API Spec Review

11/15/2001 - #1
API Specification Review

Dr. Klaus Brun - Southwest Research Institute
Dr. Rainer Kurz Solar Turbines, Inc.

Gas Machinery Conference
Gas Turbine Technology Center
Gas Turbine Gas Turbine
Technology Center Technology Center
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute
11/15/2001 - #2
O&G Applications
Why Differentiate O&G Gas Turbines from other Applications?
Oil & Gas Requirements:
- Availability / Reliability
- Ruggedness
- High Power/Weight Ratio
- Efficiency not very critical
Industrial Power Generation Requirements:
- Cost of Electricity
- Efficiency
- Cost of O&M
Different Gas Turbine Products for O&G Market
11/15/2001 - #3
Outline
Introduction to Gas Turbine Oil and Gas Applications
a) Oil & Gas Definitions
b) Gas Turbine and Package Components
c) Instrumentation
d) Compression Station Layout
e) Offshore Gas Turbine Issues
f) Fuel Considerations
Codes and Standards
a) Why Standards
b) Relevant Standards
c) API Philosophy 101
d) API Data Sheets
e) Review of API 616
f) Highlights of API 614 and 670
Factory Tests
NFPA 70 Hazardous Area Classifications
API 616 Data Sheets Review
API 617 Review
11/15/2001 - #4
O&G Definitions
Crude Oil
Associated Gas
Unprocessed oil from
well.
Natural gas that is
recovered from the well
with crude oil (also, gas-
to-oil ratio).
Upstream The Oil & Gas Production and Gathering Process
11/15/2001 - #5
O&G Definitions Contd
Self-Generation
Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR)
Gas Lift
Power generation to meet
needs of oil field or
platform.
Advanced technologies to
improve oil recovery.
Injecting gas into the
production well to help lift
the oil.
Red Processes that involve gas turbines.
11/15/2001 - #6
Waterflood
Gas Re-injection
Injection of water into the
reservoir to increase
reservoir pressure and
improve production.
Re-injection of natural gas
into the reservoir to
increase the reservoir
pressure.
11/15/2001 - #7
Export Compression
Gas Gathering
Initial boosting of natural
gas pressure from field
into pipeline (a.k.a. header
compression).
Collecting natural gas
from multiple wells.
11/15/2001 - #8
Gas Plant and Gas Boost
Gas Storage/Withdrawal
Processing of gas to
pipeline quality; i.e.,
removal of sulfur, water,
and CO
2
components.
Injecting of gas into
underground structure for
later use: summer storage,
winter withdrawal.
11/15/2001 - #9
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute O&G Definitions Contd
Midstream The Oil & Gas Transportation Process
Pipeline Compression
Oil Pipeline Pumping
Compression stations on
pipeline to pump natural
gas; typically 800-1200
psi compression.
Pumping of crude or
refined oil.
11/15/2001 - #10
Midstream The Oil & Gas Transportation Process
LNG Plant
LNG Terminal
Liquid natural gas plant.
NG is cooled and
compressed for
transportation in liquid
form.
Loading and unloading of
liquid natural gas onto
LNG tanker (vessel).
11/15/2001 - #11
Downstream the Refining and Distribution of Oil & Gas
Refinery
Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle
Processing of crude oil
into its various sellable
components.
Advanced process to
convert heavy oils and
pet-coke into synthesis gas
and hydrogen.
11/15/2001 - #12
Methanol Plant
Fischer-Tropsch Liquid
Plant that produces methy
alcohol from methane
(natural gas).
Artificial gasoline
produced from coal and/or
other lower cost
hydrocarbons.
11/15/2001 - #13
Fractional Distillation
Column
Cracking
Distillation tower to
separate crude oil into its
gasoline, diesel, heating
oil, naphtha, etc.
Breaking large
hydrocarbon chains to
smaller chains (chocker,
visbreaking, thermal,
catalytic).
11/15/2001 - #14
Blending
LPG
Mixing of hydrocarbons to
obtain sellable refinery
products.
Liquid petroleum gas
(propane, butane,
pentane).
11/15/2001 - #15
NGL
Distribution
Natural gas liquids:
liquids that drop out
during gas processing.
Delivery of oil and gas
products to end-users.
