DTM Det Nhuom

TNG CC MI TRNG
HNG DN LP BO CO
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
D N DT NHUM

H Ni, 2008

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng-2009
2
Li ni u

nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cng c mang tnh khoa hc v k
thut c s dng d bo cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng xy ra bi d n
u t, trn c s ra cc gii php v bin php nhm tng cng cc tc ng
tch cc, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, gp phn lm cho d n u t c bn
vng trong thc t trin khai. Mc chnh xc ca vic d bo tc ng s xy ra
ph thuc vo 2 nhm cc yu t c bn, l thng tin u vo cho d bo v
phng php d bo.
V thng tin u vo, iu ct yu l phi c cc thng tin v 2 i tng chnh:
mt l, nhng ni dung ca d n c kh nng gy ra tc ng mi trng ngun
gy ra tc ng; v hai l, nhng thnh phn mi trng xung quanh, bao gm c
mt s yu t v kinh t v x hi lin quan, c kh nng b tc ng bi d n - i
tng b tc ng. Mc i hi v mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo ny l
rt khc nhau ty thuc vo loi hnh d n, a im thc hin d n v phng
php d bo p dng. V phng php d bo cng c s ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t, nh: mc sn c ca cc thng tin u vo, loi hnh d n, a im thc hin
d n v.v
V vy, nu ch c nhng quy nh v php lut nh hin hnh th cng tc TM
Vit Nam s rt kh mang li nhng kt qu mong i v rt kh to lp c
nhng c s vng chc phc v cho s pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi ca t
nc. Vn cp bch t ra l phi xy dng c nhng hng dn k thut v
TM i vi tng loi hnh d n u t khc nhau.
Bn hng dn c lp trn nguyn tc tp trung vo nhng hng dn mang
tnh k thut cho vic lp bo co TM p dng i vi loi hnh d n Dt nhum
Vit Nam lm ngun ti liu tham kho cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau
trong lnh vc nh gi tc ng mi trng (ch d n, c quan ti tr d n, cng
ng chu tc ng tiu cc bi d n, cc t chc, c nhn tham gia lp bo co
TM, cc c quan, t chc tham gia thm nh bo co TM, kim tra, gim st
vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng ca d n v cc i tng khc c
lin quan). Hng dn c xy dng vi s kt hp ca nhng kinh nghim thc t
thc hin TM i vi cc d n Dt nhum v cc lnh vc c lin quan khc
Vit Nam trong vng 15 nm qua k t khi c Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993.
Vi tnh cht phc tp v nhiu i hi t ra v mt khoa hc v k thut nh
nu trn, bn hng dn ny chc chn cn nhng hn ch v khim khuyt. Mt
khc, cng vi s pht trin ca cng tc TM Vit Nam v trn th gii trong
thi gian ti, bn hng dn ny cng s chc chn cn nhiu im phi c tip
tc cp nht. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp b khuyt cho
hng dn ny trong tng lai.
3
Mi kin ng gp v thng tin phn hi v bn hng dn ny xin gi v Cc
Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng theo a ch:

Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng
83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni
in thoi: 844-37734246
Fax: 844-37734916

4
MC LC

GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................................ 7
1. Hin trng v nh hng pht trin ngnh dt nhum Vit Nam ................. 7
2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng ............. 8
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM ..................................................... 10
4. T chc thc hin TM ....................................................................................... 11
CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N ............................................................. 12
1.1. Tn d n ............................................................................................................ 12
1.2. Ch d n ............................................................................................................ 12
1.3. V tr a l ca d n ........................................................................................ 12
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n: ............................................................................. 13
1.4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng .............................................................. 13
1.4.2. Thng tin c bn v hot ng sn xut ....................................................... 14
1.5. S t chc, nhu cu lao ng ....................................................................... 22
1.5.1. S t chc nh my .................................................................................. 22
1.5.2. Nhu cu lao ng cho d n ........................................................................ 22
1.6. Tng mc u t v tin ca d n ............................................................. 22
1.6.1. Tng mc u t, ngun vn u t, hnh thc u t ................................ 22
1.6.2 T chc v tin thc hin d n ............................................................... 22
CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI
HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN ..................................................................... 23
2.1 iu kin t nhin v mi trng ...................................................................... 23
2.2. Hin trng mi trng nn................................................................................ 24
2.2.1. Yu cu s liu mi trng nn .................................................................... 24
2.2.2. Yu cu v tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn ........................ 25
2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh ............................................... 25
2.3.5. Hin trng cht lng nc ngm ................................................................ 26
2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng t ............................................................................. 26
2.3.7. Hin trng ng, thc vt ............................................................................. 27
2.3. iu kin kinh t x hi .................................................................................. 27
2.3.1. iu kin v kinh t ...................................................................................... 27
2.3.2. H tng c s v dch v ............................................................................... 27
2.3..3. iu kin v x hi ...................................................................................... 27
5
2.3.4. Vn ho lch s ............................................................................................. 28
CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG ............................ 29
3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi ........................................................................................... 29
3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng t d n dt nhum ...................... 29
3.2.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n ............................... 29
3.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng d n ............................ 30
3.2.3 D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do d n gy ra .................................... 35
3.3. i tng, quy m b tc ng .......................................................................... 37
3.4. nh gi tc ng n mi trng ................................................................... 38
3.4.1. Cc tc ng do gii phng mt bng ........................................................... 38
3.4.2. Cc tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng h tng v giai on hot
ng......................................................................................................................... 38
4.5. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng c th p dng i vi d n dt
nhum ......................................................................................................................... 50
CHNG 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA
V NG PH S C MI TRNG ................................................................. 52
4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu .................................................................................... 52
4.1.1. Nguyn tc .................................................................................................... 52
4.1.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh ............................. 53
4.1.3. Gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung ...................................................... 55
4.1.4. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng nc ..................................... 56
4.1.5. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn ....................................... 60
4.1.6. Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng t ........................................................ 61
4.1.7. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi ................................ 61
4.1.8. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn ... 61
4.2. i vi s c mi trng ................................................................................... 62
4.3. Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l ................................ 65
CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG . 66
5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng .................................................................... 66
5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng: ................................................................. 70
5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng ...................................... 70
5.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut gim st, quan trc ..................................................... 71
5.2.3. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng ..................................... 71
CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG .............................................. 72
6.1. Tham vn kin cng ng .............................................................................. 72
6
6.2. kin phn hi ca ch d n ......................................................................... 73
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT ............................................................. 74
1. Kt lun .................................................................................................................. 74
2. Kin ngh ................................................................................................................ 74
3. Cam kt .................................................................................................................. 74
PH LC NH KM ............................................................................................. 75
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 76
PH LC ................................................................................................................... 71
Ph lc 1 - Cc thng tin v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum ........................... 71
Ph lc 2 - M hnh d bo nng cc cht nhim khng kh ....................... 71

7
GII THIU CHUNG

1. Hin trng v nh hng pht trin ngnh dt nhum Vit Nam
Nu nm 2001, VN cha c tn trong danh sch 25 nc XK hng may mc hng
u vo th trng M, th n nm 2002, sau khi quy ch quan h bnh thng Vit
- M c thng qua, VN vn ln v tr th 20 v ginh v tr th 5 vo nm
2003 khi t kim ngch XK vo Hoa K 3,6 t USD. Khi Hoa K p dng quota nhp
khu i vi mt s mt hng may mc ca VN, hng dt may VN tt xung v tr
th 7. Nhng n nm 2006, hng dt may VN tr li v tr th 5, v sau 3 nm
khi tr thnh thnh vin ca WTO, hng dt may VN vo th trng Hoa K ng
v tr th 3 - ch sau Trung Quc v Mexico.
Theo Hip hi Dt may VN, n 2008 ngnh dt may Vit Nam c trn 2.000 DN,
s dng khong 2 triu lao ng. Sn phm dt may xut khu ca VN chim khong
15% tng kim ngch xut khu hng nm, ch ng sau ngnh du kh. Nm 2007,
ton ngnh t kim ngch xut khu 7,75 t USD. V ch ring 9 thng u nm
2008, mc d ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu kh khn do suy thoi kinh t, kim
ngch xut khu ngnh dt may vn t 6,84 t USD - tng 20% so vi cng k nm
2007 - d kin nm nay ton ngnh s t kim ngch xut khu khong 9,2 - 9,3 t
USD, a Vit Nam vo top 10 quc gia xut khu dt may ln nht th gii.
Mc d tiu th hng dt may Vit Nam ti th trng ni a hin ang t 4,5 t
USD. Cc doanh nghip dt may Vit Nam ch chim c khong 30% th phn ni
a, phn cn li thuc v hng ngoi nhp v cc nh may nh trong c nc. Dt
may Vit Nam cn mt chin lc pht trin ton din v di hn. Hng ngoi nhp
chim 30% th phn, trong khong 20% l hng dt may nhp khu t Trung
Quc.
Hng dt may Vit Nam hin ng v tr th 9 trong top 10 nc xut khu hng dt
may ln nht th gii nhng so vi nhiu nc chu khc th tc tng trng
ca hng dt may Vit Nam vn cn thp ch khong 20-30% do hng gia cng nhiu
(trong khi Trung Quc l 80%, Indonesia 48%).
Hin trng ny i hi doanh nghip ngnh dt may Vit Nam tch cc nng cao gi
tr xut khu hng FOB (Free on Board) nhm gim t l gia cng, tng gi tr xut
khu v y cng c xem l gii php vt qua giai on kh khn do nh
hng ca suy thoi kinh t hin nay.
Nhng gii php t ra tho g kh khn trong tnh hnh hin nay cho ngnh dt
may l vic tm kim, m rng sang cc th trng mi, thc hin c cu li sn xut,
tit gim chi ph, ci tin khu phc v sn xut, p dng cc gii php k thut mi.
Bn cnh , u tin m rng xut khu hng FOB vo th trng mi m Vit Nam
c li th nh th trng Nga, Nam Phi, Trung ng l nhng th trng ln, d
tnh v c bit l gi rt hp dn.
8
Ngy 19/11/2008, B Cng Thng ban hnh Quyt nh s 42/2008/Q-BCT
ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin ngnh cng nghip dt may n nm 2015, nh
hng n nm 2020.
Trong , mc tiu pht trin l: Pht trin ngnh dt may tr thnh mt trong nhng
ngnh cng nghip trng im, mi nhn v xut khu: tho mn ngy cng cao nhu
cu tiu dng trong nc, to thm nhiu vic lm cho x hi; nng cao kh nng
cnh tranh.
m bo cho cc doanh nghip dt may pht trin bn vng, hiu qu trn c s
cng ngh hin i, qun l h thng cht lng, qun l lao ng v mi trng
theo tiu chun quc t.
Giai on 2008-2010, tng trng sn xut bnh qun t 16-18%, tng trng xut
khu bnh qun t 20% v kim ngch xut khu t 12 t USD vo nm 2010.

khu t 15% v kim ngch xut khu t 18 t USD vo nm 2015.

khu t 15% v kim ngch xut khu t 25 t USD vo nm 2020.
Ch tiu n v Nm
2010
Nm 2015 Nm 2020
1.Kim ngch xut
khu
Tr USD 12.000 18.000 25.000
2. S dng lao
ng
1000
ngi
2.500 2.750 3.000
3. Sn phm ch
yu:

- Bng x 1000 tn 20 40 60
- X, si tng hp 120 210 300
- Si cc loi 350 500 650
- Vi cc loi Tr m2 1.000 1.500 2.000
- SP may Tr sp 1.800 2.850 4.000

2. Cn c php lut v k thut ca vic thc hin nh gi mi trng
C s php l (nu y , chnh xc m s, tn, ngy ban hnh, c quan ban hnh
ca tng vn bn):
1. Lut u t 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua ngy 29
thng 11 nm 2005;
2. Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 c k hp th 8 Quc hi kho XI thng qua
ngy 19/11/2005;
9
3. Ngh nh s 108/2006/N-CP ngy 22/9/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy
nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut u t;
4. Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh
chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
5. Ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b
sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm
2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s
iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
6. Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 v ph bo v mi trng i
vi khai thc khong sn;
7. Ngh nh s 68/2005/N-CP ngy 20/5/2005 ca Chnh ph v an ton ha
cht;
8. Ngh nh s 108/2008/N-CP ngy 07/10/2008 ca Chnh ph v hng dn
thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Ha cht
9. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l cht
thi rn;
10. Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP ngy 27/7/2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh vic
cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo
ngun nc;
11. Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003 ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v
mi trng i vi nc thi;
12. Ngh nh s 04/2007/N-CP ngy 08/01/2007 ca Chnh Ph v vic sa
i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13/06/2003
ca Chnh Ph v Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi;
13. Thng t s 05/2008/TT-BTNMT ngy 8/12/2008 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v
cam kt bo v mi trng;
14. Thng t s 12/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k cp
php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi;
15. Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn
mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 9/4/2007 ca Chnh ph
v qun l cht thi rn;
16. Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi;
Cc TCVN/QCVN v mi trng lin quan:
- Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B trng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi
trng;
- TCVN v khng kh: TCVN 5937:2005; TCVN:5938-2005, TCVN
5939:2005, TCVN 5940:2005
- TCVN v n v rung ng: TCVN 5949:1998, TCVN 3958:1999, TCVN
6962:2001;
- TCVN v QCVN v nc: TCVN 5945:2005, QCVN 13:2008, QCVN
08:2008, QCVN 09:2008, QCVN 10:2008, QCVN 14:2008
10
- TCVN v cht thi nguy hi: TCVN 6705:2000, TCVN 6706:2000; TCVN
6707:2000; TCVN 7629:2007
- Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B trng B Y t
v vic Ban hnh 21 tiu chun v sinh lao ng, 05 nguyn tc v 07 thng
s v sinh lao ng;
Cc vn bn php l lin quan n vic thc hin d n.
Vn bn k thut
- Lit k cc vn bn k thut thc hin lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng:
- Bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t.
- Nin gim thng k
- Cc ti liu k thut khc
Cc ngun ti liu, d liu s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng
(tn gi, xut x thi gian, tc gi, ni pht hnh ca ti liu, d liu)
- Ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho;
- Ngun ti liu, d liu do ch d n t to lp.
3. Phng php p dng trong qu trnh TM
i vi cc d n Nh my Dt - Nhum, vic nh gi tc ng mi trng thng
c tin hnh bng nhng phng php sau y:
- Phng php thng k: Phng php ny nhm thu thp v x l cc s liu
v kh tng thu vn, kinh t x hi, mi trng ti khu vc thc hin d n.
- Phng php iu tra x hi hc: c s dng trong qu trnh iu tra cc
vn v mi trng, kinh t x hi, ly kin tham vn lnh o UBND,
UBMTTQ v cng ng dn c xung quanh.
- Phng php mng li: Ch r cc tc ng trc tip v cc tc ng gin
tip, cc tc ng th cp v cc tc ng qua li ln nhau.
- Phng php tng hp, so snh: Dng tng hp cc s liu thu thp c,
so snh vi Quy chun, Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam. T nh gi
hin trng cht lng mi trng nn ti khu vc nghin cu, d bo nh gi
v xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do cc hot ng
ca d n.
- Phng php nh gi nhanh trn c s h s nhim ca WHO: c s
dng c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh khi trin khai xy dng
v thc hin d n.
- Phng php m hnh ho: S dng cc m hnh tnh ton d bo lan
truyn cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh t xc nh mc v
phm vi tc ng.
- Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th nghim:
Nhm xc nh v tr cc im o c, ly mu cc thng s mi trng phc
11
v cho vic phn tch, nh gi hin trng cht lng mi trng khu vc d
n.
- Phng php hi tho khoa hc: Tham vn kin cc chuyn gia v cc vn
mi trng ca d n.
4. T chc thc hin TM
Nu tm tt qu trnh thc hin lp bo co TM bt u t kho st, thu thp,
nghin cu ti liu c lin quan, ly mu phn tch, gp a phng bao gm chnh
quyn a phng, c quan qun l mi trng a phng.
C quan t vn: tn c quan, a ch, ngi ng u, danh sch nhng ngi tham
gia thc hin chnh.
Lu : cn c i din ca ch d n tham gia lp bo co TM.

12
CHNG 1. M T TM TT D N
Yu cu: Ni dung m t s lc v d n dt nhum phi c trnh by ngn
gn, y , r rng v cn c minh ho bng nhng s liu, biu bng, bn ,
s vi t l thch hp.

