Electrical Markets Division

CABLES - PART 1
Review of Power Cable Theory
CABLES - PART 2
Cable Preparation & Failure Causes
RLG, August, 2004
Electrical Markets Division
CABLES - PART 1
Gene Olson & Bob Goodman - 2000
Electrical Markets Division
CABLE CONFIGURATIONS
Single Conductor
Three Conductor
Electrical Markets Division
SHIELDED POWER CABLE
COMPONENTS
1. Conductor
2. Strand Shield
3. Insulation
6. Jacket
4. & 5. Insulation Shield
(4) Semi-conducting Layer
(5) Metallic Shield
Electrical Markets Division
COMMON
1/C INDUSTRIAL CABLES
Tape Shielded
Wire Shielded
UniShield

PILC
UniShield

is a registered trademark of BICC Cables

Electrical Markets Division
COMMON
1/C UTILITY CABLES
Concentric Neutral (CN)
Jacketed Concentric Neutral (JCN)
Longitudinally Corrugated (LC)
Electrical Markets Division
COMMON
3/C INDUSTRIAL CABLES
Interlocked Armor
or
C-L-X

PILC
Electrical Markets Division
CONDUCTOR
Intended for Carrying the Current
COPPER
ALUMINUM
Widely used for industrial applications
Many years of reliable service
Highly conductive
Widely used for utility applications
Lighter weight than copper
Surface forms insulating oxide
Coefficient of expansion greater than copper
Electrical Markets Division
CONDUCTORS
Flexible Compressed
( 97% of Concentric )
Concentric
Stranded
Solid Compact Round
(90% of Concentric)
Electrical Markets Division
CONDUCTORS
Compact
Sector
Segmental Annular
Electrical Markets Division
STRAND SHIELD
(or conductor shield)
NO SHIELD
Partial Discharges (Corona)
SHIELDED
Strand Shield (Semi-Con)
SEMI-CONDUCTING LAYER
Acts as aFaraday Cage to shield the insulation
from air surrounding the conductor strands
Electrical Markets Division
CORONA TREES
(XLPE Cable Insulation)
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Intended to contain the Voltage
Insulation
Insul. Operating Emergency
Type Temperature Temperature
PILC 80
o
C 95
o
C
XLPE 90
o
C 130
o
C
EPR 90
o
C 130
o
C
EPR* 105
o
C 140
o
C
*Note: MV105 Cable
INSULATION
Intended to contain the Voltage
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Emergency Temperature
EMERGENCY OPERATION
. . . applicable for 1500 hours cumulative
during the life of the cable . . .
Electrical Markets Division
SYSTEM OPERATING VOLTAGE
15 kV Rated Example
14.4 kV 14.4 kV
14.4 kV Phase-to-phase
8.3 kV
Phase-to-ground
8.3 kV 8.3 kV
A B
C
Electrical Markets Division
STANDARD VOLTAGE RATINGS
(Phase-to-Phase)
2.5 kV 92.0 kV
5.0 kV 115.0 kV
Medium 8.7 kV 138.0 kV
Voltage 15.0 kV 161.0 kV
25.0 kV 196.0 kV
34.5 kV 230.0 kV
46.0 kV 287.5 kV
69.0 kV 345.0 kV
Note: Medium Voltage Range = 2001 V - 34.5 kV
Electrical Markets Division
TYPICAL SYSTEMS
WYE (or STAR)
(Formerly Grounded
System)
100 %
Insulation Level
A
B
C
DELTA
(Formerly Ungrounded
System)
133%
Insulation Level
A
B
C
Electrical Markets Division
Selection of cable insulation level shall be made on the
basis of the applicable phase-to-phase Voltage and
general system category.
INSULATION LEVELS
The system protection will clear ground faults:
100% Level - within 1 minute
133% Level - not to exceed 1 hour
173% Level - time is indefinite
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Non-shielded Cable
Corona
Electric
Flux Lines
Grounded
Conduit
High Stress
Concentration
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Shielded Cable
Even Field
Distribution
Semi-Conductor
&
Metallic Shield
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Field Plot
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION
Electric Field Distribution
90
O
Flux
Line
Equipotential
Line
ELECTRIC FLUX LINES
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION SHIELD
Semi-Con
Semi-con
It is intended to:
Shield the Insulation from
the air that is between the
insulation and metallic shield
Electrical Markets Division
INSULATION SHIELD
Metallic Shield
THE SHIELD MUST BE GROUNDED !
1. To confine the dielectric field within the cable
2. To obtain symmetrical radial distribution of
Voltage stress within the dielectric
3. To limit radio interference
4. To reduce the hazard of shock
5. To provide return for short circuit current
in the event of a cable failure
6. For concentric neutral cables, to provide a
neutral return path
Metallic Shield
FUNCTIONS
Electrical Markets Division
BEDDING TAPE or FILLERS
Intended to add mechanical strength to the cable
Filler (cut-off & discard)
Bedding Tape (cut-off & discard)
Electrical Markets Division
JACKET
(Sheath)
Jacket
Intended to provide physical
protection and keep moisture
out of the cable
Common Types
Rubber (e.g. Neoprene)
Thermoplastic (e.g. PVC)
Lead
Electrical Markets Division
SPLICING & TERMINATING
What Cable I nformation Do I Need?
?
Voltage Class (and insulation level)? _______________
Conductor Size (and Copper or Aluminum)? _________
Cable Type (type of shield, armor, 3/C, etc.)?_________
Location (indoor, outdoor, manhole, pole, etc.)? ______
Other? (e.g. conductor: stranded, compact, solid, etc.)?__