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15

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17

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28

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29

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30

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21
23
25
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FTP
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31

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33



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Passive open1
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1
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34

2.

2.7 (PDU1) ,
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35

() .

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36

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38

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39


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1
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40

2.

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42

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43

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44

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Ack (Positive Acknowledge - ).

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Data Unit)
3 Two-way handshake
1

45


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.

Three - way handshake

46

2.

2.13 , Syn
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47




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2

Crash recovery
Give up timer

48

3.

TCP je
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Logical Link Control

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21

FTP

23

Telnet

25

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69

TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

79

Finger

80

HTTP

Word Wide Web

110

POP-3

53

DNS

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/ (
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800 . 2 1000
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1
2

Socket
Transport Service Access Point

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1024
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FTP
21 FTP 1. TCP
( ) -.
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2 3.
TCP .
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IP ,

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TCP , .
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512 512
, 1024 2048 . 3.4
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3
1
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IP
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TCP
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2048

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2048
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TCP , ,
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. TCP 5
.

Carriage Return
Urgent data
3 Send Primitives
4
5 Deliver
1
2


TCP 32- . (
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TCP 1 .
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TCP
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4096 ( )
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4096
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TCP 1
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4kB2 TCP ,
8kB, 4kB
.

1
2

Deadlock
4kB = 4*1024 .

10

Comment [A1]: Page: 1

3.6
3.3 TCP
3.7 TCP . 20
. .
65515 1.
.
TCP .
2 16 .
.
1024 .

1
2

65535-40 = 65515; 20 (IP e) + 20 (TCP ) = 40 .

Source port, destination port

11

3.

3.7 TCP
(SN1) 32 .
SYN .
() ISN2 .
ISN+1.
(AN3) 32 . TCP
.
4 TCP 32
.
.
4 .
.
() 8 . :

CWR1 ( ) 1
.

Sequnce Number
Initial Sequence Number
3 Acknowledgement Number
4 TCP header lenght
1
2

12

CE2 ( ) CWR
RFC3168.
.

URG3 1 4
.
5
.

ACK6 1 .
ACK Ack c. ACK=0
. .

PSH7 1 TCP -
(
).

RST8 1 .
RST Rst c.
.

SYN9 1 .
SYN Syn c.
, SYN ACK 1 0 10.
11 1 a
Syn_Ack c.

FIN12 1 .
FIN Fin c.
.

13 () 16 .
,
. 0
.

Congestion Window Reduced

Explicit Congestion Notification - Exho
3 Urgent function
4 Urgent Pointer
5 URG 1 Urgent Pointer.
6 Acknowledge
7 Push
8 Reset
9 Synchronize
10 SYN=1, ACK=0
11 SYN=1, ACK=1
12 Finish
13 Window size
1
2

13

3.
1 16 .
.
.
,
.

, TCP .
IP :
IP , 2 TCP
( 3.7).
. CP IP (
)
. , TCP
.

3.8
" 3 16 .
TCP
.
4 .
. , ,
. 5
6 20 . IP

3.9.

Checksum
TCP 6.
3 Urgent Pointer
4 Options
5 .
6 [Stivenson] .
1
2

14

3.9 TCP-IP
1 ( 3.2)

10

3.2 TCP

(MSS2) 3 Syn,
.
.

536 .
. ( 3.10)
.
(MTU4) 5.

.

3.10

RFC1072.
aximum Segment Size
3 SYN Syn.
4 Maximum Transfer Unit
5 : 1460 ,
IEEE802.3 1452 , a BSD 1024 512
.
1
2

15

3.
(WSO1) Syn .
WSO Syn .
.
. 2
, 2F, F
, a 2F < 214.

3.11
(SACKP3)
.

3.12
(SACK4)
.
5.
SACK .
.
.
SACK .

Window Scale Option

RFC1323.
3 Selective Acknowledgeents Permitted (SACK Permitted)
4 Selective ACK
5 SACK SACK Permitted RFC2018.
1
2

16

3.13
(TS1) TCP
2. .
(TSval3) TCP .
(TSecr4) ACK
TCP .

3.14

. Ack .
Ack
(RTT5).
3.5 TCP


. 3.15 TCP .
TCP

Timestamp
RFC1323.
3 Timestamp value
4 Timestamp Echo Reply
5 Round Trip Time
1
2

17

3.
.
(). (IP)
TCP .

3.15 TCP, IP

TCP .
:

, , Passiv Open
, ( ) ;

() Activ Open IP
, TCP
(. ).
Activ Open TCP (Syn )
: SYN=1 ACK=0,
() (ISS1).
3.16 1;

TCP
Passiv Open

Initial Send Sequence

18


.
TCP .
TCP (Syn_Ack )
: SYN=1 ACK=1.
SYN
(ISS+1), ()
(IRS1). 3.16 2;

Syn_Ack Ack
: SYN=0, ACK=1,
(IRS+1). 3.16
3;

TCP 3.16.

()
(ISS, IRS). ,
. RFC739
32 4sec2.

.

Initial Receive Sequence

BSD (Berkly Software Distribution)
8sec.
1
2

19

3.

Syn (ISN=ISS)

Syn_Ack (ISN=IRS, AN=ISS+1)

Ack (SN=ISS+1, AN=IRS+1 )

3.16
.
,
. TCP Syn
. Syn 5,8sec Syn
24sec .
Syn ?
75sec.
TCP
TCP
. TCP
.
TCP ( ).
TCP ()
. .
TCP FIN 1 (Fin
). . Fin TCP
.
Fin .
20


.
TCP . 3.17.
.

Fin (SN=i, AN=j)

Ack (AN=i+1)

Fin (SN=j, AN=i+1)

Ack (AN=j+1)

3.17
( Fin )
1, ( Fin ) 2.
1 (. 3.17) Telnet
quite. TCP
Fin .
Fin Ack
1 ( 2). Fin Syn .
TCP 3
. TCP Fin

Active Close
Pasive Close
3 End of file - EOF
1
2

21

3.
( 3) Ack
( 4).
Fin TCP
Fin (Ack ) TCP .
3.17
.
( ) .
TCP Fin .
.
.
TCP
TCP .
TCB1.
: ,
, ,
, .

2 :

(SND.UNA),

(SND.NXT3),

(SND.WND4),

(SND.UP5),

(SND.WL16),

(SND.WL27),

(ISS8),

Transmission Control Block

RFC793.
3 Send next
4 Send window
5 Send urgent pointer
6 Segment sequence number used for last window update
7 Segment acknowledgment number used for last window update
8 Initial send sequence number
1
2

22

(RCV.NXT1),

(RCV.WND2),

(RCV.UP3),

(IRS4).

.
5 3.5 3.18.
11 RFC793 3.3.
CLOSED o TCB .
.
. .

CLOSED

TCB .

LISTEN

()
TCP .

SYNSENT

(Syn
).

SYNRCVD

(Ack )
.

ESTABLISHED

.
.
.

FINWAIT1

TCP ,
.

FINWAIT2

TCP .

TIMEWAIT

TCP
.