1.1. Tn d n
Nu chnh xc tn d n (nh tn trong bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co
u t hoc ti liu tng ng ca d n).
1.2. Ch d n
Nu tn ch s hu d n, a ch, s fax, in thoi, e-mail, web ca cng ty, tn
ngi i din cho ch s hu, chc danh.
Nu l d n lin doanh (hoc c phn) cn nu tn i din theo U quyn ca cc
nh u t khc xin cp php u t v a ch Vn phng d n.
1.3. V tr a l ca d n
Theo quy nh ca Thng t 05/2008/TT-BTNMT, ni dung m t a im trong
bn TM bao gm:
- Nu a ch ng k: theo a im ng k nu trong bo co nghin cu
kh thi
- Ta , ranh gii ca a im thc hin d n v tng din tch s dng (c
km theo s minh ha); Nu d n c xy dng trong khu cng nghip
th m t khu cng nghip v v tr ca d n trong khu cng nghip
i vi d n dt nhum cn cn lu :
- Vn la chn a im: Do c th hot ng c s dng nhiu nc v
thi nc c nhiu thnh phn nhim, vic la chn a im thc hin d
n, cn phi c bit lu n ngun cung cp nc v ni tip nhn nc
thi. Nu a im c la chn khng ph hp, c th dn ti nguy c
thiu nc sch cung cp cho cc hot ng chn nui hoc/v gy nhim
mi trng ngun nc mt tip nhn nc thi.
- M t ngun tip nhn nc thi: tn, v tr ngun tip nhn nc thi; c
im a l, a hnh, ch thu vn ca khu vc x nc thi km theo s
v tr a l th hin cc i tng ny, c ch gii r rng.
- Bn cnh , d n cng cn trnh by c th v a im thc hin d n,
nh khu dn c; c s sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v; cng trnh vn ho, tn
gio, di tch lch s;Nu r mi tng quan vi cc i tng t nhin,
13
kinh t, x hi, cng trnh cng nghip khc. S v tr d n trong mi
quan h vng (trong phm vi tng quan bn ca huyn hoc tnh, thnh
ph).
Vic m t cc ni dung nu trn khng ch l lit k nhng s liu v thng tin lin
quan m cn phi c phn tch, nh gi c th hn v cc vn sau y: V tr
xy dng c ph hp vi quy hoch, k hoch s dng t chi tit v quy hoch
ca a phng khng?
1.4. Ni dung ch yu ca d n:
1.4.1. Cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng
- Mt bng xy dng d n, c s quy hoch mt bng km theo.
- Gii phng v san lp mt bng: k hoch n b, khi lng san lp, cch
thc san lp v k hoch san lp.
- Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh chnh: danh mc v khi lng xy dng.
- Thng k cc hng mc cng trnh ph tr: danh mc v khi lng xy
dng.
1.4.1.1 H thng cp nc v thot nc
Nhng im cn ch :
Lm r lng nc khai thc s dng: cc nh my dt nhum thng dng mt
lng ln nc. Cc nh my dt nhum ni chung u cn mt lng nc cp
ln do vy cn c thm giy php c s dng ngun nc cp khi nh my i vo
hot ng ca chnh quyn a phng. Trong trng hp t khai thc nc ngm
x l v s dng cng phi c giy php khai thc theo ng qui nh.
Thot nc v v sinh mi trng: Cn m t r rng h thng thot nc trong khu
vc d n v h thng thot nc bn trong nh my bao gm h thng thot nc
mt, nc thi sn xut v nc sinh hot. Phi lm r v m t ngun tip nhn
nc thi. Trong phn ny cn c cc bn v vi cc ni dung sau:
- Nhu cu nc s dng
- Ch r nhu cu (lng) nc cp cn s dng trn nm; yu cu v cht
lng nc cho sinh hot, sn xut.
- Ngun cung cp nc
- H thng thot nc
- H thng thot nc ma (bn v h thng cng thot)
- H thng thot nc thi sn xut (bn v h thng cng thot)
- H thng thot nc sinh hot (bn v h thng cng thot)
14
- V sinh mi trng: trong phn v sinh mi trng cn nu cc dch v thu
gom cht thi nguy hi, cht thi rn, rc thi v cc dch v mi trng khc
ang c s dng trong khu vc.
1.4.1.2. Nhu cu in s dng
Ch r lng in tiu th v ngun cung cp
1.4.1.3. H thng giao thng
M t h thng giao thng bn trong d n (ni b) v h thng giao lin vi xung
quanh thy c s thun li, kh khn trong qu trnh trin khai xy dng v
hot ng ca d n.
1.4.1.4. H thng thng tin lin lc
Nu r c mng li thng tin, in thoi, internet khu vc d n (y l mt
trong cc iu kin thun li trong qu trnh hot ng d n).
1.4.2. Thng tin c bn v hot ng sn xut
Nu thng tin c bn v qui m, sn phm, cng sut ca d n.
Nu d n c nhiu phn xng sn xut c lp, cn nu chi tit cho tng phn
xng.
Lu : Cn nu r cc hng mc ph tr khc nu cng thuc d n nh: lm
ng, kho tng, v.v.
1.4.2.1 Sn phm, cng sut, cht lng sn phm
- Sn phm: lit k cc sn phm chnh v sn phm ph.
- Cng sut (tnh theo nm).
- Cht lng cc loi sn phm: da theo ng k cht lng sn phm.
1.4.2.2 Nguyn liu, nhin liu
Cn lu c bit cc vn sau:
- Phi c cc s liu v lng s dng nguyn liu, ha cht c nm, khng
nn ch ghi nh mc nguyn liu.
- Cc loi nguyn liu phi nu r thnh phn cc cht c trong nhin liu.
Nguyn liu
- nh mc nguyn, nhin liu (tnh theo tn sn phm).
15
- Tng lng nguyn liu, nhin liu, ha cht (tnh c nm theo cng sut),
ring i vi ho cht cn c y cc thng tin (cc thng tin ny da vo
m phiu ca tng ho cht).
- Cch thc vn chuyn, ng gi v lu gi nguyn liu, nhin liu, ho cht.
Ho cht
Cc loi ho cht s dng trong ngnh dt nhum c th phn thnh hai loi:
- Thuc nhum, l ho cht chnh mang mu la chn, khng th thay th
c trong qu trnh nhum.
- Cc ho cht khc l cht tr dng nh cht tr gip cho tt c cc khu ca
qui trnh dt nhum, bao gm cht tr nu, tr ty, tr nhum, tr in hoa v
tr hon tt.
Cc loi thuc nhum
Thuc nhum l mt trong nhng nhn t hng u quyt nh cht lng sn
phm. Thuc nhum l cc hp cht mang mu c th l dng h c hoc l cc
phc ca cc kim loi nh Cu, Co, Ni, CrTuy nhin, hin nay cc thuc nhum
dng phc kim loi khng cn c s dng nhiu na bi to ra hm lng ln
cc kim loi nng trong thnh phn nc thi. Thuc nhum l cc hp cht hu c
mang mu hin ang rt ph bin trn th trng. y l cc hp cht kh phn hu
sinh hc, chnh lng d ca chng trong nc thi l tc nhn gy c ti con
ngi v h sinh thi nc.
Tu theo cu to, tnh cht v phm vi s dng ca chng m ngi ta chia thuc
nhum thnh cc nhm, loi khc nhau nc ta hin nay, thuc nhum thng
phm vn cha c sn xut, tt c cc loi thuc nhum u phi nhp ca cc
hng sn xut thuc nhum trn th gii.
C hai cch phn loi thuc nhum:
- Phn loi thuc nhum theo cu trc ho hc: thuc nhum trong cu trc
ho hc c nhm azo, nhm antraquinon, nhm nitro,
- Phn loi theo lp k thut hay phm vi s dng: u im ca phn loi ny
l thun tin cho vic tra cu v s dng, ngi ta xy dng T in
Thuc nhum (Color Index). T in Thuc nhum c s dng rng ri
trn th gii trong mi loi thuc nhum c chung tnh cht k thut c
xp trong cng lp nh: nhm thuc trc tip, thuc axit, thuc hot tnh,
Trong mi lp li xp theo th t gam mu ln lt t vng da cam, , tm,
xanh lam, xanh lc, nu v en.
Sau y l mt s nhm loi thuc nhum thng c s dng Vit Nam.
Thuc nhum trc tip
16
Khi nhum mu m th thuc nhum trc tip khng cn hiu sut bt mu cao
na, hn na trong thnh phn ca thuc c c cha gc azo (- N=N - ) hp cht
gy ung th nn hin nay loi thuc ny khng cn c khuyn khch s dng
nhiu.
Thuc nhum trc tip d s dng v r, tuy nhin li khng bn mu.
Thuc nhum axit
Theo cu to ho hc thuc nhum axit u thuc nhm azo, mt s l dn xut ca
antraquinon, triarylmetan, xanten, azin v quinophtalic, mt s c th to phc vi
kim loi.
Thuc nhum hot tnh
Mc khng gn mu ca thuc nhum hot tnh tng i cao, khong 30%, c
cha gc halogen hu c (hp cht AOX) nn lm tng tnh c khi thi ra mi
trng. Hn na hp cht AOX ny c kh nng tch lu sinh hc, do gy nn
tc ng tim n cho sc kho con ngi v ng vt.
Thuc nhum baz-cation
Thuc nhum baz l nhng hp cht mu c cu to khc nhau, hu ht chng l
cc mui clorua, oxalate hoc mui kp ca baz hu c.
Thuc nhum hon nguyn
c dng ch yu nhum ch, vi, si bng, la visco. Thuc nhum hon
nguyn phn ln da trn hai h mu indigoit v antraquinone. Do c i lc vi x
xenlulo nn hp cht lyc baz bt mnh vo x, sau khi ra bt kim s d b
thu phn v dng lyc axit v oxi ho bng oxi ca khng kh v dng khng tan
ban u. Do c tnh quan trng m lp thuc nhum ny c tn gi l hon
nguyn.
Thuc nhum lu hunh
Thuc nhum lu hunh l nhng hp cht mu cha nguyn t lu hunh trong
phn t thuc nhum cc dng -S-, -SH-, -S-S-, -SO-, -Sn-.
Thuc nhum phn tn
L nhng cht mu khng tan trong nc, phn b u trong nc dng dung dch
huyn ph.
Mc gn mu ca thuc nhum phn tn t t l cao (90 - 95%) nn nc thi ra
khng cha nhiu thuc nhum v mang tnh axit.
17
Thuc nhum azo khng tan
Thuc nhum azo khng tan cn c tn gi khc nh thuc nhum lnh, thuc
nhum , thuc nhum naptol, chng l nhng hp cht c cha nhm azo trong
phn t nhng khng c mt cc nhm c tnh tan nh -SO3Na, -COONa nn
khng ho tan trong nc.
Thuc nhum pigment
Pigment l nhng hp cht c mu cu to ho hc khc nhau c c im chung:
khng tan trong nc do phn t khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan (-SO3H, -
COOH), hoc cc nhm ny b chuyn v dng mui bari, canxi khng tan trong
nc.
c tnh ca thuc nhum
Thuc nhum l ho cht c bn do vy u c c tnh nht nh, ngoi ra mt s
loi thuc nhum l c cht c kh nng gy ung th. Trn th gii c qui nh
tiu chun v c cht i vi mt s loi thuc nhum, v d nh trong Tiu chun
v cc ho cht trong cng nghip dt xc nh nhng loi thuc nhum azo c
th to ra nhng hp cht amide gy ung th do s phn hy. Nhng loi thuc
nhum c cha hp cht nhm azo amin b cm s dng, v d: thuc nhum
Ismament Yellow 2G, Pigmatex Yellow TCGG, Imperon Yellow K-R, Pigmatex
Golden Yellow TGRM, Imperon Orange K-G, Imperon Red KG 3R, Imperon
Violet K-B, Imperon Dark Brown K-BRC.
Thng tin chi tit v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum c th hin ti ph lc 1
Cc loi ho cht tr thng s dng trong cng ngh dt nhum
Tu thuc vo mi loi quy trnh cng ngh v cng on khc nhau, s s dng
nhng ho cht tr khc nhau. Trong , cc loi cht ph gia s dng trong mi c
s sn xut, v mi quy trnh cng ngh thng l khc nhau. S thay i ny ph
thuc vo yu cu ca nh sn xut.
Bng 1.1 - Cc loi ho cht tr thng s dng trong cng ngh dt nhum
Nhm cc loi ho cht (cht tr) Cc loi ho cht (cht tr)
I. Cht tr h si Tinh bt
Tinh bt bin tnh
PVA
Acrylic
H tng hp
Men r h
II. Cht tr nu ty Cht ngm
18
Cht cng ho
III. Cht tr nhum Ngm
u mu
Git
Cm mu
IV. Cht tr in hoa H tinh bt
Alginat
Nh ho
Binder
V. Cht tr hon tt Chng nhu
Lm mm
Cc loi khc
Cht tr x l nc

1.4.2.3. Vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v sn phm
Nu r ngun cung cp nguyn liu, tnh sn c ca ngun nguyn vt liu thy
c tnh ph hp, thc t ca d n.
- Vn chuyn nguyn liu chnh (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin)
- Vn chuyn nguyn liu ha cht khc (phng tin v c tnh ca phng
tin)
- Vn chuyn sn phm (phng tin v c tnh ca phng tin)
Lu : Khi xem xt vic ng gi vn chuyn ha cht cn i chiu vi cc qui
nh hin hnh v qun l ha cht, trong c phn ng gi, bo qun, vn
chuyn ha cht.
1.4.2.4. Trang thit b, my mc
Trang thit b ca cc d n dt nhum thng a dng v hiu sut chuyn ho
cng nh cc cht thi lin quan nh hng nhiu bi cht lng, tnh ng b, hin
i ca trang thit b. Cn nu r v chng loi, s lng, tnh trng (mi 100%),
xut x, nm ch to, v.v ca cc trang thit b, my chnh.
1.4.2.5. Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut
Dt nhum l mt ngnh cng nghip bao gm rt nhiu cng on sn xut. Tu
tng loi sn phm (vi, mu, tuyn, len, khn. . . ) m quy trnh sn xut c p
dng cng c th khc nhau. Thng thng cng ngh dt nhum gm ba qu trnh
c bn: Ko si, dt vi - X l ho hc (nu, ty ), nhum - hon thin vi.
Nhn chung, quy trnh cng ngh ngnh dt nhum bao gm mt s cng on
chnh vi chc nng ca tng cng on c ni n l:
19
Chun b nguyn liu: nguyn liu thng c ng di dng cc kin bng th
cha cc si bng c kch thc khc nhau cng vi cc tp cht t nhin nh bi,
t, ht. . . Nguyn liu bng th c nh tung, lm sch, bng thu c di
dng cc tm phng, u. Cc si bng sau c ko si th tng kch thc,
bn v c nh thnh ng.
H si dc: l qu trnh s dng h tinh bt v tinh bt bin tnh to mng h
bao quanh si, tng bn, trn v bng ca si tin hnh dt vi. Ngoi
ra cn s dng cc loi h nhn to nh polyvinylalcol PVA, polyacrylat
Dt vi: l s kt hp si ngang vi si dc thnh tm vi. Hin nay qu trnh dt
vi c tin hnh bng my mc l ch yu.
Nu vi: l qu trnh nu vi p sut, nhit cao (2 - 3at, 120 - 1300C) trong
dung dch hn hp gm NaOH, Na2CO3, cht ph tr tch loi phn h cn bm
li trn si v cc tp cht thin nhin c trong si (nh pectin, hp cht cha Nit,
axit hu c, du, sp ) ng thi lm tng mao dn, ngm ca vi v tng
kh nng bt mu thuc nhum ca vi. V th, nc thi t qu trnh nu c
kim cao, cha du m, cht ty ra, v mt lng ln h tinh bt.
Trc khi nhum, sn phm nhum cn c lm sch b mt, loi b nhng cht
bn. Trong qu trnh ny, mt s loi h vi v cc cht kt dnh t nhin c s
dng lm cht h chnh trn b mt vt liu. Tuy nhin, s ko cng b mt vi vi
tc cao ca nhng my dt to ra nhng loi cht nh PVA (polyvinyl
alcohol). PVA l mt cht kh phn hu v l mt polymer mch di, do vy rt kh
tch ra khi nc thi.
Trong qu trnh ny cng s dng cc cht ho hc nh nhng tc nhn hot ng
b mt, tc nhn oxy ho h vi, NaOH, H2O2, NaOCl, axit axetic v nhng cht
ph gia khc. V vy, qu trnh ny thng to ra cc cht ho hc kh phn hu
vi nng cao trong nc thi.
Lm bng vi: mc ch l lm cho si cotton trng n, tng kh nng thm nc,
tng kh nng bt mu bt mu thuc nhum, si bng hn.
Thng thng s dng dung dch NaOH c nng t 280 - 300g/l nhit thp
lm bng vi (vi nhn to khng cn lm bng). Qu trnh ny to ra nhng sn
phm c bng cao. Thng p dng i vi loi vi cotton hoc vi la t tm.
Qu trnh ngm kim s dng lng ln NaOH, kim ca nc thi c gi tr pH
ln ti khong 14, do vy nc thi cn phi c trung ho trc khi thi ra mi
trng tip nhn.
Ty trng: mc ch l lm cho vi mt mu t nhin, sch vt du, m, lm cho
vi c trng theo yu cu. Cc cht ty thng l nc Javen (natri hypoclorit
20
NaClO, natriclorit NaClO2), dung dch Clo, hydropeoxit (H2O2), cng vi cc cht
ph tr.
Nc thi t qu trnh ty cha kim d, cht ty ra. Ngoi ra nc thi cn c
mt hm lng cc cht halogen hu c nu s dng cc hp cht ty cha Clo.
Cc cht ny c kh nng gy ung th v ang c khuyn co hn ch s dng.
Nhum vi: y l qu trnh chnh, s dng cc loi thuc nhum to mu cho vi.
Si vi c x l bng thuc nhum, dung dch cc ph gia hu c tng kh
nng gn mu. Thuc nhum c th l phn tn, hon nguyn hoc nhng loi khc.
nhum vi ngi ta thng s dng cc loi thuc nhum tng hp cng nhiu
ho cht tr khc to iu kin cho s bt mu ca ca thuc nhum. Phn ho
cht v thuc nhum khng gn vo vi i vo nc thi gy ra mu v ti lng
COD cao ca nc thi dt nhum.
Hu ht cc loi thuc nhum u l dng anionic v cc loi si bng cng l dng
anionic. V vy, cho thuc nhum bt mu vo si vi cn phi s dng n mt
lng ln mui (NaCl, Na2SO4), cc cht cm mu syntephix, tinofix D lng
ca tt c cc cht ny u vo nc thi gy nhim trm trng nc thi dt
nhum.
Loi thuc nhum s dng ph thuc vo loi vi, si vi v cc c tnh cn c ca
sn phm nh: bn mu, bn vi nh sng, bn nhit Qu trnh ny cng s
dng cht phn tn, sunfua, indanthren hay napton theo yu cu sn phm v
nguyn liu vi. Do vy nc thi c thnh phn cc cht vi nng dao ng v
c mu cao. Ngoi ra do tnh a dng ca thuc nhum nn cc loi cht thi ny
thng rt kh nhn bit.
Git: Sau mi qu trnh nu, ty, lm bng, nhum c qu trnh git nhiu ln nhm
tch cc tp cht, cht bn cn bm trn vi.
Hon thin sn phm: qu trnh hon thin l qu trnh thc hin mt s yu cu
b sung nh lm mm vi, chng thm cho vi, chng vi khun, chng cn trng,
chng chy, tng bn Do vy, mt vi loi ho cht v cht tng hp c
s dng nh silicon, acrylic, urthan v florin. Hu ht nhng loi ho cht ny l
cht kh phn hu, c bit khi chng phn ng vi nhng hp cht khc c mt
trong nc thi.
Trong cc ngun pht sinh nc thi ca qu trnh dt nhum th nc thi cng
on nu, ty v nhum l b nhim nhiu nht, cn u tin tch dng v x l.

21
Hnh 1.1. S cng ngh dt nhum km dng thi

Git
Ty trng
X l axit
Nu
Ko si, chi
H si
Dt vi
Gi h
Lm bng
Nhum, in hoa
Git
Hon tt, vng kh
Nguyn liu u
H
2
O
Tinh bt, ph gia
Hi nc
Nc thi cha h
Tinh bt, ho cht
Enzym
NaOH
Nc thi cha h tinh bt,
NaOH
NaOH, ho cht
Hi nc
H
2
SO
4

H
2
O
Cht ty git
H
2
O
2
, NaOCl
ho cht
H
2
SO
4

H
2
O
2
, cht ty git
NaOH, ho cht
Dung dch nhum
H
2
SO
4

H
2
O
2
, cht ty git
Hi nc
H, ho cht
Nc thi
Nc thi
Nc thi cha ho cht
Nc thi
Nc thi cha kim
Dch nhum thi
Nc thi
Nc thi
Sn phm
22
1.5. S t chc, nhu cu lao ng
1.5.1. S t chc nh my
Nu r s t chc ca nh my; chc nng, nhim v ca Gim c, cc phng
ban chc nng. Lu trong s cn ch r b phn ph trch v qun l mi
trng ca nh my.
1.5.2. Nhu cu lao ng cho d n
Giai on xy dng:
c tnh s lng lao ng cn cho giai on xy dng d n lm c s tnh
ton lng pht thi Chng 4.
Giai on hot ng
c tnh s lng lao ng cn cho giai on hot ng ca d n lm c s tnh
ton lng pht thi Chng 3. Nhu cu lao ng giai on hot ng c th
phn chia theo cc nm hot ng (theo tin ) thc hin d n.
Lu :
Cn nu r phng thc tuyn dng lao ng, c bit l cc i tng lao ng b
nh hng bi d n do mt t t phi chuyn i ngh. Cn c cc chnh sch u
tin, h tr o to v tuyn dng cc i tng ny gim tc ng x hi.
1.6. Tng mc u t v tin ca d n
1.6.1. Tng mc u t, ngun vn u t, hnh thc u t
Tng mc u t: Nu d n chia thnh nhiu giai on th tng mc u t cho
ton b cc giai on v tng giai on.
Ngun vn u t: cn nu r ngun vn u t
1.6.2 T chc v tin thc hin d n
Hnh thc qun l d n: v d nh thnh lp ban qun l d n c thm quyn gii
quyt cc vn khi thc hin d n.
Tin thc hin d n (bng bng tin theo thng, k t khi bt u trin khai)
23
CHNG 2. THU THP S LIU, KHO ST, M T V NH GI
HIN TRNG MI TRNG NN
Yu cu: Cn ch r mc chi tit ca tng c im c m t, cc yu cu
chuyn mn ca cc s liu, d liu, thng s c s dng sao cho ph hp vi
quy nh hin hnh v phc v tt nht cho vic nh gi tc ng ca loi hnh d
n c th n mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi.

