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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT No. - 1
AIM: To study two stroke and four stroke petrol engines.
APPARATUS: Model of two stroke and four stroke petrol engine.
THEORY: The engine which converts the heat energy into mechanical energy is known as heat
engine.
1. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 4- STROKE PETROL ENGINES
There are four strokes which are as follows:
i) Suction stroke
ii) Compression stroke
iii) Expansion or working or power stroke
iv) Exhaust stroke


i) SUCTION STROKE: The suction stroke starts with the piston at top dead centre position.
During this stroke, the piston moves downwards by means of crank shaft. The inlet valve is
opened and the exhaust valve is closed. The partial vacuum created by the downward movement
of the piston sucks in the fresh charge (mixture of air and petrol) from the carburetor through the
inlet value. The stroke is completed during the half revolution (180
O
) of the crank shaft, which
means at the end of the suction stroke, piston reaches the bottom head centre position.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



ii) COMPRESSION STROKE: During this stroke the inlet and exhaust valves are closed
and the piston returns from bottom dead centre position. As the piston moves up, the charge
is compressed. During compression the pressure and temperature rises. This rise in
temperature and pressure depends upon the compression ratio (in petrol engines the
compression ratio generally varies between 6:1 and 9:1). J ust before the completion of the
compression stroke, the charge is ignited by means of an electric spark, produced at the spark
plug.

iii) WORKING OR EXPANSION STROKE: The ignition of the compressed charge. J ust
before the completion of compression stroke, causes a rapid rise of temperature and pressure
in the cylinder. During this stroke the inlet and exhaust values remain closed. The expansion
of gases due to the heat of combustion exerts pressure on the piston due to which the piston
moves downward, doing some useful work.

iv) EXHAUST STROKE: The exhaust value is opened and the inlet valve remain closed.
The piston moves upward (from its BDC position) with the help of energy stored in the
flywheel during the working stroke. The upward movement of the piston discharges the burnt
gases through the exhaust value. At the end of exhaust stroke, piston reaches its TDC
position and the next cycle starts.

2. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE
The working principle of 2-Stroke petrol engine is discussed below:-
A). 1
st
Stroke: To start with let us assume the piston to be at its B.D.C. position. The
arrangement of the ports is such that the piston performs two jobs simultaneously. As the
piston starts raising from its B.D.C. position it closes the transfer port and the exhaust port.
The charge (mixture, of the air and petrol) which is already there in the cylinder, as the result
of the previous running of the engine is compressed at the same time with the upward
movement of the piston vacuum is created in the crank case (which is gas tight).
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



Figure of Two stroke S.I. Engine

as soon as the inlet port is uncovered; the fresh change in sucked in the crank case. The
charging is continued until the crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the
piston is filled with the charge. As the end of third stroke, the piston reached the T.D.C.
position.

B). 2
nd
Stroke: Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke, the compressed
charge is ignited by means of a spark produced at the spark plug. Pressure is exerted on the
crank of the piston due to the combustion of the piston is pushed in the downward direction
producing some useful power. The downward movement of the will first close the inlet port
and then it will compress the charge already sucked in the crank case. J ust the end of power
stroke, the piston uncovered the exhaust port and the transfer port simultaneously the
expanded gases start escaping through the exhaust port and the same time the fresh charge
which is already compressed in the crank case, rushed into the cylinder through the transfer
port and thus the cycle is repeated again. The fresh charge coming into the cylinder also
helps in exhausting the burnt gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust port. This is
known as scavenging.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT No. - 2
AIM: To study two stroke and four stroke Diesel engines.
APPARATUS: Model of two stroke and four stroke Diesel engine.
THEORY: The engine which converts the heat energy into mechanical energy is known as heat
engine.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE.
The four strokes are as follows:
1. Suction Stroke
2. Compression stroke
3. Expansion stroke
4. Exhaust stroke