Receive next
Receive window
3 Receive urgent pointer
4 Initial receive sequence number
5 Finite state machine
1
2

23

3.
CLOSING

CLOSEWAIT

LASTACK

TCP (
).
3.3

CLOSED.
LISTEN, CONNECT .
ESTABLISHED .
. CLOSED .
3.18.
.
() .
.
/1.
:

- Active Open,
Pasive Open, Send, Close,

Syn, Fin, Ack Rst,

: Syn, Fin, Ack Rst,

.
( )
( ).
(Active Open ) TCP :

TCB,

SYNSENT,

Syn .

,
(TCB).
2 Syn_Ack, TCP e

1
2

vent/action
: SYN=1, ACK=1.

24


ESTABLISHED.
.

3.18 TCP
Close
TCP Fin , FINWAIT1
Ack Fin ( 3.18
). Ack Fin FINWAIT2
. FINWAIT2
- Fin .
Fin Ack
25

3.
TIMEWAIT. Ack
.
TCP .
TCP .
.
Active Open . Syn ,
SYNRCVD. Syn
ESTABLISHED. .
Close Fin
( 3.18
). TCP
. Close , TCP
Fin . ,
(TCB1).

TIMEWAIT
2MSL2.
. .
TCP IP TTL
IP 3. 2MSL
: TCP
Ack TIMEWAIT
MSL. TCP
Ack (

Fin ).
2MSL 4
5 TCP 2MSL . 2MSL
6.
2MSL
( 2MSL )
.

Transmission Control Block

Maximum Segment Lifetime - .
3 TTL (Time To Live) IP
IP (. ).
4 (socket) IP , , IP , .
5
2MSL .
6 .
1
2

26


2MSL
1 .
3.18
TIMEWAIT .
TIMEWAIT .

.
.
. .

.
2MSL. 1 4
2.
TIME-WAIT

IP 3.
4
2MLS
IP
.
2MLS.
2MLS?
MLS IP
2MLS.

.

.
RFC793 je TCP
MLS .
.
FINWAIT2
FINWAIT2 Fin . Ao

().
.
2 [] 0,5, 1 2 .
3 RFC1185 .
4 Quite Time
1

27

3.
EOF1 (Close)
Fin.
FINWAIT2 TIMEWAIT.
.
CLOSEWAIT ,
.

FINWAIT2 :
a , ,
.
10min 75sec, TCP CLOSED.
.

TCP RST2 ( 3.7). Reset
.
Reset
. UDP
ICM . TCP
Reset.

Fin
. () .
Fin e o
( ) .
.
Reset Fin .
3. :

Reset .

API4
.

End Of File
Reset
3 Abortive release
4 APplication Interface
1
2

28


TCP (
) .
1 .

.

()
.
Telnet ,
.

. , ,
Telnet
2.

, ,
Active Open. Sin .
.
3.

1 .
.
2 TCP TCP keepalive".
3 Simultaneous Open

29

3.

Active Open,

Syn (SN=X)

Syn (SN=Y)

Syn (SN=Y, AN=X+1)

Active Open,

SYNRCVD

SYNRCVD

ESTABLISHED

(SN=X, AN=Y+1)

ESTABLISHED

3.19 e
2 6000
Active Open 8000 1.
1 8000 Active Open
6000 2.
Telnet 1 Telnet
2 Telnet 2 Telnet 1.
Telnet Passive Open Active
Open. Telnet ()
Telnet .
TCP .
.
OSI
.
a 3.18.
:

30

Syn SYNSENT ,

Syn SYNRCVD,

Syn Syn
(Syn_Ack),

Syn ESTABLISHED.

( )
Fin .
a TCP
.
e Close ( 3.18) TCP
ESTABLISHED FINWAIT1 Fin .
Fin FINWAIT1
CLOSING Ack . TCP
Ack TIMEWAIT ( 3.20).

a .
K

Active Close,

CLOSING

TIME WAIT

Fin

Ack

Fin

Ack

Active Close,

CLOSING

TIME WAIT

3.19 e

31

3.

3.

3.6
TCP TCP
.
(). :

1,

2,

3,

4,

5.

CP
6 7.
TCP
. TCP

( 3.5). ()
. :

8
(9),

Send Policy
Deliver Policy
3 Accept Policy
4 Retransmit Policy
5 Acknowledge Policy
6 .
7 PSH 1.
8 (data, payload) .
, . .
9 verhead
1
2

32


CP
, :

.

. ,
,
,
TCP
.

TCP
.
. TCP :

1
,

2
.

( SN=1, SN=201, SN=401...) .
.
( , 201
401). TCP
. TCP
.

.
TCP .
,
, . :
. .

.

1
2

In-order
In-window

33

3.
TCP
. 1
TCP . :
2.
. (Ack )

.

.
3. .

.

.
4.
. ,

. ,
.
( )
,
.
.
,
.
, .
, -
.
()
. :

.
,
;

1
.
2 First only
3 Batch
4 Individual

34



, .

1
() :
. ( Ack)
(AN).
. TCP
.
.
2.
( 3.1).
Ack
.
TCP
.
, Ack .
. TCP
(Ack).
, ,
TCP .
. je

(RTT3).
3.7 a
TCP :
TCP 4
FTP, SMTP .
TCP Telnet , XWindows, Rlogin .
90%
TCP
( 512 ). 10% TCP

,
.
2 . piggy back.
3 Round Trip Time
4 Bulk
1

35

3.

1.
Telnet .
TCP
, 21 2 IP . IP
IP 41 3.
40 . , , TCP
.
40 . ,
() 41 .
162 .
.

1 . Telnet, Rlogin 10
[Stivenson].
2 1 ( 3.20) TCP 20 .
3 IP 20 . () TCP
20+21=41. 4000%.

36

()

3.20
1
2. :
, ,
. TCP

. .
.
3 4 .
16ms
: , 5.
60

Nagle
RFC896 1984. .
3 WAN (Wide Area Network)
4 Tiny
5 [Stivenson]
1
2

37

3.
.
1.

.
.
X-Windows ( )
.
() .
3.7
2 TCP
3 ( 3.1).
4.
5.
.
6 2048, 40967, 8192 16384
.
.
4096 (
) . 40%
() 16384 8.

PUSH TCP
.
TCP
.
.
TCP .

.

.
Bulk data flow
3 Sliding Window
4
5 (Stop and Wait) 11. [1].
TFTP (Trivial File Transport Protocol).
6 (dvertised widow size) [Stivenson]
7 (default) .
8 [Papadopulos, Parulkar]
1
2

38


PUSH
.
TCP TCP
PSH .
PSH=1.
TCP PUSH
TCP
. TCP
PUSH
.
PSH .
TCP PSH .
PSH
. PSH
( ).

TCP 1
.
.
TCP
( 3.7). URG 1
(), TCP
.
TCP
.
.
TCP .
.
TCP ( URG TCP
1) .
.
?
Telnet Rlogin
. FTP
.
Telnet Rlogin
TCP ( 0).
, TCP
1

Urgent mode

39

3.