2.1 iu kin t nhin v mi trng
iu kin v a l, a cht:
cp v m t nhng i tng, hin tng, qu trnh b tc ng bi d n; ch
dn ngun ti liu, d liu tham kho, s dng (Da trn bo co nghin cu kh
thi/bo co u t ca d n, bo co kho st a cht cng trnh ti khu vc d n
hoc cc ti liu khc c cng b chnh thc)
M t nhng c im a hnh ca khu vc d n mt cch chi tit (ni, i, ng
bng...)
iu kin v kh tng - thu vn
S liu v kh tng thu vn khu vc d n: ly trong cc Nin gim thng k
gn nht (5 nm gn nht) do Tng Cc thng k xut bn hng nm cho cc tnh.
Cn c cc s liu thu vn ca h thng sng, ngi v vic s dng nc t cc
sng, trong khu vc. c bit lu cc thu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi (nc
ma chy trn v nc thi sn xut, sinh hot sau x l).
iu kin thi tit kh hu khu vc d n: da vo ngun s liu thng k ti cc
trm quan trc ca Trung tm kh tng thu vn gn v tr d n v thuc a bn
tnh ni d n s c xy dng. S liu phi c thng k trong vng 5-10 nm
gn nht, vi cc c trng: Nhit khng kh, s gi nng, bc x mt tri , ch
ma, m khng kh tng i, ch gi, hin tng kh tng nguy him
(nu c) nh: bo l, ging, t, sng, m
Nhn xt: nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do thi tit kh hu tc ng n t
n.
Mng li thu vn: m t mng li thu vn ti khu vc d n, c th l ngun
tip nhn nc ma v nc thi ca d n. Mng li thu vn phi th hin c
cc c trng: Tn sng sui, hnh thi v c trng ca sng sui: chiu di, chiu
rng, su, lu lng dng chy, vn tc dng chy
24
Nhn xt:
- nh gi nhng thun li v kh khn do mng li thu vn tc ng n
d n.
- nh gi gi tr ngun nc mt ti khu vc d n
Ti nguyn thin nhin
Ti nguyn t:
- Tng din tch t t nhin v cht lng
- Hin trng s dng t (nng nghip, lm nghip, chuyn dng, t , s
dng khc, t cha s dng)
Ti nguyn nc mt:
- c im h thng thu vn mt trong khu vc (sng, h, knh mng)
- Hin trng s dng ti nguyn nc mt trong khu vc
Ti nguyn nc ngm (v nc khong):
- c im a cht thu vn khu vc (tng cha nc, tr lng, cht lng
nc ngm)
- Hin trng khai thc v s dng
Ti nguyn ng thc vt:
Cc s liu v thm thc vt v h ng vt trong khu vc thc hin d n. Cn c
bit ch n nhng chng loi c th ca khu vc hoc c trong sch .
2.2. Hin trng mi trng nn
M t r hin trng cc hp phn mi trng: Khng kh, nc mt, nc ngm,
mi trng t, h sinh thi (cn, nc) trong khu vc d n v vng ln cn.
Mc ch ca ni dung ny l phn tch ti liu, s liu lin quan n cht lng
mi trng xung quanh khu vc nh gi, so snh theo QCVN, TCVN v mi
trng hin hnh vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
2.2.1. Yu cu s liu mi trng nn
Cc s liu v mi trng khu vc l nhng cn c khoa hc thc hin TM. N
quyt nh tnh ng n ca mt qu trnh nh gi v cc gii php gim thiu tc
ng tiu cc, tng cng cc tc ng tch cc ca d n i vi vng hot ng
ca d n, cng nh n l c s kim sot, nh gi phn tc ng tng thm do
d n gy ra sau ny.
25
S liu mi trng nn cn t nhng tiu chun cht lng sau y:
- C tin cy, r rng v phi r ngun gc xut x. S liu ny c th ly
t nhiu ngun t liu khc nhau nh: cc trm quan trc (monitoring) mi
trng quc gia v tnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, kho st trong
nhiu nm c cng b chnh thc hoc d n t tin hnh kho st, o
c.
- Cc s liu, ti liu phi bao gm nhng yu t, thnh phn mi trng trong
vng chu tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ca d n.
- Cc s liu phi c x l s b, h thng ho, r rng gip cho ngi x l
s liu d dng phn tch tng hp, phn chia thnh cc nhm s liu, nhn
nh c im ca vng nghin cu.
- Phng php o lng kho st phn tch thng k phi tun th cc quy
nh ca cc Quy chun, tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. Trong trng hp
thiu QCVN, TCVN c th s dng tiu chun ca nc ngoi c iu kin
t nhin, kinh t - x hi tng t.
2.2.2. Yu cu v tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn
- V tr ly mu nh gi cht lng mi trng nn phi c tnh i din, ch
cc im tip nhn nc thi, v tr cc im xung quanh b tc ng ca
kh thi (theo hng gi ch o).
- V tr quan trc c nh du trn s ly mu
2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh
- V tr cc im o c v ly mu khng kh: m t r to ly mu, v tr
im quan trc nm trong hay ngoi d n, nu nm ngoi th c tnh
khong cch n v tr d n v nm v pha no ca d n.
- Thi gian ly mu, phng php o c/phn tch: ghi r thi gian ly mu
v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng thng s mi trng.
- iu kin vi khsi hu khi ly mu: Nhit khng kh, m khng kh,
vn tc gi, mt giao thng (nu v tr o/thu mu gn ng giao thng)
- Cc thng s quan trc mi trng nn: CO, SO2, Nox, H2S, Bi l lng
tng s (TSP), Bi PM10
- nh gi s thay i, khc bit gia cc v tr quan trc: da trn iu kin
v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s mI trng khng kh vi QCVN,
TCVN
- Kt lun: cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN,
TCVN, l do khng t.
2.2.3. Hin trng cht lng nc mt
- V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc mt: m t r im quan trc nm
trn sng sui no, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n.
26
- iu kin ly mu: m t iu kin kh hu ti thi im ly mu.
- Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, DO, SS, mu, Tng P, Tng N, BOD,
COD, Du m, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,), Coliform.
v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s vi QCVN, TCVN
- Kt lun: cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN,
TCVN, l do khng t.
2.3.5. Hin trng cht lng nc ngm
Ly mu t cc ging khoan/o sn c trong vng d n v khu vc xung quanh
- V tr cc im o c v ly mu nc ngm: m t r im quan trc l
ging khoan hay ging o, su ca ging, tn ch h, a ch
v phng php o c/phn tch cho tng ch tiu mi trng.
- Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, SS, mu, Tng P, Tng N, BOD, COD,
Du m, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Fe,), Coliform, Feacal
Coliform
v thi gian ly mu. So snh thng s vi QCVN, TCVN, QC 02:2009/BYT
(Tiu chun v sinh nc sch dng cho mc ch sinh hot c nhn v gia
nh, khng s dng lm nc ung trc tip - Ban hnh km Thng t
02/2009/TT-BYT ngy 17/06/2009 ca B trng b Y t)
- Kt lun: v cht lng nc ngm ti khu vc d n t hay khng t
QCVN, TCVN, l do khng t.
2.3.6. Hin trng cht lng t
- V tr cc im ly mu: v tr, khong cch t v tr ly mu n v tr d n,
to ly mu, phu din
- Thng s o c, phn tch: pH, thnh phn cp ht, t trng, m, tng N,
tng P, hm lng hu c, TBVTV, kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As,
Hg, Fe,)
v thi gian ly mu. So snh cc thng s vi QCVN, TCVN.
- Kt lun: v cht lng t ti khu vc d n t hay khng t QCVN,
TCVN, l do khng t.
27
2.3.7. Hin trng ng, thc vt
Thu thp thng tin t liu iu tra c bn ca vng v kho st ti ch b sung:
- H thc vt: Cc loi thc vt chim u th, cc loi thc vt qu him (nu
c)
- H ng vt: cc loi ng vt chim u th, cc loi ng vt hoang d, loi
ng vt c trong sch nu c.
- H sinh thi thu sinh: Cn a ra thng tin v thc vt ph du; ng vt ph
du; ng vt y: thnh phn loi, s lng, mt , cc loi chim u th.
- nh gi mc nhy cm ca h sinh thi cn v h thy sinh vt.
2.3. iu kin kinh t x hi
2.3.1. iu kin v kinh t
Vic pht trin d n trong mi lin quan n Quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca
vng, tnh.
Cn cp n cc cng trnh cng nghip, nng nghip, khai khong ln trong khu
vc d n v rng cc d n phn ho hc mi a s l ln v qui m nh hng ca
n cng ln. Ch r ngun s liu ly s dng. Ngoi ra cn c s liu v sn
xut mt s sn phm nng nghip chnh (nng sut, sn lng... cc s liu ny c
th ly trong cc nin gim thng k hoc cc ngun tin cy khc); giao thng vn
ti; du lch, dch v v cc ngnh khc ca x thuc d n.
Nu d n nm trong Khu hay Cm cng nghip cn tm tt thng tin v hot ng
ca Khu/ cm cng nghip: cc ngnh ngh u t; co s h tng; c bit lu v
cng tc qun l mi trng hin c ca Khu/Cm cng nghip ( c cc h thng
x l cht thi tp trung cha? c Ban qun l mi trng? vv).
Cn phn tch r v iu kin kinh t: ngh nghip, thu nhp, mc sng,... ca cc
h, dn b nh hng trc tip v gin tip ca d n lm c s cho nh gi tc
ng v xut bin php gim thiu Chng 3 v 4.
2.3.2. H tng c s v dch v
- Giao thng: c im ca cc tuyn ng giao thng (thu, b) c lin
quan n hot ng vn chuyn ca d n. Tai nn, s c giao thng
- Dch v, thng mi: Hin trng v kh nng cung cp dch v, thng mi
2.3..3. iu kin v x hi
- Dn c - lao ng: Ch n tnh hnh dn c kim sng trong nhng khu
vc thc hin d n v chu tc ng ca d n
- Tnh hnh x hi:
28
- Y t v sc kho cng ng
- Mng li v tnh hnh gio dc dn tr: Trong phn ny s a ra cc thng
tin v gio dc, trnh vn ho, v cc iu kin khc ca dn c cc khu
vc b tc ng ca d n. Kh nng thch ng vi cc thay i khi thc hin
d n.
- Vic lm v tht nghip
2.3.4. Vn ho lch s
Cc cng trnh vn ho, lch s, du lch c gi tr trong khu vc thc hin d n
hoc nhng khu vc ln cn chu tc ng ca d n.
Lu ch r vic thc hin d n c nh hng n cc di tch lch s, danh lam
thng cnh, cc cng trnh vn ho, x hi, tn ngng, khu dn c c th trc tip
b nh hng do hot ng ca d n. Lu v vn di di m m v cc vn
c tnh tm linh khc.
Thun phong m tc v phong tc tp qun ca dn a phng c th c nh
hng n vic thc hin d n.
Cc ngun s liu s dng cn cp nht v l ngun s liu chnh thc ca a
phng v cc c quan lin quan.

29
CHNG 3. NH GI CC TC NG MI TRNG
Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny cn phi ch ra mt cch nh lng, ton din nhng
tc ng tim tng bao gm nhng tc ng trc tip v gin tip, trc mt v lu
di, nhng tc ng tim n v tch lu, nhng tc ng c th hoc khng th khc
phc c tim nng ln gy suy thoi, nhim mi trng khu vc.

3.1. Nguyn tc nh gi
TM i vi d n Nh my Dt - Nhum trc ht l nh gi nhng tc ng ca
d n n cc yu t cnh quan, mi trng t nhin, kinh t - x hi v cc gi tr
khc.
y l mt trong nhng chng trng tm ca bo co TM. Ni dung ca chng
ny s quyt nh rt ln n cht lng ca bo co. nh gi tc ng mi trng
i vi d n cn c tin hnh i vi cc giai on thc thi d n.
- Giai on chun b mt bng.
- Giai on thi cng xy dng nh my.
- Giai on vn hnh nh my.
Cn phi nh gi cc gii php bo v mi trng m trong phng n thit k kh
thi ca d n la chn nhm iu chnh, hon thin hoc b sung cc gii php
mi t c tiu chun bo v mi trng. Trng hp c bit cn thit th
xut thay i mt phn hoc ton b phng n thit k kh thi ca d n.
3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng n mi trng t d n dt nhum
3.2.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n
3.2.1.1. Cc ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi
Cc hot ng v ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng c s h
tng k thut d n c trnh by trong bng 3.1 di y.
Bng 3.1. Cc hot ng, ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh thi cng d n.
Stt Cc hot ng Ngun gy tc ng
1
San lp mt bng Xe i san lp mt bng; xe ti vn chuyn vt liu san
lp.
2
Tp kt, d tr, bo
qun nhin nguyn
vt liu phc v
cng trnh
- Xe ti vn chuyn vt liu xy dng, xi mng, st
thp, ct, ,pht sinh bi v kh thi
- Xy ra r r, pht tn cht nhim t cc kho cha,
bi cha nguyn vt liu, xng du,
30
- Pht sinh ting n ln

3
Xy dng nh , h
thng giao thng,
bn bi, cng vin,
h thng cp thot
v x l nc, ..
Tc ng tiu cc t cc my mc phc v thi cng xy
dng;
Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit: ct, hn, t nng chy
gy nhim khng kh, t, nc.
nhim khng kh t b tng v cc vt liu xy dng.
Xi mn t, tch t v bi lng cc vc nc
4
Lp t thit b dn
dng, thit b in,
vin thng,..
- Kh thi, bi, ting n t phng tin vn chuyn
thit b, nguyn vt liu phc v lp t, hot ng ca
my mc,..
- Qu trnh thi cng c gia nhit:, ct, hn, t nng
chy.
5
Sinh hot ca cng
nhn ti cng
trng
Sinh hot ca khong cng nhn vin trn cng trng
gy pht sinh cht thI sinh hot

3.2.1.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi
Cc ngun gy tc ng mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu trnh
thi cng xy dng d n c trnh by trong bng 3.2 di y.
Bng 3.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong qu
trnh xy dng d n
Stt Ngun gy tc ng
1 Gy ngp ng cc b, gy xi mn, ra tri t ct,...
2 S tp trung cng nhn xy dng c nguy c gy ra xo trn i sng x hi ti
a phng,..

3.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng trong qu trnh hot ng d n
3.1.2.1. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi
Ngun pht sinh cht thi do hot ng ca Nh my Dt - Nhum v tnh cht ca
chng c trnh by mt cch khi qut tham kho ti bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3. Ngun gy nhim ca Nh my Dt - Nhum
Cht nhim Ngun gy nhim Mc , tnh cht nhim
Nc thi 1. Nc thi cng nghip:
- T cng on h si
Nc thi cha xt (NaOH), Soda
(Na2CO3), axit sulfuric, Clo hot
31
- T cng on nu
- T cng on git
- T cng on trung ho
- T cng on ty
- T cng on nhum
- T cng on h hon tt
- T cng on sy kh
tnh, cc cht kh v c (nh
Na2SO4) hoc Na2S2O3, natrisulfua
(Na2S), dung mi hu c clo ho,
Crom VI, kim loi nng, cc polyme
tng hp, s si, cc mui trung tnh,
cht hot ng b mt.
2. Nc ma chy qua cc
bi vt liu, rc ca nh
my
Hm lng cn l lng ln, BOD,
COD rt cao
3. Nc thi sinh hot,
phn ly cn v sn phm
Cha nhiu t ct, BOD, COD cao.
Kh thi 1. T khu ty trng
2. T cng on hin mu,
in
3. L hi, my pht in
- Kh Clo, Kh NO2, ho cht hu c,
axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH...).
- SO2, NOx, CO, aldehyde,
hydrocarbon...
Cht thi rn 1. Cht thi rn cng
nghip
2. Bn thi t x l nc
3. Cht thi rn sinh hot
- Vi vn bi bng, bao nilon, giy,
g, thng nha, chai, l ng ho
cht...
- Kim loi nng, polyme, cht hot
ng b mt.
- t, ct, mnh v thu tinh, kim
loi, giy nhn, bao b.

Kh thi
Ngoi vn nhim mi trng do nc thi th nhim mi trng do kh thi
cng l mt vn ng quan tm.
Kh thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum ch yu t cc cng on x l nhit, x l
hon tt hng dt v t nhin liu. C th nhn din cc ngun thi hi kh c nh
sau:
- Hi kim, hi axit (H2SO4, CH3COOH) v cc dung mi hu c, kh
ClO(Cl2) bc ra t khu ty trng va si bng nc Javen;
- Kh NO2 bc ra t cng on hin mu trong qu trnh nhum mu vi thuc
nhum hon nguyn tan loi "Indigosol";
- Hp cht hu c bay hi trong in Pigment.
- Formandehyde: Trong in hoa pigment phi s dng cc cht to mng kt
dnh (binder) hoc cht gn mu (fixer) do vy mt lng formandehyde s
thot ra mi trng;
- Khu vc l hi (t du, than) c cha nhiu cht nhim c bit l kh
SO2 (ph thuc vo hm lng lu hunh trong du), CO, NOx v bi than.
32
Lng kh thi ny l rt ln ln ti hng nghn m3/pht v lu lng vi
trm m3/giy.
- Ngoi ra, mt s khu nh git, nu vi cng thi ra mt vi loi kh thi
gy nhim (kh clo, hi H2SO4, CH3COOH).
Cc ngun khng kh chnh trong nh my dt nhum c th hin trong bng 3.4.
Bng 3.4. Cc cht nhim trong kh thi sinh ra trong qu trnh dt may
Qu trnh Ngun Cc cht nhim
Sn xut nng
lng
Pht thi t l hi Cc ht, oxit nit (NOx),
kh sunphua (SO2)
To lp ph, sy
kh v ct
Pht tn t l nhit cao Cc hp cht hu c d
bay hi
Hot ng sn
xut vi cotton
nhn to
Pht thi t khu chun b, chi
th, chi k v sn xut vi
Bi bng
H si Pht thi do s dng cc hp cht
h vi (keo h, PVA)
Oxit nit, oxit lu
hunh, CO
Ty trng Pht thi do s dng hp cht ca
clo
Clo, oxit clo
Nhum Thuc nhum phn tn s dng
lm cht mang thuc nhum
sunphua v anilin
H2S, hi anilin
In Pht tn Hydrocacbon, amniac
Hon tt Nha t khu hon tt
Nhit do khu sn xut si tng
hp
Fomaldehit
Hp cht hu c d bay
hi
Lu gi cc ho
cht
Pht thi ra t cc tanh cha hng
ho v ho cht
Hp cht hu c d bay
hi
X l nc thi Pht thi ra t qu trnh x l tanh
cha v cc thng cha
Hp cht hu c d bay
hi.