Figure of Diesel Engine Cycle
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


i) Suction stroke: This stroke starts with the piston at top dead centre position. The inlet value is
opened and the exhaust value is closed. The downward movement of the piston creates vacuum
in the cylinder due to which air is drawn into the cylinder. The movement of the piston is
obtained either by the starter motor or by the momentum of the fly wheel.
ii) Compression stroke: This stroke starts with the piston at B.D.C. position. Both the inlet and
exhaust values are closed. The air sucked during the suction stroke is compressed as the piston
moves in the upward direction. A few degree before the completion of compression stroke, a
very fine spray of diesel is injected into the compressed air. The fuel ignites spontaneously.
iii) Expansion stroke: Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed. The heat energy released
by the combustion of the fuel, results in the rise in pressure of the gases. This high pressure rise
drives the piston in the downward direction, thereby producing some useful work. This stroke is
called as power stroke.
iv) Exhaust stroke: This stroke starts with the piston at the B.D.C. position. The inlet value
remains closed whereas the exhaust value is opened. The upward movement of the piston pushes
the burnt gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve. At the end of exhaust stroke, the
exhaust valve is also closed.
The four-strokes complete one cycle which may repeat again to produce power.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 2 -STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
A). 1
st
Stroke As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, it closes the transfer and the
exhaust port. The air which is already there in the cylinder is compressed. At the same time with
the upward movement of the piston, vacuum is created in the crank case. As soon as the inlet
port is uncovered the fresh air is sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued until the
crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston in filled with the air.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



Figure of Two stroke Diesel Engine

B). 2
nd
Stroke Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke a very fine spray of
diesel is injected into the compressed air (which is at a very high temperature). The fuel ignites
spontaneously. Pressure is exerted on the crown of the piston due to the combustion of the air
and the piston is pushed in the downward direction producing some useful power. The
downward movement of the piston will first close the inlet port and then it will compress the air
already sucked in the crank case. J ust at the end of power stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust
port and the transfer port simultaneously. The expanded gases start escaping through the exhaust
port and at the same time the fresh air which is already compressed in the crank case, rushes into
the cylinder through the transfer port and thus the cycle is repeated again.


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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT No.-3
AIM: To study the boiler mountings and accessories
INTRODUCTION:
BOILER MOUNTINGS: The devices which helps to control the steam generation,
measurement of steam properties and safe working of the boiler. The boiler mountings are:-
The devices which helps boiler to work satisfactorily, efficiently, safely and
for easy maintenance are called boiler mountings and accessories.
1) WATER LEVEL INDICATORS: It indicates water level in the boiler drum and guides to
maintain constant level of water in the boiler and thereby avoids overheating damages. These are
fitted at the front end of the boiler for clear vision.



2) PRESSURE GAUGE: It indicates the pressure of the steam inside the boiler to maintain the
pressure to a desired safer limit. These are also fitted at the front end or top of the boiler for clear
vision.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



3) SAFETY VALVES: It maintains the safe pressure inside the boiler. If pressure crosses the safe
limit, the excess steam will blow off from the safety valves automatically and thereby maintains
safer pressure limit, preventing the explosion of the boiler. Commonly used safety valves are
Dead weight safety valve and spring loaded safety valve.


4) STEAM STOP VALVE: It regulates the supply of steam for the required rate whenever necessary
and shut off the steam when not required. It is situated at the top of the boiler drum.


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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


5) BLOW OFF VALVE: Its function is to empty the water in the boiler drum when required for
periodical cleaning (removal of sediments collected at the bottom of the drum) and inspection. It
is fitted at the lowest part of the drum.





6) FEED CHECK VALVE: Its function is to feed water in to the boiler drum continuously and
also regulates the rate of the flow of feed water and prevents escape of water from boiler drum
due to higher pressure inside the boiler drum.


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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



7) FUSIBLE PLUG: It is safety device and its function is to protect the boiler from the explosion
due to the overheating due to lower water level. Whenever temperature exceeds safety
limits, the plug itself melts and allows the water and steam to escape and to extinguish
the fire in the furnace.



BOILER ACCESSORIES: The devices which helps to improve the efficiency of the boiler and to
enable proper working of the boiler. The boiler accessories are:

1) ECONOMIZER: It is heat exchanger which is placed in the hot gas path so that it can exchange
the heat between hot gas and cold water passing through the heat exchanger. It improves the
overall efficiency of boiler by reducing the fuel consumption because the feed water supplied to
the boiler will be at a higher temperature.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering




2) AIR PRE HEATER: It is heat exchanger which is kept in between economizer and chimney
which exchanges heat between hot gas and cold air passing through heat exchanger. Supplying
preheated air to the furnace produces higher furnace temperature and accelerates combustion of
fuel and there by increases thermal efficiency of the plant.