. TCP ,
,
.

?
.

.
. Telnet
255.


. ()
.
.
.
1 .
, .
. 2
TCP .
3 TCP
. :

.
oj TCP : 4.

5 .
(Ack )
. (
3..21). .
.
.
.
: 1024, 2048 4096

().
[Jaobson 1988]
3 Slow start
4 Congestion window
5 .
1
2

40


8192 4096
.
cwnd = 1

cwnd = 2

cwnd = 3
cwnd = 4

cwnd = 5
cwnd = 6
cwnd = 7
cwnd = 8

cwnd = 9
cwnd =10
cwnd =11
cwnd =12

legenda :

cwnd =13

an - paket potvrde

cwnd =14

sn - paket podataka

cwnd =16

cwnd - prozor
zaguenja

cwnd =17

41

3.
3.21
?
.
: (
) ( ).
8k , 4k
, 4k. 8k
32k 8k.
:

1.

,
.
3.22 .
.
1, 2, 3 . A1, A2, A3 .

Congestion avoidance

42


sender

t=0

t=4

receiver
1

t=1

Comment [A2]: Page: 1

20.8 287
e-book 109 .
247 TCPIP tutorial. pdf

t=5
1
1

t=2

t=6
1
1

t=3

receiver

t=7

sender

sender

t=8

t = 12

receiver

receiver
2

sender

t=9
3

t = 13
2

receiver
2

t = 10

t = 14
3

2
2

t = 11

receiver
3

t = 15

sender

Comment [A1]: Page: 1

20.8 287
e-book 109 .
247 TCPIP tutorial. pdf

3.22 t=0 t=15

t=0 TCP .
( ) TCP
.
t=1, t=2 t=3 . t=4
A1. t=5, t=6 t=7 A1
.
RTT= 8 .
43

3.

IP TCP . .
( ).
:

(). ,

(
). .

() ,
.
. (.
Gb/s) .
Ack (A1) (
3.22 2 3). t=8 t=9 .
t=12 t=13 Ack
.
TCP .
(Ack )
Ack 1.
3.23 16 .
(Ack )
( 4, 5, 6 7) t=16 t=19.
t=23. Ack
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
t=24 t= 31.
t=31 ,
.
().
.

Ack . .

. Ack .

44

sender

t = 16

t = 20

receiver

sender

sender

t = 17

t = 21

receiver

receiver

sender

sender

t = 18

t = 19
5

sender
sender

sender

sender

t = 28
12

11

10

13

11

12

sender

14

receiver
9

receiver
receiver

10

receiver
receiver

t = 30
13
8

10

t = 29

11

10

t = 27
sender

receiver
4

t = 26
sender

receiver

t = 25

sender

t = 23

receiver
6

t = 24

receiver

sender

sender

t = 22
5

sender

receiver

12
9

11

receiver
receiver

10

t = 31
sender
sender

15
8

14
9

12

13
10

11

receiver
receiver

3.23 t=16 t=31

?

45

3.
.
.
() .
[ ] = [b/s] RTT[s]

(3.1)

RTT
. T1 1 -
RTT 60ms 2 11580 .
3 .
- T3 4 337500
5 (
). 3.3
TCP .
6
. 3.24 RTT
.

3.24 RTT "

1,544 Mb/s. 1,536 Mb/s

( 193 ) .
2 [Stivenson]
3 3.6.14, .
4 45 Mb/s 44,736 Mb/s. 44,210 Mb/s.
5 65 535
6 (pipe).
.
1

46


3.25
(. ).

3.25
3.25 ,

. .
.
3.8 TCP

. .
.
, TCP .
( .
) . TCP
.
.
.
.

. .
. TCP
.

47

3.
3.26 1.
() ( 3.26).
, . 3.26
() , , .
( ).

3.26
:
.

TCP Ack .
Ack ( ).
2 3.27 .
. ()
.

. , , ()
.
.
() 3. Pb
() .

. Pr =
Pb. Ack

[Tanenbaum]
[Jabson]
3 .
1
2

48


Ar = Pr. Pb
Ack
Ab = Ar As = Ar.

Pb

b
r

3.27 TCP : )
)

Ack .
. TCP
49

3.
.
TCP .
TCP
().
.
3.27 .
, . Ack
() .
3.27 :
.
.
(
Ack ) .
( 3.28). 3.28
TCP 100 Mb/s.
1 2Mb/s .
TCP
.

3.28 TCP
,
, .
. ,
.
IP .
TCP .
TCP TCP
. TCP
.
.
, ,
50


.
.
TCP

() . RFC793
, ,
TCP . 3.4 .

RFC 1122

TCP Tahoe

TCP Reno

RTT 1

RTO2

4
5

3.4 TCP

3.4 TCP .
TCP .
RFC1122
UNIX .
3.4 :
7 8

RTT variance estimation

Exponential RTO backoff
3 Karn's algorithm
4 Dinamic window sizing
5 Fast retransmit
6 Fast recovery
7 Retransmit timer management
8 Window management
1
2

51

3.

3.

3.

3.9
TCP .
.
. TCP
( 2.4).
.
( ) ( ).

, .
( ).
TCP :

, ,

2MSL TIME-WAIT.

?
.
( )
,
3.29.
. .

52

3.29 TCP
TCP 3.29.
.
(1)
.
(2) , ,
.
1 ?

.
. 1988. .

( ),

(RTT). TCP
,
. 2
:

RTT.

RTO .

1 ICMP port unreachable TFTP UDP

- 5sec .
2 RFC258.

53

3.

RTT
TCP RTT
.
RTT :

TCP
. RTT ,
R.
1 :
R R + (1- )M

(3.2)

0,8 0,9.
RTT . 2
R , 3 M .
R, RTT,
4 RTO5
:
RTO = R

(3.3)

=2. RTT
RTO.
=2 .
.
RTO ()
RTT
RTO .
(
). .
RTT:
Err = M A

RFC793.
80% 90% .
3 20% 10% .
4 RFC793.
5 Retransmission TimeOut value.
1
2

54

(3.4)


A A + g Err

(3.5)

D D + h ( Err D)

(3.6)

RTO = A + 4D

(3.7)

RTT ( ) D
. Err
RTT. D RTO
. g 0,125 (1/8).
h 0,25 (1/4).
h RTT
1 RTO.
je
o2 (4 2).
RTO RTT
, RTT.
,
. 4 .
4 RTO
. ,
1%
.

RTT
.
.
RTT. , - ,
, TCP/IP - .
, - , 50%
. :
TCP/IP . :

RTT ,

(RTO)
( 3.3),
.

RTO

1988. . (3.7) 2
1990. . 4. 4.
2 =1g

55

3.
RTO,
, TCP .
RFC793
RTO.
.
: TCP
.
.
.
( RFC793) RTO
.
. :
RTO kRTO

(3.8)

RTO
. k 2.
k . CSMA/CD
.

, ,
TCP .
.
. .
()
( 1%).
.
: Ack .

.
.
.