Nhit v ting n
nhim nhit
nhim nhit l mt loi nhim cn quan tm trong ngnh dt - nhum. Nhit
pht sinh ch yu t:
33
- S truyn nhit qua tng thnh ca l hi, ca cc my mc thit b s dng
hi (cc my nu, ty, nhum vi, my nh hnh vi) v ca h thng ng
ng dn hi, kh nng;
- S r r h thng ng ng dn hi, cc van, mi ni trn h thng ng
ng;
- S to nhit v bc hi nc ca cc my sy kh vi.
Tng cc nhit lng ny to vo khng gian nh xng rt ln lm nhit bn
trong nh xng tng cao c th chnh vi nhit mi trng bn ngoi t 2 n 5
C (cha k n nh hng ca iu kin kh hu trong khu vc) nh hng ti
qu trnh h hp ca c th con ngi tc ng xu ti sc kho v nng sut lao
ng. Ngoi ra nhit cao cn c tim nng gy ra cc s c chy, n, v vy cn
phi nh gi tc ng ca nhim c bin php x l, gim thiu thch hp.
nhim ting n
Ting n c trng ca ngnh dt - nhum ph thuc vo th h my mc v ch
yu pht ra t cc my dt, my ct ngang vi (hot ng theo nguyn tc dp), cm
my nhum git ty - ly tm vt nc vi, l hi v c bit l ting n kh ng
do cc dng kh, hi vn chuyn lin tc trong ng ng.
Nc thi
Ngun thi t qu trnh sn xut:
Nhn chung, nc thi t cc c s dt nhum c kim kh cao, c mu v
hm lng cc cht hu c, tng cht rn cao. c tnh nc thi v cc cht gy
nhim trong nc thi ngnh dt nhum c th hin trong bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5 - Cc cht gy nhim v c tnh ca nc thi ngnh dt nhum
Cng
on
Cht nhim trong nc thi c tnh ca nc thi
H si,
Gi h
Tinh bt, glucose, carboxy metyl
xelulo, polyvinyl alcol, nha, cht
bo v sp
BOD cao (34%50% tng sn
lng BOD)
Nu ty
NaOH, cht sp v du m, tro, soda,
silicat natri, x si vn
kim cao, mu ti, BOD cao
(30% tng BOD)
Ty trng
Hypoclorit, hp cht cha clo,
NaOH, AOX, axit,...
kim cao, chim 5% BOD
Lm bng NaOH, tp cht
kim cao, BOD kh cao (6%
tng BOD), rn tng s cao
In
Cht mu, tinh bt, du, t st, mui
kim loi, axit,...
mu cao, BOD cao v du m
Hon thin Vt tinh bt, m ng vt, mui Kim nh, BOD thp
34
Cht thi rn
Cht thi d tha s cp sinh ra trong sn xut dt may l cht khng c hi.
Chng bao gm cc mnh nh, phn d tha, phn thi b ca si v vi. Cng c
cc cht thi lin quan n phn lu tr v sn xut si v vi may mc, v d nh
ho cht lu tr trong thng, cc ng cun ch bng ct tng v cc ng si cn
qun si nhum hoc an. Cc phng ct xn cc phn thi d tha sinh ra
mt lng ln cc mu vi, phn ny c th c ti s dng bng cch tng hiu
sut s dng vi trong khu ct v may.
Ngoi ra trong ngnh dt may cn s dng nhiu bng n chiu sng, v vy
thng pht sinh cht thi rn l bng n neon hng, c xp vo loi cht thi
nguy hi.
Bng di y s tng kt cc cht thi rn lin quan n cc qu trnh sn xut vi
khc nhau.
Bng 3.6- Ngun gc ca cc loi cht thi rn trong ngnh dt may
Ngun gc Loi cht thi
Vn hnh thit b trong sn xut vi cottng v vi tng hp
Chun b si Si v vi
Chun b si Si v vi
Dt kim Si v vi
May Si, ch v cc u vi tha
Nhum v hon tt vi may
H vi, r h, ngm kim, ty Cc u vi tha
Hon tt c hc Len ph phm
Nhum v/hoc in Cc thng cha thuc nhum
Nhum v/hoc in (dng trong
khu hon tt)
Cc thng cha ho cht
Nhum v hon tt vi an Cc u vi tha, cc thng cha ho cht v
thuc nhum
Nhum v hon tt vi thm
X si Si v cc cht bng qut thu gom
Ct ra Ra
Bng v len lng cu Len b xn i
Nhum, in v hon tt Thng cha thuc nhum v ha cht
Nhum v hon tt si v lu
kho
Si, thng cha thuc nhum v ho cht
Vi len
Nu len Bi, len, vt liu thc vt, sp
Nhum v hon tt vi len

Len b xn, ch ni, vi, si, thng cha thuc
nhum v ha cht.
35
ng gi Giy, ba catng, cc tm plastic, dy buc
Phn xng Cc mu kim loi, gi dnh du
Cht thi sinh hot Giy, ba, cc cht thi sinh hot ni chung
X l nc thi Si bn thi v cc thng cha bn.
Phn xng Bng n neon hng

3.2.2.2. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi
Bng 3.7. Cc ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi trong giai
on hot ng ca d n
Stt Ngun gy tc ng
1 Nc ma c th gy ngp ng cc b ti khu vc nu Ch d n khng c
phng n tn nn v c phng n thot nc hiu qu.
2 S tng mt v thnh phn dn c c th gy cc vn tiu cc mt trt t
khu vc nu Ch d n khng c hng qun l hiu qu.

3.2.3 D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do d n gy ra
3.2.3.1. Nhng ri ro trong giai on thi cng xy dng
S c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng
Nhn chung, s c tai nn lao ng, tai nn giao thng c th xy ra bt ng trong
nhiu tnh hung ca giai on thi cng xy dng d n. C th c tm tt mt s
dng tai nn nh sau:
Tai nn giao thng c th xy ra khi cng nhn bng qua ng giao thng n
cng trng, ri cng trng, dng tai nn ny cng c th xy ra ngay trn cng
trng do cc phng tin thi cng v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu gy ra i vi
cng nhn.
Cng vic lp rp, thi cng v qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn vt liu vi mt xe,
ting n, rung cao c th gy ra cc tai nn lao ng,...;
Do tnh bt cn trong lao ng, thiu trang b bo h lao ng, hoc do thiu thc
tun th nghim chnh v ni quy an ton lao ng ca cng nhn thi cng cng c
th gy tai nn ng tic.
36
Cng vic lao ng nng nhc, thi gian lm vic lin tc v lu di c th nh
hng ng k n kho ca cng nhn, gy tnh trng gy mt mi, chong vng
hay ngt xu cho cng nhn ti cng trng;
Nh vy nu cc ri ro v tai nn lao ng v tai nn giao thng xy ra s gy nh
hng rt ln n sc khe cng nh tnh mng ca cng nhn, gy tn tht ln v
cng ln v tinh thn cho cc gia nh c ngi gp nn. V vy vn m bo an
ton cho cng nhn tham gia xy dng c Ch d n c bit quan tm.
S c chy n
S c chy n c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha nhin liu hoc
do s thiu an ton v h thng cp in tm thi, gy nn cc thit hi v ngi v
ca trong qu trnh thi cng. C th xc nh cc nguyn nhn c th nh sau :
Cc kho cha nguyn nhin liu tm thi phc v cho my mc, thit b k thut
trong qu trnh thi cng (sn, xng, du DO, ...) l cc ngun gy chy n. Khi s
c xy ra c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng v ngi, vt cht v mi trng;
H thng cp in tm thi cho cc my mc, thit b thi cng c th gy ra s c
git, chp, chy n, gy thit hi v kinh t hay tai nn lao ng cho cng nhn;
Vic s dng cc thit b gia nhit trong thi cng (hn x, un, t nng chy Bitum
tri nha ng, ...) c th gy ra chy, phng hay tai nn lao ng nu nh
khng c cc bin php phng nga.
Nhn chung, s c chy n thng t khi xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng. Tuy nhin,
nu s c ny xy ra s nh hng rt ln n con ngi, ti sn v mi trng khu
vc.
3.2.3.2. Nhng ri ro trong giai on hot ng
An ton lao ng
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my, cc ri ro tai nn c th xy ra do cc
nguyn nhn sau:
- Do s bt cn trong bc xp nguyn nhin liu, sn phm hng ha ri vo
ngi.
- Khng tun th nghim ngt nhng quy nh khi vn hnh my mc, thit b
trong dy chuyn sn xut.
- Khng thc hin y cc quy nh an ton lao ng v v sinh do nh
my ra.
S c t cc cng trnh x l nhim
37
- S c ca h thng x l nc thi sinh hot
- H thng in iu khin b hng
- H thng my sc kh khng hot ng
- H hng bm do cc vt rn b ht hoc chy my bm
- R r ng ng...
- S c ca h thng x l nc sn xut
- H thng in iu khin b hng
- H hng bm hoc cc tht b khc
- R r ng ng...
- S c h thng x l bi
- Qut ht b hng
- Vi lc ca thit b lc bi tay o b rch
- R r ng ng ht v dn bi...
Nhng ri ro v s c khi xy ra, ty theo mc c th gy thit hi v mi
trng, ti sn, tnh mng con ngi c bit i vi cng nhn trc tip vn hnh
v lm vic trong nh my.
3.3. i tng, quy m b tc ng
Bng 3.8. i tng, quy m b tc ng trong giai on xy dng v giai on
hot ng ca d n
TT i
tng b
tc ng
Quy m tc ng
Khng gian Thi gian
1 Mi
trng
khng kh
- Khu vc d n trin khai v
cc lan truyn n cc cng ln
cn
- Tm thi: Xy dng d n
- Lu di: Sut thi gian hot
ng sn xut ca nh my
2 Mi
trng
nc
- Knh, mng trong khu vc
- Nc sng
- Nc ngm
- Lu di; Sut thi gian hot
ng sn xut ca nh my
3 Mi
trng
t
- t ai xung quanh khu vc
n
ng sn xut ca nh my
4 H sinh
thi trn
cn
- Cc h sinh thi nng nghip
xung vng d n v ln cn
ng sn xut ca nh my
5 H sinh
thi thy
sinh
- H sinh thi ao, h, sng khu
vc d n v ln cn
ng sn xut ca nh my
6 Sc khe
con ngi
- Cng nhn ca nh my
- Dn c xung quanh khu vc
d n
ng sn xut ca nh my
7 Mi - Cc cng ty, nh my xung - Tm thi: Xy dng d n
38
trng
lm vic
quanh
d n
ng sn xut ca nh my
8 Nn kinh
t
- To vic lm, b sung c cu
ngnh ngh
- Tng trng kinh t a
phng
ng sn xut ca nh my
9 i sng
vn ha
- Nng cao thu nhp, n nh
i sng ca mt lc lng lao
ng nht nh ti a phng
d n
ng sn xut ca nh my

3.4. nh gi tc ng n mi trng
3.4.1. Cc tc ng do gii phng mt bng
Giai on gii phng mt bng d n l giai on gy tc ng ln n mi trng
khu vc. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ca giai on ny ti mi trng xung quanh s
ht sau khi kt thc.
Cng tc gii phng mt bng c tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi ca ngi
dn trong khu vc nh lm thay i mc ch s dng t, chuyn i t sn xut
nng nghip thnh t cng nghip v i km theo n l vic chuyn i ngnh
ngh t trng trt sang cc ngnh ngh khc, gy tc ng rt ln ti cuc sng ca
ngi dn trc mt cng nh lu di.
3.4.2. Cc tc ng trong giai on thi cng xy dng h tng v giai on hot
ng
3.4.2.1. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh
Trong phn nh gi v tc ng ca kh thi n mi trng khng kh khu vc
cn lm r cc ni dung sau:
- Cc ngun thi kh, lu lng kh thi ca tng ngun.
- Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong kh thi.
- Ngun pht sinh ting n ca nh my, cng gy n ca tng ngun.
- Tnh ton mc lan truyn bi v kh thi, ting n nh hng mi trng
khng kh khu vc theo thi gian v khng gian trn c s s dng cc m hnh
lan truyn kh (Sutton, ...) (ph lc 2).
Giai on thi cng
39
Qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n s lm tng mt phng tin vn chuyn
nguyn vt liu xy dng, my mc, thit b thi cng, cng nhn thi cng cc hng
mc cng trnh, lp t my mc thit b cng ngh. Mt phng tin vn
chuyn tng s lm gia tng nhim bi, ting n v gy nn cc tai nn lao ng.
Cc tc ng chnh ca d n bao gm:
- Lm thay i h sinh thi khu vc khi san lp mt bng
- Tc ng ca bi t, bi ct trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thi cng ti ngi
cng nhn lao ng trc tip v nhn dn sng quanh khu vc d n.
- Tc ng do kh thi t nhin liu (xng du) ca cc phng tin vn ti v
my mc thi cng trn cng trng.
- Tc ng do n, rung t cc thit b my mc thi cng xy dng.
nhim bi do t vt liu san lp v vt liu xy dng tp kt ti cng trng
nhim bi t vt liu san lp
Theo ti liu nh gi nhanh ca WHO th h s trung bnh pht tn bi ti cng
trng l 0,075kg/tn vt liu san lp.
Da trn khi lng t ct cn san lp s tnh c tng lng bi pht sinh t vt
liu san lp.
Ti lng bi pht sinh s c tnh ton theo tng lng bi pht sinh t vt liu
san lp/ d kin thi gian san lp mt bng.
nhim bi t vt liu xy dng
Qu trnh bc d v tp kt nguyn vt liu ti cng trng xy dng s gy pht
tn bi ra mi trng xung quanh. Bi ch yu pht tn ra t cc ngun vt liu
nh ct, , xi mng v mt phn t st thp.
Da trn d tnh v tng khi lng nguyn vt liu (xi mng, ct, , st thp, vn
khun,) cn s dng cho cng trnh v quy c h s pht thi ti a ca bi pht
sinh bi t nguyn vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bc d v tp kt
(tng ng vi h s pht thi ca vt liu san lp: 0,075kg/tn) s a ra c
tng lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh ny.
y, ti lng bi pht sinh cng c tnh ton tng t nh theo tng lng bi
pht sinh t qu trnh bc d v tp kt nguyn vt liu ti cng trng xy dng/
d kin thi gian san thc hin qu trnh ny.
nhim bi ng do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu
phc v xy dng cng trnh
40
xc nh h s pht sinh bi t trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu xy dng,
p dng cng thc:
0,5 0,7
4
w
x
2,7
W
x
48
S
x
12
s
k 1,7 L

=

Trong : L : Ti lng bi (kg/km/lt xe)
k : Kch thc ht (0,2)
s : Lng t trn ng (8,9%)
S : Tc trung bnh ca xe (30 km/h)
W : Trng lng c ti ca xe (10 tn)
w : S bnh xe (10 bnh)
Kt qu tnh ton c h s pht sinh bi do xe vn chuyn vt liu l 0,65
kg/km/lt xe.
Tng ti lng nhim bi ng do vn chuyn vt liu xy dng c tnh ton
da trn c s:
S lng xe vn chuyn tng khi lng vt liu san lp v vt liu xy dng
H s pht sinh bi (0,65 kg/km/lt xe)
Qung ng vn chuyn
nhim do bi v kh thi t cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu xy dng
Da vo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp i vi cc loi
xe vn ti s dng du DO c cng sut 3,5 - 16,0 tn, c th c tnh c tng
lng bi v cc cht nhim trong kh thi phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt
liu xy dng.
Bng 3.9. c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca cc phng
tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng
Stt Cht nhim Ti lng (kg/1.000km)
1 Bi 0,9
2 SO2 4,15S
41
Stt Cht nhim Ti lng (kg/1.000km)
3 NOX 14,4
4 CO 2,9
5 THC 0,8
Ngun: Rapid inventory technique in environmental control, WHO 1993
Ghi ch: S l hm lng lu hunh trong du DO (0,5%);
nhim ting n
Bn cnh vic pht sinh ra kh thi, cc phng tin giao thng cng gy ra ting
n, mc n cc i ca cc loi xe c gii. Ting n pht sinh giai on ny ch
yu l t cc my mc san i v cc phng tin vn chuyn vi mc ln ti 80 -
90 dBA.
Tham kho cc ti liu k thut, c c kt qu v n pht sinh do cc phng
tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng phc v cng trnh nh sau (bng 3.10 v 3.11)
Bng 3.10. Mc n ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng
Stt Thit b
Mc n (dBA), cch ngun n 15 m
Ti liu (1) Ti liu (2)
01 My i 93,0 -
02 My m nn (xe lu) - 72,0 - 74,0
03 My xc gu trc - 72,0 - 84,0
04 My ko - 77,0 - 96,0
05 My cp t - 80,0 - 93,0
06 My lt ng - 87,0 - 88,5
07 Xe ti - 82,0 - 94,0
08 My trn b tng 75,0 75,0 - 88,0
09 Bm b tng - 80,0 - 83,0
10 Cn trc di ng - 76,0 - 87,0
11 My nn 80,0 75,0 - 87,0
Ngun: Ti liu (1) - Nguyn nh Tun v cc cng s; Ti liu (2) - Mackernize,
L.da, nm 1985.
Bng 3.11. Mc n gy ra do xe c gii (dBA)
Loi xe Mc n (dBA)
Xe du lch 77
Xe mini bus 84
42
Xe vn ti 93
Xe m t 4 th 94
Xe m t 2 th 80
Ngun: Bi Vn Ga- t v nhim mi trng, 1999

nhim do ting n s c mc nng trong giai on ny v cc phng tin my
mc s dng nhiu, hot ng lin tc. nhim ting n gy ra nhng tc ng xu
i vi con ngi v ng vt nui trong vng chu nh hng ca ngun pht thi.
Cc nhm i tng chu tc ng ca ting n thi cng bao gm: Cng nhn trc
tip thi cng, dn c xung quanh khu vc d n, ngi i ng v ng vt nui.
Mc tc ng c th phn chia theo 3 cp i tng chu tc ng nh sau:
- Nng: Cng nhn trc tip thi cng v cc i tng khc c ly gn (bn
knh chu nh hng < 100m)
- Trung bnh: Tt c cc i tng chu tc ng c ly xa (t 100-500m)
- Nh: Ngi i ng v vt nui.
Giai on vn hnh
Nh nu bng 4.4, cc cht nhim trong kh thi t hot ng dt nhum ch
yu l SO2, NOx, CO (pht sinh t qu trnh t nhin liu) v cc hp cht hu c
d bay hi (hon tt, nhum, in hoa). Ngoi ra cn c Clo (ty trng), hp cht lu
hunh (h si), bi bng (dt vi),...
Vic d bo ti lng kh thi t hot ng dt nhum c th p dng cc phng
php nh gi nhanh ca WHO (Assessment of sources of air, water, and land
pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in formulating
environmental control strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in
Environmental Pollution, 1993), USEPA (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors. 5th Edition, 1995), EMEP/CORINAIR (Emission Inventory Guidebook,
2006), GS.TS. Trn Ngc Chn ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, 2001). Cc
s liu d bo ny cn c so snh vi cc TCVN v tiu chun thi lm c s
nh gi tc ng n cc thnh phn mi trng.
Vic pht tn cc kh c v ting n s gp phn lm gia tng mc nhim
khng kh chung cho ton vng v c bit l nh hng nghim trng n sc
kho con ngi. Tuy nhin phm vi pht tn kh thi ca hot ng dt nhum
khng rng, ch yu trong khun vin nh my. V vy cn d bo nh hng ca
cc cht nhim trong kh thi n sc khe ca cng nhn.
3.4.2.2. Tc ng n mi trng nc
43
Giai on thi cng
Ngun gy nhim nc trong giai on ny ch yu l nc thi sinh hot ca
cng nhn v nc ma chy trn trn b mt cng trng xy dng.
Do tp trung nhiu cng nhn xy dng nn lng nc thi sinh hot (bnh qun
60 - 80 lt/ngi/ngy m) thng ln, song cng thay i theo thi gian v ma
trong nm. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht rn l lng, cht hu
c, cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt. Da trn s lng cng nhn tham gia xy
dng d n s d kin c ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot ti
khu vc xy dng d n.
Nc ma chy trn c lu lng ph thuc vo ch kh hu khu vc v thng
c hm lng cht l lng l bn t cao, ngoi ra cn c nhiu tp cht khc
Giai on hot ng
Nc thi sinh ra trong giai on ny ca d n ch yu l nc thi cng nghip v
nc thi sinh hot. y l ngun gy nhim ch yu t hat ng dt nhum.
Phn ni dung ny cn lm r:
- Lu lng nc thi sinh hot, nc thi sn xut (cc loi) sinh ra trong
ngy, thng, nm.
- Thnh phn, nng cht nhim, ti lng nhim trong nc thi.
- V tr v kh nng tip nhn nc thi ca cc im nc mt trong khu vc.
- nh gi kh nng lan truyn v mc gy nhim mi trng nc c
th xy ra.
Nhu cu v nc v nc thi sn xut trong x nghip dt nhum
Ngnh dt nhum l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip c nhu cu s dng nc
ln nht. Nhu cu ny thay i tu theo sn phm v cng ngh sn xut. Trung
bnh lng nc s dng sn xut mt mt vi nm trong khong t 12 n 65
lt.
Nc dng trong nh my dt i th phn b nh sau:
- Sn xut hi nc: 5,3%
- Lm mt thit b: 6,4%
- Phun m v kh bi trong cc phn xng: 7,8%
- Nc dng trong cc cng on cng ngh: 72,3%
- Nc v sinh v sinh hot: 7,6%
- Phng ha v cho cc vic khc: 0,6%
100%
44
nh mc nc s dng trong cng ngh nhum trung bnh l 20-100m3/ tn sn
phm, tng ng vi lng nc thi t vi trm n ln hn 1000m3/ ngy. c
trng quan trng nht ca nc thi t cc c s dt nhum l s dao ng rt ln
c v lu lng v ti lng cc cht nhim, thay i theo ma, theo mt hng sn
xut v cht lng sn phm. Theo mc chung, c sn xut ra 1kg vi th dng ht
200 lt nc (bng ). Mt lng nc thi ln sinh ra c cha mt lot cc ho cht,
s dng trong sut cc qu trnh. Chng c th s em li nhiu hu qu nu khng
c x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Do vy, nhu cu v lng cng nh cht
lng nc s dng l mt vn rt ln t ra i vi mi c s sn xut. S dng
tiu th hp l nc cng l mt vn kinh t quan trng, i hi phi c s qun
l nghim ngt v phi lm gim ti thiu lng nc s dng cng nh ti s dng
ngun nc thi.
Bng 3.12. Tiu th nc trung bnh ca cc loi vi
Phn loi qu trnh Tiu th nc, (m3/tn si nguyn liu)
Thp nht Trung bnh Cao nht
Len 111 285 659
Si dt 5 114 508
Dt kim 20 84 377
Si thm 8.3 47 163
Si 3.3 100 558
Si khng dt 2.5 40 83
Si n 33 213 933
Ngun:ng Trn Phng, 2005