3) SUPER HEATER: It is heat exchanger which is fixed in line of hot gas path which recovers heat
from hot gas to increase the temperature of saturated or wet steam to super heated temperature by
passing steam into this heat exchanger.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


















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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


Experiment No. - 4
AIM: Study the fire tube Boiler (Lancashire Boiler)
BOILER: A closed metallic vessel in which the water is heated beyond the boiling temperature
by the application of heat by the combustion of fuels to convert it into steam. The function of the
boiler is to supply the steam at constant pressure with desired quality by maintaining the steam
generation rate and the steam flow rate equal.
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER:
Based upon relative position of water and flue gas (hot gas) carrying tubes,
1) Fire tube boiler,
2) Water tube boiler
Based upon location of furnace
1) Externally fired boiler
2) Internally fired boiler
Based upon method of water circulation,
1) Natural circulation,
2) Forced circulation
Based upon direction of principle axis of the shell,
1) Horizontal axis boiler
2) Vertical axis boiler
3) Inclined axis boiler
Based upon pressure of the steam produced,
1) High pressure boiler
2) Low pressure boiler
Based upon usage,
1) Stationary boiler
2) Portable boiler
3) Locomotive boiler
4) Marine boiler


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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


FIRE TUBE BOILER: In the fire tube boiler, the hot gases produced by the combustion of
fuel are passed through tubes around which the water circulates as shown in the figure 1


Figure1: Lancashire boiler, Cornish boiler
In water tube boiler, the water circulates inside the tubes while hot gases produced by the
combustion of fuel flows around the water tubes externally as shown in the figure 2.


Figure2: Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Stirling boiler
COMPARISON OF FIRE TUBE AND WATER TUBE BOILER:

Water tube
1 Passage of hot gases and water circulation: Here water circulates through the tubes and the hot
flue gases surround.
2 Position of furnace: Furnace is situated outside the boiler.
Fire Tube
1 Passage of hot gases and water circulation: Here water circulates through the tubes and the Here
the hot flue gases passes through tubes which are surrounded by water and water circulation
2 Position of furnace: Furnace is situated within the boiler.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



LANCASHIRE BOILER: Lancashire boiler is a horizontal, internally fired, natural circulation
fire tube boiler. In this boiler steam is produced at 15 bars, at the rate of 8500 kg per hour. The
steam produced in this boiler is used for processing purposes in sugar mills and in chemical
industries as the produced at low pressure with low rate of production.

Figure: Lancashire boiler

CONSTRUCTION:
Lancashire boiler consists of a horizontal cylindrical shell placed on a brick work as
shown in the figure above. Two large flue tubes of diameter about 0.4 times the diameter of shell
are fitted inside the shell which extends over the entire length. In each of these flue tubes two
furnace grates are provided at the entrance of flue tube and the space underneath the grate is the
ash pit (ash collector).
The arrangement of brick work and shell creates arear enclosed chamber for each of flue
tubes at the rear end of the boiler which in turn is connected to onebottom central
channel at the underneath the shell and which in turn is connected to two side channels at the
front end. Two side channels are connected at their rear end to a common rear passage which is
connected to chimney.
The boiler shell is mounted with necessary mountings like feed valve, steam stop valve,
pressure gauge, water level indicator safety valve etc as shown in the figure.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering




WORKING
Fill the boiler shell with water to of its volume by the help of feed valve which will
submerge both the flue tubes and the remaining space inside the shell is for collection of steam.
When the fuel is supplied to the furnace and burnt, the hot gases produced will passes along the
flue tubes towards rear enclosed chamber and mean while heat transfer take place from the hot
gases to water through the walls of the flue tubes.
The hot gas from the rear enclosed chamber is next entered into the bottom central channel
and passes towards entrance of the boiler shell. In passing heat transfer takes place from the hot
gas to water through bottom portion of the boiler shell which is exposed to bottom central
channel.
After passing along the bottom central channel, the hot gas divided at the entrance of the
boiler shell and enters into the both side channels towards rear exit passage which in turn
connected to chimney. In passing through side channels heat transfer take place through side
portions of the boiler shell which are exposed to side channels. The steam accumulated in the
steam space is collected with the help of steam stop valve.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT No. -5
AIM:
THEORY: Babcock and Wilcox boiler is a horizontal, externally fired, natural circulation water
tube boiler. A high capacity boiler produces steam at 40 bar at the rate of 40000 kg per hour.
This boiler is used in thermal power stations as it produces steam at higher pressure with higher
rate of production and also this boiler is capable of producing steam very quickly to the higher
amount as and when required.
To study the water tube boiler (Babcock and Wilcox Boiler)
CONSTRUCTION:
1) Steam and water drum
Babcock and Wilcox boiler consists of 4 parts as shown in the figure.
2) Water tubes
3) Furnace
4) Super heater
1) STEAM AND WATER DRUM:
It is horizontal cylindrical shell which is suspended with the help of iron girders which are
resting on iron columns. The boiler shell is mounted with necessary mountings like feed valve,
steam stop valve, pressure gauge, water level indicator safety valve etc as shown in the figure

2) WATER TUBES:
These are number of inclined water tubes at an angle of 15 degree through which water
circulates. The water tubes are arranged one below the other in a serpentine fashion to form
vertical row with 4 to 5 water tubes as shown in the figure.
Both the ends of the tubes are connected to end boxes which are called as headers. The
header which is at right side is called down take header and on the left side is called up take
header. Both the headers are in turn connected to boiler with the help of pair of tubes.
Descending water tube connects down take header to boiler and ascending water tube connects
uptake header to boiler. Each set of vertical row with pair of headers arranged one behind the
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


other in required number. A mud box is connected at the bottom of the down take header with
blow off pipe connected to it is to collect contaminants and to remove from the water tubes.

1 Feed valve , 2 Water level indicator , 3 Pressure gauge , 4 Safety valve , 5 Steam stop
valve , 6 Down take header , 7 - Up take header , 8 Descending water tube , 9 Ascending
water tube , 10 Chain grate stroke , 11 Mud box with blow off pipe , 12 Baffle plates , 13
Way to chimney , 14 T tube.
4) SUPER HEATER:
It is number of u tubes secured at each end to the horizontal connecting boxes and placed in the
combustion chamber underneath the boiler drum. The upper box is connected to T tube which is
situated in the steam space inside the boiler drum and allows steam to enter and passes it to super
heater and then to steam stop valve by passing through lower box .
WORKING:
Fill the boiler shell with water to 1/2 of its volume by the help of feed and the remaining
space inside the shell is for collection of steam mean while water tubes, headers also
filled with water.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


When the fuel is supplied to the furnace and burnt, the hot gases produced will passes
through the particular path guided by the baffle plates.
The produced hot gas moves upwards around the portion of the water tubes lying in
between the combustion chamber and below the boiler drum, then down wards around
the portion of the water tubes in between baffle plates , and then once again upwards
between the baffle plate and the down take header and finally passes out to chimney.
During the path of hot gas, the water extracts the heat from the hot gas and converted to
steam, then the mixture of steam and hot water raises to up take header and then collects
in boiler drum.
The steam collected in steam space passes to the super heater by entering into the T tube
in turn connected to steam stop valve by which super heated steam can be extracted.











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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT No.-6
AIM:-To find the indicated power (IP) on Multi-Cylinder Petrol Engine by Morse test.
APPARATUS USED: -Multi-Cylinder Petrol Engine Test Rig, Stop Watch, Hand Gloves, and
Digital Tachometer.
THEORY
The purpose of Morse Test is to obtain the approximate Indicated Power of a Multi-cylinder
Engine. It consists of running the engine against a dynamometer at a particular speed, cutting out
the firing of each cylinder in turn and noting the fall in BP each time while maintaining the
speed constant. When one cylinder is cut off, power developed is reduced and speed of engine
falls.
:-
Accordingly the load on the dynamometer is adjusted so as to restore the engine speed. This is
done to maintain FP constant, which is considered to be independent of the load and proportional
to the engine speed. The observed difference in BP between all cylinders firing and with one
cylinder cut off is the IP of the cut off cylinder. Summation of IP of all the cylinders would then
give the total IP of the engine under test.
FORMULE USED
(i) Brake Power, BP = WN/ C KW
:-
; Where W = Load on the Dynamometer Kg, N = rpm of the Engine, and
C = Dynamometer Constant.
(ii) Indicated Power ( IP ) of each Cylinders:
IP1 = ( BP
T
- BP
2,3,4
) KW
IP2 = ( BP
T
- BP
1,3,4
) KW
IP3 = ( BP
T
- BP
1,2,4
) KW
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


