hoac noi dat qua dien
tro nho o lui dien 110kV tro len khi xay ra ngan mach cc bao ve ro le
tuong ng s khoi dong cat dien de loai bo cc su co ra khoi mang dien. Su
xuat hien dien the tren cc trang bi noi dat khi ngan mach cham dat chi c
tnh chat tam thi. Khi c ngan mach cham dat vo thiet bi dien thung mang
dien p, xc suat khi c ngui tiep xc vi vo xay ra t nen trong quy pham
khong quy dinh dien p ln nhat cho php m chi di hoi o bat ky thi gian
no trong nam, trang bi noi dat cng phai thoa mn duy nhat mot dieu kien:
R
dat
s 0,5 O
Trong lui dien c dien p ln hon 1000V trung tnh khong truc tiep noi dat
hoac noi dat qua cuon dap ho quang, khi c cham dat 1 pha cc bao ve role
thung khong tc dong dan den tnh trang cham dat ko di lm tang xc
xuat c ngui tiep xc vi thiet bi c dien p. Quy pham k thuat quy dinh:
- Khi dng trang bi noi dat chung cho mang dien dien p tren v dui
1000V:
R
dat
s s 10O
- Khi dng rieng trang bi noi dat cho mang dien dien p tren 1000V:
R
dat
s s 10O
- Khi dng rieng trang bi noi dat cho mang dien dien p dui 1000V:
So 125 v 250 l h s cho php cua trang bi noi dat.
Id l dng dien tnh ton cham dat 1 pha.
Khi dng rieng trang bi noi dat cho mang dien dien p dui 1000V:
R
dat
s 4O
Khi dng rieng trang bi noi dat lap lai trong mang dien 220/ 380V:
R
dat
s 10O
He thong noi dat chong st v he thong noi dat an ton phai dat rieng r
nhau de chong dien p nguoc khi c st dnh vo tram. iem gan nhat cua
hai he thong ny phai dat cch nhau > 6m
ien tro noi dat cua he thong noi dat chong st :
R
dat
s 1O (Tri so mong muon).
R
dat
s 10O ( Tri so cho php).
Cu hi 45: Gii thch v sao cc tip a v cc b phn ni t phi chn su
cch mt t t 50- n 80cm?
Tr li:
125
Id
250
Id
66
in tr ca t c c trng bng tr s in tr sut k hiu l ( r ), l
in tr ca 1 cm
3
t ( hay ca 1m
3
t ) c n v l Ocm ( hay Om ). ph
thuc vo
+ m ca t.
+ nhit mi trng.
+ chng loi t, cht ca t.
+ thi gian trong nm( ma ).
Nhit ca t ph thuc vo rt nhiu nguyn nhn v c nh hng trc tip
n in tr sut ca t. Kh m c trong t l nhng cht in phn, khi nhit
tng ln th in tr sut ca t gim i, nhng kh m c trong t b bay i ht
th in tr ca t li tng ln rt nhanh.
Khi c dng in ln i qua (l dng in st hoc dng in chm t), nhit
ca t tng hn 100
0
C lm cho qu trnh bc hi ca nc trong t tng
nhanh, vng t trn c chiu dy t 50- 80cm thng kh ro, do cc b phn
ni t cn phi chn su di lp t t c vo min t c in tr sut
nh t c hiu qu kinh t v ch tiu kim loi.
Khi thi cng cc cng trnh ni t cn phi m nn t cng cht cng tt,
cht ca t ph thuc vo mt lin kt gia cc ht trong t tng, kh
nng tip xc lm cho t dn in tt hn. cht ca t nh hng trc tip
n tr s in tr ca t.
Th d: Nu tng p lc nn ln t t 0,2 n 9 Tn/m
2
in tr ca t s gim
i t 10 n 40%.
chn su ca b phn ni t
Mt t
67
Bng tr s gn ng ca in tr sut () ca t v nc
Tn ca cc loi t v nc
Tr s in tr sut x10
4
Ocm
Thay i
trong phm vi
Khi m bng
10 20% trong t
t st
t pha st
t ct
t pha ct
t en
t vn, rung
t ln nhiu si
t sn ni
t ln than bn
Nc bin
Nc sng
Nc ao h
Nc sui
Nc ngm
t 0,8 7 tr ln
t 0,4 1,5 tr ln
t 4,0 7,0 tr ln
t 1,5 4,0 tr ln
t 0,09 0,53 tr ln
t 0,15 0,6 tr ln
t 1,5 4,0 tr ln
t 20 40 tr ln
t 0,1 0,3 tr ln
t 0,002 0,01 tr ln
t 0,1 1,0 tr ln
t 0,4 0,5 tr ln
t 0,1 0,6 tr ln
t 0,2 0,7 tr ln
0,4
1,0
7,0
3,0
2,0
0,4
-
-
0,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cu hi 46: Th no l ni t nhn to, ti sao b phn ni t nhn to lm
bng thp m khng lm bng ng hoc bng nhm?
Tr li:
Ni t nhn to l cc b phn ni t c chn xung t c hnh dng
khc nhau hn vi nhau v tip xc trc tip v in vi t. Cc b phn ni t
thng c m thic hoc m km tip xc vi t tt hn.
B phn ni t gm c cc ni t v thanh ni t. Cc ni t thng
lm bng cc loi thp: Thp trn c, thp gc, thp ng ng thng ng xung
t su di mt t 0,5m0,8m. Thanh ni t hn lin h cc cc ni t
vi nhau thng c ch to bng thp dt, thp trn c.
Ti vng t gn bin hay gn cc nh my ho cht tit din khng c
nh hn 100mm
2
. Cc tiu chun quy nh trong bng phi tng ln gp 2.
Dng ng lm b phn ni t cng c nhng gi thnh cao, nu nm
gn vt lm bng kim loi nh v ng cp in, ng nc...s xut hin dng
in in phn i trong t: ng l cc catt, cc vt lm bng kim loi kia l
cc ant, sau mt thi gian cc b phn bng kim loi kia s b n mn v b ph
hu do in phn. Do khng c dng ng lm b phn ni t.
Khng dng nhm lm b phn ni t v khi b chn trong t nhm
thng b n mn ho hc rt nhanh.
68
BNG KCH THC CA CC LOI THP DNG LM B PHN NI T
Loi thp t
trong nh
t
ngoi tri
Chn trong t
Thp trn c u> 5mm u> 6mm u> 6mm
Thp gc Tit din > 24mm
2
Dy > 2mm
Tit din > 48mm
2
Dy > 2,5mm
Tit din > 48mm
2
Dy > 4mm
Thp ng Dy > 1,5mm Dy > 2,5mm Dy > 3,5mm
Thanh bng thp dt Tit din > 24mm
2
Dy > 3mm
Tit din > 48mm
2
Dy > 4mm
Tit din > 48mm
2
Dy > 4mm
Cu hi 47: Trnh by cch tnh ton n gin in tr ca cc b phn ni t
dng cc v thanh ni ngang trong li in c tn s cng nghip l 50HZ?
Tr li:
Khi tnh ton in tr ni t
Phi da vo tiu chun ni t so snh ( xem thm cu hi 43, 44 )
Phi bit loi t v nc ca v tr lm tip t chn c tr s in tr
sut tng i - O m ( xem thm cu hi 45 )
1- Tnh in tr (r
c
) ca mt cc chn thng ng trong t, t c thnh phn cu
to ng nht ( = khng i):
Dng cng thc r
c
= (lg + lg ) [O]
1 d 2 4t - 1
Trong :
- in tr sut ca t Om.
l - Chiu di cc m.
d - ng knh ngoi ca cc m.
t - chn su ca cc, m ( tnh t mt t n im gia ca cc )
2,3
0,366
(*)
l t s trong 2,3 l h s chuyn i t lgarit t nhin- ln
t
sang lgarit c s 10 (lg ).
Nu coi nh vng t c cu to ng nht ( = const ) th c th dng
cng thc tnh ton s b:
r
c
= [ O ]
l
0,366
(*)
2l 1 4t + l
69
Nu cc dng loi thp gc th tnh i
v thp trn bng cng thc
d
gc
= 0,95d
Th d:
Cc c chiu di l = 5m, ng knh d =12mm,
c chn su t = 0,7 + 2,5 m = 3,2m, thay vo cng thc
r
c
= (lg + lg ) [O]
1 d 2 4t - l
Ta c r
c
= 0,228. [O]
Gi s loi t pha ct
Tra bng chn : = 2.10
4
O.cm = 2.10
2
O.m
(xem bng tr s gn ng cu hi 45 )
r
c
= (lg + lg ) [O]
5 0,012 2 4.3,2 - 5
r
c
= 45,6 O.
Nu tnh s b:
2.10
2
r
c
= = = 40 O.
l 5
2- Tnh in tr ( r
th
) ca mt thanh nm ngang trong t, t c thnh phn cu
to ng nht ( khng i ):
Thanh ngang kt hp vi cc thp chn thng ng trong t to thnh mt b
phn ni t hn hp cc v thanh lm tng hiu qu s dng. Thanh ngang c
lm bng thp dt hoc thp trn.
in tr ca mt thanh t nm ngang trong t c xc nh theo cng thc:
Vi thp dt:
0,366
(*)
2l 1 4t + l
0,366
(*)
2.5 1 4.3,2 + 5
70
Trong : l - Chiu di ca thanh,m
r
th
= lg O b - Chiu rng ca thanh, m
t - chn su ca thanh
( so vi mt t ), m
Vi thp trn:
Trong : l - Chiu di ca thanh,m
r
th
= lg , O d - ng knh ca thp trn, m
t - chn su ca thanh
( so vi mt t ), m
Dng cng thc rt gn:
Trong : L- tng chiu di ca cc dy dn
r
th
= lg , O ca b phn ni t, cm
t - chn su ca thanh
( so vi mt t ), m
Cng thc tnh s b: d - ng knh ca thp trn, m
K - l h s ph thuc vo hnh dng
ca b phn ni t trong bng
Kiu b phn ni t
K hiu quy c
l
1/
l
2
K
- 1
- 1,27
- 1,46
- 2,38
- 5,53
- 8,45
l
1
l
2
1,5
2
3
4
5,81
6,42
8,17
10,4
o,366
1
2l
2
b.t
o,366
1
l
2
d.t
o,37
L
KL
2
t.d
2
r
th
~ O
l
BNG TRA H S K
71
Cu hi 48: Cch xc nh in tr thun ca 1 cun dy my bin p 3 pha khi
cun dy u A?
Tr li:
Ta ln lt o in tr thun ca ca cc cun dy my bin p theo s sau:
S thay th 1 S thay th 2 S thay th 3
Khi o in tr mt chiu ca cc cun dy my bin p 3 pha u A bng cu o
in tr s khng xc nh c tr s in tr thun ca tng pha ca cun dy v
lc ny s o ca cu o ch cho bit tr s tng tr ca cc cun dy
Th d: Tng tr ca RAB nu tnh ton theo s thay th 1 s l
( Rca + Rbc). Rab Rca Rab + Rbc Rbc
RAB = =
( Rca + Rbc) + Rab Rca + Rbc + Rab
Mun tm c tr s in tr thun ca tng pha cun dy ta phi tnh ton li
theo cng thc di y:
( R
AB
+ R
BC
- R
CA
)( R
AB
- R
BC
+ R
CA
)
2( - R
AB
+ R
BC
+ R
CA
)
( R
AB
+ R
BC
- R
CA
)( - R
AB
+ R
BC
+ R
CA
)
2( R
AB
- R
BC
+ R
CA
)
( R
AB
+ R
BC
- R
CA
)( - R
AB
+ R
BC
+ R
CA
)
2( R
AB
+ R
BC
- R
CA
)
Rab = R
AB
+
Rbc = R
BC
+
Rca = R
CA
+
72
Cu hi 49: Dng in khng ti ca my bin p l g? Cch th nghim xc
nh dng in khng ti ca mt my bin p?
Tr li:
Khi my bin p c u vo ngun in, cun dy th cp my bin p h
mch, trong cun dy s cp my bin p s c dng in khng ti chy qua.
Dng in khng ti c k hiu l Io.
Khi my bin p vn hnh khng ti s xut hin t thng khp kn chy trong li
thp, do c t tr nn li thp b pht nng gy ra tn hao khng ti. Tn hao
khng ti c xc nh gin tip qua s o ca dng in Io. Dng in khng ti
Io cho bit mc tn hao khng ti ca my bin p ln hay nh. Dng in
khng ti thng c tiu chun ho vi tng nh ch to.
ln ca dng in khng ti ph thuc vo.
- Cht lng thp si lch dng lm mch t c thm t cao hay thp.
- dy ca li thp si lch.
- Cht lng cch in ca l thp.
- Cng ngh ch to (t dp, lp ghp mch t ...) tt hay xu.
Th nghim khng ti trc khi vn hnh thng c lm nh sau:
- Dng hp b th nghim lm thit b o (hp b K50 hoc K540).
- To in p thp ~ 220V~ a vo cun dy my bin p c in p nh
mc nh, cun dy cn li h mch.
S nguyn l th nghim khng ti 1 pha
Trong vn hnh dng khng ti th nghiem Io o c khng cn ng bng tr
s thc m ch dng lm c s xc nh xem cun dy ca my bin p c b
chm chp hay khng. Nu c hin tng chm chp trong cun dy th dng in
My bin p My bin p
o lng Th nghim
U~
73
khng ti gia cc pha o c s b lch nhau v s sai khc vi dng khng ti
ca nh ch to, lc ny khng c php ng in my bin p.
V cc t thng 3 pha i qua tr gia ca li thp b ngc chiu nhau nn ti tr
gia t thng s c tr s nh hn t thng ca 2 tr bn, dn n dng in khng
ti ca pha B nh hn dng in khng ti ca hai pha A v C. Dng in khng
ti ca 2 pha bn A v C bng nhau. Trng hp khi lm th nghim khng ti bng
ngun in 1 pha cng s xut hin s lch dng khng ti tng t nh trng
hp th nghim dng khng ti 3 pha nhng nguyn nhn li do tr gia (pha B) c
tn tht t ln hn hai tr bn (pha A,C).
Ch : Trc khi lm th nghim khng ti ngi ta thng quay in tr cch
in bng Mgmmt v o in tr 1 chiu ca cc cun dy bng cu o, khi d
tren cuon day thung ton tai mot dien tch du. V vy trc khi lm th nghim
khng ti cn phi kh in tch d bng cch ln lt chp tt cc cun dy ca
my bin p d bo v thit b o v trnh sai s ca php o.
Cau hoi 50 - My bien dien p lm nhiem vu g trong he thong dien? Tai sao ni
my bien dien p thung lm viec trong che do khong tai? Quy dinh ve cch dau
day my bien dien p trong lui dien?
Tra li:
Trong he thong dien my bien in p chuyen dng lm nhiem vu bien doi dien
p cao xuong dien p 100V~ de cung cap dien cho mach do lung v ro le bao ve
tu dong. in p nh mc quy chun ca cuon day th cap cua my bien in p
l 100V~. Trong van hnh, phu tai pha th cap cua my bien dien p l cc cuon
day dien t c tiet dien rat nho, so vng day rat ln nn c tong tro z rat ln, cung
do dng dien di qua cuon day th cap rat b I
2
~ 0.
( Z = \ x
2
+ R
2
)
Do d c the ni "my bien dien p lm viec trong che do khong tai".
Quy dinh ve cch dau mot my bien dien p vo mach dien:
- Cuon day so cap my bien dien p phai dau song song vi nguon dien cn cc
dung cu do lung phai dau song song vi cuon day th cap cua my bien dien p.
tuyet doi khong duoc dau Ampemt hoac cc cuon day dng dien cua cc dung cu
do khc vo my bien dien p.
- Neu u cc cao the cua my bien dien p d duoc dau vo mach dien th tuyet
doi khong duoc cham vo my, ch den khoang cch an ton de trnh nguy hiem.
Muon thuc hien cong viec ngay tren my bien dien p, bat buoc phai cat dien cao
the, cch ly vi nguon dien cao the trong pham vi cong tc v lm tiep dat an ton.
- Phai dat cau ch 3 pha pha cao the, pha ha the chi duoc php dat cau ch o cc
cuc khong noi dat de de phng tnh trang ho mach day noi dat.
- Phai noi dat mot trong cc cuc cua moi mach th cap cng nhu phai noi tiep dia
vo my. Day noi dat lm bang day dong nhieu soi, tiet dien cua day noi dat F > 16
mm
2
de bao ve an ton cho ngui van hnh.
74
BNG TRA CP CHNH XC V PHM VI NG DNG
CA MY BIN DNG V MY BIN IN P
Cp chnh
xc
My bin dng My bin in p
Phm vi ng dng
I1
I1m
Sai s ln nht Sai s ln nht
V dng
in [%]
V gc
[pht]
V in
p[%]
V gc
[pht]
0,2 100120
20
10
0,2
0,35
0,5
10
15
20
0,2 0,2 Dng trong o lng
chnh xc, trong th
nghim...vv
0,5
1
100120
20
10
100120
20
10
0,5
0,75
1,0
1,0
1,5
2,0
40
50
60
180
100
120
0,5
1
20
40
Dng trong cc dng
c o v r le trong
cc nh my in v
trm bin p, ring
o m in nng
dng cp 0,5.
3,0
10,0
120500
50120
3,0
10,0
khng
quy nh
3,0 khng
quy nh
r le thng thng v
ng h ch th
BNG LA CHN V KIM TRA MY BIN DNG
th
t
Tn i lng la chn v kim tra K hiu Cng thc tnh ton
1 in p nh mc[kV] U1mBI UmBI > Ummng
2 Dng in s cp nh mc[A] I1mBI I1mBI > Ilvmax
3 Ph ti nh mc ca cun dy th cp S2m S2mBI > S2tt
4 H s n nh lc in ng trong k
ixk
k >
\ 2 I1mBI
5 Lc tc dng cho php ln u s, kG Fcf
l
Fcf > 0,88.10
-2
. i
2
xk [kG]
a
6 H s n nh nhit kn
I.\ tgt
kn >
I1mBI\ t
2
n
v my
bin in p
r le bo
chm t
Cun th cp u tam gic h
S NGUYN L MY BIN IN P
R3U0
U1~
U2=100V~
cu
ch
75
Trong ixk - dng in ngn mch xung kch.
I - dng in ngn mch n nh.
tgt - Thi gian gi thit ( thi gian quy i )
a - Khong cch gia cc pha.
l - Khong cch t my bin dng in n s gn nht [cm].
BNG LA CHN V KIM TRA MY BIN IN P
Cu hi 51: in p ngn mch U
N
% l g? Cch lm th nghim xc nh
in p ngn mch U
N
%?
Tra li:
in p ngn mch l in p xut hin trn ni b cun dy my bin p khi
my bin p mang ti nh mc
I
2
= I
2m
in p ngn mch k hiu l U
N
hoc U
K
c n v tnh l (kV) hoc (V) c
gi l in p ngn mch tuyt i.
in p ngn mch ca mt my bin p c xc nh thng qua th nghim
ngn mch. Khi bit in p ngn mch tuyt i U
N
ta tnh c in p ngn