c tnh nc thi ngnh dt - nhum
Mi cng on ca cng ngh c cc dng nc thi v c tnh ca chng.
Bng 3.13. Cc cht gy nhim v c tnh ca nc thi ngnh dt - nhum
Cng on Cht nhim trong nc thi c tnh ca nc thi
H si, gi
h
Tinh bt, glucoz, carboxy metyl
xeluloz, polyvinyl alcol, nha,
cht bo v sp
BOD cao (34% - 50% tng lng
BOD)
Nu, ty NaOH, cht sp v du m, tro,
soda, silicat natri v x si vn
kim cao, mu ti, BOD cao
(30% tng lng BOD)
Ty trng Hypoclorit, hp cht cha clo,
NaOH, AOX, axit..
kim cao, chim 5% tng
lng BOD
Lm bng NaOH, tp cht kim cao, BOD thp (di
1% tng BOD)
45
Nhum Cc loi thuc nhum, axit axetic
v cc mui kim loi
mu rt cao, BOD kh cao
(6% tng BOD), TS cao
In Cht mu, tinh bt, du, t st,
mui kim loi, axit
mu cao, BOD cao v du m
Hon thin Vt tinh bt, m ng vt, mui Kim nh, BOD thp, lng nh

Mc nhim ca nc thi dt nhum ph thuc rt ln vo loi v lng ho
cht s dng, vo kt cu mt hng sn xut (ty trng, nhum, in hoa...), vo t l
s dng si tng hp, vo loi hnh cng ngh sn xut (gin on, lin tc hay bn
lin tc), vo c tnh my mc thit b s dng... Cc c t trong nc thi ca
cc nh my dt may cn thay i dao ng ph thuc vo trang thit b sn xut.
nh gi mc v ti lng gy nhim mi trng nc th p dng cc
phng php nh gi nhanh ca WHO (Assessment of sources of air, water, and
land pollution, A guide to rapid source inventory techniques and their use in
formulating environmental control strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in
Environmental Pollution, 1993), USEPA (Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors. 5th Edition, 1995), EMEP/CORINAIR (Emission Inventory Guidebook,
2006), GS.TS. Trn Ngc Chn ( nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, 2001). Hoc
c th s dng s liu tham kho mc nhim t cc c s dt nhum khc (c
quy trnh cng ngh, quy m tng t) nh trong bng 3.14.
Bng 3.14- c tnh nc thi ca mt s x nghip dt nhum Vit Nam
(Mu hn hp cc dng thi)
X nghip
Cc thng s
n v 1 2 3 4 5
c tnh sn phm Hng
bng dt
thoi
Hng
pha dt
kim
Hng
pha dt
kim
Dt
len
Si
Nc thi m3/1tn vi 394 264 280 114 236
pH 8-11 9-10 9-10 9 9-11
TS (tng hm lng
cht rn)
mg/l 400-1000 950-
1380
800-
1100
420 800-
1300
BOD5 mg/l 70-135 90-220 120-400 120-
130
90-130
COD mg/l 150-380 230-500 570-
1200
400-
450
210-
230
mu Pt - Co 350-600 250-500 1000-
1600
260-
300

Ngun: Trung tm Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, 2005
46
Tc ng do nc thi sn xut gy ra
nh hng ca cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi cng nghip ngnh dt nhum
c th tm tt nh sau:
- pH ca nc thi c gi tr 9-12 s nh hng nghim trng n s tn ti v
pht trin ca cc loi thu sinh.
- Tng lng cht rn l lng v ha tan u cao hn quy nh. Trong c
nhiu cht c hi: thuc nhum kh phn gii, cc cht hot ng b mt,
c bit l cc loi mui ha tan vi nng cao kh nng tiu dit cc
loi vi sinh vt.
- Cc ion kim loi nng dng t do v dng phc cng gy ra nhng nh
hng rt bt li.
- Cc cht kh c trong nc thi lm gim ng k DO trong nc.
- Mu nc thi vi nng cao lm gim tnh thm m v ngn cn cc qu
trnh quang hp ca cc sinh vt trong nc. Nc thi c mu m th cng
ng khng chp nhn, trc ht thuc phm tr ngoi quan hay thm m.
Nhng iu ng ch l nc thi c mu m cn tr hp th oxy v bc
x mt tri, bt li cho h hp v sinh trng ca qun th vi sinh v cc loi
thy sinh khc. V nh th nh hng xu n kh nng phn gii vi sinh cc
hp cht hu c trong nc thi.
- Kh nng tch t sinh hc ca sinh vt trong nc.
- nh hng n nc ngm, gy hu qu lu di.
c im, tnh cht nu trn ca nc thi Nh my Dt - Nhum s khng ch lm
nhim nc mt nhng ao, h, sng, nc ngm trong khu vc m cn c th
lm gia tng dng chy mt ca ngun tip nhn gy nn hin tng xi l, tch t...
3.4.2.3. Tc ng n mi trng t
Vic xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum s tc ng ti mi trng t trong khu vc.
t b tc ng chnh do cng vic o p v b xi mn. Vic o p nh hng
trc tip n sn xut nng nghip v lm nghip, cnh quan mi trng. Xi mn
s to ra lng sng ngi, cng rnh thot nc v c th gy ng ngp, gim cht
lng nc mt, nh hng n h sinh thi di nc. Ngoi ra do nh hng ca
kh thi, nc thi ca nh my cng gy nn nhim t v cy trng.
V vy, cn phi nh gi xc mc tc ng ca vic o t, p t v xi
mn i vi ti nguyn v h sinh thi nht l trong giai on thi cng v d bo
mc t c th b nhim do cc cht thi trong giai on hot ng ca d n.
Cn xut cc gii php phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng xu ny.
3.4.2.4. Cht thi rn
47
Giai on xy dng
Cht thi rn ch yu trong giai on ny l cc loi nguyn vt liu xy dng ph
thi, ri vi nh gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vn... Lng cht thi ny l tu thuc
vo quy m ca tng cng trnh v trnh qun l ca d n, ngoi ra cn mt s
lng nh rc thi sinh hot.
Giai on vn hnh
Cht thi rn ch yu ca Nh my Dt - Nhum bao gm cc cht thi km hiu
qu khi x l sinh hc nh: vi vn, bi bng, bao b, chai l thu tinh ng ho
cht, giy vn, kt nha, x than, cn du, bi cn x l nc, bng n neon hng.
nh gi c mc tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn c bit l cht thi
rn cng nghip cn phi:
- Tnh tng khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn pht sinh trong tng cng
on sn xut ca nh my. c bit lu cht thi c hi (bao b ng ha
cht, cn du, bng n neon hng);.
- Khi lng, thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot.
3.4.2.5. Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi
Giai on xy dng
Tc ng tiu cc ca d n ln ti nguyn sinh hc ch yu din ra trong qu trnh
gii to v san lp mt bng. Cc kha cnh tc ng ca qu trnh xy dng cng
trnh n ti nguyn sinh vt th hin nh sau :
Qu trnh trn, b tng trn mt t, cc cht thi ri trn b mt, cc cht thi
sinh hot khc,tc ng n mi trng t gy nh hng xu n cc sinh vt
sng trong t nh giun t, d, cn trng khc,.. Cc loi cn li phi di di i ni
khc do hu ht din tch t d n b b tng hoc nha ho.
Nc ma chy trn qua b mt khu t d n c th mang theo cc cht nhim
trn mt t nh xi mng, vng du nht, cht thi sinh hot ca cng nhn,... gy
nhim ngun tip nhn, gy c v nhim ngun nc nh hng trc tip n
cc thu sinh vt sng trong cc ngun nc ny.
Giai on vn hnh
Cc tc ng ny ch yu lin quan n vic thi cc cht nhim nc, kh, cc
cht thi rn vt qu mc cho php vo mi trng tip nhn gy nn nhng bin
i c bn v h sinh thi. Tu theo dng cht thi v mi trng tip nhn m cc
h sinh thi c th b tc ng:
48
- H sinh thi di nc: nc thi ca Nh my Dt - Nhum nh trnh by
phn trn b nhim bi cht hu c, ho cht, kim loi nng, cht mu v
du m. Tnh cht nhim ca nc thi lm cho mi trng nc b bin
i bt li (DO gim, pH bin i, nhiu cht c ho hc...) cho s sinh tn
ca hu ht cc loi thu sinh v thm ch lm gim kh nng t lm sch
ca ngun nc.
- H sinh thi trn cn: cht thi rn v kh ca Nh my Dt - Nhum s c
nhng nh hng nht nh. Nhn chung, cc ng vt nui cng nh cc
loi ng vt hoang d u rt nhy cm vi s nhim mi trng.
Hu ht cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh v mi trng nc thi u c tc
ng xu n thc vt v ng vt, gy nh hng c hi i vi ngh nng v
ngh trng vn. Biu hin chnh ca n l lm cho cy trng chm pht trin, c
bit l cc sng khi quang ho gy tc hi n cc loi rau trng, u, la, ng,
cc loi cy n tri v cc loi cy cnh. Cc thnh phn nhim trong mi trng
khng kh nh SO2, NO2, Clo, aldehyde v bi than, ngay c nng thp cng
lm chm qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng, nng cao lm vng l, hoa qu
b lp, b nt, v mc cao hn cy s b cht.
Vi c im nu trn cn thit phi c d bo v mc tc ng ny.
4.4.2.6. Tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi
Sc kho cng ng
i vi Nh my Dt - Nhum, tt c cc ngun gy nhim trong qu trnh hot
ng u c th gy tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n sc kho ca con ngi
trong vng chu nh hng ca D n. Tu thuc vo nng v thi gian tc dng
ca cc cht nhim m mc tc hi ca chng i vi sc kho cng ng s
khc nhau.
Kinh t x hi
Qu trnh hnh thnh v s hot ng ca mt d n cng nghip nh Nh my Dt
- Nhum c mt ngha kinh t x hi rt to ln cho khu vc ni ring v cho t
nc ni chung. Trc tin l vic gp phn to ra cng n vic lm v nng cao
i sng ca nhn dn trong vng. Vic a D n vo hot ng s l ngun thu
ht lao ng ln v gii quyt vic lm khng ch cho ngi dn a phng, to
nn cnh quan mi vi tin trnh th ho nhanh hn. iu ny cng gp phn
lm tng dn tr v thc vn minh th cho nhn dn trong khu vc.
Nhng ni dung ny c th c lm sng t bi tnh ton chi ph - li ch.
Cp thot nc
49
Nhu cu s dng nc ca Nh my Dt - Nhum thng ln nn u phi khoan
ging hoc o ging khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca
nh my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc
ngm vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc s khng nc dng v t ko theo
hng lot cc tc ng tiu cc khc.
i vi vn thot nc, hot ng ca D n c th lm gia tng mc chu ti
ca h thng thot nc tp trung hoc lm gia tng lu lng v dng chy, lm
nhim cc sng tip nhn nc thi. V vy cn phi xem xt v nh gi thc t v
kh nng tiu thot nc ca khu vc d n, kh nng xy ra tnh trng ngp lt...
Giao thng vn ti
S hnh thnh v hot ng ca D n s gp phn cng vi cc hot ng khc
trong khu vc lm cho tnh trng v sinh ng ph, bi tng ln do cc phng
tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. Mt giao thng trong khu vc tng ln lm nh
hng n nhu cu i li ca nhn dn. Tuy vy, chnh s pht trin ca d n cng
s gp phn ci thin h thng ng cng nh thc y qu trnh th ho trong
khu vc.
Cng trnh vn ho lch s
Cc cng trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc thc hin d n c th b tc ng cn
c m t v nh gi c th v cc mt: a im, loi cng trnh, nin i v gi
tr tinh thn cng nh vt cht ca cng trnh. Vic nh gi tc ng ca d n i
vi cc cng trnh vn ho lch s v kho c phi cp ti cc tc ng gy nt
n, ln st cng trnh v ng thi kin ngh k hoch v bin php bo v cc cng
trnh vn ho lch s trong khu vc d n.
4.4.2.7. nh gi ri ro, s c
Qua phn tch quy trnh cng ngh nh my cho thy: Kh nng gy s c mi
trng ca nh my bao gm: s chy n do chp in, r r nhin liu, tai nn lao
ng ngh nghip
S c chy n
c im ca ngnh cng nghip Dt - Nhum l s dng v tng tr mt lng
ln nhin liu (du, than), nguyn liu (ho cht, vi, si, bng). Do vy cn c cc
bin php phng chng s c nh: chng st, chng chp in v c bit l chng
chy, n.
Khi s c gy chy n khi xy ra c th dn ti cc thit hi ln v kinh t x hi v
lm nhim mi trng c ba h thng sinh thi nc, t v khng kh mt cch
nghim trng. Hn na n nh hng ti tnh mng ca con ngi, ng vt nui
v ti sn ca nhn dn trong vng.
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An ton lao ng
Tai nn lao ng xy ra lm suy gim sc khe, gy thng tt v c th b mt kh
nng lao ng. Nhiu trng hp c th dn n cht ngi.
S c cc cng trnh x l nhim
Khi gp s c, cc h thng ny thi ra mi trng mt lng ln cc cht gy
nhim khng kh nh bi, CO, SO2, NOx nhim nc gy tc ng n mi
trng sinh thi khu vc v cc vng ln cn, nh hng n sc khe ca con
ngi.
Ngoi ra. tu theo iu kin ca tng a phng cn nh gi kh nng xy ra s
c ngp lt vo ma ma ko theo cc hu qu nhim do nc ma chy trn to
nn (trn nc thi, lp ng cng thot,...).
Cc loi tc ng mi trng nh nu trn sau khi xem xt v nh gi s c
tng kt thnh bng ma trn d bo mc tc ng t cc hot ng trong giai
on thi cng xy dng d n v trong giai on d n hot ng.
4.5. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng c th p dng i vi d n dt
nhum
D bo v nh gi tc ng c th da trn nhng bc chnh sau y:
Bc 1- Nhn dng v sp xp th t u tin cc tc ng mi trng
Nhn dng cc tc ng l bc u tin nh gi nhng vn mi trng then
cht lin quan n d n dt nhum, sp xp u tin nhng vn mi trng cho
bc phn tch k tip.
Cc phng php c s dng cho bc ny bao gm:
- Phng php thng k: Thu thp v x l cc s liu v iu kin kh tng,
thy vn, kinh t x hi ti khu vc xy dng d n
- Phng php ly mu ngoi hin trng v phn tch trong phng th
nghim: Xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng khng kh, nc,
n ti khu t d n v khu vc xung quanh; ly mu nc phn tch ti
nguyn sinh vt thu sinh.
- Phng php nh gi nhanh theo h s nhim do T chc Y t Th gii
thit lp: c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim t qu trnh xy dng v hot
ng ca d n theo cc h s nhim ca WHO.
- Phng php so snh: nh gi cc tc ng trn c s so snh cc QCVN,
TCVN hin hnh.
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- Phng php lp bng lit k v phng php ma trn: Phng php ny s
dng lp mi quan h gia cc hot ng ca d n v cc tc ng mi
trng gy ra.
- Phng php tham vn cng ng: Phng php ny s dng trong qu trnh
phng vn lnh o v nhn dn a phng ti ni thc hin D n. Phng
php ny cng th hin qua vic Ch d n xin kin bng vn bn ca i
din UBND v UBMT T Quc x, ni thc hin d n.
Bc 2 - D bo qui m v cng ca cc tc ng
Bc tip theo nhm d bo qui m v cng ca tc ng, nhng vn mi
trng chnh. D bo phi c lng ho cng nhiu cng tt tnh ton cc tc
ng, c th so snh cc tc ng mi trng ca cc phng n. Trong nhiu
trng hp, tc ng mi trng khng th lng ho c mt cch d dng, phi
s dng cc phng php so snh cc tc ng, v d nh phng php thang
im v trng s.
Cc phng php c th l cc m hnh ton (v d lng ho kh thi, nc thi,
cht dinh dng v cc cht thi v c).
Sau khi c cc d bo v nh gi nh tnh/nh lng cc tc ng, phng
php chuyn gia v tham vn kin cng ng s gip nh gi ng mc v qui
m v cng ca tc ng, c bit trong trng hp thiu cc d liu lng
ho, khi nn s dng cch tip cn phng nga .

52
CHNG 4. BIN PHP GIM THIU TC NG XU, PHNG NGA
V NG PH S C MI TRNG
Yu cu: vic la chn v a ra cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu cn m
bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Cc bin php gim c th hin theo tng giai on pht trin ca d n
(chun b, xy dng v vn hnh);
- Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c cc tc ng xu ti mi trng ph
hp vi quy m cng trnh, ngun ti chnh cho php ca d n;
- Mi loi tc ng xu xc nh u phi c bin php gim thiu tng
ng, c l gii r rng v u im, nhc im, mc kh thi, hiu
sut/hiu qu x l. Trong trng hp khng th c bin php hoc c
nhng kh kh thi trong khun kh ca d n th phi nu r l do v c kin
ngh c th;
- Phi c chng minh rng, sau khi p dng bin php th tc ng xu s
c gim n mc no, c so snh, i chiu vi cc tiu chun, quy chun
k thut hin hnh. Trng hp khng p ng c yu cu quy nh th
phi nu r l do v c nhng kin ngh c th.

