Chapter 2 Operational Amplifiers

Introduction
http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/courses/engr311/Handouts/OpAmp-tutorial-1.ppt

Textbook CD

http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/designLab/InvertingAmplifierDesign.html

The OP-AMP Terminals
Symbol

Power Supplies





Fairchild uA702 The first op-amp designed by Bob Widlar

The OP-AMP Terminals
The OP-AMP Terminals
The Ideal OP-AMP
-V
S
v
id
Inverting
Noninverting
Output
+

_

i
(-)
i
(+)
v
O
= A
d
v
id
R
O
A
R
i
Open-loop gain
Exercise 2.2
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

The Inverting Configuration
The inverting closed-loop configuration.
Closed-Loop Gain

Virtual Short-Circuit

Virtual Ground

Negative and Positive Feedback
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

The Closed-Loop Gain
Analysis of the inverting configuration
-
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain
i
1
v
I
v
o

A
|

\
|
|
.

R1
v
I
v
o
A
+
R1
v
o
v
o

A
i
1
R2
v
o

A
v
I
v
o
A
+
R1
|

\
|
|
|
.
R2
G
v
o
v
I
R2
R1
1
1
R2
R1
+
|

\
|
|
.
A
+
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

Exercise 2.1
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

Input and Output Resistances
R
i
v
I
i
I
v
I
v
I
R1
R1
R
o
0
Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal OP-AMPS

Exercise 2.2
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

With General Impedances
R
2
+
R
1
v
o
i
s
v
s
Z1
Z2
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Integrator
+
v
o
i
c
i
-
R
v
s
i
s
C
v
o
t ( )
1
C R
0
t
t v
I
t ( )
(
(
]
d
V
o
V
I
1
s C R
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

PSpice Simulation Tips
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Differentiator
R
2
+
R
1
v
o
i
s
v
s
Z1 = 1/sC
Z2 = R
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Weighted Summer
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Non-Inverting Configuration
vi
v
2
v
1

v
o
A
A infinit e
v
o
v
I
v
I
R1
R2 +
v
o
v
I
1
R2
R1
+
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Voltage Follower
A difference amplifier.
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Difference Amplifier
Applications of superposition to the analysis of the current circuit of Fig.. 2.21.
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Difference Amplifier
Finding the input resistance of the difference amplifier.
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Difference Amplifier Input Resistances
Representation of the common-mode and differential components of the input signal to a difference amplifier. Note that v
1
= v
CM
- v
d
/2
and v
2
= v
CM
+ v
d
/2.
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

The Difference Amplifier Common-Mode and Differential
Components of the input signal
(a) A popular circuit for an instrumentation amplifier. (b) Analysis of the circuit in (a) assuming ideal op-amps. (c) To make the gain
variable, R
1
is implemented as the series combination of a fixed resister R
1f
and a variable resistor R
1v
. Resistor R
1f
ensures that the
maximum available gain is limited.
Other Applications of the Inverting Configuration

Instrumentation Amplifier
Open-loop gain of a typical general-purpose internally
compensated op amp.
Effect Of Finite Open-Loop Gain and Bandwidth On Circuit
Performance
fb = 3-db or break frequency
ft = unity gain bandwidth
(a) Unity-gain follower. (b) Input step waveform. (c) Linearly rising output waveform obtained when the amplifier is slew-rate
limited. (d) Exponentially rising output waveform obtained when V is sufficiently small so that the initial slope (w
t
V) is smaller then or
equal to SR.
Effect of slew-rate limiting on output sinusoidal waveforms.