1996 Buckling Survey Silo

Buckling of thin shells: Recent advances and trends
Jin Guang Teng

Department of'Civil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Hung Horn, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
This paper provides a review of recent research advances and trends in the area of thin shell
buckling. Only the more important and interesting aspects of recent research, judged from a per-
sonal view point, are discussed. In particular, the following topics are given emphasis: (a) imper-
fections in real structures and their influence; (b) buckling of shells under local/non-uniform
loads and localized compressive stresses; and (c) the use of computer buckling analysis in the
stability design of complex thin shell structures.
I I NTRODUCTI ON
Thin-shell structures find wide applications in many
branches of engineering. Examples include aircraft, space-
craft, cooling towers, nuclear reactors, steel silos and tanks
for bulk solid and liquid storage, pressure vessels, pipelines
and offshore platforms. Because of the thinness of these
structures, buckling is often the controlling failure mode. It
is therefore essential that their buckling behavior be properly
understood so that suitable design methods can be estab-
lished.
This paper provides a review of recent research advances
and trends in the area of thin shell buckling. The paper is not
intended to be an exhaustive review of the field, nor is it
possible to do so in a single paper of limited length. Instead,
only the more important and interesting aspects of recent re-
search, j udged from a personal viewpoint, will be discussed.
In particular, the following topics are given emphasis: (a)
imperfections in real structures and their influence; (b) buck-
ling of shells under local/non-uniform loads and localized
compressive stresses; and (c) the use of computer buckling
analysis in the stability design of complex thin shell struc-
tures. The author wishes to apologize in advance for any in-
advertent omission of relevant publications.
2 BRI EF HI STORI CAL NOTES
2.1 General
Shell structures are widely used in many fields and have
been studied actively for more than one hundred years
(Calladine, 1988). The first shell buckling problem solved
was cylindrical shells under axial compression (Lorenz,
1908; Timoshenko, 1910; Southwell, 1914). Early tests
(Robertson, 1929; Flugge, 1932; Lundquist, 1933; Wilson
and Newmark, 1933) indicated that real cylinders buckle at
loads much lower than the classical buckling load, which is
the linear bifurcation load based on the assumptions of sim-
ple supports and a membrane state of prebuckling stress dis-
tribution. Experimental buckling loads as low as 30% of the
classical load are not uncommon. The search for reasons re-
sponsible for this discrepancy led to an enormous amount of
research in the subsequent decades. Researchers have chiefly
attributed this discrepancy to the effects of (a) boundary con-
ditions, (b) prebuckling deformations, (c) geometric imper-
fections, and (d) load eccentricities. The effects of these
factors have thus been investigated for many shell buckling
problems, in the following, their effects are discussed briefly
for axially compressed isotropic and stringer-stiffened cylin-
ders respectively. This discussion not only illustrates the dif-
ferent roles these factors play in the two problems, but also
constitutes a bri ef historical glimpse of thin shell buckling
research, as it is fair to state that the foundations of shell
stability theory were almost all laid in studying axially com-
pressed cylinders.
2.2 Axi al l y compres s ed i sot ropi c cyl i nders
The effect of various boundary conditions, especially the in-
plane ones, on the buckling strength of cylindrical shells has
been explored in detail using the membrane prebuckling
stress assumption (Ohira, 1961, 1963; Stein, 1962; Hoff,
1965; Hof f and Rehfield, 1965; Hol l and Soong, 1965; Hoff,
1966; Almroth, 1966;). Although isotropic cylindrical shells
with ends permitted to move in the circumferential direction
have been found to buckle at a stress one hal f that of the
classical prediction, it cannot explain the difference between
the classical prediction and experiment because such bound-
ary conditions rarely exist in actual shells.
The classical linear buckling theory assumes a membrane
state of stress before buckling. In the case of a cylindrical
shell under axial compression, this implies that the com-
pressed cylinder is free to expand laterally. A free expansion
is usually not possible in experiments or in real structures, so
bending stresses and deformations are expected near the
ends which can reduce the buckling load of the axially com-
pressed cylinder. The effect of bending stresses and pre-
buckling deformations was first investigated by Fischer
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264 Teng: Buckling of thi n shells
(1962, 1963). Stein (1962, 1964) also considered the pre-
buckling bending stresses and deformations and reported
buckling strengths of the order of half the classical value.
However, subsequent studies by Hof f and his co-workers
(Hoff, 1966) revealed that these were due to the relaxed
boundary conditions of freedom to displace circumferen-
tinily, and that similar reductions could be found using the
membrane stress assumption. Later studies (Fischer, 1965;
Almroth, 1966; Gorman and Evan-lwanowski, 1970;
Yamaki and Kodama, 1972) showed that the effect of pre-
buckling deformations is small and is not a primary reason
for the difference between the classical prediction and ex-
perimental results and the great scatter of experimental re-
sults.
