First-Order Transient: EIE209 Basic Electronics

EIE209 Basic Electronics
First-order transient
Contents
Inductor and capacitor
Simple RC and RL circuits
Transient solutions
Prof. C.K. Tse: First Order Transient
2
Constitutive relation
An electrical element is defined by its relationship between v and i.
This is called constitutive relation. In general, we write
For a resistor,
v = i R
The constitutive relation of a resistor has no dependence upon time.

v = f (i ) or i = g(v)
+ v
i
3
Capacitor and inductor
+ v
c

i
c
The constitutive relation of a
linear capacitor is:
The constitutive relation of a
linear inductor is:

i
c
= C
dv
c
dt

v
L
= L
di
L
dt
+ v
L

i
L
C
L
where the proportionality
constant C is capacitance
(unit is farad or F)
where the proportionality
constant L is inductance
(unit is henry or H)
4
What happens if a circuit has C and/or L?
The circuit becomes dynamic. That means:
Its behaviour is a function of time.
Its behaviour is described by a (set of) differential
equation(s).
It has a transient response as well as a steady state.
5
Resistive circuits have no transient
Consider a resistive circuit.
When the switch is turned on,
the voltage across R becomes V
immediately (in zero time).
v = V = i R for all t > 0
i = V / R for all t > 0
6
A simple first-order RC circuit
Let us consider a very simple dynamic circuit, which
contains one capacitor.
After t = 0, the circuit is closed. So, we can easily write
and
Thus, we have
Thus, we have
If the initial condition is v
C
(0
+
) = 0, then A = V
o
.
Thus, the solution is
V
o
for t>0
7
Transient response of the RC circuit
Once we have the capacitor voltage, we can find
anything.
Starting with
We can derive the current as
We see the solution typically has a TRANSIENT
which dies out eventually, and as t tends to , the
solution settles to a steady state.
time constant
8
A simple first-order RL circuit
Consider a RL circuit.
Before t = 0, the switch is closed (turned on).
Current goes through the switch and nothing goes
to R and L. Initially, i
L
(0
) = 0.
At t = 0, the switch is opened. Current goes to R
and L.
We know from KCL that I
o
= i
R
+ i
L
for t > 0, i.e.,
The constitutive relations give
Hence,

The solution is
From the initial condition, we
have i
L
(0
) = 0. Continuity of
the inductor current means that
i
L
(0
+
) = i
L
(0
) = 0. Hence,
A = I
o
Thus,
9
Transient response of the RL circuit
Starting with
We can find v
L
(t):
time constant
10
Observation first-order transients
First order transients are always like these:
11
Lets do some math
0
5
x(t)
t
x(t) = 5(1 e
t/t
)
0
5
x(t)
t
x(t) = 5 e
t/t
0
6
x(t)
t
1
x(t) = 1 + 5(1 e
t/t
)
x(t) = 1 + 5 e
t/t
0
5
x(t)
t
2
x(t) = 2 + 7(1 e
t/t
)
0
4
x(t)
t
3
0
6
x(t)
t
1
x(t) = 3 + 7 e
t/t
12
General first-order solution
NO NEED TO SOLVE ANY EQUATION, just find
1. the starting point of capacitor voltage or inductor current
2. the ending point of . . . .
3. the time constant t
13
Finding t
For the simple first-order RC circuit, t = C R.
For the simple first-order RL circuit, t = L / R.
The problem is
Given a first-order circuit (which may look complicated),
how to find the equivalent simple RC or RL circuit.
14
A quick way to find t
Since the time constant is independent of the sources, we first of all set
all sources to zero. That means, short-circuit all voltage sources and open-
circuit all current sources. Then, reduce the circuit to
+
R
1
R
2
C
R
1
R
2
C C R
1
|| R
2
C
eq
R
eq
R
eq
L
eq
either or
Example:
t = C (R
1
|| R
2
)
15
Example 1 (boundary conditions given)
Find v
c
(t) for t > 0 without solving any
differential equation.
Step 1: initial point (given)
v
c
(0
) = 50 V is known (but not what we want).

