A.

NHAN BIET CAC CHAT

I. Nhan biet cac chat trong dung dch.
Hoa
Thuoc
Hien tng
Phng trnh minh hoa
chat
th
- Axit
- Quy tm hoa o
Baz Quy tm
- Quy tm hoa xanh
kiem
Goc
Tao kh khong mau, e 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
nitrat
ngoai khong kh hoa nau
(khong
Cu
mau)
2NO + O2 2NO2 (mau nau)
Goc
BaCl2
Tao ket tua trang khong H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
sunfat
tan trong axit
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Goc
- Tao ket tua trang khong
Na2SO3 + BaCl2 BaSO3 + 2NaCl
sunfit
- BaCl2
tan trong axit.
- Axit
- Tao kh khong mau, mi Na2SO3 + HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O
hc
Goc
Tao kh khong mau, tao
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
cacbonat
Axit, BaCl2, ket tua trang.
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl
AgNO3
Na2CO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3
Goc
Tao ket tua mau vang
Na3PO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3
AgNO3
photphat
(mau vang)
Goc
Tao ket tua trang
AgNO3,
HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3
clorua
Pb(NO3)2
2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 2NaNO3
Muoi
Tao kh mui trng ung.
Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S
Axit,
sunfua
Tao ket tua en.
Pb(NO3)2
Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2NaNO3
Muoi sat
Tao ket tua trang xanh,
FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl
(II)
sau o b hoa nau ngoai
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
khong kh.
Muoisat
Tao ket tua mau nau o
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
(III)
Muoi
Tao ket tua trang
MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
magie
Muoi
Tao ket tua xanh lam
Cu(NO3)2 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
ong
Muoi
Tao ket tua trang, tan
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
nhom
trong NaOH d
Al(OH)3 + NaOH (d) NaAlO2 + 2H2O
II. Nhan biet cac kh vo c.
Kh SO2
Ca(OH)2,
Lam uc nc voi trong.
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O
Dd
nc Mat mau vang nau cua dd
SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr
brom
nc brom
Kh CO2
Lam uc nc voi trong
Ca(OH)2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
Kh N2
Que
diem Que diem tat
o
Kh NH3
Quy tm am Quy tm am hoa xanh
to
Kh CO
Chuyen CuO (en) thanh o.

CO
+
CuO
Cu + CO2
CuO (en)
(en)

Kh HCl

- Quy tm - Quy tm am t hoa o

am t
- Tao ket tua trang
- AgNO3

(o)

HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3

Kh H2S
Kh Cl2
Axit HNO3

Pb(NO3)2
Giay
tam
ho tinh bot
Bot Cu

Tao ket tua en

Lam xanh giay tam ho tinh
bot
Co kh mau nau xuat hien

H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2HNO3

4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

BI TP NHN BIT
A. L THUYT.
I. Vi cht kh.
CO2: Nc vi trong d -> c nc vi trong.
SO2(Mi hc): Dung dch brom(Br2) -> mt mu vng ca dung dch brom. (SO2 + Br2 +2H2O-> HBr + H2SO4)
NH3(mi khai): Qu tm m ha xanh.
Cl2(mu vng): Dung dch KI v h tinh bt -> Dung dch mu xanh; Qu tm m -> , sau mt mu.
H2S(mi trng thi): Dung dch Pb(NO3)2 -> Kt ta en.
HCl: Qu tm m -> Ha .
Dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta trng.
N2:Que dim c tn -> Tt.
NO: ngoi khng kh ha mu nu .
NO2: Mu nu , qu tm m ha .
II. Dung dch baz.
Ca(OH)2: Dng CO2, SO2: C kt ta trng ( Nu sc n d kt ta tan ra).
Ba(OH)2: Dng dch H2SO4 -> Kt ta mu trng.
III. Dung dch axit.
HCl: Dng dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta trng.
H2SO4: Dng dung dch BaCl2 -> Kt ta trng.
HNO3: Dng bt Cu v un nhit cao -> Dung dch mu xanh, kh mu nu thot ra.
IV. Dung dch mui.
Mui clorua(-Cl): Dng dung dch AgNO 3 -> Kt ta trng
Mui sunfat: Dng dung dch BaCl2 -> kt ta trng.
Mui cacbonat(=CO3):Dng dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 -> Kh
Mui sunfua (=S): Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 -> Kt ta mu en.
Mui photphat (PO4): Dng dung dch AgNO3 -> Kt ta mu vng
V. Cc oxit ca kim loi.
Thng ha tan vo nc-> Chia lm 2 nhm: Tan trong nc v khng tan trong nc.
- Nhm tan trong nc cho tc dng vi CO2(Nu th bng qu tm ->)
+ Nu khng c kt ta: Kim loi tring oxit l kim loi kim (Ha tr I).
+ Nu c kt ta: kim loi trong oxit l kim loi kim th (Ha tr II).
- Nhm khng tan trong nc cho tc dng vi dung dch baz (NaOH).
+ Nu tan trong dung dch kim th kim loi trong oxit l Al, Zn, Cr.
+ Nu khng tan trong dung dch kim th l kim loi khc.
Cc oxit ca phi kim: Cho vo nc th bng qu tm -> Xanh.
B. BI TP
Vn 1: Nhn bit cc cht da vo tnh cht vt l.
- Loi bi tp ny c th da vo tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh: mu, mi v, tnh tan.
- Cc c trng ca cc cht nh: CO2 khng chy, st b nam chm ht, Kh NH3 c mi khai, kh H2S c mi trng thi,..
Bi 1: Da vo tnh cht vt l hy phn bit 2 cht bt: AgCl v AgNO 3.
BL: + Ly mt t mi cht trn lm mu th.
+ Cho 2 mu th trn vo nc, cht bt no tan trong nc l AgNO 3, cht no khng tan trong nc l AgCl.
Bi 2: Phn bit cc cht bt: AgNO3, Fe v Cu da vo tnh cht vt l.
Bi 3: Phn bit 3 cht kh: Cl2, O2, CO2 da vo tnh cht vt l ca chng.
Bi 4: Da vo tnh cht vt l hy phn bit cc cht cha trong l mt nhn:
a) Bt st, bt lu hunh, bt ng oxit. b) Kh CO2, kh H2S, kh NH3.
c) Kh H2, Cl2, H2S
d) Cc cht bt trng l: ng, mui n, tinh bt.
e) Kh O2, Kh Cl2, kh N2.
f) Kh NH3, O2, Cl2, CO2
Vn 2: Nhn bit cc cht da vo tnh cht ha hc.
Dng 1: Nhn bit bng thuc th ty chn.
a) Nhn bit cc cht rn: Thng cho cc cht rn ha tan vo nc sau nhn bit sn phm thu c.
Bi 1: Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc cht rn sau:
a) CaO v Na2O
b) CaO v CaCO3
c) CaO v MgO
d) CaO v P2O5
e) Al v Fe.
f) Al, Fe v Ag
g) NaCl, NaNO3, BaCO3,BaSO4.
h) Na2CO3, MgCO3, BaCO3
Bi 2: Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit cc cht bt trng sau:
a) Tinh bt, xenluloz, saccaroz.
b) Tinh bt, glucoz, saccaroz.
b) Nhn bit cc cht kh: Thng dn cc kh vo thuc th nhn bit.
Bi 1: Bng phng php ha hc hy nhn bit cc kh sau:
a) CO2 v O2 b) SO2 v O2 c) CO2 v SO2.
d) Cl2, HCl, O2.