For axially compressed isotropic cylinders, small load ec-
centricities do not have a major influence on the buckling
strength (Simitses, 1985 e t al ) . The single dominant factor
contributing to the discrepancy between theory and experi-
ment for axially compressed isotropie cylinders is initial
geometric imperfections. An enormous amount of research
has therefore been carried out on the imperfection sensitivity
of shell buckling. The most notable contributors in this re-
search include von Kfirm~in and Tsien (1941), Donnell and
Wan (1950), Koiter (1945), Budiansky and Hutchinson
(1966). For a thorough description of the buckling behavior
of cylinders under various uniform loads, the book by
Yamaki (1984) should be consulted. A recent review on im-
perfect cylinder buckling is that by Simitses (1986).
2.3 Axially compressed stringer stiffened cylinders
While the effect of initial geometric imperfections is the
dominant factor responsible for the discrepancy between the
classical theory and experiment, this effect is less pro-
nounced in cylindrical shells with a significant amount of
stringer stiffening. The imperfection sensitivity of stringer-
stiffened cylinders depends on the geometry of stiffeners,
particularly the ratio A~/(bt), where A~, is the cross-section
area of the stringer, b is the circumferential distance between
stringers and t is the thickness of the shell skin (Weller and
Singer, 1977). The effect of boundary conditions now be-
comes predominant (Weller, 1978). For example, axial re-
straint may raise the buckling load of a shell by 50% or
more. Singer and his coworkers (Weller e t a l , 1974; Singer
and Rosen, 1976; Weller and Singer, 1977; Weller, 1978;
Singer and Abramovich, 1979; Singer, 1982a; 1982b; 1983)
have contributed greatly to our knowledge of buckling of
stiffened cylinders under axial compression, with special
emphasis on the effects of boundary conditions and load ec-
centricities. The effect of load eccentricities for stringer-
stiffened cylinders was first addressed by Stuhlman e t a l
(1966), followed by extensive studies by Singer and his co-
workers (Weller e t al , 1974; Singer, 1983). These studies
have shown that differences in buckling loads due to the ef-
fect of load eccentricities can be up to 50% for some practi-
cal configurations. Prebuckling deformations are only
important when the shell is short enough for the non-uni-
formity caused by them to occur over most of the shell
length (Weller e t al , 1974).
Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 4, April 1996
The many studies by Singer and his co-workers have
demonstrated conclusively that the influence of geometric
imperfections should be introduced after effects of boundary
conditions and load eccentricities have been determined to
produce accurate buckling predictions. They have developed
a non-destructive vibration correlation technique which can
be used to define the boundary conditions and load eccen-
tricities as well as to determine buckling loads directly
(Singer and Abramovich, 1979; Singer, 1982a; Singer,
1982b; 1983).
2.4 Books and reviews on buckling of thin shells
Many other shell buckling problems have been studied in the
past decades, and quite a number of books and review arti-
cles have been written on the subject. A recent article (Noor,
1990) provides an extensive list of books, conference pro-
ceedings and survey articles on shell structures. A number of
books were published around ten years ago (Calladine,
1983a; Kollar and Dulacska, 1984; Yamaki, 1984; Bushnell,
1985) which provide a wealth of information on the buckling
behavior and strength of thin shells. A handbook for shell
stability design has recently been produced by Samuelson
and Eggwertz (1992) which can be particularly useful to de-
signers. Conference proceedings (Fung and Sechler, 1974;
Koiter and Mikhailov, 1980; Ramm, 1982; Thompson and
Hunt, 1983; Jullien, 1991 ) and paper collections (Zamrik and
Dietrich, 1982; Harding e t al , 1982; Narayanan, 1985;
Galletly, 1995) are also sources of very useful information.
Many review articles on thin shell buckling have also
been written. Nash (1960) summarized early achievements
in shell buckling research. Hof f (1966) discussed the buck-
ling behavior of cylinders with various boundary conditions.
Work on elastic postbuckling and imperfection sensitivity
has been reviewed in Hutchinson and Koiter (1970),
Budiansky and Hutchinson (1966, 1979), Tvergaard (1976)
and Citerley (1982). Babcock (1983) addressed the aspects
of imperfection sensitivity, dynamic buckling, plastic buck-
ling, experiments and computer buckling analysis in his re-
view of shell buckling research in general. Babcock (1974)
and Singer (1980, 1982b) surveyed experimental research on
shell buckling. Bushnell (1982) examined many plastic
buckling problems and the computer analysis of plastic
buckling. The most recent review article is that of Simitses
(1986) published almost a decade ago, in which the buckling
and postbuckling behavior of imperfect cylinders was dis-
cussed in detail.
The past decade has seen further major advances in thin
shell buckling research. This review, is therefore prepared to
provide a bri ef survey of the developments in the past dec-
ade and a more detailed discussion of several areas of inten-
sive recent interest outlined earlier. Both tasks have not been
undertaken in any previous review articles.
3 CURRENT STATUS
Despite extensive research over many decades, our knowl-
edge of many shell buckling problems is still very limited.
