Cont e nt s

Pr e f ac e
Di a g r a mma t i c s y mbo l s
Abbrevi at i ons and t e r ms us e d i n t hi s book
1 The bas i c s o f s t e a m generat i on and us e
1.l Why an understanding of steam is needed
1.2 Boiling: the change of state from water to steam
1.3 The nature ofsteam
1.4 Thermal efficiency
1.5 The gas turbine and co mbined-cycle plants
1.6 Summary
2 The s t e a m and wa t e r ci rcui t s
2.1 Steam generation and use
2.2 The steam turbine
2.3 The condensate and feed-water system
2.4 The feed pumps and valves
2.5 The water and steam circuits of HRSG plant
2.6 Summary
3 The f uel , ai r and f l ue- gas ci rcui t s
3.1 The furnace
3.2 The air and gas circuits
3.3 Fuel systems
3.4 Igniter systems
3.5 Burner-management systems
3.6 Gas turbines in combined-cycle applications
3.7 Summary
4 Set t i ng t he de ma nd f or t he s t e a m generat or
4.1 Nature ofthe demand
i x
o
x n l
x v
1
1
2
4
9
lO
12
13
13
15
17
21
21
23
25
25
27
35
44
45
46
46
49
49
vi Contents
4.2 Setting the demand in power-station applications
4.3 The mast er demand in a power-station appl i cat i on
4.4 Load demand in combi ned heat and power plants
4.5 Waste-to-energy plants
4.6 Summar y
5 Combust i on and draught control
5.1 The principles of combust i on control
5.2 Worki ng with mul t i pl e fuels
5.3 The cont r ol of coal mi l l s
5.4 Dr aught control
5.5 Binary control of the combust i on system
5.6 Summar y
6 Feed-water control and i nst rument at i on
6.1 The principles of feed-water control
6.2 One, two and t hree-el ement control
6.3 Measuri ng and displaying the dr um level
6.4 The mechani sms used for feed-water control
6.5 Pumps
6.6 De-aerat or control
6.7 Summar y
7 St eam- t emperat ure control
7.1 Why st eam-t emperat ure control is needed
7.2 The spray-water at t emper at or
7.3 Temper at ur e control with tilting burners
7.4 Controlling the t emper at ur e of reheat ed steam
7.5 Gas recycling
7.6 Summar y
8 Control equi pment practi ce
8.1 A typical DCS configuration
8.2 Int erconnect i ons between t hesyst ems
8.3 Equi pment selection and envi ronment
8.4 Mechani cal factors and ergonomics
8.5 Electrical act uat ors
8.6 Hydraul i c act uat ors
8.7 Cabl i ng
8.8 El ect romagnet i c compat i bi l i t y
8.9 Reliability of Systems
8.10 Summar y
50
53
59
60
61
63
64
79
81
91
95
100
103
103
103
112
121
127
131
134
135
135
136
150
151
152
152
153
153
157
158
159
168
168
169
169
172
180
Contents vii
9 Re qui r e me nt s def'mition and e qui pme nt nome nc l at ur e
9.1 Overview
9.2 Defining the requirements
9.3 The KKS equipment identification system
9.4 Summary
10 Upgradi ng and r e f ur bi s hi ng s y s t e ms
10.1 The reasons behind the changes
10.2 Living with change
10.3 Making the decision to change
10.4 Arefurbi shment casest udy
10.5 Why refurbish?
10.6 Document i ng the present system configuration
10.7 Summary
Furt her readi ng
Index
183
183
183
186
195
197
198
199
201
202
204
205
205
209
213