Experiment on performance

Characteristics of centrifugal
pump
Presented by: Ram Krishna Singh
Roll No: 06!"SREE!0#
$b%ecti&e
'naly(ing performance characteristics of
centrifugal pump)s* +ith respect to head
de&eloped, discharge and Po+er $utcome,
+hen operating

single

arranged in series and

'rranged in parallel
-ra+ing Conclusion from the Experiment
Pump
Pump is defined as a de&ice that adds energy
to the +or.ing fluid itself so that "echanical
Energy is con&erted into useful /luid Energy0
Transfer of liquid from one place to another place (e.g. water
from an underground aquifer into a water storage tank)
Circulate liquid around a system (e.g. cooling water or lubricants
through machines and equipment)
Objecties of the pump
Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal !ump is a special kind of rotodynamic pump in
which the fluid approaches the impeller a"ially# turns at the
machine$s inlet so that flow out through the impeller is in the
plane of impeller$s rotation.
The impeller spins % throws water out.
&ike swinging a bucket of water aboe your head and staying dry
or
Throwing clay on a potter's wheel and wearing it.
(tmospheric pressure pushes more water in.
)t is this simple * this is the major part of pump theory +
!,-!. /O0'T .,C1
&ow pressure is formed in the inlet.
The lower the pressure# the higher the pump can 2suck.2
3ow it works
Head
Resistance of the system
Two types: static and friction
Static head
Difference in height between source and
destination of the pumped liquid

Independent of flow
Friction head
Loss needed to oercome that is caused by
resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
Depends on si!e" pipes" pipe fittings" flow rate"
nature of liquid
#roportional to square of flow rate
$losed loop system only has friction head
%no static head&
#umping System $haracteristics
destination
source
Static
head
Static
head
Flow
Friction
head
Flow
Head
Flow
Pump performance curve
Relationship between head and flow
Flow increase
System resistance increases
Head increases
Flow decreases to zero
Zero flow rate: risk of pump burnout
Pumpin System !haracteristics
The head and flow rate determine the performance of a pump# which is
graphically shown in the 4igure as the performance cure or pump
characteristic cure.
The figure shows a typical cure of a centrifugal pump where the head
gradually decreases with increasing flow.
(s the resistance of a system increases# the head will also increase. This
in turn causes the flow rate to decrease and will eentually reach 5ero. (
5ero flow rate is only acceptable for a short period without causing to the
pump to burn out.
In most cases:
Total head ' Static head ( friction head
#umping System $haracteristics
System
head
Flow
Static head
Friction
head
System
curve
System
head
Flow
Static head
Friction
head
System
curve
)n most cases the total head of a system is a combination of static head and friction head
as shown in the figures
&eft figure is system with a high static head (i.e. the destination reseroir is much higher
than the source)
6ight figure is system with a low static head (i.e. the destination reseroir is not much
higher than the source)
Head
Flow
1hen a pump is filled +ith the fluid to be operated at
normal speed +ith discharge closed, the head de&eloped
is called shutoff head0
2deally, this +ould appear to be a case of a force &ortex
create +ith pressure head difference bet+een eye and
impeller periphery is )u
3
3
4u
5
3
*63g0
Pump head " dischare curve
The figure shows that the pump efficiency increases with the increase in
discharge flow# until it reaches optimum alue and starts to decrease.
7hen pumps operate beyond this optimum condition# problems such as
caitation and hammering starts to occur.
7sually manufacturers produces characteristics cur&es
for the pump +ith different impeller diameter and
operating speed0
-ischarge is directly proportional to the speed
8ead is proportional to s9uare of speed
Po+er input is proportional to the cube of the speed
1here,
:; discharge liter6sec
8 ; head in meter
Pi ; po+er input
Pump characteristics
2f the pump operates at constant speed but at different
diameter, the effect of discharge, head and po+er input
becomes
Pump characteristics
7here /8 diameter of impeller in meter
Characteristics of pump
' pump is characteri(ed by 8ead and /lo+ Rate de&eloped
for gi&en Po+er supply and the gi&en R"P of 2mpeller0
Po+er de&eloped to fluid
Po ; Po+er de&eloped to
the fluid
E//2C2ENC< $/ P7"P
P+ ; Po+er de&eloped to the fluid 6 Electrical
Po+er consumed
PUMPS IN SERIES
1hen pumps are
arranged in series, the
flo+ rate is constant but
the head capacities of
each pump adds to gi&e
total head0
P7"PS 2N P'R'==E=
1hen pumps are
arranged in parallel, the
head is constant but the
flo+ rate of each pump
adds to gi&e total flo+
rate0
Procedures