Consequently, shell stability design criteria contained in de-
Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 4, Apri l 1996
sign codes for various structures such as tanks ( e g , API 620,
1982), silos ( e g , Trahair e t a l , 1983), pressure vessels ( e g ,
ASME, 1986; BS 5500, 1988; AS 1210, 1989) and offshore
platforms ( e g , API RP2A, 1989) generally cover only the
basic geometries of cylinders, cones, and spheres, and simple
loading conditions such as uniform axial compression, uni-
form normal pressure, uniform torsion and bending, or a
combination of some of them. This limitation also applies to
the general code for steel shell buckling developed by the
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS,
1988).
This lack of knowledge has been due to the two main dif-
ficulties encountered in shell buckling research in the previ-
ous decades. First, the buckling phenomenon in shells is a
highly compl ex one, described by nonlinear partial differen-
tial equations too difficult to solve except for a few simple
cases before the computer era. Second, unlike beams and
plates, buckling of shells is generally sensitive to small geo-
metric imperfections induced in the fabrication process.
Theoretical buckling loads obtained assuming a perfect ge-
omet ry often greatly overestimate the actual strength of a
shell, so design methods have relied heavily on extensive
experimental data which are available only for a limited
number of cases. Indeed, in the second edition of S t a b i l i t y o f
M e t a l S t r u c t u r e s . " W o r m V i e w (Beedle, 1991), it was pointed
out that there was the greatest need for more experimental
data in the area of shell buckling.
The availability of powerful computers and development
of sophisticated finite element and other numerical tech-
niques in recent years have changed the situation drastically
(Bushnell, 1985; Yang e t a l , 1990). No longer is it impossi-
ble to numerically solve a specific complicated nonlinear
buckling problem: indeed there are scores of proprietary and
commercial codes based on the finite element method as
well as other numerical methods ( e g , Bushnell, 1976;
Almroth and Brogan, 1978; Esslinger e t a l , 1984;
Wunderlich e t a l , 1985; Combescure e t a l , 1987; Teng and
Rotter, 1989a; 1989b; Ravichandran e t a l , 1994; Hibbit,
Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., 1993) which can perform the
task. Thus, the first difficulty seems to have disappeared.
This does not imply that there is now no need of research on
shell buckling, instead great strides can now be made in un-
derstanding the buckling behavior of shells for a much wider
range of problems. The second difficulty remains and re-
quires more urgent attention i f numerical buckling analyses
are to be applied directly in design or to replace much of the
experimental work previously required in the development
of design methods. The establishment of a reliable procedure
to convert a numerically obtained buckling load to the de-
sign strength of a shell is one of the most important chal-
lenges facing the shell buckling research community
(Samuelson, 1991 a).
4 UNI FORM LOADI NG AND
REAL IMPERFECTIONS
Simple uniform loads including axial compression, external
pressure, torsion and their combinations have received the
Teng: Buckling of thi n shel l s 265
most attention in the past. Indeed, much of our understand-
ing of shell buckling has come from research on unstiffened
and stiffened cylindrical shells under various uniform loads.
For perfect shells of revolution under uniform loading, their
buckling loads can now be readily obtained from finite ele-
ment analyses employing an axisymmetric shell element ( e g ,
Teng and Rotter, 1989b) or other similar numerical analyses
( e g , Bushnell, 1976). However, because of their sensitivity
to initial imperfections, the central theme of current research
is how real imperfections affect their buckling strengths.
Buckling of imperfect cylindrical shells thus remains a
subject of active research, with special emphasis on the ef-
fect of real imperfections as well as of boundary conditions
and load eccentricity. Most early research on imperfection
sensitivity was concerned with idealized imperfection forms
and imperfections in small scale laboratory models, but it has
now been well recognized that these are generally not repre-
sentative of real imperfections in full scale structures.
Babcock, Arbocz, Singer and their colleagues (Arbocz,
1982; 1991 ; Arbocz and Babcock, 1981 ; Arbocz and Hol,
1991; Elishakoff e t a l , 1987; Singer, 1982b; Singer and
Abramovich, 1995; Weller e t a l , 1986) have pioneered in the
precise measurement of imperfections in laboratory and full
scale aeronautical shells, and the development of statisti-
cally-based design methods using measured imperfections in
the last fifteen years. An International Imperfection Data
Bank was established with branches in Delft and Haifa for
the evaluation of imperfection measurements and correlation
studies (Arbocz, 1982; Singer, 1982b). Thei r work also de-
monstrated that the form and amplitude of imperfections are
dependent on the fabrication process and quality. This work
has recently been extended to offshore shells (Chryssantho-
poulos e t a l , 1991a; 1991b; Chryssanthopoulos and Poggi,
1995) and silos and tanks (Ding e t a l , 1991; Coleman e t a l ,
1992; Rotter e t a l , 1992). The development of shell imper-
fection measurement techniques has been reviewed in a
recent article by Singer and Abramovich (1995).
Calladine (1995) recently added a new dimension to im-
perfection sensitivity research by suggesting that in addition
to the assumed-to-be-stress-free geometric imperfections,
locked-in stresses likely to occur in shells with fixed bounda-
ries may also be important in reducing the load carrying
capacity of shell structures. He also presented a thought-
provoking review of the ideas deployed in understanding im-
perfection sensitivity of axially compressed cylindrical shells
in the same article.