4.1. i vi cc tc ng xu
4.1.1. Nguyn tc
- Gim thiu ti mc ti a c th c ph hp vi cng ngh x l i vi
qu trnh sn xut ngay t giai on u ca d n.
- Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi cc mc tiu sn
xut v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh cho php ca ch u t.
- C phng n ph hp i vi nhng tc ng mi trng khng th khc
phc hoc gim nh.
- Cc bin php bo v mi trng phi c thc thi sut c qu trnh chun
b mt bng, xy dng nh my v qu trnh hot ng ca nh my.
Di y l nhng gi v cc bin php gim thiu c th c xem xt p dng:
Nh phn tch chng 4, cc tc ng ca D n n mi trng xut pht t
vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc s
c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy, gim thiu cc tc
ng ca D n n mi trng cn phi khng ch nhim do cc cht thi v hn
ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c. Vic khng ch v gim thiu
nhim do cht thi ca d n xy dng Nh my Dt - Nhum c th c tin
hnh bng cch kt hp 3 bin php sau:
53
- Bin php ngn nga nhim v s c.
- Bin php k thut khng ch nhim v x l cht thi.
- Bin php qun l v quan trc mi trng.
4.1.2. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh
Giai on thi cng
Gim thiu bi t
Cc cng on trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng nh: xe t vn chuyn nguyn
vt liu, t ct san nn, trn b tng, phun sn, hn kim loi hu nh thc hin
ngoi tri. Do cc cht nhim ny d dng khuych tn vo mi trng khng
kh.
Cc bin php qun l my mc phng tin chuyn ch, xy dng k hoch thi
cng hp l, qun l kho tng, bn bi c thc hin nhm gim thiu nhim
mi trng khng kh c thc hin, c th l:
- Che chn cng trng xy dng trnh pht tn bi (chiu cao ti thiu
2,5m). Ph bt kn cc vt liu khi vn chuyn, cng nh nhng khu vc pht
sinh nhiu bi, ti nc ng vn chuyn trn cng trng trong ma kh
gim lng bi trong khng kh, nht l trong iu kin thi cng c nng
nng ko di.
- C k hoch thi cng v cung cp vt t hp l, hn ch vic tp kt vt t
tp trung vo cng mt thi im
- Phun nc ti mt ng vo nhng ngy nng kh.
- San lp n u lu m k mt bng n y.
Qun l my mc phng tin chuyn ch
- S dng cc loi xe ti ch nguyn vt liu xy dng ng theo qui nh hin
hnh. Tt c cc xe u phi c vi bt che ph t ct. Khng c chuyn
ch qu y, qu ti. Khng c chy vi tc cao lm ri,vng vi t
ct trn ng.
- T chc b tr chiu xe i li thng thong, hp l, khng ng thi trt
nguyn vt liu cng mt lc qu nhiu xe ti gy bi m mt khu vc d n.
- S dng nhin liu ng vi thit k ca ng c, hn ch dng xe s dng
du diezel gim thiu pht sinh kh thi SO2
- Khng c chuyn ch qu trng ti quy nh.
- Tng cng bo dng v nh gi cht lng kh thi ca xe, khng s
dng xe qu nin hn vn chuyn vt liu thi cng cng trnh.
- Cc trm trn b tng ti t trong khu vc d n phi che chn hp l
trnh gy nh hng ti cht lng mi trng khu vc.
54
Xy dng k hoch thi cng hp l
- Thc hin k hoch thi cng cun chiu. Lp k hoch xy dng v nhn lc
chnh xc trnh chng cho gia cc quy trnh thc hin, p dng phng
php xy dng hin i, cc phng tin thi cng tin tin, c gii ha v ti
u ha quy trnh xy dng.
- C k hoch thi cng v k hoch cung cp vt t vt liu, hn ch tp kt
vt t tp trung vo cng mt thi im.
- Qun l kho tng, bn bi:
- Cc kho cha vt liu v ct s dng sn sut b tng s c xy dng
tng bao
- Xi mng v cc vt liu ht mn khc c tp kt vi khi lng ln s
c cha trong kho kn.
Giai on vn hnh
Nh trnh by trong chng 4, nhim khng kh nh my dt nhum ch yu l
do khi t l hi t du v cc dng kh c trng pht ra t dy chuyn cng
ngh. Do vy gim thiu tc ng mi trng khng kh c th xem xt p dng
cc bin php sau:
- Dng nhin liu (than hoc du) c hm lng lu hunh thp.
- p dng cng ngh tin tin.
- Xy dng ng khi c chiu cao ph hp trong mi tng quan vi lu
lng, nng kh thi, a hnh v iu kin kh hu khu vc.
- Trong cc phn xng ca nh my cn phi c thit k m bo iu kin
v sinh cng nghip, m bo thng thong v m bo ch vi kh hu
bn trong cng trnh nht l ti nhng v tr thao tacs ca ngi cng nhn
bng cch thit lp h thng thng gi t nhin, h thng thng gi ht,
thng gi chung hoc thng gi cc b (phn xng nghin bt, ln men...).
- Ti cc ngun sinh ra kh thi c hi v bi cn lp t cc thit b x l kh,
bi c cng sut ph hp m bm kh thi sau x l t tiu chun mi
trng cho php.
hn ch nh hng ca kh thi ti mi trng, cn phi lp t cc thit b thu
gom v x l kh thi. Hai phng php ch yu thng c p dng x l kh
thi dt nhum l phng php hp th v phng php hp ph. Phng php hp
th t ra c hiu qu v gi thnh u t c th chp nhn c. Nguyn l ca
phng php hp th da trn cc phn ng ho hc, s chnh lch nng gia
pha kh v pha lng. Dung dch hp th l nc hoc kim long s hp th c loi
kh c nh SO2, H2S, HCl thot ra t mt s cng on ca cng ngh dt
nhum. Hiu qu hp th kh ph thuc vo vic s dng dung mi hp th v nhit
. Nu s dng dung mi hp th l nc,hiu qu hp th ch t 50 60 % i
vi cc kh nh SO2, NO2. tuy nhin nu s dng dung dch kim long l dung
mi hp th th hiu qu x l c th t ln ti 85 90 %. Nc thi ra t cc thit
55
b hp th kh mang tnh axt hoc cha cc cht kt ta v mui v c, do cn
phi x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Thit b s dng hp th kh gm cc loi
nh sau:
- Thp phun
- Thit b dng ra cyclon
- Thit b gia tc ra kh
- Thit b dnga
- Thp m
C th x l ng thi SOx v NOx bng dung dch kim. Hiu qu x l SO2
thng khong 90% cn NOx l 70 90%.
i vi bi bng, c th trang b h thng iu khng khng ch nhit , m
bn trong phn xng lao ng trong gii hn theo yu cu k thut cc phn
xng dt si. Qua b phn lc kh tun hon ca h thng iu kng, hm lng
bi gim ng k.
Ting n cng l mt tc nhn gy kh chu, tn hi n sc kho con ngi, hn
ch bng cch s dng my mc hin i t gy n hoc trang b h thng gim
thanh, cch m cho my mc.
4.1.3. Gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung
Giai on thi cng
- Cc phng tin tham gia xy dng t c tiu chun v mc gy n
theo tiu chun Vit Nam 5949:1998.Cc phng tin vn ti, my mc thi
cng phi c giy php lu hnh ca Cc Kim nh.
- Cc on tuyn gn khu dn c ch c php hot ng trong thi gian quy
nh trnh thi gian cn yn tnh nh bui tra hay ban m.
- Quy nh cc phng tin vn ti v cc my cng c c n cao nh: my
ng cc, my o, my xckhng c hot ng vo gi ngh v cng
mt thi im.
- Cc phng tin v my thi cng nh k bo dng, thng xuyn bi trn
du m.
- Hn ch bp ci v gim tc xe khi i qua cc khu vc dn c tp trung
v trong cng trng xy dng.
- Lp t v bo dng, kim tra thng xuyn cc thit b gim n hoc xy
dng cc bc cch m vng quanh khu vc c th gy ra mc n cao (my
in, my nn kh, my xc, my i, xe lu, trm trn b tng lu ng..).
- B tr hp l ng vn chuyn v i li, trnh ng vn chuyn i ngang
qua khu vc dn c, cm vn chuyn v thi cng cc cng vic c mc n
cao vo ban m (22 n 6 h sng), gim tc khi i qua khu vc dn c.
56
- Gim ti a ting n ti ngun gy nhim: bng cch thit k cc b phn
gim m, trang thit b trnh n, bo h c nhn cho cng nhn lm vic ti
nhng b phn gy n nh m chp tai hoc nt chng n bng cht do.
Giai on vn hnh
gim thiu nh hng ting n, rung trong qu trnh hot ng n cc khu
vc ln cn, cc bin php gim thiu c phi hp p dng:
- Khu vc sn xut c b tr cch ly vi khu vc vn phng
- La chn cc thit b c ting n thp hoc khng gy n
- i vi cc thit b sn sinh ra nhiu ting n s dng phng php tng
cch m, gim chn lm gim ting n nh: ng x kh ca trm kh nn,
trm xy u lp t b gim thanh. T my vn hnh trong trm ch xy
u b tr chp cch m. Ting n sinh ra trong cc cng on sn xut qua
x l gim thanh, cch m, tng nh xng che chn v c ly thch hp lm
hn ch ting n, tho mn yu cu ca tiu chun i vi nh hng khu
vc xung quanh nh my.
- B tr my mc thit b trong cc dy chuyn sn xut mt cch hp l ng
thi thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my mc nh k.
- Cc chn , b bn c gia c bng b tng, lp t cc m chng rung
bng cao su v thng xuyn kim tra cn bng v hiu chnh khi cn
thit.
- Trng cy xanh hn ch lan truyn ting n
4.1.4. Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng nc
Giai on thi cng
Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng do nc thi t hot ng xy dng
cng trnh
- Xy dng b bao xung quanh khu vc d n bng cc tre v bao ti trnh
cc hin tng st l, tri t ct (cao 1- 1.5 m).
- Xy dng h thng cng thot nc ph hp vi a hnh xung quanh
- Nghim cm cc thit b my mc, dng c chuyn dng c ra ti cc
khu vc chy xung ngun nc chung. m bo vic thot nc ma t
cng trnh thi cng khng tn ng trc tip cc ngun nc, cc knh,
mng hin ti.
- Khng cht thi rn (cht thi xy dng, ct, ...) v cht thi du cn
ca thit b xung dng chy; mi loi cht thi c thu gom, phn loi v
chuyn n v tr thi theo qui nh.
- Ph thi cha du c thu gom, x l v chn lp xa ngun nc.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, khng x nc thi trc tip xung cc thy vc
xung quanh d n, khng gy nhim nc knh mng trong khu vc do
57
nc thi xy dng. V vy, d n b tr cc h thu nc x l cn v bn
lng khng gy hin tng bi lng knh mng thy li.
- La chn thi im thi cng xy dng chnh ph hp hn ch lng cht
bn sinh ra do nc ma chy trn qua khu vc thi cng xung cc knh
mng thy li trong khu vc
- Du m v cc ph thi t cc phng tin vn ti v my mc thit b phc
v thi cng thi ra c thu gom, x l v thi b ng quy nh trnh
lm nhim ngun nc.
- Thng xuyn kim tra no vt, khng bn t, rc xm nhp vo ng
nc thi. m bo nguyn tc khng gy tr ngi, lm mt v sinh cho cc
hot ng xy dng ca d n cng nh khng gy nh hng n h thng
ti tiu v hot ng sn xut nng nghip ca nhn dn.
- Khng tp trung cc loi nguyn vt liu gn, cnh cc tuyn thot nc
ngn nga cht thi r r qua ng thot thi.
Gim thiu tc ng gy nhim mi trng do nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn s c x l bng cch lp t 3 nh v sinh t
hoi di ng bng vt liu composite (200 lt).

Hnh 4.1. Nh v sinh di ng trn cng trng

Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng do nc ma
- Xy dng b bao xung quanh khu vc d n bng cc tre v bao ti trnh
cc hin tng st l, tri t ct (cao 1-1,5m).
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, khng x nc thi trc tip xung cc thu vc
xung quanh khu vc d n. Ti d n c h cha nc (kch thc 4 x 4 x
2m) lng bt cn trc khi thot vo h thng knh mng tiu thot nc
trong khu vc thi cng.

NH V SINH
CNG TRNG
2600
2
2
0
0

58
Giai on vn hnh
Gim thiu nhim do nc thi sn xut gy ra
Nc thi ca ngnh dt nhum cn phi quan tm v x l, v nc thi ny gy
nhim nhiu ti mi trng sng. gim mc nhim ngi ta c th p dng
2 bin php:
- Bin php gim thiu cc cht nhim trong qu trnh cng ngh, k c vic
thu hi li h trong khi gi, h vi, cng nh tit kim s dng ha cht v
thay th ha cht bng cc enzim, nh thay xt bng amilaza chu nhit
trong gi, h vi, v.v
- Bin php x l nc thi thch hp:
Do c th ca cng ngh, nc thi ngnh dt nhum cha tng hm lng cht
rn tng s, cht rn l lng, mu, BOD, COD cao, chn phng n x l thch
hp phi da vo nhiu yu t nh lng nc thi, c tnh nc thi, tiu chun
thi, x l tp trung hay cc b. t hiu qu kinh t cng nh hiu sut x l
cn c h thng phn lung dng thi, c bit i vi nhng c s c nng sut sn
xut hng dt nhum ln. Phn lung dng thi bao gm:
- Dng nhim nng nh dch nhum thi, dch h, nc git h ca cc cng
on.
- Dng nhim va nh nc git cc giai on trung gian.
- Dng nhim nh nc lm ngui, nc git cui. Dng thi nhim nh c
th x l s b hoc trc tip tun hon li cho sn xut.
y l bin php va mang tnh k thut va mang tnh qun l rt hu hiu v
kinh t gim bt nh mc tiu hao nc cho sn xut, tit kim nng lng
ng thi gim i mt lng ng k nc thi cn x l.
X l nc thi sn xut
Tu theo yu cu v mc nhim ca nc thi, ngi ta c th dng phng
php x l ha l hay sinh hc hoc kt hp c hai. Dy chuyn x l kt hp
thng cho hiu qu cao hn. Di y gii thiu quy trnh x l nc thi dt
nhum kt hp phng php ha l v sinh hc.

59
S cng ngh (nguyn l)

Hnh 4.2. S tng qut x l nc thi cng nghip dt

Ngoi ra, bin php gim thiu nhim nc cn c kt hp thc hin bng gii
php p dng cc bin php sn xut sch hn nh: Tun hon ti s dng nc lm
lnh, hn ch s dng ha cht tr, thuc nhum dng c hay kh phn hu sinh
hc ....
Nc thi sau x l phi t QCVN/ TCVN.
X l nc thi sinh hot
Phng n x l nc thi sinh hot bng b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng,
dng chy hng ln v ngn lc k kh ABR (hay cn gi l b BASTAF
baffled septic tank with anaerobic filter) c p dng. cu to nh hnh 5.3