Single pump +as operated +ith control rate of flo+ ta.en for
0, 50, 5, >0, >0 liters per minute, obser&ed in ? notch0

Exact flo+ rate +as measured +ith the help of pipe

measurement and the stop +atch0

$bser&ations for pressures at suction and deli&ery sides +ere

done0

Corresponding electrical po+er dra+n +as obser&ed0

@he process +as repeated for the pumps in series as +ell as in

parallel0
Results
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
S.N S.N Volume Volume
flow rate (Q flow rate (Q
liters/min) liters/min)
Inlet Inlet
pressure pressure
(ar) (ar)
!utlet !utlet
pressur pressur
e(ar) e(ar)
Electric Electric
power power
input(wat input(wat
t) t)
"ead( "ead(
m) m)
Pump Pump
"#draulic "#draulic
power($ power($
% %
watt) watt)
& & 0 0 0 0 006 006 #0 #0 6055 6055 0 0
' ' A00 A00 0 0 00 00 550 550 00# 00# A0>5>66B A0>5>66B
( ( 530 530 0 0 00CA 00CA 55A 55A C0A# C0A# 550#A0 550#A0
) ) 350C3 350C3 0 0 00>A 00>A 5C3 5C3 >0AB >0AB 5306C3 5306C3
* * 3A 3A 0 0 00> 00> 5 5 >00 >00 50#C5>> 50#C5>>
Obseration for single centrifugal pump
Results
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
S.N S.N Volume flow Volume flow
rate (Q rate (Q
liters/min) liters/min)
Inlet Inlet
pressure(ar) pressure(ar)
!utlet !utlet
pressure(ar pressure(ar
) )
power power
input(watt input(watt
) )
"ead "ead
& & 0 0 0 0 006 006 5#0 5#0 6055 6055
' ' A0B A0B 0 0 00> 00> 33 33 0C 0C
( ( 506 506 0 0 005 005 3>3 3>3 05# 05#
) ) 3505B 3505B 0 0 000 000 30 30 00# 00#
* * >6 >6 0 0 00C# 00C# 3# 3# C0## C0##
Obseration for centrifugal pumps in parallel
Results
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
S.N S.N Volume flow Volume flow
rate (Q rate (Q
liters/min) liters/min)
Inlet Inlet
pressure(ar) pressure(ar)
!utlet !utlet
pressure(ar pressure(ar
) )
power power
input(watt input(watt
) )
"ead "ead
& & 0 0 0 0 006 006 350 350 6055 6055
' ' A0B A0B 0 0 00 00 3> 3> 06 06
( ( 5 5 0 0 000 000 30 30 00# 00#
) ) 5A 5A 0 0 00C# 00C# >00 >00 C0## C0##
* * >30B3 >30B3 0 0 003 003 >#0 >#0 300> 300>
Obseration for centrifugal pumps in series
Analysis
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
/ischarge 9s 3ead
Head, H
Discharge, Q
/ischarge 9s 3ead (ideal case)
/ischarge 9s :fficiency
:lectric power input s 4low rate
3ydraulic power s 4low rate
.ingle s !arallel operation
4igure illustrates the characteristic of single s. parallel
operation. Two identical pumps operating in parallel are
capable of producing twice the flow of a single pump at
any gien T/3.
3oweer# the actual flow rate reali5ed in the system is dictated by the intersection of the
system cure with the pump cure. ,nless the system cure is ariable# the flow
increase may not be that significant.
.ingle s !arallel operation (contd;)
4or e"ample# assume that there is a set of fi"ed spray
no55les# where the system resistance is purely frictional#
and aries only as a result of flow change.
7hen a second pump is introduced# resistance in the system increases as the flow
increases. The flow will increase only to where the system cure intersects the two*pump
cure# as shown in figure.
The amount of flow increase is dictated not only by the system cure# but also by the
steepness of the pump cures. !umps with flat cures will hae less T/3 separation than
pumps with steep cures and therefore will hae less of a flow rate change.
.ingle s !arallel operation (contd;)
( fire pump installation would be an e"ample of a system
that has a ariable system cure. 4igure illustrates this.
:ach time an additional fire no55le is actiated# the system resistance is decreased. This
causes the system cure to moe to a higher flow on the pump cure# increasing the k7
load on the pump and decreasing the amount of T/3 aailable.
:entually# another fire pump may need to be actiated to maintain the system pressure
as more no55les come on line.
The sketch shows a system cure crossing a pump cure twice. This is an e"ample of
unstable operation. 0ote that if the first pump is operating at point 'C' when the second
pump is started# the second pump will operate at shut head# deliering no flow as it will
neer be able to open the non return ale (required to preent one pump discharging
through the other when only one pump is operating). )f this was to occur# the pump could
eentually e"plode+
)n some cases it may be possible to change the order of starting the pumps# and the
cures can be drawn to check this operation# howeer if there is any indication of unstable
operation or possibility of one pump being 'oer powered' by another# contact us for
assistance.
Unstable Operation
+nal#sis
4rom the e"periments# characteristics of pumps ran at different
conditions are obsered and drawn in graphs. These
characteristics cures are essential in defining the properties of a
pump# since only si5e and shape cannot be sufficient to select a
pump for certain purpose. .tandard test were done according to
the procedures defined by the lab manual and characteristics
cures are drawn.
'nalysis