mch tng i. in p ngn mch tng i c tnh theo phn trm (%)
U
N
U
N
% = 100 U
N
% l hng s
U
m
Trn bin nhn mc my bin p thng ghi U
N
% hoc U
K
%
in p ngn mch gy ra tn tht cng sut ngn mch, tn tht cng sut ngn
mch c tnh nh sau:
AP
N
= U
N
. I
2m
Tn tht cng sut ngn mch thc t AP
N
ph thuc vo mc mang ti ca
my bin p trong vn hnh. Dng dien phu tai s quyet dinh mc do ton that ngan
mach nhieu hay t v khi c ti mi xut hin tn tht in p trong cun dy
Nu I
2
= 0 th U
N
= 0, AP
N
= 0
Nu I
2
= I
2m
th U
N
= U
Nm
, AP
N
= AP
m
Nh vy
in p ngn mch U
N
% cho bit tn tht in nng trong ni b cun dy
my bin p.
Tn tht cng sut ngn mch AP
N
ph thuc vo tnh trng mang ti ca
my bin p. Do cun dy my bin p thng qun bng dy ng nn
P
N
cn c gi l tn tht ng.
i lng c chn K hiu Cng thc chn
in p nh mc ( s cp ) U1m U1m> Um mng
Ph ti mt pha VA S2mfa S2mfa > S2ttpha
Sai s cho php [N%] N% s [ N%]
76
Cch th nghim xc nh in p ngn mch U
N
%
theo s nguyn l ta tin hnh nh sau:
Lm ngn mch cun dy th cp qua mt ng h am pe.
Cun dy s cp ca my bin p duoc u vo my bin p o lng, tng dn
in p cho n khi kim ng h am pe (A) ch tr s dng in nh mc ca cun
dy th cp lc in p ch th trn ng h vn (V) chnh l in p ngn
mch. Ta k hiu l UN hoac UK. ien p ngan mach duoc tnh bang UN% hoc
UK%.
Trong thc t th nghim ngn mch c lm bng phng php quy i:
+ Khng cn tng dng in ngn mch n tr s nh mc.
+ Sau khi c kt qu o in p v dng in ta quy i li theo biu thc
sau:
U
Ntn
U
N
U
Ntn
I
2m
= U
N
=
I
Ntn
I
2m
I
Ntn
U
N
U
N
% = 100
U
m
Trong :
+ U
Ntn
in p ngn mch th nghim.
+ I
Ntn
Dng in ngn mch th nghim.
+ U
N
in p ngn mch ng vi dng in nh mc ca cun dy th cp.
+ I
2m
Dng in ngn mch nh mc ca cun dy th cp.
S NGUYN L TH NGHIM NGN MCH
My bin p My bin p
o lng Th nghim
U~
77
Cu hi 52: Nguyn l cu to ca chng st van? V tr lp t chng st van
trn li in v trm bin p?
Tra li:
Cc thit b in ch c kh nng chu in p ti hn, trong khi in p xung
ca st c bin cao n hng triu vn, dng in ln n ~100 kA. Nu st
nh vo trm bin p v ng dy ti in s gy nn qu in p, ta gi l
qu in p kh quyn. V vy thit b chng st ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
bo v v ngn nga nh hng ca in p kh quyn nh vo li in v trm
bin p.
Chng st van c dng ph bin cc trm bin p, c cu to nh sau:
Cc u dy
L so nn
khe h phng in
in tr phi tuyn
(lm bng vi lt)
Thn bng s
kim loi c tip a
Khe h phng in v in tr lm vic l 2 thnh phan chnh ca chng st van.
Khi c sng qu in p chc thng cc khe h phng in th dng in st s i
t u cc mang in xung t. in tr lm vic cn gi l in tr phi tuyn c
tr s ln lm nhim v hn ch dng in ngn mch v c in tr nh hn
ch in p d, bo v cch in. c tnh phi tuyn ny thng c cht liu "Vi
lt". Khi chng st lm vic p lc bn trong b tng ln mt cch t ngt do
chng n bnh chng st phi tm cch hn ch dng in st i qua chng st
van s 10kA.
Hin nay cc chng st van dn c thay th bng chng st kiu oxt kim loi
(MO hoc ZnO), c tnh VN - AM PE hon ton phi tuyn, c kh nng hp
th nng lng cao. Vi in p nh mc ca li in chng st van hon ton
Hnh v
m t cu to
chng st van
Hnh nh Hnh nh
chng st trung th v chng st h th chng st cao th t 36kV n 500kV
78
"khng phng in". Nhng khi in p t bin tng ln n in p ti hn, lp
tc van chng st chuyn ngay t tr s in tr ln sang tr s in tr nh theo
c tnh V- A ca chng v cho dng in st i qua. Khi ht st in p tr li
bnh thng th van chng st s tr li trng thi c tnh dn in km. Lc ny ba
bnh chng st khng khc g ba qu s cch in.
c tnh in p, dng in
ca in tr xt kim loi
S bo v bng chng st van (CSV) cho trm bin p 35- 110kV thng c
s phi hp vi chng st ng (CSO) v dy chng st (DCS). Khi dng s bo
v ny c th ngn nga c t xa nh hng ca sng qu in p nh lan
truyn vo trm.
Dy chng st t dc tuyn dy c chiu di khong 2km, nu lm dy chng st
ton tuyn th khng cn lp CSO- 1.
Quy nh tip a chng st cho trm bin p nh sau:
i vi trm c trung tnh trc tip ni t, in p t 110kV tr ln th in tr
ni t cho php l 0,5O.
i vi trm c trung tnh cch in, in p di 110kV th in tr ni t
cho php l 4O.
i vi trm c c cng sut b di 100kVA in p di 110kV th in tr
ni t cho php l 10O.
a- on c tnh di.
b- im nhn.
c- on phi tuyn r rt.
d- on tuyn tnh trn.
A- im lm vic c in p thng xuyn.
S bo v chng
st cho trm bin p
35kV, 110kV
79
Cu hi 53: Nguyn l cu to ca my bin in p kiu in dung? Qun l
vn hnh my bin in p kiu in dung?
Tra li:
My bin in p kiu t cn gi l my bin in p kiu in dung thng
dng cp in p > 110kV~ c ch to da trn nguyn l phn bo p bng t
in. in p > 110kV c t ton b vo nhm t in, im cui ca t in
c ni t. in dung ca nhm t l 1680pF c chia thnh mt s t nh u
ni lin tip nhau. My bin in p thng dng cp in p 22kV u vo mt
s t cui c in p ~ 22kV~. bo v qu in p cho cun dy s cp ca TU
ngi ta dng mt b van qu p kiu xt kim loi (MO) u song song vi cun
dy s cp, mt u van c ni t. Khi c qu in p ni tr van ny s nht
i v cho dng in st i qua. Sau khi trit tiu duoc dng in st van qu p
phuc hoi trng thi cch in ban dau. Cun dy b in p c vai tr iu chnh
in p t vo cun dy s cp ca TU v hn ch dng in xung. Cn c cch
iu chnh in p bng t in.
My bin in p kiu t kiu t c ch to theo cng ngh mi
+ C kch thc nh gn d bo qun lp t
+ Khng can a in p cao bang dien p dinh mc vo TU.
+ S cch in cao p (U > 110kV~) ca TU c cu to kiu rng bn trong
cha mt chui t phn p xp chng ln nhau.
+ Trong thng thp o dui chn s c mot TU 22kV hoac TU 35kV t trong
thng cha du cch in,
+ Lng du cch in trong thng l 50kG.
S cch in
T phn p
Van
S cch
in h
th
TU 22kV
Cun b in
p
CU TO MY BIN IN P KIU IN DUNG
80
+ Do cch in bng du nn my bin in p phi c nh k kim tra du,
+ B van chng qu p cng ngm trong du, nu cht lng du xu, du b
nhim m s lm cho dng in r ca van chng qu p tng ln dn n
ngn mch chm t TU.
Cu hi 54: My bin p to trung tnh v cun khng lp thanh ci 6,10kV
lm nhim v g, nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p to trung tnh?
Tra li:
cp in p 6kV, 10kV cun dy trung th ca my bin p thng u A, bn
knh cung cp in trung bnh ca ng dy 6, 10kV t 2km n 10km. Khi xy
ra chm t trn ng dy th dng in chm t 3I0 thng rt nh . Th d
cp in p 10kV, ng dy di 10km ta c
Tr s dng in chm t trung bnh
U.l 10.10
Vi ng dy trn khng 3I0 = = = 0,2A
350 350
U.l 10.10
Vi ng cp ngm 3I0 = = = 1A
10 10
Trong :
+ U l in p [kV].
+ l l chiu di ng dy [km].
+ 350 l hng s ng vi ng dy trn khng.
+ 10 l hng s ng vi ng cp ngm.
Khi vn hnh ng dy lun mang in tch, gia ng dy vi t hnh
thnh mt t in v lp khng kh m gia c vai tr nh mt lp in mi.
Khi ng dy b chm t l lc lp in mi ca t in b chc thng, dng
in i qua im chm t l dng in in dung 3I0C thuc thnh phn th t
khng k hiu l
Dng in chm t c bin i qua my bin dng, my bin dng
chm t c dng hnh xuyn c treo ti c cp xut tuyn thng c t s bin
l 20/1 30/1. Vi dng in chm t l 0,2 1A th dng in th cp ca TI
qu nh 0,006A n 0,03A, vi dng in nh th ny th h thng r le khng th
khi ng c.
r le khi ng c ta phi tm cch nng tr s dng in qua r le
bng cch lp thm my bin p to trung tnh vo thanh ci 6kV, 10kV.
My bin p to trung tnh thc cht l cun cm 3 pha u sao khng
Y-0, khi trn thanh ci 10kV, 6kV c chm t trong my bin p ny s xut hin
dng in chm t mang tnh cht in cm, vc t dng in 3I0L c cng
phng nhng ngc chiu vi vc t dng in 3I0C. Dng in 3I0L c tr s ln
c tc dng lm tng dng in qua r le chm t ln ti tr s tc ng. Mi quan
h gia 2 thnh phn dng in ny c biu din trn s vc t.
Trung im ca my bin p to trung tnh c ni t qua cun khng
hn ch dng in chm t v bo v an ton cho my bin p to trung tnh khi
xy ra chm t trn h thng thanh ci 6kV hoc 10kV.
81
S vc t
S U DY MY BIN P TO TRUNG TNH
Cu hi 55: Ti sao cun dy 35kV ca my bin p 110kV u sao thng c
ni t qua cun khng in? Nu bin php m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh
khi thao tc cun khng?
Tr li:
ng dy 35kV thng c bn knh cung cp in xa, chiu di ca 1 tuyn
dy c th ln ti 120km. Cun dy trung p 35kV thng u Y-0, khi xy ra
ngn mch 1 pha chm t dng in ngn mch c th tng ln ti hng chc,
hng trm Ampe. li in 35kV nu dng in chm t ln hn 30A rt d
gy ra chy n ti cc im tip xc. hn ch dng in chm t i qua, trung
im ca cun dy thng c ni t qua cun khng in c li thp.
Cun khng in c in khng X ln hn nhiu so vi in tr R ca n c
ng ct bng 1 cu dao 35kV. Khi thao tc cu dao ca cun khng phi
phng trng hp t xut c st nh trn ng dy lan truyn vo trm 110kV
gy ra ngn mch chm t thanh ci 35kV qua b chng st. Nu ct cu dao
35kV khng may ng vo thi im li dao ca cu dao 35kV s c dng
in ln i qua lp tc h quang s pht sinh gy ra chy n.
phng tai nn lao ng, pha trc cu dao ngi ta lp mt b TI hnh
xuyn lm nhim v cnh bo c dng in chm t i qua: R le chm t c
3I0= 3I0L + 3I0C
3I0C
U
e
3I0L
3I0C
3I0
82
u qua TI, khi c chm t r le s cp in 220V mt chiu cho cun dy in
t ht cht 1 ci cht trn tay thao tc cu dao, ngn chn vic thao tc cu dao
ti thi im ang c chm t.
Cu hi 56: Nguyn l lm vic ca b t ng ng ngun in d phng
ATS dng trong li in h th?
Tr li:
ATS l 3 ch vit tt ca t ting Anh: Automation Transfer System
(T ng chuyn i h thng)
PLC l 3 ch vit tt ca t ting Anh: Programmable logic control
(iu khin lp trnh hp l)
"T ng chuyn i h thng ATS" cn gi l t ng ng ngun in d
phng. ATS lm nhim v m bo ngun in cho cc ph ti c yu cu cung
cp in lin tc. Khi mt ngun in ny ATS s t ng ng ngun in khc.
Ngun in khc c th l ngun in li hoc ngun in DISEL. Thng
thng ATS cung cp t 1 n 2 ngun in d phng cho ph ti. ATS c dng
nhiu trong li in h th 380/ 220V. cho h thng ATS hot ng c phi
c b "iu khin lp trnh hp l PLC". B PLC lm nhim v la chn v iu
khin chng trnh lm vic ca h thng ATS.
ATS ch dng m bo ngun in d phng. Vi cc ph ti bnh thng ch
cn kim tra chiu quay. Khi chiu quay khc nhau l khi gc lch pha quy c
ban u b thay i. B kim tra chiu quay trong ATS thc cht l s ci t ch
kim tra gc pha ca in p ngun. Tip im u ra ng, khi b ngc chiu
quay s h ra. ATS c chc nng kim tra thp p (Under voltage) v qu p (Over
voltage), khi mt pha c coi l thp p.
- r le P
1
v P
2
(Power) kim tra ngun.
- P
1
u vo ngun 1 qua p t mt CB
1
(10A- 6A)
- P
2
u vo ngun 2 qua p t mt CB
2
(10A- 6A)
S U DY CUN KHNG 35kV
TRONG TRM BIN P 110kV
Cun khng in
Cu dao 35kV
Cun ht in t
TI hnh xuyn
My bin p 110kV
83
Khi ngun 1 mt, P
1
tc ng, r le KT
1
, R
1
v cn cp ngun vo PLC nui cho
b PLC hot ng.
Ta nn la chn PLC 20 u l va (12 u vo, 8 u ra).
Ta t tn cho cc u theo lp trnh trn my tnh. C th:
- u vo 0: Bo cht lng ngun 1
- u vo 1: Bo cht lng ngun 2
- u vo 2: Bo trng thi p t mt ACB
1
- u vo 3: Bo trng thi p t mt ACB
2
- u vo 4: Bo trng thi p t mt ACB lin lc
- u vo 5: Bo thi gian thc t 0 - 24h
- Cc u vo 6,7,8: Bo ch phc hi ring
RS
1
, RS
2
, RS
3
l cc nt n phc hi, lc ny con ngi phi can
thip vo.
- u vo 9: Xc nh ch bng nt n lm vic cho php t ng hoc
bng tay.
- u vo 10: Kho Reset khi dng u in 9 phi gii tr bng Reset trc.
Ngun 220V ~ cp vo b PLC c bin i thnh 24V (=) DC.
Cc tip im ca PLC thng c hai loi c hoc bn dn, nn dng loi tip
im c kho v an ton hn tip im bn dn.
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
l 3 r le tn hiu c 2 chc nng.
R le A
1
, A
2
, A
3
c tip im lin ng v in, c nhim v kho mch
ng hoc ct ca p t mt ACB chng dng nhm ln.
ng thi tip im ca r le A
1
A
2
A
3
cn c vai tr ng mch n tn hiu.
La chn ch : R le A
1
A
2
A
3
, KT
1
KT
2
, A
3c
, A
3d
u dng loi 5A. Ring r le
R
1
, R
2
nn dng loi 10A tng cng.
Dng in ca b PLC c cc u vo v ra u l 2A.
"Nn chn p t mt ACB
1
ca hng Simen v c nhiu tnh nng ph hp yu
cu".
1. Cc phn t:
a. Khi ngun
Gm ba p t mt cng sut
ACB
1
, ACB
2
, ACB
3
Mi p t mt:
- C 6 u u dn dng ti 3 pha.
- C 2 tip im ph: 1 thng ng, 1 thng m.
C 3 u t mch iu khin cp n
- 1 u u ngun 220V
- 2 u ng ct mch ngun ca p t mt.
Tip im thng ng, thng m ca p t mt phc v cho mch tn hiu
n bo ch lm vic ca p t mt.
Auto
Reset
84
b. Khi iu khin PLC:
Khi iu khin PLC c lp trnh trn my tnh, mi yu cu v ch lm
vic ca cc p t mt u c tho mn.
Thng c 12 u vo (in) v c 10 u ra (Out) trong 2 u ra d
phng, 1 u chung COM, 1 u chung COM tip t. Cc tip im u ra
c 2 loi: Loi tip im c kh v tip im bn dn, nn dng tip im c
kh va an ton hn li r tin.
Q
0
Q
1
dng cho ng ct ACB
1
, Q
2
Q
3
dng cho ng ct ACB
2
, Q
4
Q
5
dng cho
ng ct p t mt ACB
3
(thng qua A
3c
v A
3d
).
c. Khi trung gian:
C vai tr trung gian gia 2 ngun in v khi iu khin PLC lm nhim v:
Nhn tn hiu.
T ng chuyn ngun iu khin v cho php p t mt lm vic ch
t ng hoc khng t ng (dng nt gt Reset hoc Auto).
d. Khi tn hiu:
Dng n tn hiu bo p t mt ng hay ct
2. Phn loi:
ATS c hai loi:
Loi 1: Dng 100% cng sut ngha l hai ngun in cp n ph ti ch dng
ti 1 ngun cn 1 ngun ng vai tr d phng nng (1 p t mt ACB lm
vic, 1 p t mt ACB ngh) khng c p t mt ACB lin lc. Khi mt in
1 trong 2 ngun th sau 0,5 giy s t ng ng ngun d phng.
Loi 2: Dng 50% cng sut. C 2 p t mt ACB u lm vic cp ngun in
cho 50% ph ti. Thm 1 p t mt ACB lin lc.
Bnh thng p t mt ACB lin lc lun m ra, khi mt in ca 1 trong
2 ngun th p t mt ACB lin lc s ng li duy tr ngun cp bnh
thng ca cc ph ti, sau 0.5 giy th ngun in d phng c a vo.
ATS c t ch kim tra mt ngun v kho lin ng chng ng in
phi ng b.
85
n
1
n
1
1
o
v
o
v
n
1
n
1
1
p
1
p
2
x
t
1
x
t
2
s
1
s
2
r
1
r
2
p
1
p
2
c
b
1
c
b
2
a
c
b
1
a
c
b
2
a
c
b
3
x
t
1
x
t
2
r
1
r
2
t
d
r
e
s
e
t
2
2
0
v
-
a
c
0
p
l
c
2 2 0 v - a c
x
t
1
x
t
2
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
0
v
c
o
m
q
0
q
1
q
2
q
3
q
4
q
5
q
6
q
7
2
2
0
v
-