Many other interesting works have been or are being con-
ducted on shells under uniform loads. Examples include
buckling of unstiffened cylinders ( e g , Galletly e t a l , 1987;
Shen and Chen, 1991) and stiffened cylinders ( e g , Agelidis
e t a l , 1982; Miller and Vojta, 1984; Croll, 1985; Abramo-
vich e t a l , 1991; Dowling, 1991) under combined loading;
effect of lap joints (Rotter and Teng, 1989a; Teng, 1994a),
an axisymmetric weld depression (Rotter and Teng, 1989b),
residual stresses (Ravn-Jensen and Tvergaard, 1990) and
thickness variations (Koiter e t a l , 1994) on the buckling of
axially compressed cylinders; buckling of liquid filled coni-
cal shells ( e g , Vandepitte e t a l , 1982), paraboloidal shells
266 Teng: Buckling of thi n shel l s
( e g , Chen and Xu, 1992; lshakov, 1993), corrugated shells
( e g , Yeh e t a l 1992; Ross and Humphries, 1993), externally-
pressurized steel domes ( e g , Blachut e t a l , 1991; Galletly
and Blachut, 1991 ; Blachut and Galletly, 1995), externally-
pressurized toriconical heads ( e g , Wunderlich e t a l , 1987)
and torispherical heads ( e g , Lu e t a l , 1995), toroidal shells
( e g , Panagiotopoulos, 1985; Wang and Zhang, 1991; Bielski,
1992; Galletly and Blachut, 1995) and cooling towers ( e g ,
Combescure e t a l 1987; Aflak and Jullien, 1991; Kaluza and
Gigiel, 1995; Radwanska and Waszczszyn, 1995); the effect
of internal pressure and an elastic core on cylinder strength
( e g , Knoedel and Schulz, 1988; Rotter and Zhang, 1990;
Zhang and Ansourian, 1991; Limam e t a l , 1991; Teng and
Rotter, 1992a; Knoedel e t a l , 1995; Knebel and
Schweizerhof, 1995); the optimization of shell form to resist
various loads ( e g , Blachut, 1987; Jullien and Araar, 1991;
Reitinger and Ramm, 1995); buckle propagation in subma-
rine pipelines ( e g , Kyriakides and Babcock, 1981; Winter e t
a l , 1985; Kamalarasa and Calladine, 1988; Hahn e t a l , 1992;
Lin, e t a ! 1993); lower bound buckling loads ( e g , Croll,
1985; Yamada and Croll, 1993; Croll, 1995); buckling of
buried pipelines ( e g , Yun and Kyriakides, 1990; Moore and
Selig, 1990); thermal buckling ( e g , Combescure and
Brochard, 1991); creep buckling ( e g , Arnold e t a l , 1989;
Miyazaki, ! 988, 1992; Sammari and Jullien, 1995); dynamic
buckling ( e g , Saigal e t a l , 1987; Birch and Jones, 1990;
Florence e t al, 1991; Lindberg, 1991; Wang e t a l , 1993a;
1993b; Pedron and Combescure, 1995); non-destructive
testing ( e g , Singer, 1982b; Nicholls and Karbhari, 1989;
Souza and Assaid, 199 I) and development of design codes
and guidelines ( e g , Odland, 1991; Samuelson, 1991a;
Schmidt, 1991; Akiyama e t a l , 1991; Dulacska and Kollar,
1995).
5 CYLI NDRI CAL SHELLS SUBJECT TO
WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS
Steel silos and tanks, when empty or partially filled, are sus-
ceptible to buckling failure under wind pressure. Several
such buckling failures have occurred in the past (Ansourian,
1992), leading to a substantial research effort in this area ( e g ,
Resigner and Greiner, 1982; Jerath and Sadid, 1985;
Uchiyama, 1987; Blackler and Ansourian, 1988; Ansourian,
1992; Greiner and Derler, 1995). Simple design methods
have also been developed and included in some codes ( e g ,
BS 2654, 1989). Some interesting aspects considered include
the effect of a rectangular cutout on the buckling strength of
wind loaded cylinders (-Jerath, 1987), the buckling of tanks
with unrestrained upper edge which occurs during the con-
struction stage (Saal and Schrufer, 1991), buckling of cylin-
ders under combined wind and snow loads (Kapania, 1990)
and buckling of long cylinders for which axial and shear
stresses become important (Greiner and Derler, 1995).
Buckling of liquid-filled storage tanks due to seismic
excitations has received a great deal of research in recent
years ( e g , Niwa and CIough, 1982; Fischer, e t a l , 1985; Shih,
1987; Uras and Liu, 1990, 1991; Chiba e t a l , 1987a, 1987b;
Peek, 1989; Fujita e t a l , 1990; Haroun and Mourad, 1990;
Peek and EI-Bkaily, 1991 ; Zhou e t a l , 1992; Manos, 1994).