(a) (b)
Hnh 4.3. M hnh b t hoi k kh c cc vch ngn mng, dng chy hng
ln khng c (a) v c (b)ngn lc k kh
Song chn,
li lc
Loi b
du
iu ha Trung
ho
X l
sinh hc
Kh mu,
kt thc
Thi
X l
ha l
Lm c, loi b
nc ca bn
60
4.1.5. Gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca cht thi rn
Giai on thi cng
Cht thi rn sinh ra trong giai on xy dng ch yu l cht thi rn sinh hot v
xy dng. Vic phn loi cht thi l rt quan trng la chn phng n gim
thiu tc ng ti mi trng mt cch hp l.
i vi cht thi rn xy dng
Cc cht thi rn xy dng, cc vt liu ph b c thu gom thng xuyn ti cc
thng rc cng cng v vn chuyn ra khi cng trng, hp ng thu gom x l
vi a phng.
- X l t do hot ng o p: Khi lng t d do cc hot ng o p
s c th s dng lm vt liu san nn cho cc khu vc khc ca d n.
- X l cht thi xy dng: lng t , ph thi xy dng pht sinh trong qu
trnh thi cng s c thu gom ng quy nh. Loi ph thi ny mt phn
c dng san lp mt bng cc khu vc nh xng, phn khng th s
dng san nn nh c s a vo san nn ng sau khi x l,
nghin nh v dng xe lu m mt ng.
i vi cht thi rn nguy hi
Cc v thng ng sn, du, ha cht s c bn li cho nh sn xut ti s
dng.
Cc gi dnh du m, cc ha cht du , m v.v c thu gom hng ngy v a
vo thng cha kn ch x l. Tng khi lng gi cha du m pht sinh ti
cng trng khng nhiu khong 1 kg/ngy. Gi cha du m pht sinh ti khu vc
d n khng c chn lp m s c thu gom vo cc thng cha thch hp t
trong khu vc d n. D n s trang b 1 thng cha gi cha du m thi loi 150
lt. Ch d n s thc hin vic t, tiu hy cc gi dnh du m (1 tun/ 1 ln)
Giai on vn hnh
Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n nh trnh by chng 3
bao gm vi ph liu, bi vi, bng, thng nha, chai l thu tinh ng ho cht,
bn thi t x l nc, bng n neon hng. Do vy, c th p dng cc bin php
sau:
- Xy dng kho, bi theo tiu chun cha v bo qun cht thi rn.
- Cc cht thi rn v c bn vng t c hi, bao b, giy ph thi c th thu
gom v em bn cho cc dch v, i vi rc thi sinh hot cn c bin php
thu gom v x l tp trung.
61
- Bn thi x l nc c kim loi nng v cc cht hu c kh phn hu; bng
n neon hng; bao b dng ha cht phi x l theo quy ch cht thi c
hi.
4.1.6. Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng t
- Che chn lp t mi o trnh ri vi do nc ma chy trn gy ra.
- Nc thi sinh hot v sn xut khng thi trc tip ra t m c x l
t tiu chun trc khi thi vo ngun tip nhn.
- i vi du m thi hay b r r s thu gom vo trong cc thng cha c
lm bng tn hay bng nha trnh ri vi ra ngoi t.
4.1.7. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sinh thi
Giai on thi cng
Trong giai on thi cng yu cu tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh v bo v ti
nguyn thin nhin.
Khng thi cc cht thi c to ra trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh cc cht
thi sinh hot ra cnh ng, vn cy xung quanh khu vc d n, cc thu vc ln
cn nhm trnh cc tc ng xu i vi s pht trin ca cy trng v i sng cc
loi thu sinh.
Giai on vn hnh
Hot ng ca Nh my Dt - Nhum s tc ng rt ln n mi trng sinh thi
khu vc bi cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Do vy cn c nhng bin
php gim thiu thch hp nh:
- Trong qu trnh sng lc v lit k cn phi quan tm n mi trng sinh
thi vn c ca h ng thc vt ti ni thc hin d n, so snh nh gi li
hi gia cc v tr c a ra nhm chn c v tr ti u cho d n t b
nh hng n h sinh thi.
- Khng ch nhng tc ng c hi ti iu kin sinh thi t nhin bng gii
php s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin. #y l mt yu t rt quan trng
cn phi c quan tm.
- p dung cc gii php k thut, qun l thch hp hn ch c s ph v
cn bng sinh thi.
4.1.8. Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc n mi trng kinh t - x hi - nhn vn
Nh Chng 4 trnh by, cc tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi v nhn
vn l kh ln. Do vy cn phi c cc bin php thch hp gim thiu cc tc
ng trn, trong ch c bit n nhng vn sau:
62
- Di dn, n b.
- C cu vic lm cho ngi dn a phng chu tc ng ca d n.
- Quy hoch pht trin c s h tng ph hp cho khu nh c mi...
Giai on thi cng
- Tuyn cng nhn lao ng c l lch r rng, u tin lc lng lao ng ngay
ti khu vc d n. u tin cc cng nhn c bng cp, c o to tay
ngh, c hc vn nht nh. Con em gia nh chnh sch, c cng vi cch
mng. C hnh kim v sc khe tt.
- Lp ni qui v k lut lao ng nghim tc , qun l cng nhn trong gi
lm vic cht ch.
- Xy dng ln tri, to ni n, chn , vic lm hp l ng vin, to iu
kin thun li cho cng nhn,
- Ban hnh cc qui nh v chng t nn x hi: nh cm c bc, ri ch
trong khu vc thi cng, xy dng d n. Lp cc ni quy v trt t, v sinh
v bo v mi trng trong tp th cng nhn v ln tri, trong c ch
thng pht gio dc cng nhn thc bo v mi trng khu vc.
- Kt hp vi chnh quyn a phng v cc c quan chc nng t chc cc
chng trnh: gio dc tuyn truyn thc i vi cng nhn xy dng trong
khu vc d n, gii thiu vi nhng lao ng nhp c v nhng phong tc,
tp qun ca ngi dn a phng trnh cc xung t v mu thun
- Phi hp vi cc cp chnh quyn v an ninh a phng trong vic bo v
an ninh trt t. Gii quyt tt cc mu thun gia cng nhn cng trng v
nhn dn a phng.
- Hp l ho qu trnh thi cng nhm gim mt ngi trn cng trng.
4.2. i vi s c mi trng
Cc bin php an ton lao ng nhm phng chng v x l s c mi trng xy
ra trong giai on thi cng c thc hin nghim tc theo quy nh.
Giai on thi cng
gim thiu tc do ri ro, s c cc bin php sau y c thc hin:
An ton lao ng
- T chc Ban an ton lao ng, PCCC v bo v mi trng theo di, kim
sot cc qui nh v An ton lao ng v PCCC, bo v mi trng tron sut
qu trnh xy dng.
- Ban hnh ni qui lm vic, an ton lao ng, ra vo khu vc cng trng, qui
nh v bo h lao ng, ni qui s dng cc thit b nng cu vt liu, ni
qui an ton in, an ton giao thng, an ton phng chy cha chy v.v.
63
- Khi thi cng trn cao, vn chuyn, bc d v lp t my mc thit b u
phi c cc bin php an ton, phng nga s c, phng chng chy n, r r
du.
- Lp t bin cm ngi qua li ti khu vc nng cu, cc h ang o su,
bin bo ch dn khu vc nguy him, khu vc giao thng c php v
khng c php i li , cc khu vc cha xng du, ha cht, vt t d chy
n, trm bin p, in cao p v.v.)
- phng tai nn lao ng xy ra, ch u t s: c phng , trm Y t cng
trng, c thuc men s cu.
- Khi bc xp vt liu xy dng, cng nhn c trang b bo h lao ng c
nhn nhm gim thiu nh hng ca bi n sc kho.
- Ngi lao ng c cung cp y trang b bo h lao ng nh qun o,
gng tay, knh, m bo him khi lm vic. Cc phng tin phng chng s
c, dng c an ton lun sn sng gii quyt s c cng nh cc a ch
khn cp trong trng hp khn cp.
- Ch d n cng vi nh thu s thnh lp mt b phn chuyn trch theo
di v hng dn cng tc an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.
Bo v sc khe cng nhn
T chc cuc sng cho cng nhn, m bo cc iu kin sinh hot nh ln tri,
nc sch, n Cng nhn thi cng ngoi tri trong iu kin thi tit khng
thun li u c trang b y bo h lao ng nh qun o, dy dp, nn
m
Giai on vn hnh d n
Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng
Quy hoch hp l tng mt bng ca d n trn c s xem xt n cc vn mi
trng c lin quan nh:
- La chn hng hp l s dng mt cch tt nht cc iu kin thng gi
t nhin gp phn ci thin mi trng lao ng bn trong nh my.
- Xc nh kch thc cc vng cch ly v sinh cng nghip gia cc hng
mc cng trnh trong nh my cng nh gia nh my v cc khu dn c
m bo s thng thong gia cc cng trnh, hn ch lan truyn nhim,
m bo phng chy cha chy v gim thiu nhng nh hng trc tip do
cht thi i vi con ngi v cc cng trnh xung quanh.
- B tr hp l cc cng on sn xut, cc khu ph tr, khu kho bi, khu hnh
chnh v c di xy xanh ngn cch, c t l din tch cy xanh trn tng din
tch t s dng ca d n hp l (c th ln ti 20 - 25%).
+ Cc h thng thi kh, ng khi ca nh my cn b tr cc khu vc
thun li cho vic gim st v x l.
64
+ Khu vc b tr trm in, khu x l nc thi tp trung, x l rc thi
cn c t pha cui hng gi ch o.
+ Cch ly cm l hi vi khu vc sn xut trnh s lan truyn nhit
i lu v m bo an ton lao ng trong phn xng sn xut.
- B tr qut mt v thng gi cho nhng ni pht sinh nhit v ni cng nhn
lm vic tp trung.
- B tr cc chp ht trn mi v qut nhng ni cn thit nhit, hi m,
kh c, bi, b ht ra khi khu vc sn xut.
An ton lao ng
- Phi tuyt i chp hnh mi s ch dn v an ton lao ng, ni qui phng
chy v cha chy, phng chng c hi ha cht. c bit l vn v sinh
cng nghip. Di y l mt s bin php chng nng m, m bo vi kh
hu trong iu kin lm vic :
- Nh xng phi c thng gi t nhin, li dung trit hng gi ch
o, b tr nh xng hp l.
- Thng xuyn kim tra v bo dng ch r r trn h thng ng dn hi
v kh nng.
- Nghim tc thc hin ch vn hnh thit b cng ngh, nh lng chnh
xc nguyn vt liu, nhin liu qu trnh din ra mc n nh cao,
gim bt lng cht thi, n nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi to
iu kin thun li cho vic qun l v x l cht thi.
Phng nga chy n
Do trong nh my, hu ht cc nguyn liu u l cht d bt la v pht chy, t
bit l ma kh.
Trong gi lm vic cng nhn phi mc bo h lao ng v mang cc thit b lao
ng cn thit nh khu trangKhi lm vic trong mi trng c kh c thot ra
phi s dng khu trang phng c c hiu.
An ton trong khi s dng ha cht
- Khi tip xc vi ha cht cn phi ch n k thut an ton. Trong phng
lm vic phi treo bng v k thut an ton v ngi lm vic phi bit r
iu .
- Khi ha cht dy ra chn tay cn phi ra sch ngay bng nc sau ra li
bng dung dch soda hay acid acetic.
- Khi m chai ha cht cn ch trnh ha cht pht ra ngoi. Nhng np
y bnh ha cht d chy th khng c h trn ngn la m. Ngi s
dng ha cht cn nm vng tnh cht ca tng loi ha cht. Ha cht ng
trong bnh phi c nhn hiu r rng. Khi cn thit phi pha long axit phi
cho axit vo nc m khng c cho nc vo axit .
65
- Trong trng hp axit b ra ngoi phi cho ct vo ri qut dn ct ra khi
phng, dng dung dch soda ra ch . Cn thn khi mang mt bnh ln axit
hoc kim c. Khi pha long kim phi dng gng tay cao su, knh bo
him, i m. Ch kim rn rt d gy bng nng.
- Khi lm vic vi cc dung mi hu c phi thn trng, tip xc nhiu vi
chng rt c hi. Khng c un cc cht ny m khng c np y.
4.3. Nhng vn bt kh khng v kin ngh hng x l
Nhng vn bt kh khng c th xy ra i vi d n c th do bin i thi tit
gy ra nh: ging bo, l lt lm trn ngp nc, st l ph hu cc cng trnh bo
v mi trng (ph hu h thng x l nc thi tp trung.).
y l vn bt kh khng, trong iu kin cc s c ri ro xy ra, d n s phi
hp cht ch cng vi nhn dn v chnh quyn a phng gii quyt v khc phc
nhm gim thiu ti a cc tc ng xu gy ra i vi mi trng xung quanh v
sc kho con ngi.

66
CHNG 5. CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG
Yu cu: Phn ni dung ny phi xut c chng trnh qun l v gim st,
quan trc mi trng nhm thc hin c hiu qu cc bin php bo v mi trng
v pht hin nhng khim khuyt trong qu trnh thc hin cng nh biu hin suy
thoi, nhim mi trng do d n gy ra iu chnh, ngn nga. Do vy,
nhng xut phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Nhng xut di gc qun l mi trng phi ht sc c th v ph
hp vi trnh t chc, qun l ca d n;
- Nhng xut v gim st mi trng ch tp trung vo nhng thnh phn
mi trng, nhng ch tiu mi trng chu tc ng trc tip ca d n;
- Phng php ly mu v phn tch mu phi tun th quy chun k thut,
tiu chun cho php;
- Cc im gim st mi trng phi c m ha v th hin r trn s
hoc bn t l thch hp.

5.1. Chng trnh qun l mi trng
Chng trnh qun l mi trng, bao gm c K hoch ng cu khn cp, c tc
dng h tr cho vic thc hin v tun th cc bin php gim thiu tc hi v bo
v mi trng nu trong bo co TM.
Sau khi d n c chp thun v bo co TM c ph duyt, ch u t, c
quan qun l Nh nc v mi trng v cc bn lin quan khc thc hin cc hnh
ng m bo cc bin php gim thiu xut c lng ghp vo khung k
hoch thc hin d n.
Trch nhim ca ch u t v n v chuyn trch mi trng ca ch u t l:
- Ch nh n v chuyn trch kt ni cc kt qu TM trong vic nh hng
pht trin d n v thay i thit k (nu cn thit);
- Theo di vic thc hin cc bin php gim thiu tc hi v bo v mi
trng ca cc nh thu;
- Thc hin chng trnh monitoring (gim st mi trng) kim tra hiu
qu ca cc bin php gim thiu v xut cc bin php iu chnh hoc
b sung m bo tun th cc quy nh v cc tiu chun mi trng
tng ng (nu cn thit);
- Ch nh cc chuyn gia/n v t vn tr gip thc hin cc nhim v nu
ch u t khng nng lc;
- Phn b kinh ph ph hp thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng.
67
Nh vy, chng trnh qun l mi trng cn phi bao gm c chng trnh gim
st sau thm nh TM, k hoch ng cu khn cp v chng trnh gim st mi
trng trong tt c cc giai on thc hin d n.
Chng trnh qun l mi trng bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v iu chnh cc bin
php gim thiu tc hi;
- K hoch gio dc/o to v truyn thng;
- K hoch phng nga v ng cu s c;
- Phn nh trch nhim v t chc, nhn s;
- Th tc ghi chp v bo co.
K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v iu chnh cc bin php
gim thiu tc hi l phng tin gip cc cam kt v bo v mi trng c thc
hin hiu qu, t mc tiu l gim thiu ri ro v ci thin v sc khe, an ton,
mi trng trong tng giai on ca d n.
Cc ni dung chnh trong K hoch kim ton ngun thi, gim st mi trng v
iu chnh cc bin php gim thiu tc hi bao gm:
- Thc hin v kim tra vic xy lp v vn hnh cc thit b/h thng x l
cht thi v ngn nga nhim: l vic gim cc cht thi (kh, lng, rn)
trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh ph hp vi tnh cht thi gian ca tc
ng: ngn, trung v di hn;
- Qun l cc cht thi: cc yu cu c bn ca h thng qun l cht thi cho
giai on xy dng v vn hnh bao gm:
- Phn nh trch nhim qun l cht thi ca tng phn xng v ton nh
my;
- Cht thi cn c phn loi v xc nh khi lng qun l chng hiu
qu;
- Xy dng khu vc an ton lu gi v trung chuyn cht thi v c quy ch
gim st cn thn khng gy nh hng xu ti mi trng xung quanh;
- La chn phng php ti ch, ti s dng, ti sinh v thi b cc cht thi
ph hp vi tnh cht ca tng loi cht thi v cc quy nh v bo v mi
trng;
- Thc hin chng trnh gim st thnh phn v ti lng cc ngun thi.
Vic gim st cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng xung quanh s c
thc hin theo yu cu ca c quan qun l;
- xut cc gii php/bin php b sung nhm m bo tun th cc quy
nh ca php lut.
K hoch gio dc/o to v truyn thng: c thc ngay t khi bt u cc hot
ng xy dng cho 2 i tng: 1) cn b v cng nhn lm vic ti cng trng;
v 2) nhn dn a phng. K hoch c xy dng hng nm, c th v ni dung
68
thc hin, thi gian thc hin v i tng tham gia. Ni dung ch yu ca chng
trnh l:
- Cc vn mi trng v an ton lin quan n hot ng ca d n trong
thi im hin ti;
- Trch nhim v ngha v ca cc i tng lin quan trong vic thc hin an
ton lao ng v bo v mi trng;
- Qun l, lu gi cc cht nguy hi v an ton lao ng;
- Quy trnh thng bo, ng cu v phn nh trch nhim khi xy ra s c ri
ro.
K hoch phng nga v ng cu s c bao gm:
- Phn loi s c;
- Cc bin php phng nga s c;
- Th tc thng bo khi xy ra s c;
- T chc nhn s, phn nh trch nhim thc hin cc hnh ng ng cu;
- Cc gii php, bin php khc phc nhim, hi phc mi trng sau s c;
- Th tc v quy trnh nh gi v bi thng thit hi
- Danh mc cc thit b, ha cht s dng trong phng nga, ng cu s c v
lm sch mi trng
- Phn nh trch nhim v t chc nhn s
Phn nh trch nhim i vi vic qun l mi trng c quy nh nh sau:
- Tt c cng nhn vin ca d n phi nhn thc r trch nhim mi trng
ca mnh. Tt c nhn vin ca nh thu xy dng, nhn vin ca nh my
phi tham gia chng trnh gii thiu/nh hng v cc hot ng ca d
n, trong c mc nhn thc mi trng
- Lnh o, c cng chu trch nhim qun l mi trng trong lnh vc qun
l ca mnh.
- Cc nh thu xy dng (giai on xy dng) v cc nh qun l nh my
(giai on vn hnh) cn theo di h thng qun l cht thi v xc nh
khi lng cht thi thi ra, t xut cc phng thc gim thiu cht
thi ca d n.
(giai on vn hnh) c trch nhim phi hp thc hin Chng trnh qun
l mi trng.
(giai on vn hnh) c trch nhim v tnh hnh bo v mi trng ti a
im xy dng nh my v c quyn huy ng ngun lc cn thit thc
hin cc yu cu ca Chng trnh qun l mi trng.
D n cn thnh lp mt n v chuyn trch c nhim v iu phi cng vic, t
chc thc hin v gim st thc hin Chng trnh qun l mi trng.
69
Th tc ghi chp v bo co bao gm:
- Th tc ghi chp:
- Cc s tay vn hnh
- Ghi chp v bo co v s tun th v s gim st
- Bo co s c
- S tay o to
- S tay qun l nguyn vt liu (th, ang s dng, thi)
- Cc ghi chp v tin thc hin d n
Th tc lu gi ti liu: ngoi cc ti liu d n t to lp nu mc trn, cn lu
gi ti ni d tip cn i vi nhng ngi c trch nhim tt c cc Quyt nh ph
duyt, giy php lin quan ti mi trng trc khi tin hnh xy dng v vn
hnh c ct gi nh:
- Giy php x thi, giy ng k ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi
- Giy php s dng nc
- Giy php s dng t
- Giy php vn chuyn cht thi; vn chuyn cc cht chy n, nguy him
- Chng ch v s dng v lu gi cc cht cht c hi
- Th tc bo co
- Xc nh vn cn bo co
- Ni dung bo co
- Thi im bo co
- i tng nhn bo co
Chng trnh qun l mi trng c xy dng trn c s tng hp t cc chng
1, 3, 4 di dng bng, bao gm cc thng tin v: cc hot ng ca d n trong
qu trnh chun b, xy dng v vn hnh; cc tc ng mi trng; cc bin php
gim thiu tc ng c hi (cc trnh x l v qun l cht thi km theo ch dn c
th v chng loi v c tnh k thut; cng trnh x l mi trng i vi cc yu
t khc ngoi cht thi; cc bin php phng chng s c mi trng; cc bin php
phc hi mi trng nu c; chng trnh gio dc, o to v mi trng v cc
bin php gim thiu cc tc ng c hi khc); kinh ph thc hin; thi gian biu
thc hin v hon thnh; c quan thc hin v c quan gim st thc hin chng
trnh qun l mi trng.
Bng 5.1 Chng trnh qun l mi trng
Tc ng mi
trng
Bin php
gim thiu tc
ng xu
Thi hn
hon
thnh
C quan
thc hin
C quan
gim st
D tr
kinh ph
1. Giai on chun b
Thu hi t
70
Ti nh c
2. Giai on xy dng
Lin quan n
cht thi

Khng lin
quan ti cht
thi

Ri ro s c
3. Giai on vn hnh
Lin quan n
cht thi

Khng lin
quan ti cht
thi

Ri ro s c

5.2. Chng trnh gim st mi trng:
Theo di din bin cht lng mi trng v kim sot mc gy nhim ca d
n s do chnh bn thn ch u t ng ra t chc thc hin vi s kt hp vi cc
c quan chuyn mn c chc nng. Vic gim st, quan trc mi trng cn phi
c tin hnh lin tc trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Chng trnh gim
st, quan trc mi trng cn xc nh r:
- i tng, ch tiu quan trc mi trng
- Thi gian v tn sut quan trc
- Nhu cu thit b quan trc
- Nhn lc phc v cho quan trc
- D tr kinh ph cho quan trc mi trng.
Cc im quan trc, gim st mi trng phi c th hin trn bn c chnh
xc thch hp. S liu quan trc mi trng phi c ch d n cp nht, lu gi...
5.2.1. i tng, ch tiu quan trc, gim st mi trng
Nhng i tng quan trng nht cn phi c mt chng trnh gim st chi tit, c
th l mi trng khng kh, ting n, mi trng nc, mi trng t v sc kho
cng nhn.
a. Gim st mi trng khng kh
* i vi mi trng khng kh bn trong hng ro nh my: Ti cc phn xng
dt nhum l hi, khu vn phng
71
* i vi mi trng khng kh khu vc xung quanh nh my:
Cc im o cch ng khi nh my nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi
ch o v ma ng v ma h.
Cc im o ti nhng im dn c nhng khong cch ph hp theo hng gi
ch o v ma ng v ma h.
* Thng s cn gim st:
Ting n, nhit , m, bi l lng, kh SO2, NO2, Cl2, Formaldehyde.
Ti khu vc h thng x l nc thi cn gim st: mi, kh CH4, H2S.
b. Gim st mi trng nc
* i vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi: 1 im u v 1 im u ra ca h thng
x l nc thi.
* i vi vc nc mt tip nhn nc thi ca nh my: mt vi im trn v di
ni tip nhn nc thi.
* Thng s cn gim st: pH, c, mu, cht rn l lng, BOD5, COD, Tng
N, tng P, du m, kim loi nng, Coliforms.
c. Gim st mi trng t
* La chn v tr gim st mi trng t ti vng t b ngp bi nc thi.
* Yu t gim st: pH, hm lng mn, kim loi nng
5.2.2. Thi gian v tn sut gim st, quan trc
Hot ng gim st, quan trc mi trng phi c thc hin theo nhng tn sut
nht nh trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Chng trnh quan trc cc thnh
phn mi trng phi tht c th v thng thng theo tn sut 3 thng/ln cho nm
hot ng u tin v 6 thng/ln cho nhng nm hot ng tip theo.
5.2.3. D tr kinh ph cho gim st, quan trc mi trng
D tr kinh ph cho hot ng quan trc mi trng ca c s l cn thit v khng
th thiu, do vy trong phn ni dung ny phi xut rt c th, r rng nhng
khon kinh ph d tr cho hot ng quan trc tng phn mi trng nu trn.

72
CHNG 6. THAM VN KIN CNG NG
Yu cu: Tham vn cng ng l mt ni dung quan trng m bo khng ch cho
qu trnh ra quyt nh c minh bch, chun xc m cn to iu kin cho ngi
dn trc tip b tc ng bi d n v nhng ngi quan tm v d n c th tham
gia vo qu trnh TM v tng lng tin i vi d n. y l nhng yu t quan
trng gp phn m bo cho d n pht trin bn vng. Do vy, vic tham vn
cng ng phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Tham vn ng i tng;
- Ni dung tham vn phi xc thc vi d n vi vic s dng ngn ng d
hiu ph hp vi trnh dn tr ca i tng c tham vn;
- Kt qu tham vn phi c lng ghp trong qu trnh thc hin TM v
phn nh trong bo co TM.