11/15/2001 - #16
Components & Layout
Inside the Package:
- Fuel System and Spark Igniter
Natural Gas (control valves)
Liquid (pumps, valves)
- Bearing Lube Oil System
Tank
Filter
Pumps (main, pre/post, backup)
- Accessory gear
- Fire/Gas Detection System
- Starter/Helper Drive
(pneumatic, hydraulic, variable speed
AC motor)
- Controls and Instrumentation (on-skid, off-skid)
- Seal Gas/Oil System (compressors)
11/15/2001 - #17
Components & Layout
Outside the Package:
- Enclosure and Fire Protection System
- Inlet System
Air-filter (self-cleaning, barrier,
inertial)
Silencer
- Exhaust System
Silencer
Stack
- Lube Oil Cooler (water, air)
- Fuel Filter/Control Valve Skid
- Motor Control Center
- Switchgear, Neutral Ground
Resistor
- Inlet Fogger/Cooler
11/15/2001 - #18
Components & Layout
Steam & Power Gas Turbine Cogeneration
- Steam to Steam Turbine Combined Cycle Plant
- Steam to Other Plant Requirements Co-Generation Plant
Heat Recovery Steam Generator Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Use Gas Turbine Exhaust Heat to Generate Steam
(aka HRSG, Waste Heat Recovery Unit, WHRU, Boiler)
Gas Turbine
Generator
Exhaust
Heat
Boiler
Economizer
Supplemental
Duct Firing
By-Pass
Stack
Stack
11/15/2001 - #19
Gas Turbine Package Systems
Control Systems
Human Machine Interface
Machinery Monitoring and Protection
Equipment Startup, Shutdown and Protective
Sequencing
Alarm, Shutdown Logic
Backup (Relay) Shutdown
Driven Load Regulation
Fuel / Speed Control
Process Control
Communication (SCADA) Interface
11/15/2001 - #20
Gas Turbine Instrumentation
Temperature Sensors (RTDs and Thermocouples)
Lube Oil Drains
Fuel Gas
Bearing Metal
Gas Path (T1, T2, T4, T5)
Driven Compressor (Ts, Td)
Driven Generator Stator Coils
Pressure Sensors
Gas Path (P1, P2)
Fuel Gas
Air Inlet Filter Delta P
Lube Oil Pump Delta P
Lube Oil Filter Delta P
Driven Compressor (Ps, Pd)
11/15/2001 - #21
Position Sensors (Proximity Probes)
Measures Relative Movement Between Housing and Shaft
GT Bearings X, Y, Z
Gearbox Bearings X, Y, Z
Driven Equipment X, Y , Z
Velocity Pick-ups
or Accelerometers
Measures Absolute Motion
Gas Turbine Case
Main Gearbox Case
Auxiliary Gearbox Case
Driven Equipment Case
11/15/2001 - #22
Critical Alarm and Shutdown Switches
Lube Oil Level, Temperature, and Pressure
Lube/Seal Oil Filter Delta P
High Casing Vibration
Proximity Probe Clearance (Large Orbit)
Fuel Gas Temperature and Pressure
Gas and Fire Detectors
Inlet Filter Delta P
Key Phasor (Shaft Speed)
Exhaust Temperature Spread
Flame-Out (Flame Detector)
Bearing Metal Temperatures
Seal Gas or Oil Pressure and Temperature (Driven Compressor)
Synchronization / Grid Frequency (Driven Generator)
Manual Emergency Shutdown Button
11/15/2001 - #23
Major Equipment:
- Turbo-Compressors and Ancillaries/Auxiliaries
- Surge Recycle Loop with Surge Control Valves
- Gas Coolers (Intermediate, Discharge)
- Suction Scrubbers, Discharge Scrubbers
- Station Isolation and By-Pass Valves
- Suction and Discharge Valves
- Compressor Loading and Bypass Valves
- Unit and Station Control Room
- Fuel Gas Heaters
- Fuel Gas Filter and Control Skid
- SCADA System
- Fire Fighting Water System
- Fire Fighting CO2 System
- Emergency Power Supply (Diesel Generators, Tanks)
- Instrument and Seal Gas Air Compressor
- Slug catcher, Scrubbers, Filters
- Flare and/or Blow-Down
- Station and Unit Flow Meters
- Pig Launcher
- Gas Treatment Plant (De-Hydration, CO
2
Removal,
Sour Gas Treatment)
Compressor Station Layout
Discharge Coolers
Turbo-Compressor In Buildings
11/15/2001 - #24
Compressor Station Layout
TURBINE
COMPRESSOR
GAS COOLER
DISCHARGE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
SURGECONTROL VALVE
SURGE CONTROLLER
DP
LOADING
SWITCH
LOADING
VALVE
FLOW ORIFICE
S D
SUCTION
VALVE
Gas Turbine
Pipeline
Compressor
Station By-Pass Valve
Isolation Valves
11/15/2001 - #25
Offshore Platform (Marine)
Technical Requirements
Low weight and dimensions
Low Vibrations
Resistance to Saltwater
List, trim, pitch, roll operation
Marine codes
Foundation twisting
Features
Compact design, reduced lube oil tank, single lift modules
Vibration isolators, special grouting
Stainless steel (enclosure and inlet/exhaust system)
Baffles/Scavenging pump in LO tank, inclinometers
Lloyds, DNV, ABS, Coast Guard Certification
Sub base, three point mount, gimbles, vibration mounts
Land Based Fixed Leg Jack-Up Semi-Sub FPSO Tension Leg
Operational Requirements
Highest availability as platform often depends on GT, but
No direct access to technicians and repair facilities
Limited spare parts storage capabilities
?
11/15/2001 - #26
Offshore Features
Compressor
Gas Turbine
Sub Base
Mount
Lube Oil Tank Baffles
Scavenging Pump for
Pressurized Bearings
Inclinometer
Inclinometer - Alarm and Shutdown at High List, Trim, Pitch, Roll Angles
Sub Base - Added Stiffness for Gas Turbine and Compressor Skids
Baffles - Continued Supply of Lube Oil at Inclined Operation
Scavenging Pump - Forced Supply of Lube Oil at Inclined Operation
Mounts - Isolation from Twisting and Vibration
Single Lift Module - Simplified Installation and Transportation to Platform
Single Lift
Module
11/15/2001 - #27
Gas Fuels - Dew Point
Heavy Hydrocarbons Increase
Dew Point
- Liquid Dropout Must Be
Prevented
May Require Fuel Heating/Fuel
Treatment
May Require Heat Tracing of Fuel
System
Accurate Fuel Analysis Necessary
- ASTM D1945 only Reports C6+
- C14 Down to ppmv Level
Desirable
- Measured Dew Point
Liquid
phase
Liquid and
gas phase
Gas
phase
11/15/2001 - #28
Dew Point and Fuel System
Pressure Drop
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E
ENTHALPY
Saturated
Liquid
Saturated
Vapor
K
Lowest
Combustor
Pressure
Liquid Drop Out
Fuel Supply
Pressure
(Skid Edge)
11/15/2001 - #29
Codes & Standards
Review of Codes and Standards
11/15/2001 - #30
Codes & Standards
Why Codes:
Codes provide design guidelines and definitions:
Example: Vibrations, Materials, Service Connections,
Package Design
Intent to Facilitate, Manufacture, and Procurement
No Code Designs a Gas Turbine
Codes are by nature rather general. Any particular
application may require modifications.