: (cwnd1) (sstresh2).
:

1
2

cwnd
sstresh 65535 (62k);

Congestion window
Slow start treshold size

56

TCP
(. TCP
).

.
;
( 3.6);

( Ack
) ( cwnd
, ) sstresh.
cwnd (.
);

cwnd,

.

cwnd sstresh ;
.

( 2).
.
cwnd
Ack .
: , , .
cwnd 1 Ack
RTT.
. cwnd
RTT
.
. 1
:
cwnd MSS*MSS/cwnd

(3.9)

Ack (
).
(cwnd) RTT.
SS 1460 , 14600
10 RTT. Ack 2
1/10 SS. 10
1 .
1
2

RFC2581.
Ack .

57

3.
cwnd (Ack )
RTT .
3.30 . 3.21.

.
3.30. sstresh 8. TCP
()
. sstresh cwnd .

58


Host A

cwnd = 1

Host B

cwnd = 2

cwnd = 3
cwnd = 4

cwnd = 5
cwnd = 6
cwnd = 7
cwnd = 8

cwnd =9

legenda :
cwnd - prozor
zagusenja

cwnd =10

3.30

59

3.
3.31.
1024 .
64k. ( 3.31) sstresh
8k, 1k 0.
sstresh 8k.
.

3.31
8. . sstresh
( 12k, sstresh 6k).
. 12. ( sstresh),
,
.

.

1 .

TCP ICMP SOURCE QUENCH

.

60



TCP

. o 1990. .
TCP
( Ack a)
( ). TCP Ack
).
( )
.
TCP Ack a

.
Ack a .
Ack .
TCP Ack a
Ack .

. ().

61

3.

3.32
3.32 . 1
200 . 1201 ,
1 RTO ,
2 . 2 1001 (
SN=1001 SN=1200) Ack ( AN=1201).
1401 ( SN=1401 SN=1600).
2 Ack (AN=1201)
62


1201. 1
Ack (AN=1201)
1201. 1 1201 (
SN=1201 SN=1400) .

TCP ,
(. )
.

( 3.30 3.31). . Ack
TCP .
Ack
. TCP
.
: , (cwnd)
, .

:
1. Ack , sstresh
(cwnd)
.
.
cwnd sstresh .

.
2. Ack a, cwnd
.
. , ,
cwnd.
3. Ack a, , cwnd a
sstresh ( 1. ).
1. , RTT . ,
Ack
Ack .

.
e

TCP .

63

3.
TCP
:
cwnd1,2 /p1/2
RFC3649
.
TCP :

1500 ,

RTT 100ms

10Gb/s.

TCP
83333 .
5*109
2*10-10
2*10-14. .
TCP
.
1
k TCP
R b/s.

UDP .
R/k.
.
2
TCP
.
. 0?
0.
3.6. W 0
. TCP
W 0 . :

1
2

W0;

W0
.

Fairness
Persist timer

64



. TCP
(W0).
1.
. 60sec
, .
2
TCP
(SWS3).
TCP ,
.
3.33 , TCP
(. ).
, TCP .
TCP ( )
. .
, ,
. .

Window probes
Silly window syndrome - SWS
3 (Clark )1982.
1
2

65

3.

.3.33 1

.
.
.
TCP .
TCP
. .
.
2
TCP
TCP .
TCP ,
TCP . (.
)

.
( )

.
(BGP3) 30 sec.
BGP TCP
.
-
. ,
, . TCP
. :

.
-
Telnet .
, .

Silly window syndrome

Keepalive timer
3 Borderr Gateway Protocol
1
2

66


.
.
3.10 TCP
TCP : 1200b/s
100Mb/s . TCP
T3, E3, FDDI
.
TCP
.
Comment [v1]:
19.25 17.8.2007

(MTU1).
.

( ).
2 .
.
.
RFC11913 je 4
MTU .
MTU CP : CP
MTU MSS
. MTU CP
. MSS
536.
IP ()
TCP DF 1.
IP DF=1 ICMP 5
.
() ,
MTU ( MTU
). RFC1191 10
.

Maximum Transfer Unit -

Path MTU
3 [Moguel and Deering 1990]
4 Path MTU discovery mechanism
5 ICMP .
1
2

67

3.
() :
= b/s * RTTsec
.
3.5.
()
.

[]

RTT1

[b/s]

[b/s]

IEEE802.3

10000000

3750

T1 ,

1544000

60

11580

T1

1544000

500

96500

T3

45000000

60

337500

1 00000 0000

3.5

(LFN2). TCP
3. 3.24 3.25
( RTT) ( )
. .
:
TCP 16- TCP
TCP 216 = 65535 .
3.6.5
4.
.

Round Trip Time

Long Fat Networks - . elefan(t)s.
3 Long fat pipe - .
4 TCP
.
1
2

68


, , ()
.
().
(SACK) je RFC10721
. RFC1323
.
TCP RTT
.
RTT .
TCP 32
. , ,

? TTL IP
- 255 255sec.
3.5 (MSL)
IP .
TCP .

4294967296 . TCP
N
? N
( ) MLS.
60
.

. 3 , 45b/s
12 , 1Gb/s
34 .
.


Comment [N2]: 275

[Jacobson and Braden]

69

4.

. ,
.
:

4.1.
:

. - ,

.
H1 .
H2
F . .
: , , ()
:

()
(), - ,

() ,
,

e .

1 .

Store and Forward

127

4.1.

/ .
:

,
,

()
.

,
.
1
2 .

() () .

1
2

onnectionless
onnection-oriented

128


.
( ) .

.
.
.
( )
. 100
.
1 .
.
ATM 2 .
ATM
.
.
, .
,
() .
. 3 ( )
4 .
,
. 5
. e
6 .

-
( 4.2). P1 ( 1) P2 (
2).
P2. 1 (H1)
. 7
8 .

Quality of Service
synchronous Transfer Mode
3 Datagram
4 Datagram subnet
5 Virtual circuit
6 Virtual circuit subnet
7 OSI .
8 .
1
2

129


,

- , . PPP 1 .
.
.
. ( 4.2)
: B C.
, .
a A .
() 1, 2 3
( ).
C, . 1
F. F 1
2 H2.
2 3 .

4.2. ()
4 , B
.
4
.
1
2

Point-to-Point Protocol
( IEEE802.3) .

130


ACE.
4.2 .
a
. .

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131

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132


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133

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1

134


IP .
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e LAN1, . LLC MAC

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t8

e WAN .

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:

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B.

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135

4.5. :IP
. -
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IP - B .
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MAC R1. ,
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.

136


3. . 1
.

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,
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137



.

. ,
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.
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. ( TCP)
2 .
.

4 IPv4.
IP RFC 791, 950, 919 922, 2474.
IPv4 3 6 (IPv6). IP
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. IP :

IP ,

IP 5 ( 4.7) . :

- Send IP
.

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3 5 - IPv5 .
4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5 OSI .
1
2

138

4.7. IP Send Deliver

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139


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140

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141


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142


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.