a
c
o
n
o
f
f
2
2
0
v
-

a
c
o
n
o
f
f
o
f
f
2
2
0
v
-

a
c
o
n
a
c
b
1
a
c
b
2
a
c
b
3
q
0
q
1
q
2
q
3
2 3 4
1
n
0
1
n
1
1
n
2
1
n
3
1
n
4
1
n
5
1
n
6
1
n
7
1
n
8
1
n
1
0
1
n
1
1
+
2
1
r
e
s
e
t
1
1
s
1
s
2
s
3
a
1
a
2
a
3
1
0
2
0
2
1
2
2
0
v
-

a
c
o
v
a
3
d
a
3
c
a
3
d
a
3
c
c
o
m
1
n
9
2
3
0
-
2
1
r
s
1
r
s
2
r
s
3
t
d
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
o
v
o
v
o
v
c
o
3
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
7
1
4
1
5
2
n
0
,

2
n
c
c
o
2
c
o
1
t
n

h
i
u

v
o
:

U
,
I
,
t
n

h
i
n
b
u

k
h
i
n
b

c
h
p

h
n
h
s nguyn l mch in t ng ng ngun in d phng
86
Cu hi 57: Tnh tng i tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng trong my
bin p?
Tr li:
1. Tnh tn tht cng sut trong my bin p:
Tn tht trong my bin p bao gm tn tht khng ti l tn tht trong li thp
hay cn gi l tn tht st v tn tht c ti l tn tht trong dy qun hay cn gi
l tn tht ng.
a. Thnh phn tn tht trong li thp khng i khi ph ti thay i, tn
tht trong li thp l tn tht khng ti: AS
0
= AP
0
+ jAQ
0
I
0
% Sm I
0
% Sm
Vi AQ
0
= ta c AS
0
= AP
0
+ J
100 100
Trong AS
0
l tn tht khng ti c biu din di dng hm s phc
b. i vi my bin p hai cun dy, tn tht cng sut tc dng trong
cc cun dy mang ti nh mc bng tn tht ngn mch:
AP2 nh mc = APK
Tn tht cng sut phn phng trong cc cun dy, nu tnh n in tr v in
khng ca cun dy (RT, XT) th
UK% Sm
AQnh mc = = AQK
100
Khi my bin p mang ti th dung lng tiu th in khc vi dung lng nh
mc. Khi phi xt thm h s ph ti:
Spt Ip ti
k ti = =
Sm Im
Khi tn tht trong cc cun dy s l:
UK% Sm
AScun dy = k
t
2
APK + j k
t
2
100
Tn tht trong my bin p vi ph ti bt k (Spt) tnh bng cng thc sau:
AST = (AP
0
+ k
t
2
APK + j(I
0
% + k
t
2
UK%)
AS
T
= AP
T
+ jAQ
T
AP
T
= AP
0
+ APK [ ]
AQ
T
= AQ
0
+ AQK [ ]
Spt Ip ti
kti = =
Sm Im
Sm
100
Spt
Sm
m
2
Spt
Sm
2
87
c. i vi my bin p 3 cun dy v my bin p t ngu:
Tn tht cng sut cng sut trong cun dy 2 & 3 theo ph ti tng ng vi
tng cun dy trung & h p.
AS
3
= R
3
'
+ j X
3
'
AS
2
= R
2
'
+ j X
2
'
y U
'
2,
U
'
3,
X
'
2,
X
'
3,
R
'
2,
R
'
3
l cc in p v tng tr tng ng quy i v
in p cun 1.
Cng sut:
S
1
"
= S
2
'
+ S
3
'
= S
2
+ S
3
+ AS
2
+AS
3
= P"
1
+ jQ"
1
Tn tht cng sut trong cun dy 1:
AS
2
= R
1
+ j X
1
U
1
2
U
1
2
Tnh tn tht cng sut trong my bin p 3 cun dy v my bin p t ngu
theo cc lng nh mc v h s ti:
Sm1
AST = (AP
0
+ k
t1
2
APK1 + k
t2
2
APK2 + k
t3
2
APK3) + j (AQ
0
+ k
t1
2
UK1%
100
Sm1 Sm3
+ k
t2
2
UK2% + k
t3
2
UK3%
100 100
2. tnh tn tht in nng trong my bin p:
2
AAT = AP0t + APk [ ] t
Vi cc my lm vic sut nm th y t = 8760h
Nu c 2 my ging nhau vn hnh song song th
Sptmax 2
AAT = 2AP0t + 0,5 APk [ ] t
vi cc my lm vic sut nm th y t = 8760h
Th d:
My bin p 40.000kVA 110/ 22kV c APk = 200kW, AP0 = 86 kW,
UK% = 10,5% v I0% = 2,7% bit costb = 0,8.
Khi ph ti trung bnh l 30MW th tn tht in nng trung bnh trong nm l:
P
3
2
+ Q
3
2
U
3
'
P
3
2
+ Q
3
2
U
3
'
P
2
2
+ Q
2
2
U
2
'
P
2
2
+ Q
2
2
U
2
'
(P"
1
)
2
+ (Q"
1
)
2
(P"
1
)
2
+ (Q"
1
)
2
Sptmax
Sm
Sm
88
2
AAT = AP0t + APk [ ] t
2
AAT = 86.8760 + 200 [ ] 8760 = 2. 293. 203 kWh
0,8. 40
Cu hi 58: C my loi trm bin p phn phi h th? Hy gii thiu cc loi
trm bin p thng dng?
Tr li:
Trm bin p ng vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn ti v phn phi in
nng. Nhng trm bin p phn phi ca khch hng thng c cng sut t
100kVA n 1000kVA, in p ti 35kV/ 0,4kV chim mt s lng rt ln trn
li in. Tu theo yu cu x dng v c tnh ca ph ti m cc trm bin p c
kt cu, kiu dng khc nhau.
Hin nay trn li in c 3 kiu trm bin p thng dng l: Trm bin p kiu
trong nh, trm bin p kiu ngoi tri, trm bin p kiu hp b.
Trm bin p kiu trong nh
Trm bin p kiu trong nh l loi trm c cc my bin p, cc thit b in
trung th v t in h th t trong nh. Trm c tng xy, mi bng b tng ca
bng thp, c ca thng gi t nhin lm bng li thp kt hp vi cc tm nan
chp lm bng b tng hoc c thng gi cng bc bng qut gi, lm mt bng
iu ho nhit . Cc my bin p c t trn nn b tng trong nhng ngn
ring, thit b in c lp trn tng trm. Cc thit b ca trm u dng loi
trong nh, kch thc ca cc thit b nh gn, nh nhng. Vic thao tc cu dao
c thc hin bng tay qua b truyn ng. Gia ngi vn hnh v thit b mang
in c ngn bng hng ro lm bng st, m bo khong cch an ton cho ngi.
Mt s trm cn lp thm dm dng mc pa lng xch trn trn phc v cho
cng vic nng h my bin p khi cn thit. Cc thanh ci trung th c lp trn
cc s cch in rt thun tin cho vic u ni. Cc u cp trung th n v i
u lp cu dao cch ly, mt s trm cn c trang b my ct in trung th
phc v cho phn on ng dy trung p khi xy ra s c. Cc thit b ng ct
in h th v cc ng h o m in c lp trn t in. Trn t in h th
hu ht u lp ptmt. H thng tip a ca trm bin p c lm ngoi tng
trm, cc dy tip a c hn ni lin h vi nhau thng qua mt vnh ai tip
a chung nm st chn tng bn trong trm. Thit b chng st ca trm thng
c b tr trn nc trm hoc trn thanh ci pha trung p. Trm bin p kiu
trong nh an ton cho ngi, d lp t, qun l vn hnh v sa cha. Tuy vy
trm trong nh chim nhiu din tch, cn phi c ng di chuyn my bin p
khi lp t hoc i tu sa cha. Xung quanh tng trm phi c hnh lang m
bo thng gi t nhin. Vi nhng trm nm trong khu vc nh xng hoc c
quan phi c v tr t trm ph hp vi yu cu qun l vn hnh hoc i tu sa
cha. Trong trm bin p phi lm h du chng chy v thu gom du s c.
Trm bin p kiu ngoi tri
Sm
Sptma
x
30
89
Trm bin p kiu ngoi tri c my bin p, cc thit b in v t in t
ngoi tri. Hu ht cc trm u cu ch t ri. Cc trm bin p ny thng tn
dng ti a mt bng lp t, hoc c t cc vng t trng tri t ngi qua
li, c kt cu n gin rt thch hp vi cc vng ngoi vi thnh ph.
C 3 kiu trm bin p ngoi tri:
+ Trm bin p ngoi tri kiu ct khng c bung h th
My bin p v t in h th t trn b xy bng gch hoc bng b tng. Cc
v t in h th phi c ch to bng tn trng km sn tnh in, cc my bin
dng p t mt v cc ng h o m c t trong t in. Cnh ca t c lm
giong chng nc ma. T in h th cn c th t treo trn ct trm. Cc thit
b in c lp trn cc gi bng thp kp trn 2 ct in lm bng b tng ct
thp cao t 6,8- 8,8m, khong cch gia 2 ct l 2,6m. Mi trm c mt gh thao
tc cch in t trn b b tng xy, xung quanh trm c xy tng ro cao 2m.
+ Trm bin p kiu ct, c bung h th
My bin p t trn b b tng, thit b in trung th cn li c lp trn cc
gi bng thp kp trn 2 ct in b tng ct thp cao t 6,5- 8m, khong cch gia
2 ct l 2,6m. Xung quanh trm c xy tng ro cao 2m, c ca ra vo trm v
ca ra vo bung h th ring. Mi trm c mt gh thao tc t trn b b tng
xy. Cc my bin dng, cc thit b ng ct in h th v cc ng h o m
in c lp trong t in, T in h th t trong nh xy bng gch, mi b
tng c ca thng gi t nhin bng li thp kt hp vi cc tm nan chp lm
bng b tng. H thng tip a ca trm bin p c lm trong tng ro trm,
dy tip a c hn ni vi nhau thng qua mt vnh ai tip a chung nm st
chn tng ro. Chng st thng dng loi chng st van kiu khng tip im
(MO, hoc Zno) bt ngay cnh my bin p. Tip a chng st thng c hn
vo h thng tip a chung ca trm.
+ Trm bin p ngoi tri kiu trm
treo
Tt c thit b in gm my bin p, t
in h th, thit b ng ct trung th, chng
st, gh thao tc, thang tro ct u c lp
trn cc gi bng thp m kp trn 2 ct in.
Ct in thng dng bng ct ly tm 10m
chn su 1,2m. Cc thit b in trung p t
tiu chun lm vic ngoi tri, cc v t in
h th c lm bng tn trng km v c
sn tnh in, cc my bin dng p t mt v
cc ng h o m phi c t trong t
in h th c t giong chng nc. Cc t
in h th thng c treo trn ct ca
trm cao 2,5m. Khi thao tc hoc kim
tra ngi vn hnh phi ng ln sn gh
thao tc. Nhng trm bin p khng c gh
thao tc trn ct th phi lm gh thao tc
di t hoc dng xe t chuyn dng thao
tc bng so cch in.
Hnh nh trm bin p treo
90
Trm bin p kiu hp b
+ Trm bin p hp b th h mi cn gi l trm kit c khung chu lc v
trm lm bng thp tm dy 1,5mm- 2mm sn tnh in hoc m km c ch to
thnh 3 khoang ring r.
- Khoang trung th.
- Khoang my bin p.
- Khoang h th.
Cc trm bin p ny c v hnh khi hp ch nht, cc khoang c kch thc ph
hp vi kch thc ca my bin p v thit b in trung th, h th. Cc khoang
u c ca ring thun tin, an ton cho kim tra sa cha v th nghim. Cc
khoang u t trang b an ton kiu kho lin ng, ngn nga nhng sai st ca
ngi vn hnh c nguy c dn n tai nn cht ngi. Cc thit b in trung th
v my bin p s c lp t u ni hon chnh trong t hp b. ng cp
in n cc trm bin p ny u l cc ng cp ngm trung th, sau khi u
cc u cp trung th, h th vo th trm c th vn hnh ngay. Cc trm bin p
hp b thng x dng cng ngh cao, thit b c cht lng tt, c kt cu gn
nh, nhng v gi thnh cao nn hin ti cha c dng ph bin trn li in.
+ Trm bin p ngoi tri hp b kiu 1 ct
L loi trm c 1 my bin p t hoc treo trn 1 tr b tng c ch to c
bit. My bin p c ch to theo tiu chun ring, s trung th ca my bin p
l loi s c chng ph hp vi chp u cp an ton kiu Elbow(cn gi l chp
u s kiu L), c loi s trung th my bin p c lp lin cu ch t ng bn
trong.
ng cp trung p, h p u c bc bo v trong hp bng kim loi. 1 a
im gn trm bin p thng c mt t in trung th thng l t ring main unit
cn gi l t in u ni ng cp mch vng cao th.
Hnh nh trm bin p kit
Tng lai trm bin p
hp b s c dng
rng ri p ng c
yu cu v nhiu mt: An
ton, k thut, m thut,
hin i.
91
Trong t ring main unit c 2 cu dao ph ti dng cho ng trc v 1 cu dao c
lin cu ch u r nhnh vo my bin p. ng cp r nhnh vo my bin
p thng dng loi cp bc XLPE 3x M 50mm
2
.
Cu hi 59: Cp vn xon c cu to nh th no? u nhc im ca cp vn
xon, phm vi ng dng ca cp vn xon trn li in phn phi h th?
Tr li:
Cp vn xon l loi dy dn in dng cht polyethylne lin kt (XLPE) lm
cht cch in cho tng dy dn sau vn xon vi nhau. Trn g ni dc theo
chiu di cp nh du cc pha v c in s bo chiu di cp.
Cp XLPE thng c ch to 2 loi:
Loi 4 dy dn bng nhm c tit din nh nhau, cng bc cch in bng
XLPE v vn xon vo nhau. Cc cp ny c bn c hc t treo.
Loi 3 dy dn pha bng nhm vn xon cng vi mt dy trung tnh. Dy trung
tnh bng hp kim nhm Almelec bc cch in bng XLPE chu lc v c
Hnh nh
trm treo kiu mt ct
u chp Elbow
S my bin p
cu ch
V bc cch in
c chc nng ct
tch mi pha
Cu ch
Tn hiu
S c
Tip im
ng ct
Bo v
qu dng
Hnh nh s trung th my bin p
Lin kt trc tip
in cc v cu ch
92
dng lm dy treo cc dy pha. Dy trung tnh chu lc ch c hai loi tit din
l 54,6mm
2
hay 70mm
2
.
k hiu: cp vn xon gm c ch ci v s
+ Ch ci th nht ch vt liu cch in.
+ Ch ci th hai ch vt liu dn in.
ch s ch mt ct danh nh nhn vi ch s ch rut dn in.
th d; EA- 4x35 l cp cch in XLPE li nhm gm 4 li, tit din 1 li l
35mm
2
.
Du hiu nhn bit cp c dng in chy qua c nh du chp hnh A theo
chiu di, cp trung ho khng nh du. Cp vn xon c dng trong mng
in c trung im ni t chc chn.
Cp vn xon c nhc im:
B hn ch kh nng chu qu ti, nu b qu ti v cp s b lo ho nhanh
hoc c th b chy.
Khng c dng chn ngm di t.
V cp c v mu en nn khng dng c nhng cng trnh c yu cu
m quan cao.
Mun thi cng c h thng cp vn xon ng k thut cn phi c my
thi cng chuyn dng nh: rmoc, bn xoay, xe my... v cc dng c thi
cng nh km p, tng , palng, lc k....
Cp vn xon c u im:
Do c vn xon nn cp XLPE c in khng X(O/km