Rammerstorfer and Scharf (1990) presented a comprehen-
sive survey of research on storage tanks subject to earth-
quake loading, while Liu e t a l (I 991) reviewed research ad-
vances in dynamic buckling analysis of liquid-filled shells.
6 CYLI NDRI CAL SHELLS SUBJECT
TO HORI ZONTAL S HE AR
OR NON-UNIFORM TORSION
Short cylindrical shells are susceptible to buckling in shear
when subject to lateral loads. Shear buckling was first exam-
ined by Lundquist (1935). A solution for the elastic buckling
of a perfect cantilever cylinder subject to transverse shear
was presented by Schroeder (1972). Yamaki e t a l (1979)
conducted experiments on polyester cylinders subject to
transverse shear and internal pressure. Galletly and Blachut
(1985a) performed plastic shear buckling experiments on
steel cylinders and proposed a simple design equation.
Further plastic shear buckling tests were conducted by
Dostal e t a l (1987). The plastic shear buckling problem has
been investigated further recently by Kulak, EIwi and their
associates for large diameter fabricated tubes in a number of
experimental (Bailey and Kulak, 1984; Obaia e t a l , 1992a)
and finite element (Mok and Elwi, 1986; Roman and Eiwi,
1989) studies, and an improved design equation has been
established (Obaia e t a l , 1992b). The effect of imperfections
was examined both numerically (Mok and Elwi, 1986;
Roman and Elwi, 1989; Kokubo e t a l , 1993; Murakami and
Yoguchi, 1991) and experimentally (Murakami and
Yoguchi, 1991) and was found to be moderate. Roman and
Elwi (1989) demonstrated that residual stresses due to a
cold-bending fabrication process can lead to a large reduc-
tion in the ultimate load, but the effect of the residual
stresses due to a longitudinal seam-weld is insignificant. The
postbuckling load carrying mechanism for a cylindrical shell
with end ring stiffeners may be regarded as a tension field
anchored in the ring stiffeners (Bailey and Kulak, 1984) and
modeled as an equivalent truss mechanism (Roman and
Elwi, 1988). Plastic buckling of cylindrical shells under
transverse shear in combination with other loads has also
been considered ( e g , Akiyama e t a l , 1987; Kokubo e t a l ,
1993).
Ground-supported silos subject to unbalanced horizontal
loads are usually subject to membrane shear stresses which
vary approximately linearly in the axial direction ( e g , Rotter
and Hull, 1989). The elastic buckling of cylinders subject to
shear stresses of linear longitudinal variation (non-uniform
torsion) was examined by Jumikis and Rotter (1986) who
also developed a design equation.
7 LOCALI ZED CI RCUMFERENTI AL
COMPRESSION
There is a class of shell structures in which localized circum-
ferential compressive stresses arise under loads which are
apparently tensile. Consequently, buckling failure is possible
in these shells. Examples include pressure vessel heads, cir-
cular plates under a transverse load, and hemispheres under
axial tension. These problems are normally not very sensi-
tive to initial imperfections because the circumferential com-
pression is localized and apart from this localized compres-
sion, both membrane stresses are tensile throughout the shell.
Torispherical shells have been studied extensively ( e g.
Adachi and Benicek, 1964; Galletly, 1985; Galletly and
Blachut, 1985b; Roche and Autrusson, 1986; Galletly e t al ,
1990; Soric, 1990; 1995) and a design method has been de-
veloped and included into several codes including the ECCS
(I 988) code. Hagihara e t a l (I 991) analyzed the bifurcation
buckling of torispherical heads dynamically loaded by inter-
nal pressure. Studies into the collapse and buckling of cone-
cylinder intersections under internal pressure have recently
been undertaken and simple strength equations have been
established (Teng, 1994b, 1995a, 1995b). Other problems al-
ready studied include truncated hemispheres under axial ten-
sion (Yao, 1963), spherical cargo tanks for liquid natural gas
(Pedersen and Jensen, 1976; 1995), spherical caps with a
movable edge under internal pressure (Shilkrut, 1983), circu-
lar plates under a central point load (Adams, 1993) and
plate-end pressure vessels (Teng and Rotter, 1989c).
8 CYLI NDRI CAL SHELLS SUBJECT
TO LOCAL AXIAL COMPRESSI ON
A cylinder in a column-supported silo or tank is a common
example where buckling under local axial compression is
important. Despite the extensive research efforts into shell
buckling of the last few decades, only a few studies (Abir
and Nardo, 1958; Bijlaard and Gallagher, 1959; Hoff e t al ,
1964; Johns, 1966; Libai and Durban, 1973, 1977; Peter,
1974) examined the linear bifurcation buckling of perfect
cylinders under circumferentially varying axial loads before
a recent resurgence of interest. A simple conclusion from
this work might be that buckling of a perfect shell occurs
under a circumferentially non-uniform distribution of axial
stress when the maximum stress is slightly higher than the
classical elastic critical value for uniform axial compression.