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4 (. IP ). 5 () -
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.
2 Service Access Point
3 2.
4 RFC 1166.
5 Network number RFC 1166.
() - NetID (Network Identification).
6 Host number RFC 1166.
() - HostID (Host Identification).
1

143


IP ()
1 :

ARIN 2 IP
.

RIPE 3 IP
, .

APNIC 4 IP
.

, 32- ,
. 4 010
25510. IP 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255. 128.2.7.9 IP
128.2 7.9 . IP
.
IP :
10000000 00000010 00000111 00001001
IP IP
( ). IP
IP .
5
IP .
IP .

IP
IP . (. 1, 2, 3,...)
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. IP

.

( IP DNS ) NIC.
1993. . InterNIC DDN (Defense Data Network) rs.internic.net.
2 American Registry for Internet Number.
3 Reseaux IP Europeens.
4 Asia Pacific Network Information Centre.
5 Multi-homed
1

144

4.10. IP
4.10 :

7 24 ().
27 2 (126) .
224 2 (16777214) ,

0. 0. 0. 0 127. 255. 255. 255,

B:

14 16
(). 216 2 (16382) .
224 2 (65534) ,

B 128. 0. 0. 0 191. 255. 255. 255,

C:

21 8 ().
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28 2 (254) ,

C 192. 0. 0. 0 223. 255. 255. 255,

145

D:

(
D ,

224. 0. 0. 0 239. 255. 255. 255.

240. 0. 0. 0 247. 255. 255. 255.

IP
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1 :

0:

.
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1 ;

1:

. 128.2.255.255
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2 :

127.0.0.1 .
.

1
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146

4.11. IP
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.

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1
2

147


( IP )
: .
B (): 224-2 (), 2162 (B). .
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,
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4.12.

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3 SubbnetID
4 HostID
1
2

148


. IP .
IP
.
.

4.13.
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( RI) B
140.25..
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255.255.255.0. , 140.25.2.1
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255.255.255.0. 250 IP .
.

149


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.
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16

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8

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8

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10
A
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6 o
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4.14. B 8 10
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150

IP 140.25.1.5
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.
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RI
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1: IP 142.25.1.1 ( B)
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).

16
140
25
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8
1
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8
5
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8
1
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255.255.255.0
B

140

25

16
140
25
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140

25

4.15. B
2: 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.91.

(AND)

11000000
11111111

10101000
11111111

00000001
11111111

01000001
11100000

151

11000000

10101000

00000001

01000000

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00000001
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01011011
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11000000

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() .
3: 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.97.

(AND)

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11000000

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00000001

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() .
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. a
. VLS
.
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. VLS.
.
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:

1 50 ,

2 50 ,

3 50 ,

4 30 ,

Variable Length Subnetting

152

5 30 .

.
(22)
62 (26 2) 8 (23) 30 (25 2) .
.
:

255.255.255.192 62
,

30
255.255.255.224.

62 30 .
.

IP
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.

2 .
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2

153

4.16.

() .
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4.17 . D
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129.7.0.0
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154

E
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B
B

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4.17.

D 128.15.0.0
. D 129.7.0.0 128.10.0.0
D
.
4.18.
IP = IP

IP

IP
IP

4.18.

4.19.
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=
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IP

155

IP
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4.19.
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19 .
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IP - proxy ARP.
Source routing

156


.
.
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e
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4.20
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.
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)
6 .

( 128.2.255.255).

Unicast addresss

.
Broadcast addresss
4 Multicast addresss
5 Anycast
6 BOOTP forwarding (). BOOTP
255.255.255.255 .
.
2
3

157


.
1 .

-


() .

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(. 128.2.255.255)
()
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.

4.20. IP
.
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.
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.
ARP . ARP .
Reverse path forwarding
. RFC 922 .
3 Host group
1
2

158


.
.
IP .
FTP . FTP
. FTP
.
.
.
IP
IP
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je .
.
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10.0.0.0 ,

172.16.0.0 172.31.0.0 - 16 ,

192.168.0.0 192.168.255.0 - 256

.

. (
).
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:
. 3000
. 16
.
IP - CIDR
. 3 RFC
1518, 1519, 1467.
CIDR IP
.
RFC 1918 Address Allocation for Private Internets.
CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Routing) - IP
.
3 Supernetting
1
2

159


() 16 16

. 8
1
8 IP
.
:
1. IP e
;
2.
32- IP 32- ;
3. 32 .
CIDR 32-u IP 32-
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>.
:
<192.32.136.0 255.255.248.0>

192.32.136.0 192.32.143.0. 4.21.
192.32.136.0
255.255.248.0

(AND)

11000000
11111111

00100000
11111111

10001000
11111000

00000000
00000000

192.32.136
IP

11000000

00100000

10001000

00000000

192.32.143.0
255.255.248.0

(AND)

11000000
11111111

00101000
11111111

10001111
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00000000
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192.32.136
IP

11000000

00101000

10001000

01000000

4.21. CIDR

160


IP IP
() : .
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20

4.22.
1 .
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4.22. IPv4

1
2

( 4 ) .
,
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IHL 2 ( 4 )
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4- 15. 60
40 . ,
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161

1 ( 8 ):
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1
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4
5

7
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3
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4 :
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9 0001 ,
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5 ( 16 ) :
. 65 535 .

;

6 ( 16 )
.
;

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Congestion Notification - )
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2 MBZ - Must Be Zero ( ) -
3 Precedence
4 TOS - Type Of Service
5 Total Length
6 Identification
1

162

() ( 3 ): a
( 4.24):
0
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1
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2
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0;

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.
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MF 3 :
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4 ( 13 )
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.
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3 More Fragments -
4 Fragment Offset
5 Time To Live
6 Hop metric
1
2

163

1 ( 8 )
. 4.2.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
17
41
50
41
51
89

ICMP
IGMP
GGP (Gateway to Gateway
Protocol)
IP (IP )
(Stream)
TCP
EGP (Exterior Routing Protocol)
PIRP (Private Interior
Gateway Protocol)
UDP
IPv6
IPv6 ESP (Encap Security Payload for IPv6)
IPv6
IPv6 AH (Authentication Header for
IPv6)
OSFP (Open Shortest Path First)

4.1. 2

( 16 )
.
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( 32 ) IP ;

( ) 4.25 1
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1
3

1
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Protocol Number
STD 2.
3 Type
1
2

164


4.25.
4.26.
0

fc

4.26.
:

fc 3 ( 1) (
0) ()
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.
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2, fc 0
.
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Length
Option Data
3 Flag copy
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6 Timestamp
1
2

165


9 7 " 1 .
0, fc 0
. ;
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2 . 0, fc 1
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4.2 6
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2005. 350000000 3 . IPv4
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3 ISC Internet Domain Survey,Jan 2004, http://www. isic.org
1
2

166

.
.
;

TCP/IP POS 1
IP
;

IP . IP
,
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() ( )
, CIDR
;

( )
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;

IETF 2 je 3 1992. .
.
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IPv6 IPv4 :

IPv6 40 ( 20 IPv4)
16 ( ). IPv4 ( 4.22)
4 12
. 296.
6x1023
7 . , .
30 ;

IPv6

. IPv6

Point Of Sale
Internet Engineering Task Force
3 IP Address Exhaustion Problem
4 IPng. (Recommendation for the IP Next
Generation).
5 IPv6.
6 IPv6.
7 [Hind95]
1
2

167


IPv6 .