2
) ch bng 1/3 in
khng X(O/km
2
) cp trn cng loi
X (XLPE) 0,1O/km
2
=
X(cp trn) 0,35O/km
2
in khng X gim s lm cho tn tht in nng A trn ng dy gim i.
Nu 100km dy trn l 12,51% th 100km cp vn xon tn hao l 2,46%.
C bn cch in cao nn c kh nng m bo cung cp in lin tc,
bo m an ton cho ngi x dng v cp c lp cch in tt.
Cho php thi cp cng trong cc a hnh phc tp nh rng cy, nh ca
xen k, gim thiu khong cch hnh lang xy dng in.
Gim c cao treo dy, n gin hn v khong cch trong mng in
hn hp gm c trung th h th, thng tin.
Gim c s lng ct dy, cho php b tr che khut c cp
nhng ni cn m bo m quan.
D dng thi cng mng cp XLPE mi xen k trong mng c.
Chi ph xy dng v chi ph bo dng thp.
Hn ch cu mc n trm in.
Do c nhiu u im nn cp vn xon c dng thi cng cc cng trnh
in h th th hoc nng thn c a bn tp trung, thay th dn cho cc
ng dy in h th b qu ti hoc b c nt.
93
Cu hi 60: Trnh by cc hng mc kim tra c tnh ca cp vn xon nh
gi cht lng ca cp?
Tr li:
C 9 hng mc kim tra c tnh ca cp vn xon.
1- Kim tra phng in t:
Nhng 10mcp vo nc trong 24 gi nhit 20
0
C.
Cp phi chu c in p th nghim 4kV 50Hz gia dy dn v nc
trong 4 gi.
2- o in tr cch in bng mgmmt: quy nh theo IEC-540
Trc khi o phi nhng cp trong nc 24gi.
Tch s gia gi tr in tr o c vi chiu di khng c nh hn
40.10
7
O nhit 50
0
C.
3- T trng ca vt liu cch in:
0,93g/cm3 theo IEC 540- mc 11.
4- Ch s nng chy ca cht cch in:
Khng qu 0,5, quy nh theo IEC 540.
5- Thnh phn cc bon en ca cht cch in:
Quy nh theo IEC 540 nm gia 2% v 3% trng lng; kch thc cc ht
cc bons 20m c phn b u.
6- Kim tra p lc tc dng vo cp nhit cao:
Nu cht lng cp lm theo quy nh IEC 540 (mc 8.1) nm trong gii
nhit 80 2
0
C. Theo quy nh theo IEC 540, mc 8. 1-4 lc c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
trong : - F: Lc
F= 0,8.\ 2D.i - i
2
- D: ng knh li cp (mm)
- i : B dy cch in cp (mm).
B dy ca cch in cp sau qu trnh th khng b gim 50% so vi b dy
ca cch in cp trc khi th.
S th nghim phng in t.
94
7- Th nghim lo ho lp cch in:
Th nghim c tin hnh theo IEC ( mc 5-1)
Qu trnh lo ho c tin hnh theo IEC 540 ( mc 6-1)
nhit 100 2
o
C trong thi gian 7x 24h.
Cc yu cu trc khi lo ho:
+ Sc cng Ti thiu 10N/mm
2
.
+ dn di Ti thiu 350%.
Cc gi tr trn khng thay i qu 25% cc gi tr ban u.
8- Th nghim sc cng trn dy dn hon chnh:
Dng ti c gii hn 0,2( F02 ) c quy nh theo ISP/ DIS 6892. dn di
c o trn chiu di 250mm.
Th nghim 1 mu cp di 0,5m, cc li c tch ra, lp cch in c bc
v cc dy dn c t vo my kim tra sc cng: khong cch gia cc kp
t nht l 300mm, kp sao cho ti c dn u gia cc dy v lc p ca
chng cng nh cng tt.
Ti gii hn tu thuc theo tng chng loi dy dn. Nu thy t bn trong
hoc gn cc b phn ln cn phi th li.
9- Kim tra sc cng trn ton b cp thnh phm:
Th mt mu cp di 12m c kp c nh ti 2 v tr c cch in v c chiu
di khng nh hn 10m. Ti c tu theo tng chng loi dy dn. Nu thy t
bn trong hoc gn cc b phn ln cn phi th li.
Hnh nh cp vn xon XLPE
LP T CP VN XON
cp trn ct c lp t b h th
No cp trn tng
95
CP VN XON H P (LV-ABC)
Rut dn: Nhm xon p cht.
S rut: 2, 3, 4.
Mt ct danh nh: 16 - 150mm
2
Cp in p: 0,6/1KV
Cch in: XLPE
Cp chu nhit: 90
0
C
CP IN XLPE VIT NAM
(THAM KHO)
CP VN XON TRUNG P (MV-ABC)
Bc cch in XLPE, c si treo chu
lc,
ba rut dn 3 pha c xon thnh
chm.
Mt ct danh nh: 35 - 185mm
2
Cp in p: 11-24KV.
Cch in: XLPE.
Cp chu nhit: 90
0
C
Cp trn ct c lp
hp phn phi in
cp c mi ni chu lc
cp c lm
tip a lp li
96
BNG TRA CU
CP VN XON H P (LV-ABC)
Tit din
danh nh
(mm
2
)
S rut x
s si trong
rut dn
(N x N/dia.)
ng
knh
cch in
ti a
(mm)
ng knh
tng
(gn ng)
(mm)
Lc
ko t
ti thiu
(KN)
Cng
ti a (A)
LV-ABC 16
4 x
7/1,73*
7,9 19,1 8,8 78
LV-ABC 25
4 x
7/2,17*
9,2 22,2 14,0 105
LV-ABC 35
4 x
7/2,56*
10,3 24,9 19,6 125
LV-ABC 50
4 x
7/2,99*
11,9 28,7 28,0 150
LV-ABC 70
4 x
19/2,17*
13,6 32,8 39,2 185
LV-ABC 95
4 x
19/2,56*
15,9 38,4 53,2 225
LV-ABC
120
4 x
19/2,85*
17,5 42,2 67,2 260
LV-ABC
150
4 x
19/3,25*
18,9 45,6 84,4 285
(*) S soi cho php 1 soi, dung knh soi khi chua cn p
97
DY V CP IN LC
DY V CP IN LC BC
CCH IN PE HOC PVC, V BO V PVC
Dng truyn ti v phn phi in
- Rut dn: ng, nhm.
- S rut: 1 - 4.
-
Mt ct danh nh rut dn n
1000mm
2
- Cp in p: 0,6/1KV.
- Cp chu nhit: 70
0
C.
DY V CP IN LC BC
CCH IN XLPE, V BO V PVC
Dng truyn ti v phn phi in.
- Rut dn: ng, nhm
- S rut: 1 - 4.
- Mt ct danh nh rut dn n 1000mm
2
- Cp in p: 0,6/1KV.
-
Khng c hoc c gip kim loi bo v
(SWA, DTA)
- Cp chu nhit: 90
0
C
Tit din
danh
nh
(mm
2
)
S si /
.knh si
(Nxmm)
ng
knh
dy dn
(mm)
ng
knh
tng (mm)
Trng
lng
gn ng
(Kg/100m)
Cng
ti a
(Amp)
CV 11 7/1.4 4,20 6,80 132 75
CV 14 7/1.6 4,80 7,60 169 88
CV 16 7/1.7 5,10 8,10 192 95
CV 25 7/2,14 6,42 9,60 291 115
CV 35 7/2,52 7,56 11,00 395 140
CV 50 19/1,8 9,00 12,60 534 189
CV 70 19/2,14 10,70 14,50 739 215
CV 95 19/2,52 12,60 16,50 1008 260
CV 120 19/2,8 14,00 18,20 1235 324
CV 150 37/2,3 16,10 20,50 1598 384
CV 185 37/2,52 17,64 22,30 1908 405
CV 200 37/2,6 18,20 23,00 2034 443
CV 250 61/2,3 20,70 25,50 2579 518
CV 300 61/2,52 22,68 27,70 3080 570
CV 325 61/2,6 23,40 28,60 3282 596
CV 400 61/2,9 26,10 31,50 4041 660
BNG TRA CU DY V CP IN LC CV
98
BNG CH THCH THUT NG VIT - ANH
Rut dn in Conductor
Bn dn in Semiconductor
Cch in Insulation
Gip kim loi
Insulation
screening/Metalic
Lt y Filler
Bng lin kt Binder tape
V phn cch Separation sheath
Bng thp Flat tape amour
V ngoi Outer sheath
CP CHNG THM Rut dn: ng, nhm.
Cch in: PVC, XLPE
Cht chng thm c ph bn trong ca rut dn in nhm ngn nga s thm
nc theo trc cp, bo v rut dn khng b xm thc n mn v bo v lp cch
in trnh h hng do hi nc pht sinh. Cp h th v trung th treo: Chng thm
rut dn in, cp trung th c mn chn kim loi: Chng thm rut dn hoc
chng thm mn chn kim loi.
99
CP TRUNG P
Bc cch in XLPE, c lp mn chn bn dn. Dng truyn ti in cao
p.
-Rut dn: ng, nhm.
-S rut: 1 - 4.
-Mt ct danh nh rut dn n 1000mm
2
-Cp in p: 3 - 30KV.
-
Khng c hoc c gip kim loi bo v (SWA,
DTA).
-Nhit lm vic di hn: 90
0
C
- Nhit cc i cho php khi ngn mch l:
250
0
C vi thi gian khng qu 5 giy.
XLPE/DTA/PVC Single-core cable Three-core cable
Hnh nh
cp XLPE trung th si n
khng c gip kim loi
100
DY N 1 SI (NHIU SI)
Tit din
danh nh
(mm
2
)
ng knh
dy dn
(mm)
ng
knh
tng
Trng lng
gn ng
(Kg/100m)
Cng
ti a
(Amp)
VC 1.0 1.2 x (7/0,45) 2,8 (3,0) 1,67 19
VC 1.5 1.4 x (7/0,53) 3,0 (3,2) 2,09 23
VC 2.0 1.6 x (7/0,60) 3,2 (3,4) 2,58 27
VC 3.0 2.0 x (7/0,75) 3,6 (3,9) 3,72 35
VC 5.0 2.6 x (7/1,00) 4,6 (5,0) 6,21 48
VC 7.0 3.0 x (7/1,13) 5,0 (5,4) 7,94 57
DY IN DN DNG
Bc cch in PVC, cp chu nhit 70
0
C
DY N, I MM
-Rut dn: ng mm nhiu si xon.
-Mt ct danh nh: 2 x 0,5 - 2 x 2,5mm
2
-Cp in p: 250V
Dng dn in cho cc gia dng loi nh.
DY N 1 SI (NHIU SI)
-Rut dn: 1 si (nhiu si) ng hoc nhm
-Mt ct danh nh: 0,5 - 12mm
2
-Cp in p: 0,6/1KV
Dng lm ng in chnh trong cc cn h
BNG TRA CU
DY I MM
Tit din
danh nh
(mm
2
)
S si /
ng knh si
(Nxmm)
ng knh
tng (mm)
Trng lng
gn ng
(Kg/100m)
Cng
ti a (Amp)
VCm 2 x 0,50 2 x 16/0,20 2,6 x 5,2 2,24 5
VCm 2 x 0,75 2 x 24/0,20 2,8 x 5,6 2,89 7
VCm 2 x 1,00 2 x 32/0,20 3,0 x 6,0 3,45 10
VCm 2 x 1,25 2 x 40/0,20 3,1 x 6,2 3,99 12
VCm 2 x 1,50 2 x 30/0,20 3,2 x 6,4 4,55 14
VCm 2 x 2,50 2 x 50/0,20 3,7 x 7,4 5,59 18
DY N 1 SI (NHIU SI)
Tit din
danh nh
(mm
2
)
ng knh
dy dn (mm)
ng knh
tng
Trng lng
gn ng (Kg/100m)
Cng
ti a
(Amp)
VC 1.0 1.2 x (7/0,45) 2,8 (3,0) 1,67 19
VC 1.5 1.4 x (7/0,53) 3,0 (3,2) 2,09 23
VC 2.0 1.6 x (7/0,60) 3,2 (3,4) 2,58 27
VC 3.0 2.0 x (7/0,75) 3,6 (3,9) 3,72 35
VC 5.0 2.6 x (7/1,00) 4,6 (5,0) 6,21 48
VC 7.0 3.0 x (7/1,13) 5,0 (5,4) 7,94 57
101
Cu hi 61: Trnh by trnh t thi cng mt hp u cp XLPE 1 pha 20- 25kV,
16- 630mm
2
trong nh?
Tr li:
Trnh t thi cng mt hp u cp XLPE 1 pha 20- 25kV, 16- 630mm
2
trong
nh nh sau:
102
103
104
Cu hi 62: Trnh by trnh t thi cng mt hp u cp XLPE 3 pha 20 - 25kV,
16- 630mm
2
trong nh?
Tr li:
Trnh t thi cng mt hp u cp XLPE 3 pha 20- 25kV, 16- 630mm
2
trong
nh nh sau:
np
trng
105
106
107
Cu hi 63: Nu nhng quy nh chung nh gi cht lng dy dn trn dng cho
thi cng ng dy trn khng?
Tr li: Khi x dng cc dy dn trn thi cng cc cng trnh in cn phi
kim tra da trn nhng quy nh sau:
- Tiu chun p dng: TCVN 5064 - 1994, 5064/S1 - 1995, 6483:1999.
- Dy dn phi c b mt ng u khng c khuyt tt m mt thng nhn
thy c. Cc si bn khng chng cho xon gy khng t on cng nh cc
khuyt tt khc cho qu trnh s dng. Ti cc u v cui ca dy bn phi c ai
chng bung xon.
- Cc lp k tip nhau phi ngc chiu nhau v lp xon ngoi cng theo
chiu phi, cc lp xon phi u cht.
- Cc si thp ca dy nhm li thp phi c m thp chng r lp m
phi bm cht khng b bong, nt, tch lp khi th un trn li th c t s gia
ng knh li th v ng knh si thp l:
+ 4mm khi ng knh si thp t 1,5 n 3,4 mm.
- i vi cc dy nhm li thp s dng cho cc vng nhim mn li thp
phi c bi m trung tnh chu nhit chng r. Lp m trung tnh chu nhit phi
ng u, khng c ch khuyt .
- Cc si thp m km ca dy nhm li thp khng c c mi ni bng
bt c gi no.
- Trn mi si bt k s lng mi ni khng c vt qu quy nh nu
trong bng sau. Mt khc, khong cch gia cc mi ni trn cc si khc nhau,
cng nh trn cng mt si khng c nh hn 15 m. Mi ni phi c hn
bng phng php hn chy.
S lp S lng mi ni cho php trn ton b chiu di dy
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
Cu hi 64: Trnh by cc phng php ko dy trong vic thi cng ng dy
in trn khng?
Tr li: C 3 phng php ko dy:
Phng php 1: ko dy bng xe ko
i thi cng ti thiu phi c t 3 ngi lm v mt xe ko dy c ngi
iu khin. Xe ko phi c ti chu lc.
Tng trng lng ca xe ko phi bng 1,5 ln lc cng ca mt dy dn
trong khi ko 3 dy dn.
Tt c cc dy dn phi c xe ko cng mt lc. X dng dy ko ni cc
dy dn vo xe ko.
Dy ko c ni vi xe ko bng cc khp khuyn. Trong khi ko dy, mt
cng nhn c nhim v lin tc theo di cc mi ni gia dy ko v dy
108
dn, mt cng nhn khc lin tc theo di nhng ch ni gia cc b di
khong trng. C hai cng i chm theo sau gim st ko dy v dng cc
bin php bo v dy dn khng b h hng .
t dy ko vo cc pa lng ko dy th xe ko quay ngc li sao cho c
th tho hoc ni li dy ko d dng.
Trc khi cc khong trng cun dy hon ton ht th ngng ko dy v
tho nhng vng cun cui cng c tho ra bng tay.
Dy dn c buc cht v ni vo cc dy dn ko trc hoc vo
cc b di trng mi.
Phng php 2: Ko dy dn in bng thng.
C th tin hnh ko dy thng khi dng ct. i lm vic thng c nhiu
cng nhn, mt ti dy ni v mt xe ph hp. Cng sut ca ti ko dy s
quyt nh vic c th ko c tt c cc dy dn cng mt lc hay khng.
Ti cun dy c cc trng cun dy c t u dy sao cho c th ko
dy d dng nht.
Thng c ko ra t ti v c ni bng cc khp khuyn vo xe ko.
Hai cng nhn vi mt chic xe chuyn dng s ko thng v t thng vo
cc pa lng ko dy. Khi th ht thng ra dy dn s c ni vo thng.
Trong khi ko dy, mt cng nhn theo di nhng mi ni v dy dn, mt
cng nhn theo di mi ni gia cc khong di trng. C hai u i chm
theo sau gim st vic ko dy v tin hnh kim tra bo v dy dn khi b
h hng trong qua trnh ko dy.
Trc khi trng cun dy th ht dy, vic ko dy ngng li v cc vng
dy cun cng c ko ra bng tay. Cc dy dn c buc cht ni vo
nhng dy dn ko trc hoc vo cc khong di trng mi.
Phng php 3: Thay dy dn kt hp dng dy dn c sn lm thng.
i cng thi cng bao gm hai hay nhiu cng nhn, mt ti ko dy ni v
mt xe chuyn dng.
Cc dy dn n sn c tho ra khi c s, cc pa lng ko dy c lp
va kht vo s v dy dn c dch chuyn sang cc pa lng ko dy.
Ti dy c trng cun dy c t u dy sao cho c th tin hnh ko
dy mt cch d dng nht.
Cc dy dn mi c ni vo dy c sn c sau dy mi c ko, ng
thi dy c c ti cun.
Trong khi ko dy c mt cng nhn theo di nhng mi ni gia cc dy
dn c v cc dy dn mi, mt cng nhn khc theo di mi ni gia cc b
di trng. C hai ngi gim st phi i chm sau v tin hnh cc bin php
bo v dy dn khng b h hng.
Trc khi cc khong trng cun dy th ht dy th ngng ko dy v
nhng vng dy cui cng s c tho ra bng tay. Cc dy dn c buc
li, ni vo nhng dy dn ko trc hoc vo cc khong di trng.
Cu hi 65: Trnh by phng php cng dy ly vng trong vic thi cng
ng dy in trn khng?
109
Tr li: Ty theo iu kin thc t dy dn c th c cng dy bng xe ko,
cn trc ... Khi c mt on dy c ko ra, mt u dy c buc vo x,
hoc ni dy cng trc ... u dy kia c ko cng trc tip vo x hoc
cc thit b dy tm thi.
Nu c mt s on v dy dn mt on dy cng ri v c buc vo
thit b dy tm thi th dy dn s c ni v cng ng thi vo lc tho
dy ra khi thit b dy tm thi.
to iu kin cng thm dy dn, cc dy dn c cng s c chuyn
t thit b dy tm thi sang v tr c nh vo ct ln cn theo hng ko
dy.
Dy dn c cng trc vo khong 10% i vi dy ACSR, v 30% vi dy
hp kim nhm cao hn gi tr cho trong bng tra v vng cho php ca dy.
Bng v vng dy bao gm:
+ cc gi tr v cng dy, vng i vi cc khong cch gia cc ct khc
nhau.
+ cc gi tr v cng dy, vng ti mt khong cch ct thng thng nht
nh nhit mi trng xung quanh khc nhau.
c c cng dy chnh xc, phi kim tra chng dy ti mt khong
cch ct vo khong 2/3 khong cch t v tr cng dy. Ch rng lc cng dy
nu ra trong bng vng dy l lc nm ngang.
Lc P < P1
C th tnh lc P1 nh sau:
Nu gc nghing so vi ct l 30
0
th P1 = P : 0,5
0
th P1 = P : 0,7
0
th P1 = P : 0,87
vng dy mt khong cch ct ngoi bng chng dy c tnh
theo cng thc:
b1 = b2
Trong : b1 = vng mi.
a1
a2
P l lc cng dy
P1 l lc ko dy
b
gc nghing
110
b2 = vng theo bng v vng dy
a1= khong cch ct mi
a2= khong cch ct theo bng vng dy.
Cu hi 66: Trnh by k thut buc dy trn s ?
Tr li: Buc dy trn s l mt vic bt buc phi lm dy dn c gi c
nh trn vt liu cch in. Theo cp in p khc nhau s cch in c hnh
dng, kch thc khc nhau nhng cch buc dy trn s u ging nhau.
Cng vic phi c lm ngay sau khi cng dy.
Trc khi buc dy ton b tuyn dy lin quan phi c lm tip a
phng c in p xut hin trn ng dy do cm ng, do st nh ...
Cng vic phi c bt u t v tr ct gc v cc v tr ct trn mt bng
khng bng phng, a hnh phc tp, li lm.
Cc dy buc phi l cc dy mi, khng cho php dng li nhng dy buc
dng ri.
Dy buc phi c la chn quy nh theo mu ca nh my.
C 2 cch buc dy trn s l
+ Buc dy bn cnh s.
+ Buc dy trn nh s.
1. Buc dy cnh s:
Trnh t buc dy
t dy dn vo c s.
Qun dy buc quanh c sao cho hai u dy buc nm di c s.
Qun dy buc 1,5 vng quanh dy dn.
Li qun dy buc quanh s v a hai u dy buc ra pha trn dy dn.
Qun dy buc 1,5 vng quanh dy dn.
Li qun dy buc quanh s v a hai u dy buc ra pha di dy dn.
Qun dy buc 14 vng quanh dy dn.
u dy buc phi c xit cht vo dy dn. Dy buc phi c ct st v
vung gc vi b dy dn.
V tr t dy s phi nm pha c s sao cho dy
dn lun lun ta vo c s mt cch t nhin m
khng b tt khi c s, do trc khi t dy vo
c s phi xc nh c v tr ca ct ang lm l ct
gc, ct chuyn hng hay l ct trung gian...v
hng i ca dy dn trn tuyn. Nu s v tr thng
tuyn th dy dn trn c s phi nm pha ct.
111
2. Buc dy trn nh s:
Trnh t buc dy
t dy dn vo rnh trn cng ca s.
Ko dy buc cho qua dy dn v song song vi hng dy dn.
Qun 2 vng quanh dy dn v c 2 pha.
Vng dy buc quanh c s sau a dy buc v pha trc dy dn.
Tip tc qun 2 vng quanh dy dn v 2 pha. Lp li thao tc nh trn cho
3 ln x 2 vng.
Kt thc bng cch qun 14 vng quanh dy dn v 2 pha.
u dy buc phi c xit cht vo dy dn. Dy buc phi c ct st v
vung gc vi b dy dn.
Hnh v
m t cch buc
dy bn cnh s
V tr t dy s phi nm pha trn nh s
sao cho dy dn lun lun nm trong rnh trn
nh s mt cch t nhin m khng b tt khi
nh s, do trc khi t dy vo phi iu
chnh rnh trn nh s trng vi phng ko dy
Hnh v
m t cch buc dy trn nh s
112
Cu hi 67: Trnh by k thut buc dy trn s bng dy buc ch to theo
mu sn ti nh my?
Tr li:
Buc dy trn s bng dy buc ch to theo mu sn ti nh my c
dng ph bin v c a chung. C hai loi dy buc:
+ loi dy kim loi trn dng lm dy buc cho dy dn trn hoc
cho dy dn bc cch in b bc trn cch in ti ch buc
+ loi dy kim loi bc cch in.
Ch c php dng dy buc cha qua x dng.
Buc dy phi cht m bo lin kt tt gia dy buc, dy dn, s nhng khng
c lm x xc dy dn hoc lm tn thng n lp v cch in chu thi tit
ca dy dn ti ch buc dy.
Sau khi buc xong, u ca dy buc phi nm pha di dy dn.
Hnh v 63- 1
buc dy trn cnh s bng dy buc mu do nh my ch to
Du sn ch c dy dn
Du sn ch c c s
113
Hnh v 63- 2
buc dy trn nh s bng dy buc mu do nh my ch to
Hnh v 63-3
buc dy bc cnh s bng dy buc mu do nh my ch to
hnh v 63-4- 1
hnh v 63-4- 2
Hnh v 63-4-3
buc dy bc nh s bng dy buc mu do nh my ch to
114
1. Buc bn cnh: ( xem hnh v 63- 1 )
t dy ln pha trong s ti mt gc sao cho ct pha ngoi gc.
t mt dy dn trn mt ngoi s ti mt gc sao cho ct in pha trong
gc.
Dy dn lun lun ta t nhin vo s m khng cn s h tr no v lc
.
Nu s v tr thng tuyn th dy dn trn c s phi nm pha ct.
Trnh t buc dy
a. Buc bng dy kim loi trn
t dy buc quanh s.
Bt u cun trn nhnh dy trn cng trc. Xon quanh s gn nht
trc ri qun hai vng trc khi bt u nhnh th hai.
Qun xong c hai nhnh v cc u kho an ton ng ch
b. Buc bng dy kim loi bc
t dy buc quanh s.
Cun c 2 nhnh quanh dy dn v hon thnh quy trnh buc
( xem hnh v 63- 3 )
2. Buc trn nh s:
Trnh t buc dy
a. Buc bng dy kim loi trn
t dy dn vo khe trn cng ca s.
t dy buc sao cho nhnh dy c nh du (trn du gn ch dy
vng ) pha trn dy dn.
Qun ht nhnh dy c du sn vo dy dn.
t dy buc th hai xung di dy dn v gia nhnh qun v
cha qun ca dy buc c lp mt phn lc u, tng t nh
dy buc u tin vi vt sn nh du pha trn dy dn.
Qun dy buc vo dy dn.
Kt thc bng cch qun cc nhnh khng nh du ca c 2 dy buc
( xem hnh v 63- 2)
b. Buc bng dy kim loi bc nha.(xem hnh v 63- 4 -1, 2, 3)
t dy dn vo rnh trn cng ca nh s.
t dy buc ln trn dy dn v a c 2 nhnh xung di dy dn
Qun cc nhnh dy buc 1800 theo chiu kim ng h buc cht
dy dn vo khe s
Cun cc nhnh dy buc quanh dy dn kt thc vic buc dy
Cu hi 68- Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h am pe km?
Tr li:
1. ng h am pe km c 3 cng dng sau:
115
2. Phng php s dng ng h:
a- o dng in xoay chiu:
Chn thang o dng in thch hp trn mt ACA bng cch iu chnh chuyn
mch chn thang o trn mt ACA .
M nt kho kim.
M hng km kp lng dy dn c dng in chy qua.
ng nt kho kim c nh kim nu thy kh c tr s ngay lc o.
Ly kt qu o nhn vi h s nhn tm kt qu thc.
b- o in p xoay chiu:
Chn thang o dng in thch hp trn mt ACV bng cch iu chnh
chuyn mch chn thang o trn mt ACV.
Chc que o in p ca am pe km vo 2 im mang in cn o in p.
3. o in tr mt chiu:
Lp thm mt b pin ngoi c in p 1,5V hoc 9V.
Chn thang o ph hp vi mc in tr thch hp trn mt O bng cch iu
chnh chuyn mch thang o trn mt O.
Cm hai si dy o vo 2 l cm trn am pe km, dy mu vo cc dng
(+), dy mu en vo cc m (-)
iu chnh kim o v 0 bng cch chp tt que o sau chinh kim v tr s 0
bng cch vn nm iu chnh khng thn ng h.
Dy o
Chuyn mch
thang o
Nt kho kim
iu chnh
khng
Vt chnh
cn bng
o dng in xoay chiu AC
t vi am pe n vi nghn am pe.
o c in p xoay chiu
AC t vi chc von n vi trm
von.
o c in tr mt chiu
(in tr thun R) t vi O n
vi chc kO.
ACA
ACV
O
Mt ngoi ng h am pe km
116
V tr ng vi gi tr in tr v cng ln, tng ng vi trng thi h
mch.
Cu hi 69: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h vn nng?