11/15/2001 - #31
Specification number Description
API 616 4th edition Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services
API 613 4th edition Special Purpose Gear Units For Petroleum, Chemical, And GasIndustry Services
API 614 3rd edition Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control - Oil Systems for Special - Purpose Applications
API 614 4th edition Combustion Gas Turbine for General Refinery Service
API 661 5th edition Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
API 670 4th edition Vibration, Axial Position and Bearing Temperature Monitoring System
API 677 2nd edition General Purpose Gear Units
API 671 3rd edition Special Purpose Couplings for Refinery Services
API 678 Accelerometer-Based Vibration Monitoring System
API 500 2nd edition Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities
Classified as Class I, Division 1 and Division 2
API RP 550 Manual on Installation of Refinery Instruments and Control System
ASME VIII Div 1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
ASME B 31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
ASME B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code for Steel
IEEE 112A Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators
PTC 22-1977 Performance Test Code on Gas turbine
PTC 1 General Instructions
ANSI C50.14-1997 Requirements for combustion gas turbine driven cylindrical rotor synchronous generators
ANCI B133.4 Gas turbine Control and Protection System
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators
NFPA 12 1989 edition Carbone Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 69 1997 edition Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
NFPA 70 2002 edition National Electric Code
NFPA 70E National Fire Code Errata
NFPA 72 2002 edition National Fire Alarm Code
NFPA 85 2001 edition (extract) Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code
OSHA Noise Procedure Specification
ISO 2314 1989 Gas turbines - Acceptance tests
API RP 11PGT Recommended Prcatice for Packaged Combustion Gas Turbines
UL 1604 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmosphere
Relevant Codes
11/15/2001 - #32
Codes & Standards
Most Common Codes for US Oil & Gas Applications:
API 616 - Gas Turbines
API 617 Compressors
API 614 Lube Oil System
API 670 Machinery Protection
API 613 Load and Accessory Gear
API 677 Accessory Drive Gear
API 671 Flexible Couplings
NFPA 70 Electric Code
ASME PTC-22 Gas Turbine Testing
ASME PTC-10 Compressor Testing
ASME B133 - Gas Turbines
Mostly Affects
Packaging
11/15/2001 - #33
Other International Codes
ISO Codes (ISO 3977 - Gas Turbines)
IEC/CENELEC (Electrical and Fire Systems)
Local Government Codes
EU Environmental and Health Compliance
User Specific Specifications:
Upstream: Mostly API/firm
Midstream: Some API/flexible
Downstream: Mostly API/very firm
11/15/2001 - #34
What is API?
American Petroleum Institute (API):
US Petroleum Industry Primary Trade Association
400 Member Companies
Covers all Aspects of Oil & Gas Industry
Accredited by ANSI (American National Standards
Organization)
Started Developing Standards in 1924
Maintains about 500 Standards
API Codes are Widely Referenced by EPA, OSHA,
OPS, MMS, BLM, and Many Local Codes
11/15/2001 - #35
What is API? Contd
Philosophy:
Improve Safety
Improve Environmental Performance
Reduce Engineering Costs
Improve Equipment Interchangeability
Improve Product Quality
Lower Equipment Cost
Allows for Exceptions for Reason
API Specifications Typically Lag
Technology Developments!
11/15/2001 - #36
What is API? Contd
API Standards as Purchasing Specifications:
Provide the means for a customer to normalize the
quotations by forcing all vendors to quote similar scopes.
Provides a common language and set of rules between
vendor and customer to limit misunderstandings; e.g.,
definitions of efficiencies, test procedures, vendor data,
data sheets.
Clearly states in the Foreword that Exceptions are
allowedif they lead to improved or safer technical offer.
11/15/2001 - #37
What is API? Contd
For gas turbine applications in the oil & gas
sector, API 616 is the foundation for almost all
purchase specifications.
API 617 is used for critical centrifugal compressor
applications (high pressure, high energy)
NFPA 70 electric code for hazardous locations is a
fundamental requirement within API. Gas turbine
electrical wiring must at least meet Class 1,
Division 2 (Zone 2), Group D. Some Applications
require Division 1 (Zone 1).
11/15/2001 - #38
API
Standard Topics
Definitions:
ISO Rating, Normal Operating Point, Maximum
Continuous Speed, Trip Speed, etc.
Mechanical Integrity:
Blade Natural Frequencies, Vibration Levels,
Balancing Requirements, Alarms and Shutdowns
11/15/2001 - #39
API
Standard Topics
Design Requirements and Features:
Materials, Welding, Accessories, Controls,
Instrumentation, Inlet/Exhaust Systems, Fuel
Systems
Inspection, Testing, and Preparation for Shipment
Minimum Testing, Inspection and Certification
Documentation Requirements
Does not cover government codes & regulations
11/15/2001 - #40
API Data Sheets
API Data Sheets
API
11/15/2001 - #41
API Data Sheets
API Data Sheets:
Forms technical basis of proposal
Define Customer Site, Operating, and
Equipment Minimum Requirements
Most important technical contractual
document
Must always be filled out:
API 616 Appendix A & B (Gas Turbine)
API 614 Appendix D (Lube Oil System)
API 670 Appendix A (Machinery Protection)
11/15/2001 - #42
API Data Sheets
When filling out the API Data Sheets
Cross-out requirements you do not comply
with.
Read all the notes: Some critical requirements
are often hidden here.
Fill out as much info as is available: Even
partially filled out sheet is better than no sheet.
11/15/2001 - #43
API Data Sheets
By Purchaser
By Manufacturer
By Manufacturer
if not by Purchaser
11/15/2001 - #44
API 616
Gas Turbine
Note: API 616 does not apply to Aero-Derivative
Gas Turbines Only Industrial!
11/15/2001 - #45
API 616 Intro & Definitions
1.0 Alternative Designs
1.1 Alternative designs allowed. Emphasized in API Foreword.
2.0 References
2.1 All reference standards are automatically included. All
manufacturers take exception to this.
3.0 Definitions
3.17 ISO defined as T=15C, P=1.0133 bar, RH=60%
3.19 Maximum allowable speed. Speed at which unit can safely
operate continuously per manufacturer.