Libai and Durban (1977) gave simple expressions which de-
scribe the increase in buckling stress above this simple rule,
but the strength gains are generally small for thin shells. Li
(1990) studied the linear bifurcation buckling of simply sup-
ported cylinders under many equally-spaced discrete axial
forces as an imperfect realization of uniform axial compres-
sion.
The above studies are entirely restricted to linear bifurca-
tion in perfect cylinders, and thus do not address the practi-
cal buckling strength question. The loading and boundary
conditions considered also do not represent discrete column
forces on shells. In order to develop stability design criteria
for cylinders under local axial compression, particularly for
metal column-supported tanks and silos, many intensive
studies have been carried out recently. Teng and Rotter
(1991a) appears to be the first to investigate the nonlinear
buckling behavior of column-supported cylinders numeri-
cally, followed by several other studies (Ramm and Butcher,
1991; Rotter e t al , 1991; Teng and Rotter, 1992b;
Guggenberger, 1991; Dhanens e t al , 1993; She and Rotter,
1993). A summary of this work has been given in Rotter
(1993) and a design proposal was submitted for inclusion in
the ECCS (1988) code (Rotter e t al , 1993). The nonlinear
buckling of column-supported imperfect cylinders has also
been analyzed by Gould e t a l (1994, 1995) recently using
their local-global method (Gould and Ravichandran, 1993;
Harintho and Gould, 1994; Ravichandran e t al , 1992, 1994)
which can also deal with other local effects efficiently. So
far, the problem treated is that of a cylinder directly sup-
ported on columns or under local axial edge loads. Many
other questions remain to be answered and these include the
strength of shells with more complicated arrangements of lo-
cal supports (Gorenc, 1985).
9 CYLINDERS SUBJECT TO OTHER
LOCAL/ NON- UNI FORM LOADS OR
WI TH LOCAL GEOMETRI C DISTURBANCES
The effect of local disturbances and loads on axially com-
pressed cylinders has been the topic of several recent studies.
Research has been carried out on axially compressed cylin-
drical shells with cutouts (Tennyson, 1968; Almroth and
Holmes, 1972; Almroth e t a l 1973; Starnes, 1974; Montague
and Home, 1981; Miller, 1982; Toda, 1983; Knoedel and
Schulz, 1985; Allen e t al , 1990), and design procedures have
been formulated (Eggwertz and Samuelson, 1991a;
Samuelson and Eggwertz, 1992). The effect of a local verti-
cal stiffener (Eggwertz and Samuelson, 1991b), additional
local loads (Samuelson, 1985, 1991b) and a single or multi-
ple localized deep dents as may be caused by collision dam-
age (Krishnakumar and Foster, 1991 a, 1991b) has also been
addressed.
The effect of a single deep longitudinal dent on the buck-
ling of externally pressurized cylinders has been studied by
Schmidt (1986) and Guggenberger (1995) which showed
that the effect of a single longitudinal dent on buckling
strength is small and tends to vanish with increasing dent
amplitude.
Early studies on the buckling of cylinders subject to non-
uniform external pressure were carried out by Almroth
(1962), Weingarten (1962) and Uemura and Morita (197 ! ).
Recent investigations into the buckling of cylinders subject
to non-uniform or partial external pressure have been under-
taken by Wei and Shun (1988), Chiba e t a ! (1989), Ramm
and Butcher (1991), and Sengupta and Ansourian (1994).
Sengupta and Ansourian (1994) considered the case of ex-
ternal pressures which are non-uniform around the circum-
ference but uniform longitudinally and derived a simple de-
sign formula from finite element results.
A significant number of studies have examined stability
problems in horizontal storage vessels and some simple de-
sign methods have been developed (Saal, 1982; Tooth and
Susatijo, 1983; Krupka, 1987, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992;
Ansourian and Sengupta, 1993).
Plastic buckling of cylinders in bending has received
much attention in recent years (Bushnell, 1981; Calladine,
1983b; Kyriakides and Shaw, 1987; Ju and Kyriakides,
1991a, 1991b, 1992; Kyriakides and Ju, 1992; Murray and
Bilston, 1992; Li and Molyneaux, 1994). Many other local
or non-uniform load problems need further research, includ-
ing silos and tanks subject to uneven foundation settlement
(Palmer, 1992) and silos under eccentric discharge (Rotter,
1986; Bucklin e t a l , 1990; Rotter, 1993).
10 PLASTI CI TY MODELS IN PLASTIC
BI FURCATI ON ANALYSIS
The problems discussed in previous sections include both
elastic and plastic buckling, so a separate discussion of the
latter is not given here. The review paper by Bushnell (1982)
on plastic buckling may be consulted for more information.
However, it is interesting to mention several recent studies
that attempt to resolve the difference between flow theory
and deformation theory of plasticity in predicting plastic bi-
furcation buckling loads.