;

: IPv6
() .
()
;

: IPv6
.
1 .

IPv6
IPv6
IPv4. IPv6 4.28.

4.28. IPv6
:

( 4 ): , 6;

DS/ECN 1 ( 8 ): DS 2 ,
2 ECN 3 ;

Real-time video

168

( 20 ):
;

( 16 ): IPv6
, . ,
TPDU 4 ;

( 8 ): IPv6
. IPv6
, TCP UDP .
IPv4 :

41- IPv6 ,

45 - 5 ,

58 -ICMP IPv6,

46 - 6 .

0 - ,

43 - IPv6 ,

44 - IPv6 ,

50 - ,

51 - IPv6 ,

59- 7 ,

60 - .

( 8 ):
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/
IPv6 .
2 Differentiated services
3xplicit congestion notification
4 TPDU (Transport Protocol Data Unit)
5 Interdomain Routing Protocol
6 Resource Reservation Protocol
7 No Next Header
1

169


.
1 ;

( 128 ): ;

( 128 ): .
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2
.

IPv6 IPv4 (40 20 )

(8 12).
.
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IPv6 4.26. IPv6
.
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3 .
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59) 4 ()
.
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5 :
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1 TTL IPv4.
IPv4 . IPv4
TTL .
2 TCP UDP IP .
3 IPv4 .
4 Next Header Field
5 Hop-by-Hop Options header

170

IPv6 2 () :
,

IPv6 3 :
,

4 : ,

5 :
.

IPv6
:
1. IPv6 ( ),
2. ,
3. -
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,
4. IPv6 ,
5. IPv6 ,
6. ,
7. ,
8. -
.

Routing header
Fragment header
3 Authentication header
4 Encapsulating Security Payload header
5 Destination Option header
1
2

171

4.27 IPv6
4.27 IPv6
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TCP . ( ) IPv6
TCP .
4.28.
4.28.
1
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(unicast) (multicast).

172


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173


IPv6 a 128 .
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4 :
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4
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174

( 8 ) ,

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175

1 1 : ()
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N: N (N 2) ()
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2 : IPv6
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3 :
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3 Router alert
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5 Maximum Transmission Unit
6 O RFC 1191 (Path MTU Discovery)
1

176

1 ( 8 ):
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7 ( 32 ):
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177


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3 : .
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3
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4
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1

178


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179

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180

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2
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1
2

181

1 .
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182

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183

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D. , . ,
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B , ,
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184

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2
3
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3 Dijkstra, Flooding
1
2

185

2 .

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4 .
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12 ms B,

25 ms C,

40 ms D, .

J :

8 ms ,

10 ms I,

12 ms H

Distance vector routing

Link state routing
3 ECHO
4 Timestamp
1
2

186

16 ms K.

J G? 8 ms,
G 18 ms. J
26 ms, G A. ,
G I, H K 41
: (31+10), 18 (6+12) 37 (31+6).
18 18 ms H
.
.
5.3.

5.3. , , I, H, K .

, (.
),

187

, .

X .
,
.
(a).
,
5 5.4, .
. ,
.

5.4 .
,
.
. B
. B A
. .
C B .
2.

188

D E .
. N ,
N .
5.4 ),
. B, C, D E 1, 2, 3 4 .
B B .
, B . , C
2. B C
. , B
C, 3. D E
.
, C
3. 4.
5.4 ).
, "" 1 .
. ""
. X Y
Z Y
.

RIP 2 . RIP

.
RIP je
. 5.5 RIP .
:

- , .
.
RIP, RIP ().
;

:
.
2 Routing Information Protocol
1

189

- 1 RIP 2
RIP-2;

5.5 RIP

. :

190

- 2 IP ;

IP - IP
.
;

- .
,
. ,
.

RIP
.
:

, 15
. RIP ;

.
( )
;

RIP RIP
.
.

ARPANET
1979. . .
:

.
56 kb/s,
.
230 kb/s 1.544 Mb/s
;

, ,
1 . .
. :

Link State Routing

191

, ,

..

, .
- 1 - .
.
. .
F, F.

. 5.6
: , C F. (
).
5.6 () ,
N, A, C F. C
NC.

5.6 (a) . () ().

.

HELLO

192

- 1 , .
- . ,
.
. ,
.

. ,
- .
, - .

5.7. .
,
.
. .
5.7, , ,
CF I.
CF .
, EI
.
EI .
CF .
, .

.
,
.

ECHO

193

. ,
.
. 5.8 ().
.
5.8 ().
.
. , .
.
: ,
.

5.8. .


.
.
, , , .
1
. ,
.

Flooding

194

.
, .
. .
.
:
.
32- .
137 .
.

. 0
.
:
65 540 4 ( ), 5 65 540
, 65 540.

.
, .
.
.
.
LSP 1 . ,
().
LSP ,
. .
, .
LSP .
2
.
B 5.8
5.9.
LSP .
, , , ()
. 1
1
2

Link State Protocol

Round Robin

195

. 1
LSP ,
C F , . , F
C F. , ,
, . , B EFB.
, C, A F.

5.9. B 5.8 ().

, .
. LSP C F
, 100011, F
.

LSP ,
, . , ,
.
.
Dijkstra
.
.

196

n , k ,
k n .
. . ,
, link state routing .
: .

, .

. .
LSP ,
.
,
:

(
);

(summarization).

(Hierarchical Routing)
, .
,

. ,
,
, .

197

()

()

()

5.10. .

,
. ,
,
.
.
, , , .
. ,
() (, ).
,
.
, , , , , , ,
, .
.
,
. .
4.10 () .
1 17 . ,
,
, , 2 1B2A, 1C-3B.
17 7 . 4.10
() 4.10 ().
,
. . 1 5 2,
5 3,
.
.
Kamoun Kleinrock (1979) N
ln N , e ln N .
, ,
.
1

Broadcast Routing

198

,
. 1 .
. ,
.

.
, .
, .
.
- :
.
2 .
. ,

( ).

. ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
sink ,
spanning . Spanning ,
. spanning ,
spanning
. ,
.
spanning .
(. link state routing), (. distance vector
routing).
,
spanning . ,
(reverse path forwarding) .
,
. ,
1

(broadcasting)

(multidestination routing)

199

, , .
. ,
, ,
.

()

()

()

4.11. . () . () Sink . ()
.
4.11. () , ()
sink , a () . , I
F, H, J N. I
. , ,
. , 8
, 5 . 6 ,
3 ; . 5 24 ,
. 14 sink .
reverse path forwarding
. spanning
. , ,
.
, .
(Multicast Routing)

200

, .
.
,
. , - . ,
, . ,
1000
, ( ;
, ). ,
, ,
.
(multicasting).
(multicast routing).
.
, , .
,
. .