3.22 Maximum continuous speed: 105% highest design speed.
11/15/2001 - #46
API 616 - Definitions
3.26 Normal Operating Point: Usually the performance guarantee
(heat rate, power) point for gas turbine. Defined by speed, fuel,
and site conditions.
3.38 Rated speed: Power turbine speed at which site rated power is
achieved.
3.42 Site rated conditions: Worst site condition at which still site
rated power can be achieved. Provided by User.
3.45 Site rated power: The maximum power achievable at site rated
conditions. Provided by Manufacturer. Note: Unless
specifically stated by purchaser this is not a guarantee point.
11/15/2001 - #47
API 616 - Engine
3.50 Turbine trip speed: Speed where controls shut unit down.
3.51 Unit responsibility: Prime package contractor to user. Either
GT or compressor manufacturer.
4.0 Basic Design
4.1.1 Equipment designed for 20 years and 3 years of uninterrupted
service. Hot section inspection every 8000 hours.
4.1.2 Gas turbine vendor has unit responsibility unless otherwise
specified.
4.1.5 Speed ranges: Two-shaft 50-105% rated speed, Single-shaft
80-105% rated speed.
11/15/2001 - #48
API 616 - Engine
4.1.14 On-skid electric shall meet NFPA 70.
4.1.16 Most gas turbine internals shall be exchangeable at site.
Disqualifies most aeroderivate gas turbines.
4.1.17 Unit shall meet performance acceptance criteria both in the
factory and at site. Most manufacturers take exception to site
performance guarantee unless field test is performed.
4.1.18 Vendor shall review customers installation drawings.
4.1.21 Gas turbine must meet site rated power with no negative
tolerances.
11/15/2001 - #49
API 616 Engine
4.2.1 Casing hoop stresses must meet ASME Section VIII.
4.2.7 Openings for borescope inspection must be provided for entire
rotor without disassembly.
4.2.9 Field balancing (if required) without removal of casing is OK.
4.3.1 Combustors must have two igniters or igniter and cross-tubes.
4.3.2 Requires temperature sensors in each combustor. Not feasible
in most gas turbine designs. T5 (2-shaft) or T6 (1-shaft)
normal.
4.3.7 Fuel Wobbe index range must be indicated in proposal.
11/15/2001 - #50
API 616 - Engine
4.4 Casing Connections: Section outlines good design practices.
Most manufacturers are OK.
4.5.1.2 Shafts shall be single piece heat treated steel. Stacked rotors
with a tie-bolt are not allowed. Difficult to meet for most
manufacturers and not critical if rotor has been operationally
proven.
4.5.2.1 Rotor shall be designed for overspeed up to 110% of trip speed.
4.5.2.2 All rotor components must withstand instantaneous loss of 100%
shaft load (e.g. coupling failure).
4.6 Seals: Renewable seals at all close clearance points.
11/15/2001 - #51
API 616 - Engine
4.7 Rotordynamics: Follow good design practices for progressive
balancing with residual unbalance check. High speed balancing
is discouraged.
4.8.1.1 Hydrodynamic radial and thrust bearings are preferred. Thrust-
Tilt pad, Radial Tilt pad or sleeve.
4.8.2.5 If rolling element bearings are used they must meet 50,000
hours of continuous operation.
4.8.5.2 Bearings: Labyrinth type seal required. Lip seal not acceptable.
4.8.5.3 Two radial proximity probes in radial bearings and two axial
proximity probes in thrust bearings.
11/15/2001 - #52
API 616 - Engine
4.9.2 Synthetic lube oil is OK.
4.9.5 Integrated or separate lube GT / Compressor oil system OK.
4.9.7 Lube oil system must meet API 614. Note: Lube oil tank
typically integrated into skid.
4.10 Materials: Follow good design rules. Purchaser may require
100% radiography magnetic particle inspection, or liquid
penetrant inspection on all welds.
4.11.3 A SS nameplate to include rated performance and conditions,
critical speeds, maximum continuous speed, overspeed trip,
and fuel type.
11/15/2001 - #53
API 616 - Accessories
5.0 Accessories
5.1.1.1 Electric, pneumatic, electro-hydraulic, gas engine, steam
turbine all acceptable starter/helper motors. Starter drivers
are uncoupled after startup, helper drivers remain coupled.
5.1.1.7 Starter motors must be supplied with all necessary gears,
couplings, and clutches.
5.1.2.1 Starters shall be rated 110% of starting torque required.
Vendor to supply torque curves.
5.1.3 Turning gear: Device to periodically rotate to avoid shaft
deformation. Generally not required on smaller turbines.
11/15/2001 - #54
API 616- Accessories
5.2.1 Vendor to supply accessory gear for starting, auxiliary equipment
(LO pump). Vendor to also supply separate load gear if required.
All gears shall meet API 613. Accessory gears shall be rated for
110% of required load.
5.2.2 Vendor to supply all couplings and guards for load and accessory
shafts. Couplings to be sized for maximum continuous torque and
meet API 671.
5.3 Gas turbine to be supplied on single mounting plate (baseplate).
Typically interpreted to allow for skid mounting. Skid to be
designed to limit worst case shaft alignment change to 50
micrometers.
5.3.2 Single piece baseplate preferred. Baseplate shall extend under
driven equipment.
11/15/2001 - #55
API 616 Accessories/Controls
5.3.2.4 Skid to permit field leveling.
5.4.1.2 Controls and instrumentation shall be suitable for outdoor
installation. Usually not necessary or practical.
5.4.1.3 GT instruments and controls shall meet API 670.
5.4.1.4 GT control system must provide for safe startup, operation,
and shutdown of gas turbine.
5.4.1.6 Unit shall continue to operate for specified time after AC
failure. To overcome delay of emergency power startup.
