PDH & SDH

PDH
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY.
A TECHNOLOGY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK TO TRANSPORT LARGE QUANTITY OF
DATA OVER DIGITAL TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
SUCH AS FIBRE OPTIC AND MICROWAVE RADIO
WAVE SYSTEMS.
THE TERM PLESIOCHRONOUS IS DERIVED FROM
Greek plesio which means near, and chronous, time.
IT MEANS THAT PDH NETWORKS RUN IN A STATE
WHERE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NETWORK ARE
ALMOST, BUT NOT QUITE PERFECTLY
SYNCHRONISED.
PDH
SENDING A LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA ON FIBRE
OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION ARE
SYNCHRONIZED BUT TIMING IS NOT.
THE CHANNEL CLOCKS ARE DERIVED FROM
DIFFERENT MASTER CLOCKS WHOSE RANGE IS
SPECIFIED TO LIE WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS. THE
MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A
PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL.
PDH SIGNALS ARE NEITHER SYNCHRONOUS NOR
ASYNCHRONOUS.
PDH
PDH ALLOWS TRANSMISSION OF DATA STREAMS
THAT ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME
RATE, BUT ALLOWING SOME VARIATION ON THE
SPEED AROUND A NOMINAL RATE.
BY ANALOGY, ANY TWO WATCHES ARE
NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE,
CLOCKING UP 60 SECONDS EVERY MINUTE.
HOWEVER, THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN
WATCHES TO GUARANTEE THEY RUN AT EXACTLY
THE SAME RATE.
IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT ONE IS RUNNING
SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHER.
VERSIONS OF PDH
THERE ARE TWO VERSIONS OF PDH NAMELY
1) THE EUROPEAN AND 2 ) THE AMERICAN.
THEY DIFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR
WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME.
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS
IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF 30
CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.
EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY
30 Channel PCM = 2 Mbps
2 Mbps x 4 = 8 Mbps
8 Mbps x 4 = 34 Mbps
34 Mbps x 4 = 140 Mbps
140 Mbps x 4 = 565 Mbps
EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT
RATES
MUX BIT RATE PARTS PER
MILLION
CHANNELS
2 Mbps
2.048 Mbps
+/- 50 ppm 30
8 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
+/- 30 ppm 120
34 Mbps
34.368 Mbps +/- 20 ppm
480
140 Mbps
139.264 Mbps +/- 15 ppm
1920
DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN E-CARRIER SYSTEM
THE BASIC DATA TRANSFER RATE IS A STREAM OF 2048 KBPS.
FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION, THIS IS BROKEN DOWN INTO 30 X
64 KBIT/S CHANNELS PLUS 2 X 64 KBPS CHANNELS USED FOR
SIGNALLING AND SYNCHRONIZATION.
ALTERNATIVELY, THE WHOLE 2 MB/S MAY BE USED FOR NON
SPEECH PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE, DATA TRANSMISSION.
THE EXACT DATA RATE OF THE 2 MBPS DATA STREAM IS
CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK IN THE EQUIPMENT GENERATING THE
DATA.
THE EXACT RATE IS ALLOWED TO VARY SOME PERCENTAGE (+/-
50 PPM) EITHER SIDE OF AN EXACT 2.048 MBPS.
DIFERENT 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS CAN BE RUNNING AT SLIGHTLY
DIFERENT RATES TO ONE ANOTHER.
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
IN ORDER TO MOVE MULTIPLE 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS
FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, THEY ARE COMBINED
TOGETHER OR MULTIPLEXED IN GROUPS OF FOUR.
THIS IS DONE BY TAKING 1 BIT FROM STREAM #1,
FOLLOWED BY 1 BIT FROM STREAM #2, THEN #3, THEN #4.
THE TRANSMITTING MULIPLEXER ALSO ADDS ADDITIONAL
BITS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE FAR END RECEIVING
MULTIPLEXER TO DECODE WHICH BITS BELONG TO WHICH
2 MBPS DATA STREAM, AND SO CORRECTLY RECONSTITUTE
THE ORIGINAL DATA STREAMS.
THESE ADDITIONAL BITS ARE CALLED JUSTIFICATION
BITS OR STUFFING BITS
30 Chl Digital Hierarchy
III Order
Mux
480 Chls
IV Order
Mux
1920 Chls
Primary
Mux
30 Chls
II order
Mux
120 Chls
X 4
X 4