2nitially, +e study the &ariation of head a&ailable

+ith change in flo+ rate0 1ith pumps in parallel
+e can increase the flo+ almost t+ice for the
same head deli&ered, +hile head deli&ered can
be increased t+ice by arranging pumps in series0
8ence, +here a single pump is inappropriate for
large flo+ rate or high head, pumps can be
arranged in series and parallel or combination of
both to suite our re9uirement0

+e see that o&erall efficiency of the pumps

against flo+ rate0 2t should be efficiency of pumps
in combination is higher than a single pump0
E&en, efficiency of pumps in series is higher than
that in parallel0 "ore closely, +e can also see that
efficiency of pumps in series is better in lo+er
flo+ rate ie at higher head deli&ered and pumps
in parallel is better for higher flo+ rates and lo+
head deli&ered0

@he hydraulic po+er produced by pumps against flo+ rate

are dra+n0 2n case of series connection the hydraulic po+er
produced by a pump is higher than that of parallel
connection at lo+er flo+ rates0 't higher flo+ rates +e can
predict that cur&e of pumps in parallel +ill cross that of in
series0

's the pumps are connected in series or parallel, the input

po+er to the pumps increases than that of a single pump0

2n case of field operation to select a particular type of pump

or a particular combination of the pump, first of all the
characteristics cur&es, pro&ided by manufacturer, should be
studied carefully and then only it should be use in field0
'nalysis
Conclusion

@he main aim of the practical +as to dra+n up

the characteristics cur&e0 1ith the help of
characteristics cur&e and the actual field
conditions )ie0 8ead a&ailable, input po+er
re9uired, re9uired flo+ rate*0 1e should ha&e to
compromise in efficiency for the fulfillment of the
actual field condition situations0 So the
characteristics cur&e helps to optimi(e the field
conditions and to select a particular type of pump
or a combination of pump for a particular site0