5.4.2.1 Automatic start to require only single operator action.
11/15/2001 - #56
API 616 - Controls
5.4.2.2 Control system to completely purge unit prior to startup.
5.4.3.4 Load control to limit driven equipment speed to 105%
rated speed.
5.4.4.1 Alarm/shutdown system to be provided to protect unit
and operator. Both Normal and Emergency (Fast)
shutdown (i.e., cut of of fuel supply) must be available.
5.4.4.3 Fuel control must include separate shutoff and vent
valves, separate from fuel control valve, with local and
remote trip.
5.4.4.8.1 Alarm and shutdown switches shall be separate. Often
not practical (e.g., flame detector, axial thrust position).
11/15/2001 - #57
API 616 - Alarms
Minimal Requirements
11/15/2001 - #58
API 616 - Sensors
5.4.4.8.3 Alarm and trip settings not adjustable from outside
housing. Not relevant with modern control systems.
5.4.4.9 All instruments (other than shutdown switches) shall be
replaceable without shutting unit down. Not practical on
many switches.
5.4.5.1.1 Off-skid or on-skid control system to be supplied with unit.
5.4.5.1.1 Any on-skid control system must meet hazardous area
requirements (NFPA70).
5.4.6.2 On-skid electric systems must meet NFPA 70.
11/15/2001 - #59
API 616 Inlet/Exhaust
5.4.7 Instrumentation: The API 616 Data Sheets Must be Filled Out
by Purchaser to Indicate the Required Instrumentation.
Manufacturer will often cross out line to indicate non-
compliance. Vendor must include in proposal full list of
instrumentation. API 670 governs basic requirements for
temperature and vibration sensors.
5.5.3.1 Air inlet and exhaust system including inlet filter, inlet/exhaust
silencers, ducting, and joints to be provided by vendor.
5.5.3.3 Inlet system shall be designed for maximum 4 in H2O pressure
drop at site rated power.
5.5.3.4 Inlet/exhaust system design life is 20 years.
11/15/2001 - #60
API 616 - Anciliaries
5.4.2.2 Bolts, rivets or fasteners are not permitted in inlet system.
5.5.3.9 A gas turbine compressor cleaning system must be provided.
5.5.4.4 Inlet Filter System requires walkways and handrails. Not
necessary for very small units.
5.5.5 Inlet/Exhaust Silencer: Internals to be Stainless Steel.
External Carbon Steel.
5.7.3 Unit must be supplied with gas detection system, fire
detection system, and fire suppression system to meet
NFPA. Fire suppression shall be automatic based on
thermal detection. Typical: Thermal, thermal gradient,
LEL, and flash detector. CO2 for suppression.
11/15/2001 - #61
API 616 Enclosure/Fuels
5.7.5 When enclosure is supplied it must be weatherproof
and include fire detection/suppression,
ventilation/purging, lights, and doors, and windows.
5.8.1.2 Gas fuel system: Must include strainer,
instrumentation, manifolds, nozzles, control valve,
shutoff valve, pressure regulator, and vent valve.
5.8.1.3 Fuel gas piping must be stainless steel.
5.8.1.4 Liquid fuel system: Must include pump, atomizing air,
two shutoff valves, instrumentation, control valves,
flow dividers, nozzles, and manifolds. Newer systems
employ variable speed pumps instead of control valves.
11/15/2001 - #62
API 616 - Fuels
5.81.5.2 If dual fuel system is provided it must allow bumpless
bidirectional transfer.
5.8.2.2.2 Vendor must review customers fuel supply system.
5.8.2.4 Heating value of fuel cannot vary by more than 10%.
5.8.4.2 Purchaser must specify required site emissions levels
for NO
x
, CO, UHC, et al.
6.0 Inspection, Testing, and Preparation for Shipment
Inspections: Standard machinery type includes,
materials, mechanical, Radiographic, ultrasonic,
magnetic particle, dye penetrant, etc.
11/15/2001 - #63
API 616 - Testing
6.3.2.3Hydrostatic tests: Vessels and piping per ASME Section VIII
(1.5 times rated pressure).
6.3.3 Mechanical Running Test: 4 hour no load full speed
(maximum continuous speed) test to verify that the complete
gas turbine package (including all auxiliaries except for
inlet/exhaust system) operates within vibration and
operational control limits. Contract coupling should be used.
Rotordynamic signature and vibrations must be recorded.
Compliance with these requirements is critical.
6.3.4 Optional Tests (These tests are not optional if purchaser
marks them in the API 616 data sheets)
11/15/2001 - #64
API 616 - Testing
6.3.4.1 Optional Performance Test: Unit full load tested to PTC 22.
6.3.4.2 Optional Complete Unit Test: Similar to Mechanical run test
but to include driven equipment.
6.3.4.3 Gear must be tested with unit during mechanical run test.
Other optional test: Sound level, Auxiliary Equipment, Fire
Protection, Control response, Spare Parts.
6.3.4.6 If unit fail mechanical run test, complete disassembly is
required.
11/15/2001 - #65
API 616 Vendor Data
6.4 Preparation for Shipment: Short term plastic wrapping. Long
Term crating, surface anti-corrosion treatment, nitrogen fill of
all vessels.
7.0 Vendors Data: Strictly follows Data Sheet requirements.
Manufacturers must cross out line if they do not meet API.
Minimum must contain performance maps, performance
calculations, mechanical, hydraulic, layout, and electrical
drawings, P&IDs, test and inspection results, as-built, parts lists,
operation and maintenance manuals, installation manual, and
technical data.
11/15/2001 - #66
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute API 616 Vendor Data
Purchaser and
Vendor
To Fill in Delivery
Dates
Or Cross Out if Not
Applicable.