2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 139.264 Mbps
DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS
BIT INTERLEAVING:
ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE
CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME.
THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A
BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL.
BIT INTERLEAVING IS USED IN HIGHER
ORDER MULTIPLEXING.

A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4
DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS
BYTE INTERLEAVING
WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING:
IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG
ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP
OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED
SIGNAL IS CALLED A BYTE
INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED
SIGNAL.

A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4
SLIP, JUSTIFICATION AND JITTER
SLIP THIS OCCURS WHEN THE INCOMING BIT
RATE DOES NOT MATCH WITH THE DIVIDED
MUX/DEMUX CLOCK RATE. SAME BIT MAY BE
READ TWICE OR LOSS OF BITS WILL OCCUR.
JUSTIFICATION:- IT IS A PROCESS OF ADDING
ADDITIONAL BITS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF
SLIP.
JITTER:- DISPLACE MENT OF A PULSE FROM ITS
NORMAL SIGNIFICANT INSTANT IS CALLED JITTER.
JUSTIFICATION -TYPES




JUSTIFICATION

POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION
NEGATIVE JUSTIFIATION
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION
JUSTIFICATION
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS HIGHER THAN TRIBUTARY
RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION.
THIS IS USED UPTO 140 MBPS SYSTEMS.
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS LOWER THAN TRIBUTARY
RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
IF ON AN AVERAGE, MUX CLOCK RATE AND
TRIBUTARY BIT RATE ARE EQUAL, IT IS CALLED
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER
MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM
1. MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT BOTH THE
ENDS. SOLUTION :- THIS PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY
USING P L L CIRCUIT AT TERMINAL B TO RECOVER THE
CLOCK.
2. SYNCHRONIZATION:- SOLUTION- THIS IS SOLVED BY
FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD (FAW).
3. TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK (DIVIDED)
SHOULD BE THE SAME:- SOLUTION - SOLVED BY PULSE
STUFFING OR BIT STUFFING OR JUSTIFICATION
PROCESS. THISMEANS ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS.
FOTS
FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
SUB SYSTEMS
DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM.
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB
SYSTEM.
CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB SYSTEM
POWER SUB SYSTEM
ALARM SUB SYSTEM
Fiber Optic Cable
Fig 6.6
FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
Fiber Optic Cable
Consists of many extremely thin strands of solid
glass or plastic bound together in a sheathing
Transmits signals with light beams
No risk of sparks, safe for explosive environments
More expensive than coaxial, but more bandwidth
Different colors of light are used to simultaneously
send
Multiple signals
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM
OPTICAL LINE TERMINATING
EQUIPMENT.
LINE SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS
LINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENTS
ORDERWIRE EQUIPMENTS.
SUPERVISORY SERVICE DATA
REMOTE SERVICE DATA
LIMITATIONS
LOWER CAPACITY.
ADD AND DROP DIFFICULT.
COMPLEX MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING.
NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD
INTERWORKING BETWEEN
HIERARCHIES COMPLEX.
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM
PDH IS NOT IDEALLY SUITED TO THE EFFICIENT DELIVERY
AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BANDWIDH CONNECTIONS.
PDH IS NO LONGER EFFICIENT TO MEET THE DEMANDS
PLACED ON IT.
TO ACCESS THE LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARY, THE WHOLE
SYSTEM SHOULD BE DEMULTIPLEXED.
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS MAX CAPACITY IS 566 MBPS
ONLY.
NO COMMON STANDARDS AMONG VENDORS.
TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED IN BIT RATES.
POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION ( LINEAR WORKING )
ONLY IS POSSIBLE.
IT DOES NOT SUPPORT HUB.
NO PROVISIONING FOR NMS.
EVOLUTION OF SDH
FIBER OPTIC BANDWIDTH:Bandwidth of the optical fiber
can be increased and there is no limit
TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION:Using VLSI techniques which
is also cost effective
INTELLIGENCE:Availability of cheaper memory opens new
possibilities
CUSTOMER SERVICE NEEDS:Requirement of customer
services can be easily met w/o much additional equipments
EVOLUTION OF SDH
TOTALLY SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD/SYSTEM MULTIPLEXING
STANDARD.
IN 1988, (ITU-T) 18
TH
STUDY GROUP FORMULATED
CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR MULTIPLEXING.
THE MAIN AIM IS TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXISTING PDH
SIGNALS ALSO.
ADOPTING THE DIFFERENT VENDORS EQUIPMENTS.
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH LED TO THE INVENTION OF SDH.
DIFFERENT SERVICES
LOW/HIGH SPEED DATA
VOICE
INTERCONNECTION OF LAN
COMPUTER LINKS
FEATURE SERVICES LIKE HDTV
BROAD BAND ISDN TRANSPORT
EXISTING NETWORK