e) CO2, Cl2, CO, H2

f) CO2, SO2, O2, NH3, C2H2, C2H4
Bi 2: Nhn bit cc kh sau bng phng php ha hc:
a) CO2, CH4 v C2H2
b) CH4 v C2H4.
c) CH4, C2H4, C2H2
d) CH4, CO2, C2H2, O2
c) Nhn bit cc cht trong dung dch: Thng ly cc cht cho vo thuc th.
VD1: Phn bit 2 ng nghim b mt nhn cha cc dung dch sau: HCl v NaOH.
* Ly 4 cht trn, mi cht mt t lm mu th:
Cho 4 mu th mi cht mt t vo mu giy qu tm:
+ Nu mu th no lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu l: HCl.
+ Nu mu th no lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh l: NaOH.
Bi 1: Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit cc dung dch sau:
a) HCl v H2SO4
b) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. c) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O.
d) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4.
e) HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, H2O
Bi 2: Phn bit cc dung dch sau bng phng php ha hc:
a) NaCl v Na2SO4.
b) NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3.
c) Na2SO4 v CuSO4.
d) Na2SO4, CuSO4, NaCl.
c) CuSO4, AgNO3, NaCl
f) K2SO4 v Fe2(SO4)3.
g) K2SO4. FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3
h) MgSO4, Na2SO4, FeSO4, CuSO4
i) FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4
Bi 3: Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit cc dung dch sau:
a) Na2SO4 v H2SO4
b) Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaCl.
c) NaCl, Na2SO4, H2SO4
d) NaCl, HCl, H2SO4 e) Na2SO4, H2SO4, HCl
f) Na2SO4, NaCl, H2SO4, HCl
Bi 4: Hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn cha mt cc dung dch sau:
a) Na2CO3, NaOH, NaCl, HCl.
b) HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3.
c) NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2
d) Na2CO3, NH4NO3, HCl, FeCl2
e) NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, Na2S, Na2CO3, Na2SO3
f) FeSO4; Fe2(SO4)3 v MgSO4
Bi 5: Nu phng php ha hc phn bit 2 dung dch: Glucoz v ru etylic.
Bi 6: C 2 l mt nhn ng 2 dung dch khng mu: CH3COOH , C2H5OH. Hy trnh by
Bi 7: C 3 cht lng l: Ru etylic, axit axetic, v du n tan trong ru. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit 2 cht
lng trn.
phng php ha hc nhn bit chng.
Bi 8: C 3 cht lng l: Ru tylic, axit axetic v glucoz. Bng phng php ha hc hy phn bit 2 cht lng trn.
Bi 9: C 3 cht lng CH3COOH , C6H6 , C2H5OH ng 3 l ring bit khng c nhn. Bng pp ha hc
hy nhn bit mi l ng cht no ? Vit cc PTP , ghi r iu kin ca phn ng nhn bit
( nu c ) .
Bi 10: C cc cht lng (dung dch) ng ring bit trong mi l: CH 3COOH , C6H6 , C2H5OH , C6H12O6. Bng phng php
ha hc, hy trnh by cch nhn bit cht lng, vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Dng 2: Nhn bit bng thuc th quy nh
- Trng hp ny khng dng nhiu thuc th m ch dng thuc th theo quy nh ca bi.
- Mun vy, ta dng thuc th tm ra mt trong s cc l cho, l tm c ny chnh l thuc th cho cc l cn li.
Bi 1: Ch dng qu tm, hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn cha cc dung dch sau:
a) H2SO4, Na2SO4, BaCl2.
b) H2SO4, Na2SO4, BaCl2, NaCl.
c) NaOH, HCl, H2O
d) HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2
e) Na2SO4, H2SO4, NaOH
f) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, H2SO4, BaCl2
g) NaCl, H2SO4, NaOH
h) HCl, NaCl, Na2CO3, BaCl2.
Bi 2: Ch dng thm qu tm hy phn bit cc dung dch cha trn cc l ring bit sau:
a) NaOH, AgNO3, HCl, HNO3, H2O.
b) Na2CO3, NaOH, HCl, Ba(OH)2.
c) H2SO4,NaOH, BaCl2, (NH4)2SO4
d) CuCl2, NaOH, NaCl, AlCl3.
e) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, NaOH.f) HCl, Na2CO3, AgNO3, BaCl2.
g) NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, BaCl2, Na2S
h)BaCl2,NH4Cl;(NH4)SO4;NaOH;Na2CO3
Bi 3: Ch c dng thm 1 thuc th khc, hy nhn bit cc cht sau:
a) Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2
b) Na2SO4, Na2CO3, H2SO4, BaCl2.
c) Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2, Na2SO4
d) Ba(OH)2, NH4Cl, HCl, (NH4)2SO4
a) FeCl2, FeCl3, NaOH, HCl.
b) Na2CO3, BaCl2, H2SO4.
c) H2SO4, Ba(NO3)2, KCl, Na2S.
d) HCl, NaOH, AgNO3, CuSO4.
e) MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3
f) H2SO4, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, MgSO4
g) HCl , H2SO4 , BaCl2
h) NH4HSO4, Ba(OH)2, BaCl2, HCl, NaCl v H2SO4
Bi 4: Ch dng dung dch HCl hy phn bit cc cht sau:
a) NaCl, Na2CO3, BaSO4, BaCO3
b) Fe, FeO, Cu
c) Cu, CuO, Zn.
d) NaCl, Na2CO3, MgSO4, NaOH
Bi 5: Ch dng dung dch brom hy nhn bit cc kh sau:
a) CH4 vC2H4.
b) CH4 v C2H2
c) C2H4 v C2H2.
d) CO2, C2H4, C2H2