Tr li:
1. ng h vn nng c 4 cng dng sau:
o in p 1 chiu DCV t vi von n vi trm vn.
o in p xoay chiu ACV t vi von n vi trm vn.
o in tr 1 chiu t vi O n vi trm kO.
o dng in 1 chiu t vi mA n vi A.
2. Phng php s dng ng h:
Trc khi s dng ng h phi chnh kim ng h v v tr 0 bng vt chnh
khng.
R
Tch ring 2 dy dn cm in in tr thun
o dng in o in p o in tr mt chiu
- Thang o
- Vt chnh cn bng
- Nt chnh 0.
- Chuyn mch chn thang o
- L cm dy o (+)
- L cm dy o (-)
Mt ngoi ng h vn nng
117
o in tr 1 chiu O:
+ Lp thm pin bn trong.
+ Ct in vo in tr trc khi o.
+ Tch 1 u in tr cn o trnh sai s.
+ Ch phi t que o vo nt +, t que o en vo nt -.
+ Chp tt que o v chnh 0.
+ Ni hai u que o vo in tr cn o.
+ c tr s o trn ng h ri nhn vi h s nhn.
o dng in 1 chiu:
+ Mun o dng in xoay chiu i qua mt tr khng cn phi gi in
p 1 chiu t vo mch in.
+ Tch ri mch u sau chnh mch ng h vn nng sang v tr o
dng in c tr s thch hp.
+ u que o dng in vo hai u ca mch in va tch ra.
+ c tr s trn thang o tng ng.
+ Ch : Khi o dng in mt chiu d b nhm ln vi php o in p
1 chiu, nu chc 2 u que o vo hai cc in p m khng c in
tr rt d hng ng h.
o in p mt chiu DCV:
+ Chn thang o thch hp trn thang o DCV
bng cch chuyn mch thang o v v tr
DCV, tr s trn chuyn mch l tr s ln
nht ca thang o.
+ Cm hai si dy o vo hai l cm trn vn
nng k, dy cm vo l P, dy en cm
vo l N. Ni hai u dy vo hai u cn o
in p 1 chiu, ch n cc tnh (+, -) nu
thy kim ch ngc th phi o cc tnh ca
que o.
+ c s ch trn mt ng h ri nhn vi h
s nhn cho kt qu ng.
o in p xoay chiu ACV:
+ Chn thang o thch hp trn thang o ACV
bng cch chuyn mch thang o v v tr
ACV, tr s trn chuyn mch l tr s ln
nht ca thang o.
+ Tin hnh php o ging nh o in p 1
chiu.
o in p xoay chiu
o in p mt chiu
118
Cu hi 70: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h Te r mt?
Tr li: Te r mt l mt ng h chuyn dng o in tr tip a ca trm
bin p, ng dy v h thng ni t chng st.
Phng php s dng ng h nh sau:
1. Lp 1 b pin 4,5V vo ng h.
2. S dng mt trong hai s u dy trn o in tr tip t.
S 3 dy ng vi trng hp in tr tip t nh.
S 4 dy ( cc 1 v 2 ni tt ) ng vi trng hp in tr tip t ln.
3. Phi ng thm hai cc lm bng thp trn u10 u12 di 0,7 1m theo nh
khong cch quy nh trn s :
1 cc d (3) cn gi l cc in p.
1 cc ph (B) cn gi l cc dng in.
4. ng h Te r mt phi t cn bng trn mt t sau dng dy in mm
c bc cch in u dy theo mt trong 2 s trn.
5. Kim tra ng h Te r mt trc khi o theo trnh t:
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr Control 5O. Lc kim ch th lch khi v
tr cn bng.
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng.
S 4 dy, Rt ln S 3 dy, Rt nh
ng h Te r mt M- 416T
Nt nhn ngun in
Kim bo 0
Nm xoay in tr
Cc cc u dy
4 3 2 1
Control 5O
X1
X5
X20
X50
K
Rx R3 RB
> 20 >10m
1 2 3 4
Rx
> 20
R3
1 2 3 4
>10m
RB
cc
ph
cc
d
cc
tip a
cc
ph
cc
d
cc
tip a
ct in ct in
119
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr l 5O, kim ch th tr li
ng v tr cn bng th ng h Te r mt lm vic tt.
6. o in tr tip a theo trnh t:
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr m c gii hn o ln nht hoc v tr c
on m Rx nm trong khong gi tr .
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng. Nt nhn
K phi c nhn v gi nguyn nh vy cho n khi kim ch th tr li v v tr
cn bng.
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr ph hp vi vic kim ch
th tr li ng v tr cn bng th dng li.
Kt qu o ca in tr tip t c c trn nm xoay in tr.
Cu hi 71: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h m gm mt?
Tr li: m gm mt l mt ng h chuyn dng o in tr cch in.
M gm mt c 3 cc u dy c k hiu l:
Cc L cn gi l cc ng dy c u vo i tng o.
Cc G cn gi l cc bo v c dng khi o in tr cch in ca cp
in, c u vo phn cch in gia li cp v v ngai ca cp.
Cc E cn gi l cc ni t c ni vi v my ca i tng o.
C loi m gm mt ghi k hiu theo n v o kO hay MO.
M gm mt loi mi khng dng my pht in quay tay m dng pin hoc c
quy qua b kch hot tng c in p ln cao ti 2500V 1 chiu. Cch s dng
loi m gm mt ny vn nh loi c ch khc l thay vic quay tay bng vic nhn
nt ngun in c quy.
Nu dng m gm mt kiu tay quay th tc quay ca m gm mt s l
80V/pht n 120V/pht Phi quay vi tc n nh cho n khi kim ch th
ng yn mi c c kt qu o. Khi dng o xong phi kh in tch d trn
vt o bng cch tch cc L ra khi i tng o v ch c chm vo i tng
o khi tip t vt o.
M gm mt l c cu to bao gm 1 my pht in
1 chiu quay tay c cng sut nh, c kh nng to ra
in p 1 chiu in p l 500V, 1000V, 2500V dng
lm ngun in cung cp cho c cu o l loi t l
k in t. in tr cn o c u song song hoc
ni tip vo m gm mt qua mt cng tc chuyn
i. Nu mun o in tr nh c kO th gt sang
phi, lc ny Rx u song song vi cun dy ca c
cu o. Nu mun o in tr ln MO th gt sang
tri, lc ny Rx u ni tip vi cun dy ca c cu
o. Rx l in tr cn o.
Vo i
tng o
Vo i
tng o
120
Cu hi 72: Nu quy nh v kch thc ti thiu khi t cp v khong cch ti
thiu ca cp ngm trung th n cc cng trnh ngm khc?
Tr li:
1- Cc bn v tiu chun li trung th ngm ch th hin hnh dng kch thc
xy dng v b tr cng trnh cp. n v thit k phi tnh ton c th cc kt
cu chu lc ca cng trnh, xc nh quy cch v nu r phng php kt qu tnh.
2- Cc kch thc b tr cp c chn theo ng quy nh " Quy phm trang b
in" ban hnh theo quyt nh s 507- L/TK ngy 22/12/1984 ca B Trng
B in Lc, c th cc kch thc ti thiu theo quy nh sau:
a- i vi b tr trong cng trnh cp:
Cc cng trnh cp l cc cng trnh dnh ring t cp, cc hp ni cp.
Cc cng trnh gm c:
- Hm cp
- Ging cp
- Mng cp
- Khi ng cp...
Khong cch gia cc cp vi nhau theo bng sau:
TN CC KCH THC
KCH THC TI THIU KHI T CP (mm)
TRONG HM CP &
TRONG GIAN CP
TRONG MNG CP
Chiu cao 1800 Theo thit k
Khong cch ngang gia cc
gi (kt cu) khi t gi
c 2 pha.
1000 300
Khong cch ngang t gi
n tng khi t gi 1
pha.
900 300
Khong cch thng ng gia
cc gi ngang:
a/ Khi gi c t 2 n 4
cp lc
250 200
b/ Khi gi c trn 4 cp
lc
0,6 chiu di cng
son gi
0,6 chiu di cng son
gi
Khong cch gia cc gi
theo chiu di cng trnh
800-1000 800-1000
MO MO
n v o l kO
n v o l MO
121
Khong cch thng ng v
khong cch nm ngang gia
cc cp lc.
> 100 > 100
b/ Cc khong cch t cp n cccng trnh khc:
Cc khong cch t cp n cc cng trnh khc theo bng sau
TN CC CNG TRNH NGM
KHC
CC KHONG CCH TI THIU ( mm )
x [x] y [y]
Nn mng nh, mng ct, mng
cng trnh xy dng.
Cp thng tin
ng cp nc, thot nc
ng dn du, kh t.
ng dn hi nng
ng st(*)
600
500
500
1000
KCP
3000
600
500
200
1000
2000
2000
KCP
500
500
KCP
KCP
KCP
TKCT
500
250
500
2000
1000
Trong :
+ X.[X]: L khng cch ti thiu t cp ngm trung th. [t mng b tng
hoc ng cha cp] n mt phng ng b tr cng trnh ngm khc i song song
vi tuyn cp.
+ Y[Y]: L khong cch ti thiut cp ngm trung th [t mng b tng
hoc ng cha cp] n mt phng ngang b tr cng trnh ngm khc i song song
vi tuyn cp.
+ i vi trng hp giao cho, c php x dng kch thc Y khi cp t
trong mng b tng hoc trong ng t nht trn on giao cho v cng thm 2 m
v mi pha.
+ KCP: L khng cho php b tr.
TKCT: L trong cc trng hp c th, thit k phi tnh ton v thit k chi tit.
+ (*) L thng thng phi t ngoi phm vi ng st. Trong cc trng
hp c bit, ch p dng kch thc theo bng ny khi c s tho thun ca c
quan qun l ng st.
Cu 73: T s bin p kU ca my bin p l g? Cch kim tra t s bin ca my
bin p?
Tr li: My bin p lm nhim v bin i in p t U1 thnh U2,
122
Nu my bin p tng p th U2 ln hn U1.
Nu my bin p h p th U2 nh hn U1.
in p t l thun vi s vng qun dy ca my bin p
Nu my bin p tng p th W2 ln hn W1.
Nu my bin p h p th W2 nh hn W1.
Quan h gia in p U v s vng dy Wc xc nh bng h s kU c
gi l t s bin p
U1 W1
kU = = (1)
U2 W2
T s bin kU ca my bin p c tnh bng U1/U2 cho ta bit mc chnh
lch in p trn cc cun dy trong mt my bin p.
Cch kim tra t s bin ca my bin p?
Dng ng h o in p trn cc u cc my bin p, sau dng biu thc (1)
tnh kU, t s bin l mt tiu chun k thut quan trng ho song song cc
my bin p
Cu hi 74: Trnh by cch lp t mt t in h th?
Tr li : T phn phi h th dng cung cu in trc tip cho cc h tiu th,
n thng c t trong trm bin p, trong nh, trn tng ngoi tri, trn ct
in. V t in c cu to bng kim loi hoc bng compuzt.
Trong t in thng lp cc thit b in h th:
Cu dao hoc p t mt tng.
Cu dao hoc p t mt nhnh.
Cng t in.
TI h th.
3 ng h Am pe, 1 ng h Von.
Kho chuyn mch Von k.
n tin hiu.
Dy dn v cu u dy.
Cch lp t:
Cc thit b cn phi c lp t hon chnh bn trong t in.
Khong cch treo t in tnh t y t ti v tr thao tc khng nh hn
1,2m. Khi lun dy cp qua y t phi ch khng c dy b xy
sc v cch in, l lun cp phi c thm lp cch in tng cng.
Kim tra t in t in trc khi lp t : T ngoi tri phi c ging chng
ma, l thng gi. Cc t in tng phi lm ngn chng tn tht
( cc b TI v cng t tng phi c t trong mt khoang ring).
T phi treo cn bng.
Cc cng t in phi treo cn bng trn t in.
Cc chi tit st nm ngi tri phi c m km. sn tnh in.
Cu hi 75: Trnh by cch lp t mt hp cng t in h th?
Tr li :
123
Hp cng t lm nhim v che chn bo v cho cng t in, do phi
c lm bng vt liu c kt cu bn vng, chc chn, chu c iu kin
ma nng ngoi tri khng b ph hu. C kh nng chng ly trm in, d
c tr s cng t.
Cch lp t cng t:
+ Phi chn v tr t hp cng t thun tin cho vic lp t treo tho,
kim tra, c tr s cng t.
+ Hp cng t cn phi c lp t cn bng ti lm vic.
+ Cc cng t phi c treo cn bng trong hp v c phng treo
cng t vung gc vi mt t.
+ Cc hp cng t c v st phi lm tip a cho tng v hp cng t.
Cu hi 76- C my loi s cch in trn ng dy? Nu cc c tnh k thut
ca s cch in?
c tnh chung: S cng, gin, chu nhit cao, t thm nc, thm kh,chu
c tc dng ca khng kh v dung mi ho cht. Chu in p cao t 10
30V/mm, = 10
14
10
15
Ocm, s cch in bng polyme c c tnh cch in
cao, trng lng ring s 1/10 trng lng ring loi s cch in thu tinh hoc s
gm.
1- Cch in :
Cch in c ch to theo tiu hun TCVN IEC 383, 471,720 hoc cc
tiu chun tng ng.
Cht lng b mt s cch in:
S cu dao ng dy S chui cch in bng
thu tinh
S chng st
S kim S cu ch t ri S chui cch in bng polyme
124
B mt cch in tr nhng ch gn chn kim loi phi c ph mt lp
men u, mt men phi lng bng, khng c vt gn r rt, vt men khng c
nt, nhn.
Men cch in khng c c vt rn nt, st, r cv c hin tng nung sng.
Ty s km bu lng ai c vng m phi c m km nhng nng, chiu dy
lp m khng c nh hn 80m. Lin h gia ty s cch in v cch in bng
ren. Phn ren phi c bc ch chng r st (tuyt i khng dng lin kt trc
tip bng xi mng). Chiu di ren cng nh kch thc ty s phi m bo lc ph
hu c hc ca s khi chu un.
Cch in phi c k hiu trn b mt cch in (Khng b m do thi gian s
dng).
Cc thng s k thut khc phi tho mn yu cu bng sau:
Thng s k thut n v Yu cu
in p lm vic cc i kV 24 38,5
Chiu di ng r trn b mt( khng nh hn) mm 530 720
Lc ph hu c hc ca cch in khi chu un
(khng nh hn)
kN 13 16
in p duy tr tn s ngun 1 pht trng thi kh kV 75 110
in p duy tr tn s ngun 10 giy ma nhn to kV 55 85
in p nh thng kV 160 200
in p chu xung st nh mc 1,2/ 50s (BIL) kV 125 190
2- Cch in treo:
Dng tiu chun TCVN, IEC 305, 471, 1109 hoc cc tiu chun tng ng.
Cht lng b mt cch in treo: B mt cch in treo khng c c cc
khuyt tt sau: Cc np nhn r rt, cc tp cht l, bt h, vt rn, nt, r v v.
Cc ph kin, chi tit bng thp i km theo cch in treo phi c m km
nhng nng, chiu dy lp m khng c nh hn 80m. Cc chi tit v ph kin
km theo phi c ch to m bo ph hp vi lc ph hu c hc ca cch
in.
Chui cch in treo phi m bo mtnu bt vo x v mt u bt vo no (
hoc ) dy dn.
cc thng s k thut khc phi tho mn yu cu bng sau:
Thng s k thut n v Yu cu
in p lm vic cc i kV 24 38,5
Chiu di ng r trn b mt( khng nh hn) mm 640 838
Lc ph hu c hc ca cch in khi chu un
(khng nh hn)
kN 40 140
in p duy tr tn s ngun 1 pht trng thi
kh
kV 120 165
125
in p duy tr tn s ngun 10 giy ma nhn
to
kV 65 90
in p chu xung st nh mc 1,2/ 50s (BIL) kV peak 200 245
Ghi ch:
1- Trng hp s dng s chui cch in treo 24kV, 35kV gm nhiu bt cch
in ch to theo tiu chun IEC305, 383 (hoc cc tiu chun tng ng) ghp
li, n v thit k phi tnh ton s bt s cch in trong mt chui v phi c
bin bn th nghim chng t cc thng s k thut m bo cc yu cu trn.
2- Lc ph hu c hc ca chui cch in chn chung l 40kN. i vi cc