11/15/2001 - #67
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute API 614 Highlights
Lubricating Systems:
20 years service life
Single full capacity pump with backup
Duplex oil filters with smooth transfer
All wetted surfaces to be stainless steel
Lube oil tank minimum time 8 minutes
All pumps, valves, switches, and sensors to have block
and bleed valves
Lube oil piping downstream of filter is stainless steel
Sight indicators and levels sensors for tank
Skid integrated lube oil tank OK
Tank has vent with flame trap
11/15/2001 - #68
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute API 670 Highlights
Machinery Protection:
Provides minimum design, installation, and accuracy
standards for package alarms/shutdown switches and
sensors.
Must meet NFPA 70 hazardous area classifications.
Signal and power wiring must be segregated.
Alarms and shutdown switches must be separate.
Lube oil piping downstream of filter is stainless steel.
Bearings must have metal temperature sensors.
Axial thrust bearings must have two proximity probes.
Covers all instruments specified in API 616 data
sheets.
11/15/2001 - #69
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute API GT Instruments
Purchaser must
Specify on API 616
Data Sheets
11/15/2001 - #70
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute API GT Alarms/Shutdowns
Purchaser must
Specify on API 616
Data Sheets.
Note: Should be
Separate from
Instruments but not
Always Feasible.
11/15/2001 - #71
ASME PTC-22
Gas Turbine Performance
ASME PTC-10
Compressor Performance
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute Factory Performance Tests
11/15/2001 - #72
Southwest Research Institute Southwest Research Institute Factory Tests
PTC-10 Compressor
Closed loop test to determine performance of compressor
Type I: Actual Gas, Type II: Simulated Gas
Typically used for high pressure / high energy applications
Reduces risk of startup delays due to vibrations or lack of
performance.
PTC-22 Gas Turbine
Full Speed, Full Load Test.
Typically against a water break or generator/load cells.
Determines maximum output power and efficiency.
11/15/2001 - #73
05/16/05
Process
Process
Process Gas/Liquid
Station Inflow
Flare
E
Process Gas/Liquid
Station Outflow
P T
Process
Compressor
P P P
P
T T T
T
P P P
P
T T T
T
Electric System Heater E
Ambient (P,T)
Relative Humidity
F
T
P
E
Air
Inlet
Compressor
Turbine
Burner
Exhaust
Lube Oil
Fuel Gas
P
P
T
F T
P
T
P
T
P
E
T
P
F
Seal Gas/Oi l
Lube Oil
E
Detailed Performance Tests
PTC-22 (Gas Turbine) PTC-10 (Compressor)
11/15/2001 - #74
National Electric Code (NEC)
NFPA 70
11/15/2001 - #75
National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 70
Hazardous Location Summary Electrical Requirements:
Class 1: Flammable Gases, Vapors, or Liquids
Class 2: Dust and combustible dust that can form explosive mixtures.
Class 3: Fibers or flyings suspended in air that are easily ignitable.
Divisions Within Class 1:
Class 1, Division 1
(Zone 0 & Zone 1): Ignitable concentration of flammable mixtures exist
most of the time.
Class 1, Division 2
(Zone 2): Ignitable concentrations of flammable mixtures are
not likely to exist under normal conditions.
MOST OIL & GAS APPLICATIONS ARE CLASS 1, DIVISION 2. SOME
OFFSHORE AND REFINERY APPLICATIONS REQUIRE CLASS 1, DIVISION 1.
11/15/2001 - #76
NFPA 70
What Does NFPA 70 Apply To:
- On-Skid Electrical
- Wiring and Cables
- Electric Motors (Pumps, Fans, Starter)
- Instruments and Alarms
- Junction Boxes
- Lights and Heaters (if applicable)
- On-Skid Fire Systems
- UV/IR Flash Sensors
- Flammable Mixture Detectors
- Temperature, Temperature Rise Detectors
- Smoke Detectors (if used)
- CO2 (or other) Fighting System
- Air Inlet and Lube Oil Electrical Elements
Does Not Apply To Non-Electrical Components
11/15/2001 - #77
NFPA 70
Exception To NFPA 70 Can Often Be Taken For:
- Off-Skid Control System
- Battery Charger and Batteries
- Starter Motor Variable Frequency Drive
- Synchronization Panel
Located in
Control
Room
11/15/2001 - #78
NFPA 70
Basic Requirements for Class 1, Divisions 1 & 2
(Details in NFPA 70 Sections 500 and 501):
Grounded Explosion Proof Conduit for all Wiring
Conduit and Conduit Connections are Copper Free
Gas Sealed Conduit Connections
Instruments, Connectors, Terminals in Explosion Proof Boxes
Motors Rated Explosion Proof
Fire Detection System (UV/IR, Thermal Gradient Detectors
Gas (Flammable Mixture) Detectors
Fire Fighting System (Inert Gas or Water Mist)
11/15/2001 - #79
NFPA 70
On-Skid
Explosion
Proof Boxes
11/15/2001 - #80
NFPA 70
On-Skid
Explosion
Proof Boxes
Copper
Free
Conduit
Conduit
Sealing
11/15/2001 - #81
NFPA 70
Explosion
Proof
Instruments
Explosion
Proof
Flexible
Conduit
11/15/2001 - #82
NFPA 70
Non-
Explosion
Proof
Conduit
Explosion
Proof
Conduit
11/15/2001 - #83
API Review
API 616 Data Sheet
Review
Gas Turbine Technology Center Gas Turbine Technology Center
11/15/2001 - #84
11/15/2001 - #85
11/15/2001 - #86
11/15/2001 - #87
11/15/2001 - #88
11/15/2001 - #89
11/15/2001 - #90
11/15/2001 - #91
11/15/2001 - #92
11/15/2001 - #93
11/15/2001 - #94
11/15/2001 - #95
11/15/2001 - #96
API 617
Axial and Centrifugal
Compressors and Expander-
compressors for Petroleum,
Chemical and Gas Industry
Services
Seventh Edition, J uly 2002
11/15/2001 - #97
Codes and Standards
Codes provide design guidelines and definitions
Example: Vibrations, materials, service connections,
package design
Intent to Facilitate Manufacture and Procurement
Information Exchange between User and Manufacturer
No code designs a gas compressor
Codes are by nature rather general. Any particular
application may require modifications
Codes React Slow to Technical Changes
11/15/2001 - #98
Observation
API 617 very prevalent in Off-Shore, and
Refineries
Usually less prevalent in Pipeline
Applications
Often referenced within user-company
specific Specifications
All manufacturers have various amounts of
comments and exceptions.