Bi 6: Ch dng dung dch NaOH hy phn bit cc dung dch:

a) NaCl, NH4Cl, MgCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3.
b) FeSO4; Fe2(SO4)3 v MgSO4
c) K2CO3, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3
d)
Bi 7: Ch dng dung dch H2SO4 hy phn bit cc cht sau:
a) NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO3, Na2CO3.
b) Ba, BaO, Al, Al2O3
c) Mg, Zn, Fe, Ba.
Bi 8: Ch dng mt kim loi hy phn bit cc dung dch sau: Na2SO4, Na2CO3, HCl, Ba(NO3)2
Bi 9: Ch dng thm nc hy nhn bit cc cht sau: Na, MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3.
Bi 10: Nhn bit cc dung dch sau NaHSO 4, KHCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, Na2SO3, Ba(HCO3)2, bng cch un nng v cho tc dng
ln nhau.
Bi 11: Trnh by cch nhn bit cc cht sau y bng 2 thuc th: C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, CO2, SO2.
Dng 3: Nhn bit khng c thuc th khc.
- Trng hp ny bt buc phi ly cho phn ng vi cc l cn li.
- tin so snh ta nn k bng phn ng. Khi y ng vi mi l s c nhng hin tng phn ng khc nhau. y chnh l c
s phn bit tng l.
Bi 1: Khng dng thm thuc th no khc, hy nhn bit cc ng nghim mt nhn ng cc dung dch:
a) Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2.
b) MgCl2, BaCl2, H2SO4, K2CO3.
c) Na2SO4, MgSO4, CuSO4,Ba(OH)2
d) NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH
e) NaOH, FeCl2, HCl, NaCl
f) CaCl2, HCl, Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3
g) HCl, NaCl, Ba(OH)2, Ba(HCO3)2, Na2CO3
h) Cu(NO3)2, Ba(OH)2, HCl, AlCl3, H2SO4
n) HCl , NaOH , Na2CO3 , MgCl2 .
m) HCl , H2SO4 , Na2SO4 , BaCl2 .
DNG 10: TCH TINH CH.
I. Phng php vt l.
- Phng php lc: Dng tch cht khng tan ra khi hn hp lng.
- Phng php c cn: Dng tch cht rn (khng bay hi nhit cao) ra khi dung dch hn hp cht lng.
- Phng php trng ct phn on: Dng tch cht lng ra khi hn hp lng nu nhit ng c ca chng cch bit
nhau qu ln.
- Phng php chit: Dng tch cht lng ra khi hn hp lng khng ng nht.
II. Phng php ho hc.
Nguyn tc:
Bc 1: Chn cht X ch tc dng vi A (m khng tc dng vi B) chuyn A thnh cht A 1, dng kt ta, bay hi hoc ho
tan; Tch B ra khi (bng lc hoc t tch).
Bc 2: iu ch li cht A t cht A1.

S tch: :

B
A, B

Pta
ch

XY
AX ( , , tan)

Y
P ta
i tao

A
Nu hn hp A, B u tc dng vi X chuyn c A, B thnh A, B ri tch A, B thnh 2 cht nguyn cht. Sau tin hnh
bc 2.
1 i vi cht rn: Chn cht X dng ho tan.
2 Hn hp cc cht lng ( hoc cht rn ho tan thnh dung dch) th cht X dng tao cht kt ta hoc bay hi.
3 Hn hp cc cht kh: Cht X dng hp th.
Ch : Phn ng chn tch phi tho mn 3 yu cu:
+ Ch tc dng ln mt cht trong hn hp cn tch.
+ Sn phm to thnh c th tch r rng ra khi hn hp.
+ T sn phm ca p to thnh c th ti to li cht ban u.
Cht cn tch
Phn ng tch v phn ng ti to li cht ban
Phng php tch
CO2
dd NaOH
to
pnc
Al(Al2O3 hay hp
Lc, nhit phn

Al
NaAlO
Al(OH)3
Al2O
Al
2
3
cht nhm)
o
Lc, nhit luyn
CO2

Ht
dd NaOH
to
Zn (ZnO)

2
Zn
Na2ZnO2
Zn(OH)2
ZnO
Zn
o
Lc, nhit luyn
Mg
HCl MgCl2
NaOH Mg(OH)2 t MgO
CO Mg
Mg
o
H
Fe (FeO hoc
Lc, nhit luyn

HCl FeCl2
NaOH Fe(OH)2 t FeO
2 Fe
Fe
Fe2O3)