khong vt c bit, khong vt quan trng n v t vn thit k phi tnh ton
kim tra a ra c lc ph hu c hc thch hp ca chui cch in.
Cu hi 77- Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng t v pa lng?
Tr li: Cch dng ct bng t v pa lng nh sau:
o h mng m bo kch thc theo thit k.
Kim tra t v Pa lng cho ph hp vi chiu di ct v ti trng ct.
T phi c dng cn i trn ming h mng, gc nghing ban u ca t l
60
0
. Chn t phi c k chng ln.
Ct nm ngang h mng theo chiu dng ct.
Ko xch pa lng vi tc u, chnh cho ct ln thng u, khi ct in ln
cao c 10
0
th dng li kim tra li, sau lp x, s.
Dng tip ln cao c gc nghing 75
0
th rt xch chm li, iu chnh chn
ct ri t t xung h mng.
Khi ct ng thng th rt chng xch pa lng mt cht v kt hp dng dy
qui, n di iu chnh cho tim ct trng tim h mng.
Dng qu ri kim tra s thng ng ca ct.
Dng thng no c nh ct. V tr ng cc no phi cch tm h mng mt
khong ln hn thn ct phng tai nn nu ct b .
Chn h mng v b tng mng theo thit k.
Tho d t khi v tr dng ct.
Gi nguyn thng chng no c nh ct cho n khi b tng ng cng.
Cu hi 78- Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng chc kt hp vi ti?
Tr li: Cch dng ct bng chc kt hp vi ti nh sau:
ti
G hm
Dy cp ti
chn chc
ct in
126
o h mng m bo kch thc theo thit k.
Vn chuyn ct vo v tr h mng, chn ct nm gn tm h mng..
Kim tra chc, dy ti v ti m bo tt.
Dng thng no c nh ct. V tr ng cc no cch tm mng mt khong
ln hn 1,5 ln thn ct phng tai nn nu ct b .
t ti, chc, g hm chn ct nm trn ng thng.
2 chn chc phi c k lt chc chn, gc nghing hai chn chc khong t
40
0
n 60
0
chia u theo ng tm i qua h mng, Dng ti quay tay hay
dng lc ca my ko dy ti.
t chc c gc nghing ban u 75
0
so vi mt t pha t ct.
Khi pht lnh th phi quay ti vi tc u, ln ti cao 10
0
th dng quay
kim tra v lp x, s.
Khi ct ln n cao m gc nghing t 75
0
so vi mt t th quay ti chm
li v chnh cho chn ct t t tt xung h mng sau tip tc dng thng
ct.
Khi ct ng thng th dng dy qui, n di iu chnh cho tim ct trng tim
h mng.
Dng qu ri kim tra s thng ng ca ct.
Dng thng no c nh ct.
Chn h mng v b tng mng theo thit k.
Tho d chc v ti ra khi v tr dng ct.
Gi nguyn dy thng chng no c nh ct cho n khi b tng ng cng.
Cu hi 79- Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng xe tr cu?
Tr li: Cch dng ct bng xe tr cu nh sau:
o h mng m bo kch thc
theo thit k.
Vn chuyn ct vo v tr h mng,
a chn ct nm gn tm h mng.
Chn loi xe cu c cng sut
nng ct, tr cu ca xe cu c cao
ph hp vi chiu di ct.
Xe cu di chuyn t t a ct vo l
ct.
Chnh cho tm ct trng vi tm l ct
sau dng dy cho chng buc c
nh gi cho ct lun vung gc vi
mt t.V tr ng cc no cch tm h
mng mt khong ln hn thn ct
phng tai nn nu ct b .
Chn v b tng mng ct theo ng
thit k, khi b tng ng kt mi
c tho d dy chng.
Xe tr cu
Ct in
127
Cu hi 80- Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng thang?
Tr li: Cch dng ct bng thang nh sau:
Dng ct in bng thang dng sc ngi l chnh.
Cng vic cn chun b:
+ o h mng ct.
+ Di chuyn ct vo v tr chn ct nm cnh tim h mng.
+ o mt ng m ti h mng ngay di ct dn hng cho ct ri
vo h mng.
+ Chn v tr ng 4 cc no tm i xng qua tm h mng v i xng
theo hng dng ct.
+ Chun b 2 n 3 ci thang tre chu lc tt, di t 3m n 5m. dng loi
thang c ai thp tng cng.
+ 4 dy cho loi to c ng knh d > u 20 hm buc vo thn ct ti v tr
2/3 thn ct tnh t pha chn ct tnh ln.
+ ng 3 cc st no L 70x70x7 chiu di > 2m c 1 u vt nhn 1 u c
mc hm. V tr ng cc no phi thun li cho vic ko dy, cc gia
phi trng vi phng t ct in v cch tm h mng mt khong ln
hn 1,5 ln thn ct phng tai nn nu ct b . Pha i din phi
ng 1 n 2 cc hm dy.
+ 2 Ba t 5 cn dng ng cc no.
Cch dng ct:
+ Khi dng ct bng thang phi tun th theo mt hiu lnh ch huy thng
nht, ngi ch huy phi bit vic v phi c kh nng quan st tt.
+ Dng sc ngi nng u ct, dng dy cho va ko va hm ct, n mt
cao nht nh dng cc thang tre chng k pha u ct, chiu chng
thang phi trng vi hng dng ct, chn thang phi c t vo v tr cn
bng khng b ln, lt.
+ Khi chn ct lt vo di h mng th dng dy ko kt hp vi cc thang
tre nng dn cao ca ct,
+ u thang tre phi t vo ct pha di v tr buc dy v nhch dn u
thang v pha chn ct,
+ chn thang phi dch chuyn dn v pha h mng,
+ iu chnh nghing ca chn thang ph hp vi nghing ct sao cho
lc chng ct c li nht.
+ Nng ct n u iu chnh dy hm n .
+ Khi ct nghing c 75
0
th bt u chnh tm ct trng tm h mng.
+ Tip tc dng thang v dy cho va y va ko, chnh dy no cho ct
vung gc vi mt t.
+ Dng dy di kim tra vung gc ca ct.
+ D thang, gi nguyn dy no ct.
+ Chn b tng v b tng mng ct.
128
+ Ch c tho dy no ct khi b tng ng kt.
Cu hi 81- Mng ct in dng vt liu g? Th no l mc b tng, liu lng
pha trn nh th no?
Tr li:
1- Mng ct in lm bng b tng l hn hp ca cc vt liu: Ct, si, dm,
gch v, xi mng, nc sch khng c ho cht n mn.
a- Ct:
Yu cu sch, khng c bi t, ct bn lm gim s dnh kt ca va xi mng
vi si hay ct thp.
Khng ln tp cht xm thc xi mng v d mui, nc... ct phi m bo tiu
chun sau:
+ Lng t khng qu 5%.
+ Lng mui sun pht khng qu 1%.
b- Si dm, gch v:
Si: Si thng c mu vng nht, trng, xm, en. Si tt c mu vng nht,
trng thng thuc nhm cng. Loi si en khng cng m li rn. Si trn
nh qu trng th khng tt v kh nng kt dnh ca chng km. Si c hnh dng
dt, b mt nhm tt hn hoc trn, c kh nng dnh kt cao.
dm: c nghin t cc cc tng ln. dm tt c sn xut t cc
loi gc tt cha b phong ho.
Gch v:
Gch v dng trong b tng mc thp t mc 75# tr ln. V gch v d b ht
nc nn trc khi trn b tng phi ti nc cho gch v, m bo khi trn
gch khng ht nc ca va b tng.
c- Xi mng: Xi mng hin nay c nhiu loi, ta hay dng loi xi mng Pooc
lng thng thng mc 200, 300, 400.
Dng ct in bng cc thang tre
7
0
ct in
thang tre
Dy cho
75
0
129
d- Nc: Dng trn b tng. Nc trn b tng yu cu phi sch,
khng c ho cht n mn. Lng sun phua rch SO4 khng vt qu 2,7g/lt, cc
loi mui khng qu 5g/ lit. khng c du m, khng c ph sa.
2- Mc b tng v liu lng pha trn b tng:
a) Mc b tng:
Mc b tng l sc chu nn ca cc mu b tng hnh lp phng. Hin nay ta
thng dng mc b tng ct: 150, 200, 300, 400.
B tng c mc cao th cng chu nn cao. V d mc b tng 200 tc l n
co sc chu nn 200 kg/cm2.
b) Liu pha trn:
T l thnh phn b tng l lng si hay , ct, xi mng, nc trong 1 m3 b
tng c b phn k thut tnh ton xc nh. Nu thay i hoc lm khng
ng t l xc nh lmnh hng n cng b tng.
V d: Tnh theo th tch (1 ; 2,9; 5,2; N/X = 0,8).
Gi th tch xi mng bng 1.
Th tch ct bng 2,9 ln xi mng.
Th tch ct bng 2,9 ln xi mng.
Nc t l: Nc/ Xi mng = 0,8.
Bng chn vt liu b tng theo mc b tng
tt c im ca ct liu Mc
b
tng
Mc xi
mng
Vt liu cho 1m
3
b tng
XM(kg) Ct(m
3
) (m
3
)
1 Ct vng, si c
kch thc vin ln
nht
s 15mm
75
100
150
200
300
400
300
400
300
400
400
500
216
184
256
337
278
316
336
228
0,32
0,395
0,36
0,38
0,33
0,35
0,33
0,37
0,73
0,74
0,72
0,731
0,73
0,71
0,72
0,7
2 Ct vng, si c
kch thc vin ln
nht s 20mm
75
100
150
200
300
300
400
300
400
300
400
400
500
500
210
180
247
208
325
285
325
282
370
0,33
0,37
0,39
0,41
0,35
0,37
0,37
0,36
0,32
0,72
0,7
0,79
0,72
0,73
0,72
0,72
0,72
0,721
3 Ct vng, si c
kch thc vin ln
nht s 30mm
75
100
300
400
300
400
203
174
239
201
0,4
0,41
0,38
0,4
0,73
0,72
0,74
0,735
130
150
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
214
260
314
272
358
0,36
0,38
0,36
0,37
0,34
0,73
0,72
0,72
0,71
0,72
Cu hi 82- Nu nhng quy nh chung nh gi cht lng dy dn trn dng
cho thi cng ng dy trn khng?
Tr li: Khi x dng cc dy dn trn thi cng cc cng trnh in cn phi
kim tra da trn nhng quy nh sau:
- Tiu chun p dng : TCVN 5064 - 1994, 5064/S1 - 1995, 6483 : 1999.
- Dy dn phi c b mt ng u khng c khuyt tt m mt thng nhn
thy c. Cc si bn khng chng cho xon gy hay t on cng nh cc
khuyt tt khc cho qu trnh s dng. Ti cc u v cui ca dy bn phi c cc
ai chng bung xon.
- Cc lp k tip nhau phi ngc chiu nhau v lp xon ngoi cng theo
chiu phi, cc lp xon phi u v cht.
- Cc si thp ca dy nhm li thp phi c m km chng r lp m
phi bm cht khng b bong, nt, tch lp khi th un trn li th c t s gia
ng knh li th v ng knh si thp l:
- i vi cc dy nhm li thp s dng cho cc vng nhim mn li thp
phi c bi m trung tnh chu nhit chng r. Lp m trung tnh chu nhit phi
ng u, khng c ch khuyt .
- Cc si thp m km ca dy nhm li thp khng c c mi ni bng
bt c gi no.
- Trn mi si bt k s lng mi ni khng c vt qu quy nh nu
trong bng sau. Mt khc, khong cch gia cc mi ni trn cc si khc nhau,
cng nh trn cng mt si khng c nh hn 15 m. Mi ni phi c hn
bng phng php hn chy.
S lp S lng mi ni cho php trn ton b chiu di dy
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
Cu hi 83- Hy trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic chung ca cng t in
t?
Tr li:
1- Aguyen ly lm viec:
Cong to dien tu su dung cc mach dien
tu hoac k thuat so de bien doi tn hieu dau
vo thnh ket qua dau ra. Do su dung mach
dien tu nen trong mot cong to c the do duoc
nhieu dai luong.
131
2- Cau tao: S khi nh sau
Khoi chi thi ket qua thong thung l mn hnh tinh the long, ngoi ra cn c the
l cc cap dien p dau ra de kch hoat cc role canh bo.
ong ho : l mach tao ra cc xung theo thi gian de dong bo ho ton bo qu trnh
tnh ton cua cong to. Trong thuc te, neu cong to dien tu c mach dong ho th c
kha nang do dem theo thi gian, neu khong c mach dong ho th cong to dien tu
cng khong the do dem theo thi gian.
3- Cac dc tinh cong to :
a- Cc dai luong dinh mc: giong nhu cong to co kh.
b- Cap chnh xc, do nhay: do su dung cc vi mach de tnh ton nen cap chnh
xc v do nhay cua cong to dien tu thung cao hon cong to co kh. Do d, khi
thay cong to co kh bang cong to dien tu ket qua thuong pham thung cao hon
cong to co kh.
c- Hang so cong to: khc vi cong to co kh, hang so cua cong to dien tu thung
the hien dui dang: Wh/Imp. V du : cong to Vision o c hang so cong to 0,4
Wh/Imp v 0,4Varh/Imp, c nghia l 1 xung tuong ng vi 0,4 Wh hoac
0,4Varh.
d- Sai so dong ho (thi gian) : ban than dong ho cua cong to cng c sai so v
duoc tnh bang PPM, v du cong to Vision o c sai so dong ho l 5 PPM c
nghia l 0.000005 % (nghia l c 1 trieu giay th sai 5 giay).
e- o am, nhiet do lm viec : Do su dung cc vi mach nen de cong to dien tu
hoat dong lau di v chnh xc diem dat cong to can phai dat cc yeu cau ve
B bin
i dng
in
B bin
i in p
B tnh
ton
Ch th kt qu
ng h
Cng nhu cong to co kh, cong to dien tu cng can cc tn hieu vo l dng
dien v dien p de do dem.
- Bo bien doi dng dien c nhiem vu bien doi dng dien dau vo thnh dien p
o mc thap ty le vi dng dien de dua vo bo tnh ton.
Bo bien doi dien p c nhiem vu bien doi dien p dau vo thnh dien p o mc
thap ty le vi dien p de dua vo bo tnh ton.
Bo tnh ton c nhiem vu tnh ton ra cc dai luong nhu :dien nang tc dung,
phan khng, cong suat cuc dai . . .
Hnh nh
cng t in t VISION
132
moi trung nhu: do am khong vuot qu 95 % v khong duoc dong suong, nhiet
do lm viec khong duoc vuot qu 55
0
C.
g- He so nhan cong to : giong nhu cong to co kh.
Cu hi 84- Hy cho bit cch u dy thc t ca mt cng t in hu cong v
v cng 3 pha 3 phn t loai truc tiep? V so do vc t ca mt cng t in hu
cong v v cng 3 pha 3 phn t loai truc tiep ?
Tr li:
1- So do cong to hu cong v vo cong 3 pha 3 phan tu loai truc tiep:
- So 1, 3 l mach dng dien pha A.
- So 2 l mach dien p pha A.
- So 4, 6 l mach dng dien pha B.
- So 5 l mach dien p pha B.
- So 7, 9 l mach dng dien pha C.
- So 8 l mach dien p pha C.
- So 10, 11 l trung tnh
- Luu y:
+ mach dien p trong cong to hu cong 3 pha loai truc tiep thung duoc cau t
mach dng dien sang (trong hnh v l cc cau dau day cau t 1 sang 2, 4 sang
5, 7 sang 8)
+ mach dien p trong cong to vo cong 3 pha loai truc tiep thung duoc cau t
mach dng dien sang (trong hnh v l cc cau dau day cau t 1 sang 8, 4 sang
2, 7 sang 5)
+ Trong thuc te, cc con so tren so do dau day c the khc vi so do mau nen
truc khi lap dat phai nghien cu k so do.
2- o thi vc to cong to hu cong v cong to vo cong 3 pha 3 phan tu loai truc tiep:
Goi gc pha gia dng dien v dien p cng th tu pha l:
UC
C
B
N
UB
UA
A
9
0