. ,
.
, spanning .
. 4.12 () , 1 2.
. Spanning
4.12 ().
multicast, spanning
,
. , 4.12 () spanning 1.
, 4.12 () 2. Multicast
spanning .
spanning .
.
, . Spanning e
, ,
.
distance vector routing .
reverse path forwarding.
, multicast , PRUNE
, .
, .

201

. n , m .
, m spanning , mn
. ,
.
, , ()
(core-based ). multicast , ,

. ,
m .
4.12. () . () 1 , ()
1 2 .() 2.
3
.
- , .
;
, .

Spanning
Multicast
3 Routing for Mobile Hosts
1
2

202

,
.
4.13.
WAN, . LAN MAN c WAN ,
(wireless cells).
, , .
a . ,
. (migratory hosts) , ,
,
. Roaming (roaming hosts)
.
(mobile hosts) , . ,
.
, .
,
.

, .

4.13. WAN LAN MAN .

203

4.13, () .
, LAN (wireless cell).
(foreign agent).
. ,
(home agent),
, .
,
. :
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.

, ,
,
.
, (
). ,
.
,
.
, ,
, , .
, , . .
.
.
, .
. ,
.
tunneling. , ,
data link .
,
,

204

, , , . ,
.
Ad Hoc
a
. .
:
.
.
.

( 802.11).
,
. ad
hoc MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETworks).

, , IP
, .
. , ,
( ).
ad hoc ;
, .
ad hoc .
.
AODV (d hoc On-demand Distance Vector) (Perkins Royer,
1999). Bellman-Ford ,
,
. ,
,
.

, ad hoc (
+ ). ( ),
.
, B, B . , ,
.

205

.
, .

()
()
()
() 4.14.
() . () B D . () C, F G
. () E, H I . .
, 4.14,
I. AODV (
), ,
.
I. I.
I, ROUTE REQUEST (broadcast).
B D. B D ,
. F , .
ROUTE REQUEST 4.15.
, IP , .
(Request ID).
ROUTE REQUEST . ,
Request ID, ROUTE REQUEST
, .

4.15. ROUTE REQUEST

Request ID ,
ROUTE REQUEST ( ROUTE
REQUEST).
. (
). I (

206

), (0 ).
. ,
. 0.
ROUTE REQUEST (B D ),
:
( , ID )
. ,
. ,
, .
.
(fresh route), ROUTE REPLY
.
ROUTE REQUEST .
,
. , 3.
,
ROUTE REQUEST .
(reverse route table).
,
. 4.14
. . , .
B D I,
, 4.14, 1.
B C D. C reverse route table .
D . , broadcast D B.
F G, . , I ,
ROUTE REQUEST .
,
.
, I ROUTE REPLY ( 4.16).
, ROUTE REQUEST
, 0.
. Lifetime .
ROUTE REQUEST , G.
D . ,
.
, .
I, :

207

I.
I ROUTE RPLY
.
, .

4.16. ROUTE REPLY .

, ,
I. ROUTE REQUEST ,
(B, C, E, F ), .
, ,
. . Time to live IP

. 0, .
. , broadcast
ROUTE REQUEST Time to live 1.
, , Time to live 2.
3, 4, 5 . , ,
.

, .
. 4.14 G , I (ADGI)
. . ,
Hello . . ,
.
.
, ( N)
T .
N . N (
) ,
,

208

. D
4.17 ().
N , N
. ,
N
. ,
, .
, 4.14, G,
. 4.17 ().
D G, G
E, G I. {A,
B}. , B G ,
. D
. D ,
G I .

4.17. () D G. () G.
, AODV Bellman-Ford

. .

209

(Node Lookup in Peer-toPeer Networks)

(t. peer-to-peer
networks), ,
, . peer-topeer : 50 Napster
,
Napster . , peer-to-peer
.
peer-to-peer
. .
peer-to-peer
. , ,
, . ?
, (.
). ,

.
,
, , , ,
. ASCII , .
ASCII ,
, IP .
, .
on-line , ,
. ,
.
. ,
, .
.
, , ,
, ?
. Chord
.
. Chord n , ,
. IP ,
m- . Chord
SHA-1 .

210

160- . , IP 160- ,
.
: 2160
. , .
4.18 m=5. , 1, 4,
7, 12, 15, 20 27 ;
.
successor(k)
k . . successor(6)=7, successor(8)=12,
successor(16)=20.
( , , .)
. (key). , (ASCII )
, key=hash(name).
, IP .
successor(hash(name)) . (
) , .
,
successor(key) IP .
IP ,
. IP
. . 4 7, 7 12.
, ( )
, IP .
,
.
, , , IP
.
, IP
, ,
. . 7 10
, 3.
,
peer-to-peer , (
) o n/2. ,
. finger table ( ). m ,
0 m-1, .

211

: IP (successor(start)).
i k :
start = k + 2i
IP successor(start[i])
, k .
k successor(k), k
. ,
. IP
, .
.
log 2 n .
. 14,
1. 14 1 4, .
14- 9, IP
9, IP 12. 12 14
, 15, IP 1

()
()
4.18. () 32 .
() .

212

.
. , r, ,
successor(r) IP
. , IP
. , .
. 24 ,
successor(24), 27. 27 , 20.
, . 20 24 , 27
24 . , 27 21-24,
24. , 24 .
, . ,
,
successor. , .
,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
s , s-1
.
Chord
, .

.
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.

213

6.

( , ..)
. :

,
,

.

.

. ,
,
.
/
.
, .

:

,
,
.,
.

.

(. , ..).

214

 SNMP

.
.
SNMPv1
SNMP 1
TCP/IP .
.

. ( 6.1)
:
2 ( - ),
3 ,
e 4
5 ,
6 ,
7 .
NMS

NMS

NMA

NMA

SNMP

SNMP

SNMP

SNMP

MA

MA

MA

MA

MIB

MIB

MIB

MIB

NE

NE

NE

NE

6.1
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
NMS - Network Management Station
3 NMA - Network Management Application
4 NE - Network Element
5 MA - Management Agent
6 MIB - Management Information Base
7 Network Managemnt Protocol
1
2

215

.
ICMP ;
.
;

TTL IP 64.

,
. . :

,
.,
,

,

.

SNMP .
1 .
, ,
-.
,
.
, .
.
MIB. MIB
.
(
).
MIB .

.

nagement agent

216

Comment [A1]: .

 SNMP

.
TCP/IP
SNMP.
SNMPv2 TCP/IP OSI
. :

(Get) -
,
(Set) -
,
(Notify)-
.

,
; ,
1 .
MIB - .
,
.
.
. , ,
( 6.2).

Backup

217

6.2.

1 2 .
. ,
3 .
.
-
.
.

1
SNMP CP/IP .
UDP . 6.3 SNMPv1
.

Top Level
Management servers
3 Intermediate manager
1
2

218

 SNMP

6.3. SNMPv1
,
MIB
. SNMP
, UDP, IP
, 2 3 .
SNMP, UDP IP. ,
- SNMP MIB .
FTP, TCP UDP .
6.3, .
.
6.4 SNMP .
SNMP :

(Get Request),
(GetNextRequest)
(SetRequest).