4 RTH ORDER
3
RD
ORDER
2 ND ORDER
5 TH ORDER
2 Mbps
8 Mbps
34 Mbps
140 Mbps
5
6
5

m
b
/
s
565 Mbps
SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.

HIERARCHY:

SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL
ORDER.
WHAT IS
S D H ?
WHAT IS SDH?
SDH IS A HIERARCHICAL SET OF INFORMATION
STRUCTURE (DIGITAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE) TO CARRY
PAY LOAD.
SDH MULTIPLEXING:- A PROCEDURE BY WHICH MULTIPLE
LOWER ORDER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO
HIGHER ORDER PATH OR MULTIPLE HIGHER PATH LAYER
SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO MUX SECTION LAYER.
POINTER DEFINES FRAME OFFSET VALUE OF A VIRTUAL
CONTAINER.
SDH MAPPING:- THE PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE
TRIBUTARY ARE ADAPTED INTO VIRTUAL CONTAINERS AT
THE BOUNDARY OF THE SDH NETWORK.
ADVANTAGES OF SDH
1. SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
2. DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES.
3. ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS.
4. CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS.
5. MULTI-VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT.
6. PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY RINGS.
7. ENHANCED BANDWIDTH.
8. NMS FACILITY.
9. UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
10. GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER SYSTEM IS
SIMPLE.
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing
procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing
bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
The Tributary Unit (TU)
Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)
Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1
(STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative
stuffing in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
STM1 Frames