For plastic bifurcation buckling of plates and shells, the
paradox remains that the analytically less satisfactory defor-
mation theory of plasticity gives results in closer agreement
with experimental results than the more rigorous and well
accepted flow theory. The many available explanations are
still inconclusive, and recent results once again confirm the
better agreement between deformation theory and experi-
ment (Ore and Durban, 1989, 1992; Galletly e t a l , 1990;
Giezen e t a l , 1991). As bifurcation analyses using the defor-
mation theory usually also predict lower buckling loads than
those from a flow theory analysis, the deformation theory
option has been included in some computer codes ( e g ,
Bushnell, 1976; Teng and Rotter, 1989b). A third alternative
is to use the shear modulus for deformation theory in the
flow theory ( e g , Bushnell, 1976; Teng and Rotter, 1989b), as
it has been shown that the difference in shear modulus in the
inelastic range for the two theories is solely responsible for
the difference in the obtained torsional buckling load of a
cruciform column. Roche and Autrusson (1986), Bodner and
Naveh (1988) and Combescure (1991) have also discussed
some other possible stress-strain relations.
I 1 R I N G S T I F F E N E R S
Ring stiffeners are often an integral part of shell structures.
One common mode of failure is the out-of-plane buckling of
rings (Bushnell, 1977), especially when they are attached to
a shell intersection. Several recent studies have been con-
ducted on rings at shell intersections (Jumikis and Rotter,
1983; Rotter and Jumikis, 1985; Rotter, 1987; Sharma e t a l ,
1987; Teng and Rotter, 1988, 1989d, 1991b, 1992c; Greiner,
1991; Teng and Lucas, 1994). Esslinger and Geier (1993)
and Louca and Harding (1994) investigated the torsional
buckling strength of ring stiffeners on externally pressurized
cylinders.
In the finite element modeling of ring-stiffened shells,
rings can be modeled either as shell branches using shell
theory or as discrete rings (Bushnell, 1985). Among the ex-
isting nonlinear shell theories, that due to Sanders' (1963) is
the most widely used. The accuracy of Sanders' (1963) the-
ory has been generally accepted as being satisfactory for thin
shells for all practical purposes. However, Rotter and
Jumikis (1988) recently pointed out that while Sanders' the-
ory works well when buckling is dominated by normal dis-
placements of the shell surface which is the case for most
problems, it can lead to erroneous results when applied in a
conventional manner to problems where buckling is domi-
nated by in-plane displacements. This is because nonlinear
strains arising from in-plane displacements are not properly
accounted in Sanders' theory. One example is the buckling of
ring-stiffened shells of revolution in which the ring buckles
in its own plane. Rotter and Jumikis (1988) derived a new
nonlinear theory for thin shells of revolution which includes
nonlinear strain terms arising from in-plane displacements.
They demonstrated that their theory is the only one which
gives the correct classical ring buckling load for the in-plane
buckling of an annular plate i f the annular plate is modeled
using axisymmetric shell elements (Rotter and Jumikis,
1988).
12 SHELL STABILITY DESIGN BY
NUMERI CAL BUCKLI NG ANALYSIS
The obvious difficulty an engineer faces in directly using
numerical shell buckling analysis in design is how to convert
his numerical buckling load based on any of the several
types of buckling analysis to the design strength of his par-
ticular structure. Until this problem is satisfactorily solved,
direct use of computer buckling analysis in design is diffi-
cult. Several approaches have been considered by various re-
searchers and code writing committees (Schmidt and Krysik,
1991; Speieher and Saal, 1991; Samuelson and Eggwertz,
1992; Teng and Rotter, 1995).
In the first approach, a linear elastic bifurcation buckling
analysis is carried out to determine the bifurcation load of
the perfect structure. Reduction factors can then be applied
to account for geometric imperfections and plasticity. This
approach has perhaps the greatest appeal to the designer as it
is similar to current code rules for simple load cases, and a
linear bifurcation analysis is relatively easy to perform. The
difficulty lies in deriving appropriate reductions factors for
different loading and support conditions (Schmidt and
Krysik, 1991 ; Samuelson and Eggwertz, 1992).
On the other hand, a fully nonlinear analysis can be car-
ried out with large deflections, geometric imperfections and
plasticity properly modeled. Here, the difficulty is in estab-
lishing the form and amplitude of imperfections to be used in
the nonlinear analysis. Speicher and Saal (1991) have pro-
posed that an equivalent imperfection of the same form as
the first bifurcation mode be used and have also deduced the
required magnitude of this equivalent imperfection to pro-
duce a safe design, based on existing test results for cylindri-
cal shells. This method of determining the amplitude and
form of imperfection is perhaps the best possible i f no in-
formation is available on the amplitude or form of real im-
perfections in the structure under consideration. The most
rational approach, however, will be the establishment of a
statistically based imperfection model for a particular class
of shell structures fabricated by the same process, based on
extensive measurements of real geometric imperfections on
full scale structures (Arbocz, 1991; Rotter e t a l , 1992). Such
an i mper f ect i on model di s t i ngui s hes bet ween hi gh qual i t y
and l ow qual i t y shel l s, and def i nes st r engt h in t er ms o f rel i -
abi l i t y. Whi l e t hi s appr oach is r at i onal , its est abl i shment re-
l i es on ext ens i ve me a s ur e me nt dat a whi ch are cur r ent l y not
avai l abl e ( Rot t er et al, 1992).