IP4 = ( BP
T
- BP
1,2,3
) KW
(iii) Total IP of the Engine, IP
T
= (IP1

+ IP
2
+ IP
3
+ IP
4
) KW
(iv) Mechanical Efficiency, l
mechanical
= BP
T
/ IP
T


PROCEDURE:
1. Before starting the engine check the fuel supply, lubrication oil, and availability of cooling
water.
-
2. Set the dynamometer to zero load.
3. Run the engine till it attains the working temperature and steady state condition. Adjust the
dynamometer load to obtain the desired engine speed. Record this engine speed and
dynamometer reading for the BP calculation.
4. Now cut off one cylinder. Short-circuiting its spark plug can do this.
5. Reduce the dynamometer load so as to restore the engine speed as at step 3 . Record the
dynamometer reading for BP calculation.
6. Connect the cut off cylinder and run the engine on all cylinders for a short time. This is
necessary for the steady state conditions.
7. Repeat steps 4, 5, and 6 for other remaining cylinders turn by turn and record the
dynamometer readings for each cylinder.
8. Bring the dynamometer load to zero, disengage the dynamometer and stop the engine.
9. Do the necessary calculations.

OBSERVATIONS
Engine Speed, N = rpm
:-
No. of Cylinders, n = Four
Calorific Value of Fuel, C.V. = 42,000 KJ /Kg

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


OBSERVATIONS TABLE

:-
CALCULATIONS

:-
RESULTS :-
IP
T
= KW
Total I.P of the Multi Cylinder Petrol Engine By Morse Test,




















Sl. No. Cylinders
Working
Dynamometer
Reading, (KW)
Brake Power, BP (KW) IP of the cut off
cylinder, (KW)
1. 1-2-3-4
------------------- BPT

2. 2-3-4
BP2,3,4 = IP1 =
3. 1-3-4
BP1,3,4 = IP2 =
4. 1-2-4
BP1,2,4 = IP3 =
5. 1-2-3
BP1,2,3 = IP4 =
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT No.-7
AIM: To study the gas turbine model and its components
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Gas Turbine Model
THEORY
Gas turbine engines are, theoretically, extremely simple. They have three parts:
1. Compressor - Compresses the incoming air to high pressure.
2. Combustion area - Burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-velocity gas.
3. Turbine - Extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-velocity gas flowing from the
combustion chamber

COMPRESSOR
In this engine, air is sucked in from the right by the compressor. The compressor is basically a
cone-shaped cylinder with small fan blades attached in rows (eight rows of blades are
represented here). Assuming the light blue represents air at normal air pressure, then as the air is
forced through the compression stage its pressure rises significantly. In some engines, the
pressure of the air can rise by a factor of 30. The high-pressure air produced by the compressor is
shown in dark blue.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



Combustion Area
This high-pressure air then enters the combustion area, where a ring of fuel injectors injects a
steady stream of fuel. The fuel is generally kerosene, jet fuel, propane or natural gas. If you think
about how easy it is to blow a candle out, then you can see the design problem in the combustion
area -- entering this area is high-pressure air moving at hundreds of miles per hour. You want to
keep a flame burning continuously in that environment. The piece that solves this problem is
called a "flame holder," or sometimes a "can." The can is a hollow, perforated piece of heavy
metal. Half of the can in cross-section is shown below:

The injectors are at the right. Compressed air enters through the perforations. Exhaust gases exit
at the left. You can see in the previous figure that a second set of cylinders wraps around the
inside and the outside of this perforated can, guiding the compressed intake air into the
perforations.