6.1. Tham vn kin cng ng
Trong chng ny, ch u t phi phi hp vi UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x
tham vn v ly kin ca cng ng v vic trin khai thc hin d n. c
bit l cc i tng b tc ng trc tip ca d n.
Ch u t gi 1 b H s n UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x gm:
- Tm tt Bo co kh thi hay Bo co u t ca d n
- Cng vn thng bo v cc ni dung c bn ca d n, cc tc ng c bn
ca d n n mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi. Cc bin php s p
dng gim thiu tc ng v ngh UBND v Mt trn t quc cp x
cho kin gp bng vn bn Bn tm tt ny phi ngn gn, xc tch
(thng khng qu 20 trang).
Trong trng hp UBND v U ban mt trn t quc cp x yu cu phi i thoi
trc tip, ch d n phi phi hp t chc cuc hp, ly kin cng ng v ghi
Bin bn hp.
Lu : Tt cc cc ti liu ny cn a vo Ph lc ca Bo co TM.
Sau khi nhn c Cng vn tr li bng vn bn ca U ban nhn dn v U ban
mt trn t quc cc x lin quan n d n s tng hp cc kin v a vo Bo
co chnh thc. c bit lu n cc kin xut v lu thc hin ca U ban
nhn dn v U ban mt trn t quc cp x.
Trong trng hp d n c nhiu vn nhy cm v tc ng n nhiu i tng
cng ng, cn ly kin tham vn (S dng Phiu cu hi) ly thm kin ca
73
cc i tng b tc ng trc tip ca d n lm c s c cc bin php hu
hiu nht nhm gim thiu tc ng n KT_XH.
Sau khi tng hp cc kin cn c mc kin phn hi chnh thc ca Ch d n
v cc vn tham vn cng ng a ra.
6.2. kin phn hi ca ch d n
Ch d n cn c kin ng hay khng ng trc kin yu cu ca cng
ng v vic trin khai loi hnh sn xut dt nhum ti a phng. Bn cnh cc
yu cu v m bo iu kin sng ca dn c khu vc nh to cng n vic lm,
m bo trt t, an ninh, giao thng sinh hot.... cn rt ch ti bin php phng
nga v ng ph trc s c ri ro do chy n hoc d r ha cht vo mi trng,
gy thit hi v phi c cam kt n b thit hi do cc s c ri ro t hot ng ca
d n gy ra

74
KT LUN, KIN NGH V CAM KT

1. Kt lun
Trnh by tm tt nhng tc ng mi trng do thc hin d n.
- Kt lun v nhng vn nh: nhn dng v nh gi c ht nhng tc
ng cha, nhng vn g cn cha d bo c;
- nh gi tng qut v mc , quy m ca nhng tc ng xc nh;
- Mc kh thi ca cc bin php gim thiu tc ng xu v phng chng,
ng ph cc s c, ri ro mi trng;
- Nhng tc ng tiu cc no khng th c bin php gim thiu v vt qu
kh nng cho php ca ch d n v nu r l do.
2. Kin ngh
Kin ngh i vi c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng nhm thc hin
nhng bin php bo v mi trng c xut, nhng vn vt kh nng gii
quyt ca d n.
3. Cam kt
Cc cam kt ca ch d n v vic thc hin chng trnh qun l mi trng,
chng trnh gim st mi trng nh nu trong Chng 5 (bao gm cc tiu
chun, quy chun k thut mi trng m d n bt buc phi p dng); thc hin
cc cam kt vi cng ng nh nu ti mc 6.3 Chng 6 ,tun th cc quy nh
chung v bo v mi trng c lin quan n cc giai on ca d n, gm:
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s thc hin v
hon thnh trong cc giai on chun b v xy dng n thi im trc khi
d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc;
- Cc cam kt v cc gii php, bin php bo v mi trng s c thc hin
trong giai on t khi d n i vo vn hnh chnh thc cho n khi kt thc
d n;
- Cam kt v n b v khc phc nhim mi trng trong trng hp cc s
c, ri ro mi trng xy ra do trin khai d n;
- Cam kt phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi
trng sau khi d n kt thc vn hnh.
75
PH LC NH KM

nh km trong Ph lc ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cc loi ti liu
sau y:
- Bn sao cc vn bn php l lin quan n d n;
- Cc s (bn v, bn ) khc lin quan n d n nhng cha c th
hin trong cc chng trnh ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng;
- Cc phiu kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn mi trng (khng kh, ting n,
nc, t, trm tch, ti nguyn sinh hc .) c ch k km theo h tn,
chc danh ca Th trng c quan phn tch v ng du;
- Bn sao cc vn bn lin quan n tham vn cng ng v cc phiu iu tra
x hi hc (nu c);
- Cc hnh nh lin quan n khu vc d n (nu c);
- Cc ti liu lin quan khc (nu c).

76
TI LIU THAM KHO

TING VIT
L Vn Ct, (1999), C s ho hc v k thut x l nc, Nh xut bn Thanh
nin, H Ni.
Nguyn Duy Dng (1998), Thc trng cng tc bo v mi trng trong ngnh dt
may, Tuyn tp cc bo co khoa hc ti hi ngh mi trng ton quc.
Cao Hu Trng, PTS. Hong Th Lnh (1995) Ho hc thuc nhum, Nh xut
bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni.
Hong Hu, X l nc thi, NXB Xy dng 1996.
Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc K
thut, 1998.
Trn Hiu Nhu, Lm Minh Trit, X l nc thi, i hc Xy dng, 1978.
Lng c Phm, Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc, NXB Gio
dc.
ng Trn Phng, Bn v ti u ha s dng ha cht, thuc nhum v cc quy
trnh cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng, Tp ch Bo v Mi trng s 9-2002.
Trung tm o to ngnh nc v mi trng (1999), S tay x l nc Tp 1 v
2. Nh xut bn xy dng, H Ni.
Thng t s 05/2008-BTNMT- Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc.
nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.
Vn phng gii thiu Ho cht, thuc nhum v sn phm ngnh dt (1993), S
tay tra cu thuc nhum, Vin Cng nghip dt si, H Ni.
TING ANH
Adams C.D. and Gorg S. (3/2002), Effect of pH and gas-phase ozon concentration
on the decolorization of commen textile dyes - Journal of Environmental
Engineering.
Lee H.H.W., Chen G. and Yue P.L. (2001), Integration of chemical and biological
treatments for textile industry wastewater: a possible zero-discharge system -
Water Science and Technology, China.
77
Orhon D., Germirii F.B, Kabdasli I., Insel F.G., Karahan O.H.D, Doruel S.F.S. and
Yediler A. (2001), A scientific approach to wastewater recovery and reuse in
textile industry - Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical
University.
Japan Environment Association (20/4/2003), Criteria on chemical substances in
textile products - Draft, Eco Mark Office.
WHO - Assessment of sources of air, water, and land pollution, A guide to rapid
source inventory techniques and their use in formulating environmental control
strategies. Part 1: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution. Geneva,
Switzerland, 1993
TI LIU INTERNET
Trang web http ;//ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov, trnh by v tnh cht v c tnh ca cc
thuc nhum.
Trang web http://www.textileasia-businesspress.com/more.htm, trnh by v cc
hot ng trong ngnh dt may c chu v trn th gii

71
PH LC

Ph lc 1 - Cc thng tin v loi v c tnh ca thuc nhum

Thuc nhum trc tip
Thuc nhum trc tip hu ht l loi anion, c kh nng bt mu trc tip vi x si
khng qua giai on gia cng trung gian. Thuc nhum trc tip l mui natri ca cc
axit sunforic hay axit cacboxylic hu c ca cc hp cht c h mang mu cha nhm
azo (- N=N - ) kiu mono azo, diazo, v a s l poliazo. Trong thnh phn phn t ca
chng c cha mt h thng ni i, mt s nhm cht tr mu (- OH, - NH2), nhm
triazin lm tng kh nng bt mu ca thuc nhum, nhm xalixilic c th to phc vi
cc ion kim loi nng tng thm mu.
Theo cu to ho hc th thuc nhum trc tip c chia thnh cc nhm:
- Thuc nhum trc tip diazo, trong phn t c nhm -N=N-, nhm ny c bn mu
cao;
- Thuc nhum trc tip dn xut ca dioxazin; v
- Thuc nhum trc tip dn xut ca ftaloxianin.
Khi nhum mu m th thuc nhum trc tip khng cn hiu sut bt mu cao na,
hn na trong thnh phn ca thuc c c cha gc azo (- N=N - ) hp cht gy ung
th nn hin nay loi thuc ny khng cn c khuyn khch s dng nhiu.
Thuc nhum trc tip d s dng v r, tuy nhin li khng bn mu.
Thuc nhum axit
Theo cu to ho hc thuc nhum axit u thuc nhm azo, mt s l dn xut ca
antraquinon, triarylmetan, xanten, azin v quinophtalic, mt s c th to phc vi kim
loi. Theo tnh cht k thut thuc nhum axit c chia thnh 3 nhm:
- Thuc nhum axit thng thng: phn ln l dn xut azo; dn xut antraquinon chim
t l thp hn, v t ph bin l cc dn xut ca triarylmetan.
- Thuc nhum axit cm mu hay cn gi l thuc nhum axit crom: c th to phc vi
crom vi nhng t l thuc nhum khc nhau.
72
- Thuc nhum axit cha kim loi: thng trong phn t cha nguyn t kim loi nh
crom, niken, coban, ng vi t l khc nhau.
Thuc nhum hot tnh
Thuc nhum hot tnh l nhng hp cht mu m trong phn t ca chng c cha cc
nhm nguyn t c th thc hin lin kt ho tr vi vt liu ni chung v x dt ni
ring trong qu trnh nhum. Dng cng thc ho hc tng qut ca thuc nhum hot
tnh l:
SRTX
Trong :
S: nhm to cho phn t c ho tan cn thit trong nc, thng l cc nhm -
SO3Na, -COONa, -SO2CH3; R: phn mang mu ca phn t thuc nhum, quyt
nh v mu sc, nhng gc mang mu ny thng l monoazo v diazo, phc cht
ca thuc nhum azo vi ion kim loi, gc thuc nhum axit antraquinon, hon
nguyn a vng, dn xut ca gc ftaloxianin;
T: nhm nguyn t phn ng, lm nhim v lin kt gia thuc nhum vi x v c
nh hng quyt nh n bn ca lin kt ny, ng vai tr quyt nh tc
phn ng nucleofin;
X: nhm nguyn t phn ng, trong qu trnh nhum n s tch khi phn t thuc
nhum, to iu kin thuc nhum thc hin phn ng ho hc vi x.
Khi nhum, dung dch thuc nhum cn c tnh kim v cn ti mt lng mui (NaCl,
Na2SO4) kh ln, tng ng vi lng vi cn nhum.
Mc khng gn mu ca thuc nhum hot tnh tng i cao, khong 30%, c cha
gc halogen hu c (hp cht AOX) nn lm tng tnh c khi thi ra mi trng. Hn
na hp cht AOX ny c kh nng tch lu sinh hc, do gy nn tc ng tim n
cho sc kho con ngi v ng vt.
Thuc nhum baz-cation
Thuc nhum baz l nhng hp cht mu c cu to khc nhau, hu ht chng l cc
mui clorua, oxalate hoc mui kp ca baz hu c. nc ta thuc nhum ny dng
rng ri trong in chiu ci, cc mt hng tre g. Thuc nhum baz c cc loi
diaminotriarylmetan, triaminodiphenylmetan, triaminoarylmetan, v dn xut ca xanten.
Thuc nhum cation c cu to gn ging thuc nhum baz. Cc loi thuc nhum
cation gm: thuc nhum cation mang in tch dng mch nhnh, thuc nhum
73
cation mang in tch dng nhm mang mu v thuc nhum cation to thnh in
tch dng trong qu trnh nhum.
Thuc nhum hon nguyn
c dng ch yu nhum ch, vi, si bng, la visco. Thuc nhum hon nguyn
phn ln da trn hai h mu indigoit v antraquinone. Cng thc tng qut ca thuc
nhum hon nguyn l: R - C=O. Cc thuc nhum hon nguyn thng khng tan trong
nc, kim nn thng phi s dng cc cht kh chuyn v dng tan c (thng
l dung dch NaOH + Na2S2O3 50 - 60oC). dng tan c ny, thuc nhum hon
nguyn khuych tn vo x. Chng rt d b thu phn v oxy ho tr thnh dng
khng tan ban u.
Do c i lc vi x xenlulo nn hp cht lyc baz bt mnh vo x, sau khi ra bt
kim s d b thu phn v dng lyc axit v oxi ho bng oxi ca khng kh v dng
khng tan ban u. Do c tnh quan trng m lp thuc nhum ny c tn gi l
hon nguyn.
Theo cu trc ho hc thuc nhum hon nguyn c chia lm hai loi:
- Thuc nhum indigoit gm indigo v dn xut ca n: thuc nhum loi ny
c tch ra t cy chm vo th k th XII Trung Quc v n , Indonexia
Thnh phn ch yu ca cht mu cha trong cc loi cy h chm l Indican, l
dn xut glucozit ca indoxin, do vy c xp vo loi indigo t thc vt. Loi
mu thuc nhum chm ny c tnh gn mu rt lu.
- Thuc nhum indigo tng hp v dn xut ca n, ngi ta tng hp cc dn
xut ca indigo hay gi l indigoit bng cch a nhm th khc nhau vo phn t
indigo to cc mu khc nhau. Cc ng ng ca indigo c nhiu hp cht
cha nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t gi l tioindigo. Thuc nhum hon
nguyn dn xut ca indigo d b kh hn thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng.
Thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng l thuc thuc nhum c cu to phn t phc tp,
cha nhiu nhn thm, nhiu mch vng, a s l dn xut ca antraquinon. Thuc
nhum ny i hi iu kin kh mnh hn, nhum trong mi trng kim mnh hn v
dung dch lyc baz km n nh hn, d b thu phn v oxi ho v dng khng tan
ban u hn. Theo cu to ho hc, thuc nhum hon nguyn a vng c th phn
thnh cc nhm:
- Dn xut ca oxylaminoantraquinon ;
- Dn xut ca antrimit (antraquinonimin);
- Dn xut ca indantron;
- Dn xut ca antantron;
- Dn xut ca benzatron; v
- Dn xut ca antraquinonacrydon.
74
Thuc nhum lu hunh
Thuc nhum lu hunh l nhng hp cht mu cha nguyn t lu hunh trong phn t
thuc nhum cc dng -S-, -SH-, -S-S-, -SO-, -Sn-. Trong nhiu trng hp lu hunh
nm trong cc d vng nh: tiazol, tiazin, tiantren v vng azin. Thuc nhum nhm ny
rt phc tp, n nay vn cha xc nh c chnh xc cu to tng qut ca chng.
Thuc nhum phn tn
L nhng cht mu khng tan trong nc, phn b u trong nc dng dung dch huyn
ph. Thng c dng nhum x k nc nh x axetat, poliamid, polieste,
polyacrilonitrin. Phn t thuc nhum c cu to t gc azo ( - N=N - ) v antraquinone
c cha nhm amin t do hoc b thay th ( - NH2, - NHR, NR2, - NH - CH2 - OH)
nn thuc nhum d dng phn tn vo nc.
Mc gn mu ca thuc nhum phn tn t t l cao (90 - 95%) nn nc thi ra
khng cha nhiu thuc nhum v mang tnh axit.
Thuc nhum azo khng tan
Thuc nhum azo khng tan cn c tn gi khc nh thuc nhum lnh, thuc nhum
, thuc nhum naptol, chng l nhng hp cht c cha nhm azo trong phn t nhng
khng c mt cc nhm c tnh tan nh -SO3Na, -COONa nn khng ho tan trong
nc.
Thuc nhum pigment
Pigment l nhng hp cht c mu cu to ho hc khc nhau c c im chung: khng
tan trong nc do phn t khng cha cc nhm c tnh tan (-SO3H, -COOH), hoc cc
nhm ny b chuyn v dng mui bari, canxi khng tan trong nc.
Bng . Nhng loi thuc gy ung th
Nhm thuc nhm azo c th sinh ra hp cht amit gy ung th (loi A1)
1 4-aminobiphenyl
2 Benzedrin
3 4-cloro-o-toluidin
4 2-naptylamin
Nhm thuc nhm azo c th sinh ra hp cht amit gy ung th (loi A2)
1 o-aminoazotoluen
2 2-amino-4-nitotoluen 3
3 4-cloroanilin
4 2,4-diaminoanisole
5 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmetan
75
6 3,3-diclorobenzidin
7 o-dianisidin; 3,3'-Dimetoxybenzidin
8 o-tolidin; 3,3'-Dimetylbenzidin
9 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-dimetyldiphenylmetan
10 p-cresidin
11 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-diclorodiphenylmetan
12 4,4'-diaminodiphenylete
13 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsunfid
14 o-toluidin
15 2,4-diaminotoluen
16 2,4,5-trimetylanilin
17 o-anisidin
18 2,4-xylidin
19 2,6-xylidin
20 4amino-azo-benzen
Nhm thuc gy ung th loi trc tip
1 C.I. Basic red 9
2 C.I. Disperse blue 1
3 C.I. Axit red 26
4 C.I. Axit red 114
5 C.I. Direct blue 6
6 C.I. Direct black 38
7 C.I. Direct red 28
8 C.I. Disperse yellow 3

71
Ph lc 2 - M hnh d bo nng cc cht nhim khng kh

d bo s lan truyn nhim khng kh, ta xt ngun ng l ngun thi lin tc
(ngun ca dng xe chy lin tc trn ng) v cao gn mt t, gi thi vung
gc vi ngun ng.
Nng cht nhim khong cch x, cch ngun ng pha cui gi ng vi cc
iu kin trn c xc nh theo cng thc tnh ton nh sau:
C(x) = 2E/ (2) 1/2 z.u (1)
Hoc c th xc nh theo cng thc m hnh ci bin ca Sutton nh sau:
C(x) = 0,8.E
[ ] [ ]
u e e
z
h z h z
z z

/ ) (
2 2 2 2
2 / ) ( 2 / ) ( +
+
(2)
Trong :
- E: lng thi tnh trn n v di ca ngun ng trong n v thi gian (mg/m.s), E
c tnh ton phn ngun gy tc ng
- z: h s khuch tn theo phng z (m) l hm s ca x theo phng gi thi. z c
xc nh theo cng thc Slade vi cp n nh kh quyn loi B (l cp n nh kh
quyn c trng ca khu vc) c dng sau y:
z = 0,53.x0,73
- x: khong cch ca im tnh so vi ngun thi, tnh theo chiu gi thi.
- u: Tc gi trung bnh (m/s), ti khu vc c tc gi trung bnh l 3,3 m/s.
- z: cao ca im tnh (m), tnh cao 1,5 m.
- h: cao ca mt ng so vi mt t xung quanh (m), coi mt ng bng mt t, h
= 0 m.
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc (2), nng cc cht nhim cc khong cch khc
nhau so vi ngun thi (tim ng) c th hin bng sau:
Bng : Nng cc cht nhim do giao thng trong giai on xy dng
STT
Khong
cch x (m)
z
Nng (mg/m3)
Bi SO2 NO2 CO VOC
72
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
4 30
5 40
6 50
TCVN
5937:2005
Trung bnh 1h 0,3 0,35 0,2 30 -
Trung bnh 24h 0,2 0,125 0,04 - -
Da trn kt qu thu c c th a ra nhn xt v nng cc cht nhim so vi tiu
chun cho php (TCVN 5937: 2005)

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