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
1
3
5
9
4
270
270 Columns (Bytes)
1
9
transmit
row by row
RSOH
MSOH
AU Pointer
Payload
(transport capacity)
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
1ST ROW
2ND ROW 3RD ROW
9 261 9 261 9 261 9 261
I I I
9 261
PAY LOAD
S
O
H
I I
270
9TH ROW
FRAME REPRESENTATION
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4
TUG-3
TU-3 VC-3
C-4
C-3
TUG-2
TU-1
VC-1 C-1
140Mbps
34Mbps
2Mbps
(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)
REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE
Containers: C-3, C-2, C-12 and C-11
Container Carries signals at
C-11 1.544 Mbit/s
C-12 2.048 Mbit/s
C-2 6.312 Mbit/s
C-3 34.368 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s
C-4 139.264 Mbit/s
TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS
SDH:Set of hierarchical structures,standardized for the
transport of suitably adapted pay load over physical
transmission network
STM:Synchronous transport module
It is the information structure used to support section
layer connections in SDH
VIRTUAL CONTAINER :used to support path layer connections
in the SDH
LOWER ORDER VC ( VC1,VC2,VC3)
HIGHER ORDER VC (VC3 ,VC4)
SDH BIT RATES
SDH Levels Bit rates in Kbps
STM-1 155520
STM-4 622080
STM-16
STM-64
2488320
9953.28
SOH BYTE ALLOCATION
A1A2 Frame alignment
B1B2 Error monitoring
D1..D3 Data comm channel for RSOH
D4..D12 Data comm channel for MSOH
E1-E2 Order wire channel
F1 Maintenance
J0 STM Identifier
K1 K2 Automatic protection switching
S1 SYNCHRONISATION STATUS
M1 Txmn Error acknowledgement
Media dependent bytes
2 Mbps mapping
E1: 2.048Mb/s
STM-1 AU-4 VC-4
C-12 VC-12
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
x3
x7
x3
VC-n
AU-n
AUG
STM-n
Synchronous Transport Module
Administrative Unit Group: One or
more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path
overhead
AUG
The following are the different steps in the
mapping of 2Mbps stream
Formation of container C12
Formation of virtual container VC12
Formation of tributary unit TU12
Multiplexing of TU12 s to form TUG3
Multiplexing of TUG3s to form VC4
Formation of administrative unit AU4
Formation of administrative unit group AUG
Adding SOH to form STM1

SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS
The different network elements are
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS
CONNECT
REGENERATOR
NMS


NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
As per ITU-T Rec. synchronous
multiplexer performs both
multiplexing and live line terminating
functions.
synchronous multiplexer replaces a
bank of plesiochronous multiplexers
and associated line terminating
equipment.

SYNCHRONOUS MUX
Types of synchronous
multiplexers
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

TM
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
TM Accepts a no. Of tributary
signals and multiplex them to
appropriate optical/electrical
aggregate signal viz
STM1,STM4,STM16 etc.

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADM is designed for THRU mode
of operation.
Within ADM its possible to ADD
channels or DROP channels from
THROUGH CHANNELS

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)
At an ADM site ,only those signals that
need to be accessed are dropped or
inserted
The remaining traffic continues thru
the NE without requiring special pass
thru units or other signal processing

ADM
ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)

AGGREGATE SIGNAL
AGGREGATE SIGNAL

SDH(E/O)

SDH(E/O)

ADM

TRIBUTARY SIGNALS
(PDH/SDH)

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT
Cross connect equipment functions as a
semi permanent switch for varying
bandwidth control it can pick out one or
more lower order channels for
transmitting signal without transmission
channels
Channels can be 64Kbps up to STM1
Under software program the need of
demultiplexing


TYPES OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
STRING/BUS/LINEAR Topology
RING Topology
STAR Topology
MESH Topology


STRING/BUS/LINEAR
TOPOLOGY
TM
ADM
ADM ADM
REG
Aggregate signal
Tributary
signal
(STM1/STM4/STM16)
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))
TM
RING TOPOLOGY
Ring is a linear network looped back to
itself
Network elements are ADMs or
REGENERATORS
Every node on a ring has two
communication paths to each other node
via the two directions around the ring.



RING TOPOLOGY
ADM
ADM
Aggregate signal
(STM1/STM4/STM16)
Tributary
signal
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/ STM1(o))
RING TOPOLOGY
Ring network is self healing type(allowing
rerouting of traffic when a link fails).
The simple topology of a ring facilitates
the implementation of protocols that can
detect failure of a fiber segment or node
and rapidly reestablish communications,
typically in timeframes on the order of
milliseconds. This is referred to as
protection or protection switching

RING TOPOLOGY
Rings gives greater flexibility in the
allocation of band width to the
different users.
Normally used in LAN,WAN, Core
Network,Regional Network etc.

STAR TOPOLOGY
Traffic passes thru a central node
called HUB.
The HUB is a DXC.
If HUB fails ,total traffic fails.