Continuity of cap voltage guarantees that
v
c
(0
+
) = v
c
(0
) = 50 V.
Step 2: final point (almost given)
v
c
() = 20 V.
Step 3: time constant
The equivalent RC circuit is:
Thus, t = CR.
Answer is:
v
c
(t) = 20 + 70 e
t/CR
0
50
t
20
16
Example 2 (non-trivial boundary conditions)
Find v
1
(t) and v
2
(t) for t > 0 without solving
any differential equation.
+
v
1
+
v
2
C
1
2F
C
2
3F
i
1
R = 1
t=0
i
2
Suppose v
1
(0
) = 5 V and v
2
(0
) = 2 V.
Problem: how to find the final voltage values.
Form 7 solution:
You considered the charge transfer Dq from C1 to C2.
++++++
++++
++
Dq
q
1
q
1
Dq q
2
q
2
+ Dq
Use charge balance
and KVL equations
to find the final
voltage values.
Clumsy solution!
17
Example 2 (elegant solution)
We need not consider CHARGE!
Step 1: initial point (given)
v
1
(0
) = 5 V and v
2
(0
) = 2 V are known.
Continuity of cap voltage guarantees that
v
1
(0
+
) = 5 V and v
2
(0
+
) = 2 V.
Step 2: final point (non-trivial)
C1: for all t
C2: for all t
After t>0, we have i
1
= i
2
, i.e.,
+
v
1
+
v
2
C
1
2F
C
2
3F
i
1
R = 1
t=0

i
1
= 2
dv
1
dt
i
2
= 3
dv
2
dt

2
dv
1
dt
+ 3
dv
2
dt
= 0
2v
1
(t) + 3v
2
(t) = K for all t > 0.
i
2
Integration constant
At t = 0
+
, this equation means
2*5 + 3*2 = K. Thus, K = 16.
Thus,
2v
1
(t) + 3v
2
(t) = 16 for t > 0.
At t =, we have v
1
()=v
2
()
from KVL. Hence,
2v
1
()+3v
1
()=16
v
1
()=v
2
()=16/5 V.
18
Example 2 (elegant solution)
Step 3: time constant
The circuit after t = 0 is
This can be reduced to
The time constant is
+
v
1
+
v
2
C
1
2F
C
2
3F
i
1
R = 1
i
2
C
1
C
2
C
1
+C
2
= 6/5 F
R = 1

t =
C
1
C
2
C
1
+ C
2
R =
6
5
s
19
Example 2 (answer)
5V
16/5=3.2V
v
1
t
2V
16/5=3.2V
v
2
t

v
1
(t ) = 3.2 +1.8e
-5t / 6
V

v
2
(t) = 2 + 1.2(1- e
-5t / 6
) V
We can also find the current by

i(t) =
v
1
(t) -v
2
(t)
R
= 3e
-5t / 6
A
20
General procedure
Set up the differential equation(s) for the circuit in terms of capacitor
voltage(s) or inductor current(s).
The rest is just Form 7 Applied Math!
E.g.,
Get the general solution.
There should be n arbitrary constants for an n
th
-order circuit.
Using initial conditions, find all the arbitrary constants.

d
2
v
c
dt
2
+ A
dv
c
dt
+ Bv
c
= C
In the previous example:
21
Basic question 1
Why must we choose capacitor voltage and inductor current as the
variable(s) for setting up differential equations?
Never try to set differential equation in terms of other kinds of variables!
Answer:
Capacitor voltages and inductor currents are guaranteed to be CONTINUOUS
before and after the switching. So, it is always true that

dv
R
dt
+ kv
R
= V
o

v
C
(0
-
) = v
C
(0
+
) and i
L
(0
-
) = i
L
(0
+
)
22
Basic question 1
Then, why capacitor voltages and inductor currents are guaranteed to be
continuous?
Answer:
Lets try to prove it by contradiction. Suppose v
c
and i
L
are discontinuous at t =
0. That means,
Now, recall the constitutive relations.
Then, we have
So, capacitor voltages and inductor currents must not be discontinuous.

v
C
(0
-
) v
C
(0
+
) and i
L
(0
-
) i
L
(0
+
)

i
c
= C
dv
c
dt

v
L
= L
di
L
dt
and

i
C
and v
L
which is not permitted in the physical world.

v
c
or i
L

t
slope =
23
Basic question 2
How to get the differential equation systematically for any circuit?
For simple circuits (like the simple RC and RL circuits), we can get it by an ad
hoc procedure, as in the previous examples. But, if the circuit is big, it seems
rather difficult!
Hint:
Graph theory. (See Chapter 8 of my book)

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EIE209 Basic Electronics

) = 50 V is known (but not what we want).

which is not permitted in the physical world.

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