11/15/2001 - #99
Convergence
Experience vs. API
In particular an issue for standardized designs
Seems to Converge
I.e API adopts modifications if they prove to be
successful
Slow Process
11/15/2001 - #100
What Does Adherence to
Codes Buy?
A better design?
More security?
Downtime
Commissioning Time
Decommissioning Time
Performance
Safety Requirements
Cost ?
11/15/2001 - #101
Codes Critical
Technical Requirements
Definitions
ISO rating, normal operating point, maximum continuous speed etc.
Mechanical Integrity
Blade Natural Frequencies, Vibration Levels, Balancing Requirements, Alarms and Shutdowns
Design Requirements and Features
Materials, Welding, Accessories, Controls, Instrumentation, Inlet/Exhaust systems, Fuel Systems
Inspection, Testing and Preparation for Shipment
Documentation Requirements
Does not cover government codes & regulations
11/15/2001 - #102
Whats in it?
General Requirements
Centrifugal and Axial Compressors
Integrally Geared Compressors
Expander Compressors
PRIMARY FOCUS
11/15/2001 - #103
SCOPE
API 617 covers the minimum requirements for axial
compressors, single-shaft and integrally geared process
centrifugal compressors and expander-compressor for
use in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries
services that handle air or gas.
This standard does not apply to fans (covered by API Std
673) or blowers that develop less than 34 kPa (5 psi)
pressure rise above atmospheric pressure.
This standard also does not apply to packaged,
integrally-geared centrifugal plant and instrument air
compressors, which are covered by API Std 672.
Hot gas expanders over 300C (570F) are not covered
in this standard.
11/15/2001 - #104
SECTION 1GENERAL
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Alternative Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Conflicting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.4 Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.5 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.6 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.7 Statutory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.8 Unit Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
11/15/2001 - #105
Benchmark
The vendor may offer alternative designs.
All designs should comply with this
standard.
Any exceptions to the standard including,
alternate design differences from this
standard, shall be clearly stated in the
proposal.
11/15/2001 - #106
Definitions
1.5.3 Compressor Rated Point
The intersection on the 100% speed curve
corresponding to the highest capacity of any
specified operating point. Note: This is generally a
derived point rather than an actual operating point
(see Figure 2.1-1a for a graphical representation).
Problem: Imposes requirements that are
potentially not useful for the actual operation
105% speed definition is not very practical
11/15/2001 - #107
Annex 2C-Cross
Section/Nomenclature
11/15/2001 - #108
Section 2 Basic Design
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
2.2 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
2.3 Casings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
2.4 Guide Vanes, Stators, and Stationary Internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
2.5 Rotating Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
2.6 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
2.7 Bearings and Bearing Housings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
2.8 Shaft End Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26
2.9 Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
2.10 Lubrication and Sealing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
2.11 Nameplates and Rotation Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
2.12 Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28
11/15/2001 - #109
11/15/2001 - #110
2.3.1 Pressure-Containing
Casings
2.3.1.1 The purchaser will specify the relief valve
setting. The maximum allowable working
pressure of the casing shall be at least equal to the
specified relief valve setting.
2.3.1.1.1 When a relief valve setting is not
specified, the maximum allowable working
pressure shall be at least 1.25 times the maximum
specified discharge pressure (gauge). System
protection shall be furnished by the purchaser.
11/15/2001 - #111
2.5.3 Shafts
2.5.3.1 Shafts for non through-bolt rotors shall be made of one-piece,
heat treated steel that is suitably machined. Shafts that have a
finished diameter larger than 200 mm (8 in.) shall be forged steel.
Shafts that have a finished diameter of 200 mm (8 in.) or less shall
be forged steel or hot rolled barstock, providing such barstock meets
all quality and heat treatment criteria established for shaft forgings.
2.5.3.2 When modular (through bolt) rotors are provided, the stub-
shafts shall meet all quality and heat treatment criteria for shaft
forgings. Refer to Annex 2C for rotor arrangements and
nomenclature.
11/15/2001 - #112
Dynamics
2.6.1.1 In the design of rotor-bearing systems, consideration shall be given to
all potential sources of periodic forcing phenomena (excitation) which
shall include, but are not limited to, the following sources:
a Unbalance in the rotor system.
b. Oil-film instabilities (whirl).
c. Internal rubs.
d. Blade, vane, nozzle, and diffuser passing frequencies.
e. Gear-tooth meshing and side bands.
f. Coupling misalignment.
g. Loose rotor-system components.
h. Hysteretic and friction whirl.
i. Boundary-layer flow separation.
j. Acoustic and aerodynamic cross-coupling forces.
k. Asynchronous whirl.
l. Ball and race frequencies of rolling element bearings.
m. Electrical line frequency.
2.6.1.2 For the purposes of this standard, a resonant condition of concern,
such as lateral and torsional critical speeds, are those with an
amplification factor (AF) equal to or greater than 2.5.
11/15/2001 - #113
Rotor Response and
Critical Speed
2.6.2 Lateral Analysis
2.6.2.1 Critical speeds and
their associated AFs shall be
determined by means of a
damped unbalanced rotor
response analysis.
2.6.2.2 The location of all
critical speeds below the trip
speed shall be confirmed on
the test stand during the
mechanical running test (see
2.6.3.1). The accuracy of the
analytical model shall be
demonstrated (see 2.6.3).