-
9
0

-
90 -
UCA
UBC
UAB
UA
B
UC
A
UB
C
N
- So 1, 3 l mach dng dien pha A.

- So 2 l mach dien p pha B.
- So 4, 6 l mach dng dien pha B.
- So 5 l mach dien p pha C.
- So 7, 9 l mach dng dien pha C.
- So 8 l mach dien p pha A.
- So 10, 11 l trung tnh.
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 10 11
2 1 3 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 11
A
B
C
N
A
B
C
ph
ti
ph
ti
N
- - -
- - -
- - -
- - -
133
Cu hi 85- Cng t in l g? Hy phn loi cng t theo s pha, theo tnh
nng, theo phm vi o, theo cu to, theo s u dy?
Tr li:
1. inh nghia :
Cong to l dung cu do lung dng de do dien nang pht ra cua nguon dien hoac
dien nang tieu thu dien cua cc phu tai dng dien.
2. Phan loai :
a- Theo so pha :
- Cong to 1 pha.
- Cong to 3 pha.
b- Theo tnh nang :
- Cong to tc dung: Dng de do dien nang tc dung.
- Cong to phan khng: Dng de do dien nang phan khng.
c- Theo pham vi do :
- Cong to truc tiep: Dng de do dem truc tiep, khong su dung TU, TI khi do.
- Cong to gin tiep : Su dung TU, TI de do dem.
d- Theo cau tao :
- Cong to co kh: Su dung cc co cau co kh nhu cuon day, bnh rang...de bien
doi tn hieu dau vo thnh ket qua dau ra l dien nang.
- Cong to dien tu: Su dung cc mach dien tu de thuc hien php do.
e- Theo so do dau day :
Chi c cong to 3 pha mi c cch phan loai ny
- Cong to 3 pha 2 phan tu: Dng de do dien nang trong mach 3 pha nhung chi c
02 phan tu do thung hay p dung de do dem cao the 3 pha khong c trung tnh.
Phuong php do ny p dung cong thc :
Ap=
}
2
1
t
t
{UABIAcos(30
0
+)+UCBIC(30
0
-)dt
- Cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu: Dng de do dien nang trong mach 3 pha v c 03 phan
tu do. Phuong php do ny p dung cong thc:
Ap =
}
2
1
t
t
(UAIAcosA + UBIBcosB + UCICcosC)dt
Cu hi 86- Nu cc c tnh k thut ca cng t c kh?
Tr li:
Luu y:
+ Khi lap cong to hu cong 3 pha loai truc tiep, phai dau dng cuc tnh
cua cong to.
+ ien p v dng dien phai dng pha, nghia l dng pha A phai di vi
dien p pha A tuong tu nhu vay vi pha B v C.
+ oi vi cong to phan khng cc dien p dua vo cong to phai dng th
tu pha v d c su dao dau cc cuc trong noi bo cong to.
134
Cong to dien co kh c cc dac tnh k thuat:
1- ien p dinh mc : l mc dien p quy dinh cung cap cho cong to khi lm viec.
Trong thuc te, dien p c the khc vi dien p dinh mc nhung khong duoc qu
20 % v khi d cong to khong dam bao duoc cap chnh xc. Hien nay, cong to
thung c 3 cap dien p :
- Cong to ha the : 220V/380V.
- Cong to cao the : 110 V hoac 100 V
2- Dng dien dinh mc : thung l dai dng dien cong to c the do dem chnh
xc. V du: cong to 5A thung c dai lm viec l : 5A den 20A.
3- Cap chnh xc (sai so) : phan nh sai so cua cong to. oi vi cong to thuong
pham dng de bn dien cho khch hng phai dat cap chnh xc 1, nghia l sai so
tuong doi cua cong to l 1%.
4- Hng so cong to : the hien so vng quay cua dia nhom khi cong to do duoc 1
kWh, v du: hang so cong to l 420 vng/kWh c nghia l de do duoc 1 kWh (vi
cong to c he so nhan l 1) dia nhom phai quay 420 vng v cong to len them duoc
1 so.
5- Dng khoi chuyen cua cong to (do nhay cua cong to): l dng dien nho nhat
cong to c the do dem duoc.
6- He so nhan cua cong to : l he so de tnh luong dien nang m cong to d do
dem duoc.
- Cong to co kh c he so nhan bang 1, doi vi cong to ny th luong dien nang
do dem duoc trong 1 khoang thi gian bang hieu so cua chi so cuoi v chi so
dau cua cong to.
- Cong to c he so nhan khc 1, doi vi cong to ny th luong dien nang do dem
duoc trong 1 khoang thi gian bang tch gia he so nhan vi hieu so cua chi so
cuoi v chi so dau cua cong to.
7- Cc loai cong to thung gap :
- Cong to truc tiep ha the : dng de do dem o lui ha the, dai do dem cua cong
to thung t 5A 40 A vi dien p 220V/ 380V.
- Cong to gin tiep ha the : dng de do dem o lui ha the cho nhng phu tai c
dng tieu thu ln v duoc lap vi TI. Dai do dem cua cong to thung l 1A
hoac 5 A, dien p 220V / 380V.
- Cong cao the: dng de do dem o lui cao the v duoc lap vi TU v TI, dai do
dem c the l: 1A hoac 5A vi dien p 100V hoac 110V.
Cu hi 87- Trnh by v my bien dng cao the?
- inh nghia.
- Cau tao co ban.
- Cc so do dau day can ban.
- Cch kiem tra cuon day nhi th cua my bien dng truc khi dau day.
- Cc luu khi quan l xu dung my bien dng.
Tr li:
1- inh nghia:
My bien dng cao the dng de do cc dng dien xoay chieu ln o lui dien cao the
(c dien p t 6 kV tro len).
2- Cau tao co ban:
My bien dng cao the thung duoc dc nhua epoxy bao gom:
135
- Cuon so cap: duoc dau noi tiep trong mach dien cao the.
- Cuon th cap.
- Cc oc vt de dau mach nhat th v nhi th.
3- So do dau day can ban:
a- So do 1 ty so bien:
b- So do nhieu ti so bien kieu tu ngau :
- Trong thuc te cc k hieu tren c the c sai khc nen khi thuc hien nhat thiet phai
tham khao ti lieu hung dan cua nh cung cap de dau cho dng.
- \oi cuon day bao ve :
+ Neu cuon bao ve khong su dung th phai dau tat.
+ Neu su dung 02 dau ra 2k v 2L1 th khong duoc dau tat dau 2L2.
- \oi cuon do lung :
c- So do nhieu ti so bien kieu doc lap:
- Trong thuc te cc k hieu tren c the c sai khc nen khi thuc hien nhat thiet phai
tham khao ti lieu hung dan cua nh cung cap de dau cho dng.
- K v L l k hieu dau dau cua cuon so cap de dau vo mach
nhat th.
- k v L l k hieu dau dau cua mach nhi th.
Luu : khi van hnh, khong duoc php ho mach nhi th cua TI
K v L l k hieu dau dau cua cuon so cap de
dau vo mach
nhat th.
- 1k, 1L1, 1L2 l cc k hieu dau ra cua cc
cuon nhi th tuong
ng vi cc ti so bien khc nhau cua cuon do
lung de dau
he thong do dem.
- 2k, 2L1, 2L2 l cc k hieu dau ra cua cc
cuon nhi th tuong ng.
ng vi cc ti so bien khc nhau cua cuon bao
ve de dau vo he thong bao ve.
K
L
1k 1l1 1l2 2l1 2k 2l2
L
K
k
l
cun o lng cun bo v
1l 1k 2l 2k
K
3k 3l
L
4k 4l
cun o lng cun bo v
136
- Luu y: vi loai TI nhieu ti so bien kieu doc lap, cuon no khong dng phai dau tat.
4- Cch kiem tra cuon day nhi th cua my bien dng cao the truc khi dau day:
Muc dch l kiem tra v xc dinh TI nhieu ty so bien l kieu tu ngau hay doc lap
- Dung cu dng de xc dinh kieu TI l dong ho van nang.
- Truc khi xc dinh kieu TI can phai nghien cu k ti lieu hung dan cua nh san
xuat hoac so do v tren bang hung dan cua TI.
- Mo nap bao ve cc dau dau, xem xt k cc k hieu de xc dinh cuon do lung v
cuon bao ve cng nhu cc dau day 1k, 1L1, 1L2 ... v cc dau dau tuong ng de c
duoc ti so bien thch hop.
- Su dung dong ho van nang o thang do 1 kO, dat 01 que do co dinh o dau 1k, que
do cn lai dat vo cc dau 1L1, 1L2. Neu dong ho chi 0 O l thong mach, c nghia
l cc dau day dau duoc noi vi nhau, TI c the du dieu kien van hnh. Neu dong
ho chi vo cng O c nghia l dau 1k khong thong mach vi 1L1 hoac 1L2, trung
hop ny phai kiem tra lai xem d xc dinh dng dau 1k chua? neu xc dinh dng
dau 1k m dong ho van chi khong thong mach gia 1k v 1L1 hoac 1L2 th phai tra
lai cho nh san xuat de doi lai.
- Sau d dat 02 que do vo 2 dau 1L1, 1L2 neu thong mach th c the ket luan l TI
tu ngau, neu khong thong mach th c the ket luan day l TI c cc cuon doc lap.
5- Cc luu khi quan l xu dung my bien dng cao the:
a- Khi van chuyen trnh rung xc v dap manh.
b- Bao quan lap dat o noi kho ro, trnh bui, hoi ho chat an mn kim loai, noi c
chat de chy no, noi sinh nhiet hay chan dong manh.
c- Khi lap dat my bien dng phai kiem tra thong mach. Vi TI c nhieu ty so
bien, phai dau dng so do nhi th, dng ty so bien.
d- Yeu cau chon dng tiet dien day dan nhi th. Cc dau day cp nhieu soi phai
xoan chat v ma thiec. Cc dau day phai bat chat vi dau cot my bien dng de
giam dien tro tiep xc.
e- Khi lap dat tren lui dien, phan vo cua TI cao the phai duoc tiep dat de dam bao
an ton cho ngui v thiet bi.
Cu hi 88- Hy trnh by ve my bien dien p cao the?
- inh nghia.
- ac tnh k thuat.
- Cc so do dau day can ban.
- Phan loai.
- Cc luu khi quan l xu dung.
Tr li:
1- inh nghia:
My bien dien p do lung (TU) l thiet bi do lung dng de bien dien p cao
thnh dien p thap hon ph hop vi in p cua cong to.
TU c 02 cuon day :
- Cuon so cap c so vng l W
1
dau vo mach dien c dien p cao can do.
- Cuon th cap c so vng l W
2
dau vo cuon p cua cong to.
- Moi quan he gia dien p dua vo cuon so cap v th cap duoc the hien qua
cong thc:
137
U
1
W
1
U
2
W
2
2- ac tnh k thuat:
a- Ty so bien cua TU: l ty so gia dien p so cap v dien p th cap hoac so vng
cua cuon th cap so vi so vng cua cuon so cap.
b- Sai so cua TU: giong nhu cc thiet bi do khc, TU cng c sai so v phai nho
hon cua cong to, thong thung sai so TU l 0,5%.
3- So do dau day can ban:
Noi day so cap Noi day th cap
Cuon day do lung Cuon day bao ve
U V u v u
1
v
1
4- Phan loai:
a- TU cao the 1 pha: TU loai ny dau vo dien p pha.
=
u v u1 v1
U V
A
N
s cp
th cp
b- TU cao the 2 pha:
TU loai ny dau vo dien p day, thung duoc
p dung cho mach do dem 3 pha 2 phan tu.
138
5- Cc luu khi quan l xu dung my bien p:
Trong qu trnh lm viec TU khong duoc php ngan mach v khi d trong TU s c
dng dien ngan mach ph huy thiet bi v gay nguy hiem cho ngui van hnh. Cuon
so cap cua TU duoc lap vo dien p cao, v vay vo TU nhat thiet phai noi dat de
dam bao an ton.
Cu hi 89- Trnh by he thong do dem gom TU- TI- Cong to v nhng so do vc
to dien hnh? Nhng diem can luu khi lap dat?
Tra li:
1- So do dau day cong to 3 pha 2 phan tu:
Dng de do dem dien nang trong mach cao p su dung TU 2 pha dau vo dien p
day U
AB
v U
CB
Cong thc: Ap=
}
2
1
t
t
{UABIAcos(30
0
+)+UCBIC(30
0
-)}dt
C
A
B
-
-
ph
ti
- -
-
-
-
-
c- TU cao the 3 pha :
TU 3 pha c trung tnh thung duoc p dung
cho mach do dem 3 pha 3 phan tu. Cc dau a, b,
c, n phuc vu do dem Z1 v Z2 l cuon ho.
139
o thi vc to dien hnh :
2- So do dau day cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu :
c the su dung 3 TU dau sao hoac TU 3 pha lap vo dien p pha
cong thc:
Ap =
}
2
1
t
t
(UAIAcosA + UBIBcosB + UCICcosC)dt
3
0
UC
UCB
UB
N
UAB
UA
A
- - -
C
B
A
ph
ti
- - -
- - -
-
-
-
Vc to U
AB
hung t B den A vuot
truc vc to U
A
mot gc 30
0
Vc to
U
CB
hung t C den B cham sau vc
to U
C
mot gc 30
0
.
140
Cu hi 90- Trnh by nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t? Nu cch xy
dng th vc t bng VAu85-M1
Tr li:
1- nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t
Nhu chng ta d biet, sai so cua php do phu thuoc vo 02 yeu to :
- Sai so cua thiet bi do bao gom : cong to, TU, TI.
- So do dau cong to, TU, TI tren lui.
Neu ta dau sai so do, php do s cho ket qua khong chnh xc d sai so thiet bi
van dam bao. e kiem tra so do dau ta phai xay dung do thi vc to cua diem do
dem.
Cac quy uoc :
- e xay dung do thi vc to, tren cong to ngui ta thung quy uc vc to dien
p o pha tan cng ben tri l pha A.
- Chieu quay cua vc to l chieu thuan kim dong ho.
2- Xay dung do thi vc to bang BA| 85 M1 :
Mach 3 pha 3 phan tu:
+ Buc 1 : Cc quy uc
- Vc to goc : doi vi thiet bi do BA| 85 M1 vc to goc l vc to dien p
U
AB
.
- Gc c do L nghia l cham sau, gc c do C nghia l vuot truc.
+ Buc 2 : Xc dinh chieu quay cua cong to:
- Neu chieu quay thuan (nghia l pha ngoi cng ben tri l pha A, pha
gia l pha B v pha ngoi cng ben phai l pha C) th thuc hien buc 2.
C
UC
N
UA
B
UB
A
3- Luu y khi lp dt :
- Nghien cu k so do mach
dau cua TU, TI v Cong to.
- Khong duoc ngan mach TU.
- Khong ho mach TI.
- Phai tiep dat day du.
th vc t in hnh
141
- Neu chieu quay nguoc th quy uc pha s l pha ngoi cng ben tri l
pha A, pha gia l pha C v pha ngoi cng ben phai l pha B.
+ Buc 3 : Xc dinh gc pha cua vc to dng dien tng pha so vi vc to goc
U
AB
.
- e xc dinh gc pha gia vc to U
A
v I
A
ta lay gc doc duoc tren BA|
85 M1 tr di 30
0
.
B
v I
B
ta lay gc doc duoc tren BA| 85
M1 tr di 150
0
.
C
v I
C
ta lay 90
0
tr di gc doc duoc
tren BA| 85 M1.
V du:
- Gc cua dng pha A l 55
0
L nghia l : Gc gia U
A
v I
A
l 55 - 30 = 25
0
.
- Gc cua dng pha B l 174
0
L nghia l : Gc gia U
B
v I
B
l 174 - 150 = 24
0
.
- Gc cua dng pha C l 65
0
C nghia l : Gc gia U
C
v I
C
l 90 - 65 = 25
0
.
Mach 3 pha 2 phan tu :
+ Buc 1: Cc quy uc
- Vc to goc : doi vi thiet bi do BA| 85 M1 vc to goc l vc to dien p
U
AB
.
- Gc c do L nghia l cham sau, gc c do C nghia l vuot truc.
+ Buc 2: Xc dinh chieu quay cua cong to:
- Neu chieu quay thuan (nghia l pha ngoi cng ben tri l pha A, pha gia
l pha B v pha ngoi cng ben phai l pha C) th thuc hien buc 2.
- Neu chieu quay nguoc th quy uc pha s l pha ngoi cng ben tri l pha
C, pha gia l pha B v pha ngoi cng ben phai l pha A.
+ Buc 3 : Xc dinh gc pha cua vc to dng dien tng pha so vi vc to goc
U
AB
.
A
v I
A
ta lay gc doc duoc tren BA| 85
M1 tr di 30
0
.
UC
C
N
B
UB
UAB
UA
A
3
0
3
0
UC
C
N
UB
UAB
UA
A
142
C
v I
C
ta lay 90
0
tr di gc doc duoc tren
BA| 85 M1.
Cu hi 91- Trnh by nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t? Nu cch xy
dng th vc t bng dong ho Fluke - 39?
Tr li:
1- nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t
Nhu chng ta d biet, sai so cua php do phu thuoc vo 02 yeu to :
- Sai so cua thiet bi do bao gom : cong to, TU, TI.
- So do dau cong to, TU, TI tren lui.
Neu ta dau sai so do, php do s cho ket qua khong chnh xc d sai so thiet bi
van dam bao. e kiem tra so do dau ta phai xay dung do thi vc to cua diem do
dem.
Cac quy uoc :
- e xay dung do thi vc to, tren cong to ngui ta thung quy uc vc to dien p
o pha tan cng ben tri l pha A.
- Chieu quay cua vc to l chieu thuan kim dong ho
2- Xay dung do thi vc to bang fluke 39:
a. Vi cong to 3 pha 3 phan tu
- Xac dinh chieu quay cua cong to: Fluke - 39 khong the xc dinh truc tiep
chieu quay nen ta phai thuc hien cc buc sau:
- Buoc 1: xc dinh gc pha cua dng dien v dien p pha A (doi vi cong to
thuong pham neu nho hon 90
0
l dng).
- Buoc 2: de nguyen ampe km o pha A, chuyen 02 kim do dien p sang pha
gia neu gc lech pha nho hon 120
0
th pha gia l pha B cn neu ln hon
120
0
th pha gia l pha C.
- Xac dinh lan luot goc pha gia dng dien v dien ap tuong ung cua tng pha
t d xay do thi phu tai
b. Vi cong to 3 pha 2 phan tu:
- Xc dinh lan luot gc lech pha gia U
AB
v I
A
, U
AB
v I
C
.
Ph ti 1 pha
en
Fluke - 39
1u
1
2
143
- Tnh ton gc lech pha gia U
A
v I
A
, U
C
v I
C
.
Cu hi 92- Neu che do hien thi cua cong to dien tu Vision doi vi loai cong to
thuong pham?
Tra li:
Cc mn hnh hien thi cua cong to vision
Cong to thuong pham:
1- Cac mn hinh trong che do hien thi DEFAULI(che do tu dong):
nghia Mn hnh hien thi
Ten khch hng ( ? )
Gi hien tai. Gio hien tai
Ngy hien tai. Ngay hien tai.
Tong giao. Tong giao Kwh
Tong giao. Tong giao Kvarh
Bieu 1 giao. Bieu 1 giao
Tong nhan Tong nhan Kwh
Ti so bien TU Ti so bien Tu
Ti so bien TI Ti so bien Ti
2- Cac mn hinh trong che do hien thi bng cach bam phim display:
Ngoi nhng mn hnh hien thi giong nhu che do tu dong, khi su dung phm
display, ta c the c them cc mn hnh dui day :
nghia Mn hnh hien thi
Kch hoat P Kich hoat P
Bieu gi dang tnh Bieu gia K-hoat
Tri so dien p pha A Dien ap pha A
3u
3C
1
2
3
en
Ph ti 3 pha
Fluke - 39
144
Tri so dien p pha B Dien ap pha B
Tri so dien p pha C Dien ap pha C
Tri so dng dien pha A Dong dien pha A
Tri so dng dien pha B Dong dien pha B
Tri so dng dien pha C Dong dien pha C
He so cos trung bnh Cos trung binh
Gc pha gia UA v IA Goc Ua-Ia
Gc pha gia UB v IB Goc Ub-Ib
Gc pha gia UC v IC Goc Uc-Ic
So cong to Serial No
3- Mot so menu v mn hinh trong che do hien thi (COASUMER)
ngha mn hnh hien thi
Menu t so bien TY SO BIEN Tu-Ti
Ty so my bien p Ti so bien Tu
Sai so my bien p Sai so bien Tu
Ty so my bien dng Ty so bien Ti
Sai so my bien dng Sai so bien Ti
ngha Mn hnh Hien thi
Menu thong so mach THONG SO MACH
He so cos trung bnh Cos trung binh
Tan so Tan so luoi
Th tu pha Thu tu pha
ien p pha A Dien ap pha A
ien p pha B Dien ap pha
ien p pha C Dien ap pha C
Dng dien pha A Dong dien pha A
Dng dien pha B Dong dien pha B
Dng dien pha C Dong dien pha C
Gc pha gia Ua v Ia Goc Ua Ia
Gc pha gia Ub v Ib Goc Ub Ib
Gc pha gia Uc v Ic Goc Uc Ic
Menu ch so chot CHI SO CHOT DIEN NANG
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao P H1: Tong giao Kwh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao Q H1: Tong giao Kvarh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua bieu gi 1 H1: Bieu 1 giao
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong nhan P H1: Tong nhan Kwh
145
4- Mot so menu v mn hinh trong che do hien thi (UI/L/I):
ngha Mn hnh Hien thi
Menu quan l so lan mat dien QUAN LY SO LAN MAT DIEN
So lan mat dien So lan mat dien
Tong thi gian mat dien Tgian mat dien
Thi diem mat dien gan nhat Td mat dien L3
Thi diem mat dien lan 2 Td mat dien L2
Menu quan l so lan lap trnh QUAN LYSO LAN L.TRINH
So lan lap trnh So lan lap trinh
Thi diem lap trnh gan nhat d lap trinh L3
Thi diem lap trnh lan 2 Td lap trinh L2
Thi diem lap trnh lan 1 Td lap trinh L1
ngha mn hnh hien thi
Menu quan l mach dng QUAN LY MACH DONG DIEN
So lan qu dng So lan qua dong
Qu dng lan gan nhat Qua dong L3
Thi diem qu dng lan gan nhat Td qua dong L3
Qu dng lan 2 Qua dong L2
Thi diem qu dng lan 2 Td qua dong L2
Qu dng lan 1 Qua dong L1
Thi diem qu dng lan 1 Td qua dong L1
Menu quan l mach dien p QUAN MACH DIEN AP
Mat pha hien tai Mat pha hien tai
Mat pha lan gan nhat Mat pha L3
Thi diem mat pha gan nhat Td mat pha L3
Mat pha lan 2 Mat pha L2
Mat pha lan 1 Mat pha lan L1
So lan mat pha So lan mat pha
Tong so lan mat pha A So lan mat pha A
Tong so lan mat pha B So lan mat pha B
Tong so lan mat pha C So lan mat pha C
Tong thi gian mat pha A Tg mat pha A
Tong thi gian mat pha B Tg mat pha B
Tong thi gian mat pha C Tg mat pha C
146
Menu quan l nguoc cong suat QUAN LY NGUOC CONG SUAT
So lan nguoc cong suat S.lan nguoc P
Thi diem nguoc cong suat lan cuoi T.d nguoc P L3
Thi diem nguoc cong suat lan 2 T.d nguoc P L2
cong to dau nguon ranh gii?
Tra li:
Cc mn hnh hien thi cua cong to vision
1- Cc mn hnh trong che do hien thi DEFAULT (che do tu dong):
ngha Mn hnh hien thi
Gi hien tai. Gio hien tai
Ngy hien tai. Ngay hien tai.
Tong giao P. Tong giao MWh
Tong giao Q. Tong giao MVarh
Bieu 1 giao. Bieu 1-MWh G
Ti so bien TU Ti so bien Tu
Ti so bien TI Ti so bien Ti
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao P H1: Tong giao MWh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao Q H1: Tong giao MVarh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua bieu 1 giao H1: Bieu1-MWh G
2- Cc mn hnh trong che do hien thi bang cch bam phm display:
Ngoi nhng mn hnh hien thi giong nhu che do tu dong, khi su dung phm
display, ta c the c them cc mn hnh dui day:
Tong nhan P Tong nhan MWh
Tong nhan Q Tong nhan MVarh
Bieu 1 nhan. Bieu 1-MWh N
Cong suat bieu kien Tong MVAh
Tri so dien p pha A Dien ap pha A
Tri so dien p pha B Dien ap pha B
147
Tri so dien p pha C Dien ap pha C
Tri so dng dien pha A Dong dien pha A
Tri so dng dien pha B Dong dien pha B
Tri so dng dien pha C Dong dien pha C
Gc pha gia UA v IA Goc Ua- Ia