The Turbine
At the left of the engine is theturbine section. In this figure there are two sets of turbines. The
first set directly drives the compressor. The turbines, the shaft and the compressor all turn as a
single unit:
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



At the far left is a final turbine stage, shown here with a single set of vanes. It drives the output
shaft. This final turbine stage and the output shaft are a completely stand-alone, freewheeling
unit. They spin freely without any connection to the rest of the engine.
ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES
1. Gas turbine engines have a great power-to-weight ratio compared to reciprocating
engines. That is, the amount of power you get out of the engine compared to the weight
of the engine itself is very good.
2. Gas turbine engines are smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES
1. The main disadvantage of gas turbines is that, compared to a reciprocating engine of the
same size, they are expensive. Because they spin at such high speeds and because of the
high operating temperatures, designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough
problem from both the engineering and materials standpoint.
2. Gas turbines also tend to use more fuel when they are idling, and they prefer a constant
rather than a fluctuating load. That makes gas turbines great for things like
transcontinental jet aircraft and power plants, but explains why you don't have one under
the hood of your car.


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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


EXPERIMENT NO. -8

Aim: To Study the working of Impulse and Reaction steam turbines.
Apparatus: Model of Impulse and Reaction steam turbines.
Steam Turbines: The steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of steam
is transformed into kinetic energy and latter in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy
of the rotation of the turbine shaft.
Classification Of Steam Turbine: With respect to the action of steam, turbines are
classified as:
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
Impulse Turbine:
It is a turbine, which runs by the impulse of steam jet. In this turbine, the steam is first
made to flow through a nozzle. Then the steam jet impinges on the turbine blades with are curve
like bucket and are mounted on the circumference of the wheel. The steam jet after impinges
glide over the concave surface of blades and finally leave the turbine. The top portion of Impulse
turbine exhibits a longitudinal section through the upper half, the middle portion shows one set
of nozzle which is followed by a ring of moving blades, while lower part indicate changes in
press and velocity during the flow of steam through the turbine. The principle equation of this
turbine is the well known De level turbine.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


Reaction Turbine:
In a Reaction turbine, the steam enters the wheel under pressure and flow over the blades.
The steam while gliding proper the blades and then makes them to move. The turbine runner is
rotated by the reactive forces of steam jets. In this, there is a gradual pressure drop takes place
continuously over the fixed and moving blades. The fuel of fixed blades is that they after allow it
expand to a larger velocity as the steam passes over the moving blades. Its K.E. is absorbed by
them a three stage Reaction turbine.

Compounding:
If the steam is expended from the boiler pressure in one stage the speed of rotor becomes
tremendously high which drop up practical complicacies. The are several methods of reducing
this speed to lower value, all these methods utilized a multiple system of rotor in series. Keyed
on a common shaft and the steam pressure or jet velocity is absorbed in stage as the steam flows
over the blades. This is known as compounding
Types of compounding
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


1. Velocity compounding:
Steam is expanded through a stationary nozzle from the boiler or inlet pressure to
condenser pressure. So the pressure in the nozzle drops, the K. E. of steam increase due
to increase in velocity. A portion of this available energy is absorbed by a row of moving
blades. The steam then flow through the second row of the blades which are fixed. They
redirect the steam flow without altering its velocity to the following nearest row moving
blades. Where again work is done on them and steam with a low velocity from the
turbine.


2. Pressure compounding:
In this rings of fixed nozzle incorporated between ring of moving blades. The
steam of boiler pressure enters the first set of nozzle and expands partially. The K.E. of
steam thus obtained in absorbed by the moving blades.
The steam then expands partially in the second set of nozzles whose pressure
again falls and the velocity increases. The K.E. thus obtained is observed by the second
ring of moving blades. This is repeated in stage 3 and steam finally leaves the turbine at
low velocity and pressure.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering




3. Pressure Velocity compounding: This method is the combination of
velocity and pressure compounding. The total drop in steam pressure is divided into
stages and velocity obtained in each stage is also compounded. The ring of nozzle, are
fired at beginning of each stage and pressure remains constant during each stage.


Conclusion: Thus the study is completed for the working of Impulse and Reaction steam
turbines.