11/15/2001 - #114
Stability Analysis
2.6.5 Level I Stability Analysis
2.6.5.1 A stability analysis shall be performed on all centrifugal or
axial compressors and/or radial flow rotors except those rotors whose
maximum continuous speed is below the first critical speed in
accordance with 2.6.2.3, as calculated on rigid supports. For this
analysis, the machine inlet and discharge conditions shall be at either
the rated condition or another operating point unless the vendor and
purchaser agree upon another operating point. Note: Level I analysis
was developed to fulfill two purposes: first, it provides an initial
screening to identify rotors that do not require a more detailedstudy.
The approach as developed is conservative and not intended as an
indication of an unstable rotor. Second, the Level I analysis specifies a
standardized procedure applied to all manufacturers similar to that
found in 2.6.2. (Refer to API Publ 684, 1.6 for a detailed explanation.)
11/15/2001 - #115
Decision Criteria
11/15/2001 - #116
Radial Bearings
2.7.2.4 The bearing design shall suppress
hydrodynamic instabilities and provide sufficient
damping over the entire range of allowable
bearing clearances to limit rotor vibration to the
maximum specified amplitudes while the
equipment is operating loaded or unloaded,
operation at any critical frequency within the
specified operating speed range.
11/15/2001 - #117
Bearing Temperature
2.7.1.3 As a design criteria, bearing metal temperatures
shall not exceed 100C (212F) at specified operating
conditions with a maximum inlet oil temperature of 50C
(120F). Vendors shall provide bearing temperature alarm
and shutdown limits on the datasheets.
2.7.1.3.1 In the event that the above design criteria cannot
be met, purchaser and vendor shall mutually agree on
acceptable bearing metal temperatures.
Many applications use air-to-oil coolers,
that produce oil temperatures in excess of 120F, and
bearing metal temperatures above 212F. This should be
acceptable, as long as the compressor is designed for these
conditions.
11/15/2001 - #118
Vibrations
2.6.8.8 During the mechanical running test of the machine,assembled withthe
balanced rotor, operating at its maximum continuous speed or at any other speed within
the specified operating speed range, the peak-to-peak amplitude of unfiltered vibration
in any plane, measured on the shaft adjacent and relative to each radial bearing, shall not
exceed the following value or 25 m (1 mil), whichever is less:
In SI units:
In U.S. Customary units:
where
A =amplitude of unfiltered vibration, in m (mil) true peak-to-peak,
N =maximum continuous speed, in rpm.
At any speed greater than the maximum continuous speed, up to and including the trip
speed of the driver, the vibration level shall not increase morethan 12.7 m (0.5 mil)
above the maximum value recorded at the maximum continuous speed.
11/15/2001 - #119
Section 3 Accessories
3.1 Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28
3.2 Couplings and Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28
3.3 Mounting Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29
3.4 Controls and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-35
3.5 Piping and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-35
3.6 Special Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-36
11/15/2001 - #120
Section 4 Inspection, Testing,
and Preparation for Shipment
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Preparation for Shipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some of the testing and inspection requirements are
very much geared towards one-off designs.
They usually add to the manufacturing time
(especially if hold points are defined)
11/15/2001 - #121
Section 5 Vendors Data
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40
5.2 Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40
5.3 Contract Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42
11/15/2001 - #122
Testing
4.3.6.2.1 All hydrodynamic bearings shall be
removed, inspected, and reassembled after the
mechanical running test is completed.
One of the purposes of this test is to protect against assembly errors.
It is good engineering practice to not disassemble the compressor
after a successful test.
Some test procedures would require a re-test after re-assembly.
11/15/2001 - #123
4.3.3.1 Performance Test
4.3.3.1.1 The compressor shall be performance tested in
accordance with ASME PTC 10-1997, ISO 5389 or other
approved national standard. A minimum of five points,
including surge and overload, shall be taken at normal
speed. For variable-speed machines, additional points may
be specified. Note: Refer to the applicable test code for
general instructions. ASME PTC 10-1997 may not apply
to some low pressure ratio compressors. Refer to the
scope, 1.2.2, of PTC 10-1997 for the selection of the
appropriate test code to be used.
11/15/2001 - #124
4.3.3.1 Performance Test
4.3.3.1.2 For variable speed machines, head and capacity shall have
zero negative tolerance at the normal operating point (or other point as
specified), and the power at this point shall not exceed 104% of the
vendor predicted shaft power value. This tolerance shall be inclusive of
all test tolerances. Surge shall comply with provisions of 2.1.1.1.
Note: Both of the performance test codes referred to have provision for
calculating inaccuracy based on instrumentation and procedures. These
test inaccuracies are already included in the above tolerance and,
therefore, are not to be further additive.
4.3.3.1.3 For variable-speed compressors, a speed other than the
normal speed may be used, if necessary, to achieve the specified
performance and performance tolerances, provided that this adjusted
speed meets the criteria specified in Chapter 1, 2.6.
11/15/2001 - #125
Performance Test
4.3.3.1.4 For constant-speed compressors, the capacity
shall be as specified in 4.3.3.1.2. The head shall be within
the range of 100% 105% of the normal head. The
horsepower, based on measured head at normal capacity,
shall not exceed 107% of the value at the specified normal
operating point. If the power required at this point exceeds
107%, excess head may be removed by trimming impellers
at the purchasers option.
11/15/2001 - #126
Datasheets
11/15/2001 - #127
ANNEX 1A REFERENCE LIST OF U.S., ISO, AND INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS (NORMATIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-45
ANNEX 1B PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL
UNBALANCE (NORMATIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-49
ANNEX 1C TYPICAL SHAFT END SEAL CROSS-SECTIONAL
DRAWINGS (INFORMATIVE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-59
ANNEX 1D TESTING OF GAS SEALS IN SEAL VENDORS SHOP
(NORMATIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-67
ANNEX 1E TYPICAL MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
(INFORMATIVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11/15/2001 - #128
API Review
Thank You Very Much!
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11/15/2001 - #1

API Specification Review

Dr. Rainer Kurz Solar Turbines, Inc.

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