Gc pha gia UB v IB Goc Ub- Ib
Gc pha gia UC v IC Goc Uc- Ic
He so cos trung bnh Cos Trung binh
Bieu gi dang hoat dong B gia K.hoat
Cong suat kch hoat Pmax k.hoat
Ten diem do dem ( ? )
So cong to Serial No
on vi cidat KCS- HNPC
3- Mot so menu v mn hinh trong che do hien thi (COASUMER)
Menu t so bien TY SO BIEN Tu-Ti
Ty so my bien p Ti so bien Tu
Sai so my bien p Sai so bien Tu
Ty so my bien dng Ty so bien Ti
Sai so my bien dng Sai so bien Ti
ngha mn hnh Hien thi
Menu thong so mach THONG SO MACH
ien p pha A Dien ap pha A
ien p pha B Dien ap pha B
ien p pha C Dien ap pha C
Dng dien pha A Dong dien pha A
Dng dien pha B Dong dien pha B
Dng dien pha C Dong dien pha C
Gc pha gia Ua v Ia Goc Ua Ia
Gc pha gia Ub v Ib Goc Ub Ib
Gc pha gia Uc v Ic Goc Uc Ic
Tan so Tan so luoi
Menu cong suat CONG SUAT
Cong suat tc dung Watt 3 pha
Cong suat tc dung pha AWatt pha A
Cong suat tc dung pha B Watt pha B
Cong suat tc dung pha C Watt pha C
148
Cong suat phan khng Var 3 pha
Cong suat phan khng pha A Var pha A
Cong suat phan khng pha B Var pha B
Cong suat phan khng pha C Var pha C
Menu cong suat cuc dai Pmax CONG SUAT
Cong suat cuc dai bieu 1 giao Pmax bieu 1 G
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 1 gia T.d-Pmax b1 G
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 2 giao T.d-Pmax b2 G
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 3 giao T.d-Pmax b3 G
Cong suat cuc dai ngy giao Pmax ngay G
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai ngy giao T.d-Pmax ngay G
Cong suat cuc dai bieu 1 nhan Pmax bieu 1N
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 1 nhan T.d-Pmax b1N
Cong suat cuc dai bieu 2 nhan Pmax bieu 2 N
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 2 nhan T.d-Pmax b2 N
Cong suat cuc dai bieu 3 nhan Pmax bieu 3 N
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai bieu 3 nhan T.d-Pmax b3 N
Cong suat cuc dai ngy nhan Pmax ngay N
Thi diem cong suat cuc dai ngy nhan T.d-Pmax ngay N
Menu ch so chot CHI SO CHOT DIEN NANG
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao PH1: Tong giao MWh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong giao Q H1: Tong giao MVarh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua bieu gi 1 giao H1: Bieu1-MWh G
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong nhan P H1: Tong nhan MWh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua tong nhan Q H1: Tong nhan MVarh
Chi so chot gan nhat cua bieu gi 1 nhan H1: Bieu1-MWh N
4- Mot so menu v mn hinh trong che do hien thi (UI/L/I) :
Menu quan l so lan mat dien QUAN LY SO LAN MAT DIEN
So lan mat dien S.lan mat dien
Thi diem mat dien gan nhat Td mat dien lan3
Thi diem mat dien lan 2 Td mat dien lan2
Thi diem mat dien lan 1 Td mat dien lan1
149
Tong thi gian mat dien Tgian mat dien
Menu quan l so lan lap trnh
QUAN LYSO LAN L.TRINH
So lan lap trnh S.lan lap trinh
Thi gian lap trnh gan nhat Td lap trinh 3
Thi gian lap trnh lan 2 Td lap trinh 2
Thi gian lap trnh lan 1 Td lap trinh 1
Menu quan l mach dng QUAN LY MACH DONG DIEN
So lan qu dng S.lan qua dong
Qu dng lan gan nhat Qua dong lan 3
Qu dng lan 2 Qua dong lan 2
Qu dng lan 1 Qua dong lan 1
Thi diem qu dng lan gan nhat Td qua dong lan 3
Thi diem qu dng lan 2 Td qua dong lan 2
Thi diem qu dng lan 1 Td qua dong lan 1
Menu quan l mach dien p QUAN LY MACH DIEN AP
So lan mat dien S.lan mat dien
Thi diem mat dien gan nhat Td mat dien lan 3
Thi diem mat dien lan 2 Td mat dien lan 2
Thi diem mat dien lan 1 Td mat dien lan 1
Mat pha lan gan nhat Mat pha lan 3
Mat pha lan 2 Mat pha lan 2
Mat pha lan 1 Mat pha lan 1
Thi diem mat pha gan day nhat Td matdien lan 3
Thi gian mat pha lan 2 Td mat pha lan 2
Thi gian mat dien lan 1 Td mat dien lan 1
So lan mat pha So lan mat pha
Pha dang mat Pha loi hien tai
Tong so lan mat pha A So lan mat pha A
Tong so lan mat pha B So lan mat pha B
Tong so lan mat pha C So lan mat pha C
Tong thi gian mat pha A T.g mat pha A
Tong thi gian mat pha B T.g mat pha B
Tong thi gian mat pha C T.g mat pha C
Menu quan l nguoc cong suat QUAN LY NGUOC CONG SUAT
So lan nguoc cong suat S.lan nguoc P
Thi diem nguoc cong suat lan cuoi T.d nguoc P L3
150
Menu quan l PIN TINH TRANG PIN
Thi diem lap pin T.d lap pin
Thi gian su dung pin T.g da sd pin
Thi gian cn lai cua pin T.g con pin
Cu hi 94- Van chng st ni vo trung im ca my bin p 110kV lm nhim
v g? Cho bt cu to v nguyn l lmvic ca thit b ny?
Tr li:
Li in 110kV thuc h thng trung im ni t ngha l trung im cun dy
110kV ca cc my bin p 220kV/ 110kV u Y c ni t trc tip.
Cun dy s cp ca cc my bin p chnh ti cc trm 110kV u Y c trung
im c ni t theo 3 cch khc nhau:
Cch 1: Trung im cun dy 110kV c ni t trc tip.
Cch 2: Trung im cun dy 110kV c ni t qua mt b cu dao (35kV)
Cch 3: Trung im cun dy 110kV c ni t qua mt b chng st van.
Khi ng dy 110kV xy ra ngn mch 1 pha chm t, nu trung im ca
cc my bin p 110kV khng ni t (cch in) th dng in chm t Io qua i
TI u ngun c th khng t c tr s khi ng r le bo v Io.
tng dng khi ng ca bo v r le ta cho ni t trung im ca cc cun
dy s cp 110kV bng cch ny ta s gim c tr khng ni t.
Mun bo m nhy ca bo v r le Io cn phi tnh ton, iu chnh, la
chn tr s tr khng ni t cho ph hp, v vy trn h thng ng dy 110kV
ch cn mt s my bin p 110kV c ni t (dng cch 1), s my bin p
110kV cn li khng cn phi ni t. S lng im ni t c iu chnh theo
s pht trin ca li in 110kV hoc theo tng ma trong nm (dng cch 2).
Ni t qua cu dao s linh hot iu chnh c tr khng ni t.
Dng in ngn mch 1 pha
chm t trong li in 110kV
110kV 110kV
IA
IC
UA
UB
UC
UA'
UC'
UB'
IO
IO'
IO
= IO + IO'
chng st van
Io"
151
Trng hp khng ni t:
Khi bnh thng in p
UA = UB = UC = 110kV
Trong UA , UB , UC l in p dy.
Khi c sng st nh vo ng dy 110kV in p tng ln nhiu ln, cc chng
st van ca trm bin p lm vic trit tiu dng in st xung t. tuy vy vn c
kh nng vn tn ti mt lng in p d trn cun dy my bin p do st gy ra.
in p d c th ln hn in p pha ( Ud >> Upha = 66,5kV) s gy bt li cho
cch in ca my bin p, v vy trong qu trnh thit k ch to ngi ta quan
tm tng cng kh nng cch in d phng ca my bin p.
in p pha t ln cun dy my bin p l
115kV
UA = UB = UC = = 66,5kV
1,73
Cch in ca my bin p phi chu c in p phng in
Uf = 1,15 x Uo = 1,15 x 66,5kV = 76,5kV
k = 1,15 l h s d phng.
bo v cch in cho cun dy my bin p khng b chc thng ngi ta ni
t trung im my bin p 110kV qua b chng st van (cch 3) Khi xy ra qu
in p, van chng st m ra thot dng in xung t. Dng Io" l dng in st.
Van chng st ny c in p nh mc l 35kV, c in p phng in > 76,5kV.
V cu to n l mt ci chng st van thng thng ging nh cc loi chng st
van lp trong trm bin p nhng c cp in p 35kV c th l 1 ci chng st van
35kV hoc gm 2 chng st van 15kV v 20kV ghp xp chng ln nhau.
152
MC LC
Cu hi 1: Gii thch ti sao b iu chnh in p ca my bin p li t pha
cun dy s cp m khng t pha cun dy th cp? Tr- 1
Cu hi 2: My bin in p lm nhim v g trong trm bin p? S ging nhau
v khc nhau gia my bin p lc v my bin in p? S ging nhau v khc
nhau gia my bin in p v my bin dng in? Tr- 1
Cu hi 3: My bin dng in lm nhim v g trong h thng in? Ti sao
trong vn hnh khng c php h mch cun dy th cp my bin dng
in? Tr- 3
Cu hi 4: C bao nhiu dng s c c bn trong h thng? V s v gii
thch? Tr- 4
Cu hi 5: S khc nhau gia my ct in v cu dao cu ch? Gia ptmt v
cu dao cu ch? Nu trnh t thao tc thit b ni trn? Tr- 6
Cu hi 6: TI hnh xuyn treo c cp lm vic nh th no? Ti sao dy tip
a c cp li phi lun trong lng TI hnh xuyn? Tr- 12
Cu hi 7: Trong trm bin p phn phi h th cng t in t pha trc v
sau my bin p c g khc nhau? Tr- 13
Cu hi 8: V sao TI cao th thng u 2 pha A, C m khng u pha B?
Nu u TI pha A, B hoc pha C, B c c khng? Ti sao cun dy th cp
my bin in p thng c ni t pha b m khng ni t pha a hoc pha
c? Tr- 14
Cu hi 9: Cng t in v cng v cng t in hu cng c g khc nhau? Ti
sao cc cc u dy ca hai loi cng t ny li ging nhau? Tr- 15
Cu hi 10: Trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p lc? Ti
sao ni my bin p lc va l ngun in trung gian li va l ph ti ca li
in? Tr- 16
Cu hi 11: Nhng kim loi no thng dng ch to dy dn in? So snh
c tnh k thut ca tng loi? Ti sao ngi ta khng dng dy nhm li thp
trong li in h th 0.4kV? Tr- 19
Cu hi 12: H thng in gm my phn t? Nhim v ca cc phn t trong h
thng in? Nu cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng h thng in? Tr- 27
Cu hi 13: Du bin th lm nhim v g trong my bin p? Nu cc tiu chun
quan trng nht ca du my trong vn hnh? Phng php qun l du my bin
p trong vn hnh? Tr- 27
Cu hi 14: Nu cc thng s k thut ghi trn bin nhn ca mt my bin p
lc phn phi h th? Gii thch ngha ca cc thng s ? Tr- 28
Cu hi 15: Trc khi a mt my bin p lc vo vn hnh phi lm nhng th
nghim g, nu cc hng mc cn th nghim v gii thch? Tr- 28
Cu hi 16: vng v khong cch ti t l g? Biu din bng hnh v?
vng v khong cch ti t ph thuc vo cc yu t g? Tr- 29
Cu hi 17: Biu din lc tc dng ln u ct ti cc v tr ct xut tuyn, ct
cui, ct no gc, ct no trung gian, ct chuyn hng, ct trung gian?
Tr- 29
Cu hi 18: Tn tht in p l g? Nu cc gii php lm gim tn tht in p?
Tr- 30
153
Cu hi 19: Hy gii thch ngha ca t u dy my bin p? Ti sao khi ha
song song cc my bin p bt buc phi c cng chung mt t u dy?
Tr- 30
Cu hi 20: Nu cc tiu chun ha song song hai my bin p? Gii thch v sao
my bin p c cng dung lng, cng cp in p U
K
% li khng hon ton
ging nhau? Tr- 33
Cu hi 21: Phn bit :
- in nng hu cng v in nng v cng
- Cng sut hu cng v cng sut v cng
- in nng tiu th v tn tht in nng
Tr- 33
Cu hi 22: Hy gii thch v sao li in phn phi 3 pha 4 dy cun th cp
ca my bin p bt buc phi u theo s hnh sao v c thm dy trung ha?
Tr- 34
Cu hi 23: Gii thch v sao trc khi ng in my bin p phi th nghim
khng ti? Dng in khng ti c lin quan g n vic nh gi cht lng my
bin p? Tr- 34
Cu hi 24: Nu nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in p v tn tht in
nng? Tn tht in p c lin quan g n tn tht in nng? Nu cc bin php
lm gim tn tht in p v tn tht in nng? Ti sao khi vn hnh lch pha tn
tht in nng li tng ln? Tr- 34
Cu hi 25: T b c vai tr g trong vic gim tn tht in nng trn li in?
Tr- 37
Cu hi 26: S khc nhau v u nhc im trong vic t t b pha cao th v
pha h th? Tr- 38
Cu hi 27: Cch tnh ton dung lng t b. Khi dng in tr phng in bng
bng n nn u theo s hnh sao hay tam gic? Tr- 39
Cu hi 28- V sao t b 3 pha thng u theo s tam gic, ch b cho li
in bng t in 3 pha m khng b 1 pha? Nu nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in
nng do t b trong vn hnh? Tr- 40
Cau hi 29: Hy phan biet v cong dung, nguyen l cau tao ca my bien in p
v my bien dng dien . Cch xc dinh chi so thuc cua cung do dng dien, dien
p, cong suat, dien nang tieu thu tren cc dung cu do khi dng qua my bien p do
lung v my bien dng dien? Tr- 42
Cau hi 30: Tai sao khi lua chon my bien in p v my bien dng phai quan
tam den cong suat dinh mc cua my bien in p v tro khng dinh mc th cap
cua my bien dng? Hy cho bit cch xc dinh kha nang cho php noi cc dung
cu do vo cun dy th cap cua my bien in p v my bien dng?
Tr-44
Cau hi 31: Trnh by cau tao v co ban nguyen l lm viec cua cong to dien 1
pha? Tr- 46
Cau hi 32: Trnh by cau tao v co ban nguyen l lm viec ca cong to dien 3
pha 2 phan tu v 3 pha 3 phan tu do dien nang tc dung, pham vi ng dung cua tng
loai? Tr- 49
154
Cu hi 33: Cap chnh xc cua cong to dien l g? C may loai sai so cua cong to
dien? Tr- 49
Cu hi 34: Trong h thng in c trung im khng ni t khi xy ra chm t
1 pha trn ng dy v chm t 1 pha trn thanh ci th bo v no tc ng?
Hy trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca 2 loi bo v chm t trn? Tr- 41
Cu hi 35: Vai tr ca t chnh lu v h thng c quy trong trm bin p
110kV? Hy gii thch v sao trong trm bin p 110kV t chnh lu khng th
thay th vai tr ca h thng c quy? Tr- 53
Cu hi 36: My bin th t dng lm nhim v g trong trm bin p? Ti sao
khng cho php cc my bin p t dng cp in cho cc ph ti bn ngoi trm
bin p? Tr- 54
Cu hi 37: Cho s mt trm bin p 110kV, hy c s trm bin p:
- Thit b in.
- V tr lp t.
- Cch k hiu tn thit b theo s vn hnh. Tr- 55
Cu hi 38: Cho s nguyn l b iu chnh in p di ti ca my bin p
110kV hy gii thch cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca b iu chnh in p di
ti theo s cho? Tr- 55
Cu hi 39: Hy gii thch v sao my bin p 110kV/ 22kV/ 10kV phi dng t
u dy sao khng, sao khng, tam gic (Y0/ Y0/ A)? Cc my bin p phn phi
h th cp in p 22kV/ 0,4kV phi dng phi dng t u dy sao khng, sao
khng (Y0/ Y0) hoc t u dy tam gic, sao khng (A/ Y0)? Tr- 57
Cu hi 40: Ti sao t in tng trung th v t lin lc trung th thng x dng
ba my bin dng, cc t in ng dy thng x dng hai my bin dng?
Tr- 58
Cu hi 41: Gii thiu cc bo v r le cho mt my bin p 110kV? Bo v so
lch my bin p lm vic nh th no? C g khc nhau gia bo v so lch vi
bo v qu dng, ct nhanh? Bo v qu dng v bo v ct nhanh c ng dng
trong s bo v r le no? Tr- 58
Cu hi 42: Hy nu ging nhau v khc nhau gia ni t lp li v ni t an
ton trn ng dy? Hy gii thch v sao tr s in tr tip a trong trm bin
p R
t
s 4O, trong khi li quy nh in tr tip a lp li l R
t
s 10O.
Tr- 59
Cu hi 43: C my loi tip a trong li in cao h th? Hy nu cc quy
nh v cc tr s in tr tip a tiu chun trong trm bin p v ng dy trn
khng? Tr- 60
Cu hi 44: Vai tr cua he thong tiep dia trong he thong dien? Neu cc quy dinh
cua cc trang bi noi dat? Tr- 61
Cu hi 45: Gii thch v sao cc tip a v cc b phn ni t phi chn su
cch mt t t 50- n 80cm? Tr- 63
Cu hi 46: Th no l ni t nhn to, ti sao b phn ni t nhn to lm
bng thp m khng lm bng ng hoc bng nhm? Tr- 64
Cu hi 47: Trnh by cch tnh ton n gin in tr ca cc b phn ni t
dng cc v thanh ni ngang trong li in c tn s cng nghip l 50HZ?
Tr- 65
155
Cu hi 48: Cch xc nh in tr thun ca 1 cun dy my bin p 3 pha khi
cun dy u A? Tr- 67
Cu hi 49: Dng in khng ti ca my bin p l g? Cch th nghim xc
nh dng in khng ti ca mt my bin p? Tr- 68
Cau hoi 50 - My bien dien p lm nhiem vu g trong he thong dien? Tai sao ni
my bien dien p thung lm viec trong che do khong tai? Quy dinh ve cch dau
day my bien dien p trong lui dien? Tr- 70
Cu hi 51: in p ngn mch U
N
% l g? Cch lm th nghim xc nh
in p ngn mch U
N
%? Tr- 72
Cu hi 52: Nguyn l cu to ca chng st van? V tr lp t chng st van
trn li in v trm bin p? Tr- 73
Cu hi 53: Nguyn l cu to ca my bin in p kiu in dung? Qun l vn
hnh my bin in p kiu in dung? Tr- 75
Cu hi 54: My bin p to trung tnh v cun khng lp thanh ci 6,10kV
lm nhim v g, nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p to trung tnh? Tr- 76
Cu hi 55: Ti sao cun dy 35kV ca my bin p 110kV u sao thng c
ni t qua cun khng in? Nu bin php m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh
khi thao tc cun khng? Tr- 77
Cu hi 56: Nguyn l lm vic ca b t ng ng ngun in d phng ATS
dng trong li in h th? Tr- 78
Cu hi 57: Tnh tng i tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng trong my
bin p? Tr- 82
Cu hi 58: C my loi trm bin p phn phi h th? Hy gii thiu cc loi
trm bin p thng dng? Tr- 84
Cu hi 59: Cp vn xon c cu to nh th no? u nhc im ca cp vn
xon, phm vi ng dng ca cp vn xon trn li in phn phi h th?
Tr- 88
Cu hi 60: Trnh by cc hng mc kim tra c tnh ca cp vn xon nh
gi cht lng ca cp? Tr- 89
16- 630mm
2
trong nh? Tr- 96
16- 630mm
2
trong nh? Tr- 99
Cu hi 63: Nu nhng quy nh chung nh gi cht lng dy dn trn dng
cho thi cng ng dy trn khng? Tr- 102
Cu hi 64: Trnh by cc phng php ko dy trong vic thi cng ng dy
in trn khng? Tr- 102
Cu hi 65: Trnh by phng php cng dy ly vng trong vic thi cng
ng dy in trn khng? Tr- 103
Cu hi 66: Trnh by k thut buc dy trn s ? Tr- 104
Cu hi 67: Trnh by k thut buc dy trn s bng dy buc ch to theo
mu sn ti nh my? Tr- 106
Cu hi 68- Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h am pe km?
Tr- 110
Cu hi 69: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h vn nng?
Tr- 112
156
Cu hi 70: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h Te r mt?
Tr- 114
Cu hi 71: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h m gm
mt? Tr- 112
Cu hi 72: Nu quy nh v kch thc ti thiu khi t cp v khong cch ti
thiu ca cp ngm trung th n cc cng trnh ngm khc? Tr- 115
Cu 73: T s bin p kU ca my bin p l g? Cch kim tra t s bin ca
my bin p? Tr- 116
Cu hi 74: Trnh by cch lp t mt t in h th? Tr- 117
Cu hi 75: Trnh by cch lp t mt hp cng t in h th? Tr- 117
Cu hi 76: C my loi s cch in trn ng dy? Nu cc c tnh k thut
ca s cch in? Tr- 118
Cu hi 77: Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng t v pa lng? Tr- 120
Cu hi 78: Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng chc kt hp vi ti?
Tr- 120
Cu hi 79: Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng xe tr cu? Tr- 122
Cu hi 80: Trnh by cch dng mt ct in bng thang? Tr- 122
Cu hi 81: Mng ct in dng vt liu g? Th no l mc b tng, liu lng
pha trn nh th no? Tr- 123
Cu hi 82: Nu nhng quy nh chung nh gi cht lng dy dn trn dng
cho thi cng ng dy trn khng? Tr- 126
Cu hi 83: Hy trnh by cu to v nguyn l lm vic chung ca cng t in
t? Tr- 126
Cu hi 84: Hy cho bit cch u dy thc t ca mt cng t in hu cong v
v cng 3 pha 3 phn t loai truc tiep? V so do vc t ca mt cng t in hu
cong v v cng 3 pha 3 phn t loai truc tiep ? Tr- 127
Cu hi 85: Cng t in l g? Hy phn loi cng t theo s pha, theo tnh
nng, theo phm vi o, theo cu to, theo s u dy? Tr- 129
Cu hi 86: Nu cc c tnh k thut ca cng t c kh? Tr- 129
Cu hi 87: Trnh by v my bien dng cao the? Tr- 130
Cu hi 88: Hy trnh by ve my bien dien p cao the? Tr- 132
Cu hi 89: Trnh by he thong do dem gom TU- TI- Cong to v nhng so do vc
to dien hnh? Nhng diem can luu khi lap dat? Tr- 134
Cu hi 90: Trnh by nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t? Nu cch
xy dng th vc t bng VAu85-M1 Tr- 136
Cu hi 91: Trnh by nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t? Nu cch
xy dng th vc t bng dong ho Fluke - 39? Tr- 137
thuong pham? Tr- 138
cong to dau nguon ranh gii? Tr- 141
Cu hi 94- Van chng st ni vo trung im ca my bin p 110kV lm nhim
v g? Cho bt cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ny? Tr- 145
157
LI NI U
lm tt cc cng vic chuyn mn v in, cn phi thng xuyn nng cao
kin thc v k thut in.
Hin nay c nhiu sch chuyn mn v in v s tay k thut in gip cho
cc bn tham kho v hc tp. Da trn cc ngnh ngh chuyn mn v in, cun
ti liu ny nhm gip cc cn b k thut c th gii p nhanh nhng ni dung
thc t c lin quan v:
Qun l vn hnh trm bin p v ng dy ti in.
Thit b in
o lng in.
Cng t in.
Xy dng in.
Th nghim in.
Bo v r le trong trm bin p.
Chng ti bin son cun sch ny di dng hi v p cho ph hp vi
nhiu i tng bn c, chc cc bn x dng hiu qu ti liu k thut ny.
TC GI
Trnh Quang Khi

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Hoi Dap Ve QLVH Luoi Dien Va TBA

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Dng cho ngh QLVH ng dy v trm - tp 1

8.5 10.5 12.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 16.5 16.5

Dng cho ngh QLVH ng dy v trm - tp 1

Do c vn xon nn cp XLPE c in khng X(O/km

Cu hi 69: Trnh by cng dng v phng php x dng ng h vn nng?

- So 1, 3 l mach dng dien pha A.

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