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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering



EXPERIMENT NO.-9
AIM: - To prepare heat balance sheet on Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine.
APPARATUS USED :-Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine (Constant Speed) Test Rig, Stop Watch
and Digital Tachometer.
The thermal energy produced by the combustion of fuel in an engine is not completely utilized
for the production of the mechanical power. The thermal efficiency of I. C. Engines is about 33
%. Of the available heat energy in the fuel, about 1/3 is lost through the exhaust system, and 1/3
is absorbed and dissipated by the cooling system. It is the purpose of heat balance sheet to know
the heat energy distribution, that is, how and where the input energy from the fuel is is
distributed.
THEORY:

The heat balance sheet of an I. C. Engine includes the following heat distributions:
a. Heat energy available from the fuel brunt.
b. Heat energy equivalent to output brake power.
c. Heat energy lost to engine cooling water.
d. Heat energy carried away by the exhaust gases.
e. Unaccounted heat energy loss.
FORMULE USED
(i) Torque, T = 9.81 x W x R Effective N-m.
:-
; Where R Effective = (D + d)/2 or (D + t Belt)/2 m, and W
(Load) = ( S1 - S2 ) Kg,
(ii) Brake Power, B P = ( 2N T ) / 60, 000 KW
; Where N = rpm, T = Torque N-m,
(iii) Fuel Consumption, m f = ( 50 ml x 10
-6
x Fuel ) / ( t ) Kg/Sec
Here; 1 ml =10
-3
liters, and 1000 liters =1 m
3

So 1 ml =10
-6
m
3


(iv) Heat energy available from the fuel brunt, Qs = m
f
x C. V. x 3600 KJ /hr
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


(v) Heat energy equivalent to output brake power, QBP = BP x 3600 KJ /hr
(vi) Heat energy lost to engine cooling water, Q
CW
= m
w
x Cw (two - twi) x 3600 KJ /hr

(vii) Heat energy carried away by the exhaust gases, QEG = mfg x Cfg (tfg tair) x
3600 KJ /hr
; Where mfg = (mf + mAir) Kg/Sec, and
mAir = Cd Ao 2 g Lh P Air P Water Kg/ Sec ;
Where Cd ( Co-efficient of Discharge ) = 0.6,
P Air = (Pa x 10
2
) / ( R x Ta ) Kg/ m
3
,
Ao ( Area of Orifice ) = (7 do
2
)/ 4 m
2
,
P1 = 1.01325 Bar,
R = 0.287 KJ/Kg . K,
Ta = ( ta + 273 ) K, ta = Ambient Temperature
O
C
(viii) Unaccounted heat energy loss, Q
Unaccounted
= Qs { Q
BP
+ Q
CW
+ Q
EG
} KJ /hr

PROCEDURE
1. Before starting the engine check the fuel supply, lubrication oil, and availability of cooling
water.
:-
2. Set the dynamometer to zero load and run the engine till it attain the working temperature and
steady state condition.
3. Note down the fuel consumption rate, Engine cooling water flow rate, inlet and outlet
temperature of the engine cooling water, Exhaust gases cooling water flow rate, Air flow
rate, and Air inlet temperature.
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Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


4. Set the dynamometer to 20 % of the full load, till it attains the steady state condition. Note
down the fuel consumption rate, Engine cooling water flow rate, inlet and outlet temperature
of the engine cooling water, Exhaust gases cooling water flow rate, Air flow rate, and Air
inlet temperature.
5. Repeat the experiment at 40 %, 60 %, and 80 % of the full load at constant speed.
6. Dis-engage the dynamometer and stop the engine.
7. Do the necessary calculation and prepare the heat balance sheet.

Engine Speed, N
OBSERVATIONS:
=1500
rpm

No. of Cylinders, n =Single


Calorific Value of Fuel, C.V. =38,000 KJ /Kg

Specific Heat of Water, Cw
=4.187 KJ /Kg . K

Specific Heat of Exhaust Flue Gases, Cfg
=2.1 KJ /Kg . K

Gas Constant, R
=0.287 KJ /Kg . K

Ambient Temperature, ta
= oC

Atmospheric Pressure, Pa
=1.01325 Bar

Orifice Diameter, do
=25 x 10-3 m

Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd
=0.6


Density of fuel (Diesel), P Fuel
=810 to 910 Kg/m3

Density of Water, Pwater
=1,000 Kg/m3

Brake Drum Diameter, D
=181.5 x 10-3 m

Rope Diameter, d
= m

Or Belt thickness, t
Belt
=5.5 x 10-3 m


33
Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


OBSERVATIONS TABLE

:-



RESULT TABLE



34
Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering


HEAT BALANCE SHEET