I nt er medi at e a ppr oa c he s wher e one o f t he t wo f act or s (i e
i mper f ect i ons and pl as t i ci t y) is i ncl uded in t he numer i cal
anal ys i s have al so been di scussed, but t he t wo appr oaches
de s c r i be d a bove seem to be t he most pr omi si ng. However ,
f or a xi s ymme t r i c pr obl ems , a nonl i near bi f ur cat i on anal ysi s,
cons i der i ng pr e buc kl i ng l ar ge def l ect i ons and pl ast i c mat e-
ri al behavi or , ma y be used as a c ompr omi s e bet ween a l i near
bi f ur cat i on and a f ul l y nonl i near anal ysi s i f axi s ymmet r i c
i mper f ect i ons are domi na nt or ef f ect i ve a xi s ymme t r i c i mper -
f ect i ons can l ead to good r esul t s ( Al mr ot h et al, 1970; Teng
and Rot t er, 1995). For exampl e, t he si mpl e axi s ymmet r i c
wel d depr es s i on pr opos e d by Rot t er and Teng ( 1989b) has
been shown t o r epr esent t he domi na nt component s o f i mper -
f ect i ons in full scal e st eel si l os and t o pr oduce buckl i ng
st r engt hs c ompa r a bl e t o t hose f r om cur r ent desi gn cr i t er i a
when i t s ampl i t ude is o f t he or der o f shel l wal l t hi ckness. It
is e xpe c t e d t hat t hi s wel d depr es s i on ( or its ext ensi on) may
be used t o obt ai n a good appr oxi mat i on in ot her shel l s o f
r evol ut i on under pr e domi na nt l y mer i di onal compr es s i on o f
uni f or m or non- uni f or m di st r i but i on. Thi s appr oach, i ncl ud-
i ng bot h pl as t i ci t y and i mper f ect i on, can l ead t o a cl os e est i -
mat e o f t he ul t i mat e st r engt h di r ect l y. The ampl i t ude o f wel d
depr es s i on in any anal ys i s st i l l needs to be car ef ul l y chosen
ba s e d on past meas ur ement s or engi neer i ng j udgme nt , or de-
duc e d f r om exi s t i ng exper i ment al r esul t s or desi gn cri t eri a.
Accur at e mode l i ng o f bounda r y condi t i ons does not seem
t o have been addr es s ed in t he cont ext o f st abi l i t y desi gn by
numer i cal buc kl i ng anal ysi s, al t hough t hi s is al so i mpor t ant
( Si nger and Rosen, 1976). As poi nt ed out by Bushnel l
( 1985) , t he di f f i cul t y in def i ni ng accur at el y t he boundar y
condi t i ons can be l ar gel y avoi ded i f al l par t s o f t he st ruct ure,
or al l par t s bet ween st at i ons at whi ch t her e is no doubt about
t he act ual bounda r y condi t i ons , are i ncl uded in t he model , so
as s umpt i ons ar e not made about boundar y condi t i ons and
l oad eccent r i ci t i es. When s ome as s umpt i ons have to be made
about uncer t ai n bounda r y condi t i ons , a cons er vat i ve model
shoul d be used to ensur e saf et y.
13 C ONC L US I ON
A r evi ew o f r ecent r esear ch on t hi n shel l buckl i ng has been
pr es ent ed. Resear ch on buckl i ng o f t hi n shel l is still ver y ac-
t i ve, and wi l l r emai n so f or a l ong t i me to come because o f
t he ma n y uns ol ve d pr act i cal pr obl ems . In par t i cul ar , buck-
l i ng o f shel l s under l ocal or non- uni f or m l oads, t he ef f ect o f
real i mper f ect i ons , t he di r ect appl i cat i on o f numer i cal buck-
l i n g anal ys i s in desi gn, and t he de ve l opme nt o f si mpl e de-
si gn me t hods f or c o mmo n l y encount er ed engi neer i ng pr ob-
l ems wi l l be s ome o f t he mos t i mpor t ant t hemes o f fut ure i n-
vest i gat i ons.
14 AC KNOWL E DGE ME NT
The aut hor wi s hes to t hank t he r evi ewer s for t hei r hel pf ul
c omme nt s and s ugges t i ons
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t
Ji n- Guang Teng is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He obtained his BE f rom Zhejiang
University, China in 1983, and his PhD f rom Sydney University in 1990. He was a Lecturer and
later a Senior Lecturer in Structural Engineering at James Cook University in Australia f rom
1991 to 1994. His current research interests include the analysis, behavior, and design of thin-
shell structures with special reference to metal silos and tanks, and the development and
application of nonlinear f i ni t e element techniques. He has published 29j ournal papers and
many con.[erence papers on these and related topics. He is currently a Corresponding Member
of the ECCS Technical Working Group 8.4 on Buckling of Shells.

1996 Buckling Survey Silo

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1996 Buckling Survey Silo

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Buckling of thin shells: Recent advances and trends

Jin Guang Teng

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