Lc, nhit luyn

o
H
NaOH Cu(OH)2 t CuO
2 Cu
Cu
CuSO4
BI TON TCH RING V TINH CH.
* Tch ring: Chuyn tng cht trong hn hp v trng thi ring l dng nguyn cht v tinh khit bng phng php vt l
hay ha hc.
+ Nguyn tc: Chuyn cht cn tch thnh sn phm mi dng kt ta hay bay hi. Tip theo l thc hin cc phng php
vt l : C cn, lc, chng ct, chit cc cht ra khi nhau. Cui cng thc hin cc phn ng ti to iu ch li cc cht ban
u.
Lu : Sau khi tch ring cc cht phi gi nguyn khi lng nh trong hn hp ban u.
* Tinh ch: Tinh ch cht A trong hn hp gm 3 cht A, B, C l tm cch loi b B. C ch cn li A nguyn cht. Khng cn
phi thu hi B, C nhng phi a A v dng ban u bng phn ng thch hp.
Phng php:
- i vi hn hp cha: Kim loi, oxit kim loi, baz, mui ta em ha tan trong axit.
- i vi hn hp cha: Oxit axit, oxit lng tnh ta thc hin ha tan trong kim.
- Thc hin cc p trao i: To kt ta hoc bay hi, c th dng p y kim loi ra khi dung dch mui.
- Cn nm ring tnh cht ca tng kim loi, hp cht quan trng-> Chn thuc th thch hp.
- tch v iu ch kim loi mc tinh khit, ngi ta thng dngphng php in phn nng chy hoc in phn
dung dch trong iu kin thch hp.
B. Bi tp:
Bi 1: C nhng kh m(hi nc): CO2, H2, O2, SO2. Kh no c th lm kh bng CaO, bng H2SO4.
Bi 2: C hn hp gm CaO v CaO, nu phng php ha hc c th tch ring c CuO ra khi hn hp.
Bi 3: Kh CO dng lm cht t trong cng nghip, c ln tp cht kh CO 2 v SO2. Lm th no c th loi b c cc tp
cht ra khi CO bng phng php r tin nht? Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng xy ra.
Bi 4: Kh O2 c ln kh CO2. bng phng php ha hc c th tch ring c kh O2 ra khi hn hp.
Bi 5: Lm nh th no lm kh kh CO2 (c ln hi nc).
Bi 6: ZnSO4 c ln tp cht CuSO4, bng phng php ha hc hy loi b tp cht ra khi dung dch ZnSO4.
Bi 7: Bc cm (dng bt) c ln Cu, Al. Lm th no c th thu c bc tinh khit.
Bi 8: Trnh by phng php :
a) Tch Cu ra khi hn hp hn hp Cu, Fe, Zn.
b) Tch Ag v Fe ra khi hn hp: Al, Ag, Fe.
Bi 9: Kh CH4 c ln tp cht C2H4, C2H2 lm th no c th thu c CH4 tinh khit.
Bi 10: Hy chon phng php tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp gm Cu v Fe.
Bi 11: Dng cht thch hp c th loi b tp cht ra khi hn hp C2H2 c ln tp cht CO2 v hi nc.
Bi 12: Kh C2H2 c ln CO2 v SO2 v hi nc. Lm th no thu c C2H2 tinh khit.
Bi 13: Nu phng php tch ring tng cht ra khi hn hp: CO2 v CH4
Bi 14: Tch 4 kim loi Ag, Al, Cu, Mg dng bt bng phng php ho hc.
Bi 15: Tch cc kim loi Fe, Al, Cu ra khi hn hp ca chng.
Bi 16: Lm th no tch ring 3 mun NaCl, MgCl2 v NH4Cl.
Bi 17: Tch ring cc kim loi Ag, Cu ra khi hn hp.
Bi 18: Dng phng php ho hc tch Fe, Al, Cu ra khi hn hp 3 kim loi trn. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 19: Tch cc cht sau ra khi hn hp ca chng: AlCl 3; FeCl3 v BaCl2.
Bi 20: C mt mu ng b ln Fe, Ag, S. Hy tm ra phng php (tr phng php in phn) tch Cu tinh khit t mu
.
Bi 21: Mt hn hp gm Al2O3, CuO, Fe2O3. Dng phng php ho hc tch ring tng cht.
Bi 22: Hn hp A gm CuO, AlCl3, CuCl2 v Al2O3. Bng phng php ho hc hy tch ring tng cht tinh khit nguyn
lng.
Bi 23: Lm th no tch ring 3 mun NaCl, MgCl2 v NH4Cl.
Bi 24: Tch cc mui sau ra khi hn hp ca chng: Fe(NO 3)3, Al(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2 v Zn(NO3)2 tinh khit nguyn lng.
Cu (CuO)

H2SO4
a
c, no
ng