Network Management Protocol Arhitetcture

Asyncronous Transfer Mode
3 Frame realay
1
2

219

6.4. SNMPv1 a
(Get).
(GetResponse),
. , (Traps 1 )
MIB . UDP
161 - UDP 162.
SNMP UDP
SNMP .
.
SNMPv2
1988. ., a je SNMP
.
SNMP
, , SNMP
SNMP
. SNMP
1

220

 SNMP

.
MIB -
.
MIB -.
SNMP.
. MIB
,
.
SNMP .
. SNMPv2

. SNMPv2
. ,
, , .
. SNMPv2 . 6.5
.

6.5. SNMPv2

221


SNMPv2 .
1
(MIB). SNMPv2
SMI 2 .
.
MIB 3
. e MIB .
.

. .

.
. SNMPv2

. , ,
.
. MIB .
.

, ,
.
SNMPv2
/. SNMPv2
UDP TCP/IP . SNMPv2
/, .

SMI
MIB. SMI
MIB
. SMI
Player
Structure of management information
3 MIB .
.

MIB. SNMPv2 MIB- MIB
SNMPv1.
1
2

222

 SNMP

MIB . , MIB
: ().
SMI
.
OSI
. SMI

. MIB

() .
SMI . SMI
. SMI
. , SMI

.
6.1 SMI .
. , . ,
.

INTEGER
Uinteger32
Counter32
Counter64
Gauge32

TimTicks

OCTET STRING
IPAddress
PhysAddress
Opaque
BIT STRING

231 231 1.
0 232 1.
232.
264.
,
.
232 1. MIB tcpCurrEstab :
TCP ESTABLISHED
CLOSE_WAIT.
232.
sysUpTime
.
;
255 .
OCTET STRING 4, .
OCTET STRING (. 6
).
.
.

223


OBJECT IDENTIFIER

. (
) .
128 .

6.1 SNMPv2

.
() DNS .
. 6.6
SNMP . MIB
1.3.6.1.2.1

224

 SNMP

CCITT (0)

ISO (1)

CCITT - ISO (2)

org (3)

dod (6)

internet (1)

directory (1)

system (1) interface (1)

1.3.1.6

mgmt (2)

experimental (3)

mib (1)

1.3.1.6.1

act (3)

ip (4)

icmp (5)

private (4)

enterprises (1)

tcp (6)

udp (7)

SMI

6.6 MIB
6.6 MIB
: iso.org.dod.inernet.private.enterprise (1.3.6.1.4.1).
MIB . 400
RFC .

225


MIB
MIB
() u
.
MIB-II RFC1213.
6.6 MIB : system,
interfaces, at 1 , ip . UDP. O
promenqivih .

mib (1)

directory (1)

udp (7)

1.3.1.6.1.2.1.7

mgmt (2)

experimental (3)

udTable (4)

udpEntry (1)

udpLocalAddress (1)

udpLocalPort (1)

6.7 IP
. 6.2
.

udpInDatagram

Counter

udpNoPorts

Counter

Address translation

226

R/W

UDP

UDP

 SNMP

udpInErrors

Counter

udpOutDatagram

Counter

UDP
" i
" .
UDP .
UDP

6.2. udp
"R/W" 1
(*) a 2 .
INTEGER (. 6.3)
. udpTable 6.3.
UDP , = <udpLocalAddress>. <udpLocalPort>

R/W

udpInDatagram IpAddress
.
0.0.0.0
.
udpLocalPort
0...655351

6.3 udTable

3 6.2. 4
MIB .
6.8 UDP . UDP
(udpInDatagram) IP
(UDP)
(udpInErrors)
(udpNoPorts). UDP IP
(udpOutDatagram)
.

Read-only
Read - Write
3 Counter
4
[Case & Partridge 1989]
2

227

UdpInDatagrams
UdpNoPorts
UdpInErrors

UdpOutDatagrams

IP

6.8. UDP

MIB SNMP
, . ""
. SNMP .
6.7 "" 6.8.
"": mib, udp, udpTable udpEntry.

"0" .
udpInDatagram 6.2 1.3.6.2.1.7.1
1.3.6.2.1.7.1.0. :
iso.org.internet.mgmt.mib.udp.udpInDatagrams.0
udpInDatagrams.0
SNMP
1.3.6.2.1.7.1.0.

.
( 6.7).

228

 SNMP

MIB .
MIB
udplocalaAddres IP address udpLocalPort (
6.3). UDP
: IP 0.0.0.0 67, 0.0.0.0 161
0.0.0.0 520 ( 6.4).

SNMPv2 . ,
.

PDU 1 .
. J PDU SNMP
. 6.8.
PDU. - 2
.
.
PDU
(UDP). - 3
; PDU,
.

-
0
0
PDU 4

) J PDU: GetRequest 5 , GetNextRequest 6 , SetRequest 7 , SNMPv2-Trap 8 ,

InformRequest 9
PDU

) Response 10 -PDU

rotocol data unit

Request-id
3 Variable-bindings
4 PDU type
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2

229


PDU

) GetBulkRequest-PDU
1

***

) -
6.8. PDU SNMPv2
GetRequest PDU
.
Response. Variablebindings .
MIB, Variablebindings. SNMPv2 GetRequest,
SNMPv1. SNMPv1
GetRequest-PDU
: (noSuchName). ,


.
GetNextRequest PDU
. variable-bindings ,
, .
.
GetRequest PDU,
. GetNextRequest PDU
MIB.
MIB.
SNMPv2 GetBulkRequest
PDU. PDU
.
GetBulkRequest PDU SNMPv2
.
SetRequest PDU
. SNMPv2
Response PDU .
1
2

Non-repeaters
Max-repetitions

230

 SNMP

SetRequest .

variables-bindings Response PDU
.

.
- .
SNMPv2-rap PDU SNMPv2
.
() .
rap . SNMPv2-trap-PDU
GetRequest , GetNextRequest, GetBulkRequest,
SerRequest InformRequest PDU .
InformRequest PDU SNMPv2
SNMPv2
.
SNMPv2-trap PDU,
. InformRequest
Response PDU.
SNMPv2-trap InformRequest
;
.

SNMPv3
SNMP
SNMPv2. SNMPv1 SNMPv2
SNMPv3 1998. .
RFC2570 RFC2575.
SNMPv3
. SNMPv2.
SNMPv3 : ,
. USM 1 ,
VAC 2 .

1
2

User-Based Security
View-Based Access Control

231


1 . 2
, .
USM
.

.
SNMP .
, ,
.
USM .

SNMP .
USM.
.
,
.
.
HMAC,
.
USM
. , .
,
DES 3 .
DES
DES .

MIB
.
MIB :

MIB. ,
,
;

Identity
Principal
3 Data Encryption Standard
1
2

232

 SNMP

MIB.
1 o
MIB .
,

.

Read-only

233