Presented by:

Presented by:
Damon Ogden
Damon Ogden
2
2
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13
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01
01
ME 372
Thermodynamics II
Chapter 8
Gas Power Cycles
ME 372
Thermodynamics II
Chapter 8
Gas Power Cycles
Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating Engines
CH 8
Sections
8.4 - 8.6
Short Video
Short Video
3.3 Liter
V 12
1965 Ferrari 275
Water Brake Dynamometer
Over 300 hp
Discussion Topics
Discussion Topics
1. - History
2. - General Knowledge
3. - 4 Stroke Cycle
4. - Otto Cycle
5. - Diesel Cycle
History
History
Nikolaus Otto patented the Otto Cycle
Engine 1876
Spark ignition engines use the
Otto Cycle
Rudolf Diesel received patent for Diesel
Cycle Engine in 1892
Compression Ignition engines use the
Diesel Cycle and hence the name
diesel engines
How much do you know?
How much do you know?
What are are some differences
between gasoline and diesel
engines?
Ways to describe an engine
Ways to describe an engine
Application
Design Geometry
Working Cycle
Fuel
Method of load control
Method of ignition
Piston -Cylinder
Nomenclature
Otto / Diesel Cycle Differences
Otto / Diesel Cycle Differences
Four Stroke Cycle
Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
Throttle Air Load Control Meter Fuel
Fuel/Air mix Working Fluid Air
During Compression
Spark Start Combustion Inject Fuel
Four-Stroke Cycle
Four-Stroke Cycle
Intake
http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Suck
Squeeze
Bang
Blow
Thermodynamic
Properties
Thermodynamic
Properties
The working fluid is air, and behaves as an
ideal gas.
Combustion processes are modeled as
heat addition from an external source.
Heat reject process to the surroundings is
used to restore working fluid to its initial
state.
All processes are internally reversible.
Four Stroke Cycle
P-V diagram
Intake Valve Opens
Combustion
Volume
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Exhaust Valve Opens
Intake Valve
Closes
Exhaust
Valve
Closes
TDC
BDC
Intake
Exhaust
Power
Spark Ignition,
Otto Cycle Engines
Spark Ignition,
Otto Cycle Engines
From < 1 hp to > 3000 hp
Cars
Trucks
Motor Cycles
Small Engines, i.e.;
Lawn Mower,
Mems
Spark Ignition Engine
Characteristics
Spark Ignition Engine
Characteristics
Compression Ratio of 6 - 12=
RPM 900 - 8000
Power per unit Volume
3 - 60 kW / Liter
Ferrari in video @
68 kW / liter
Bore = .05 - .45 m
@TDC
@BDC
V
V
B
BDC
TDC
p
v
1
2
3
4
Otto Cycle
s = constant
A Quick Review of Terms
A Quick Review of Terms
s = entropy, h = enthalpy,
u = internal energy
Isometric = Constant Volume
Isobaric = Constant Pressure
Isothermal = Constant Temperature
Isentropic = No irreversibilities,
Ideal process for
adiabatic processes
(adiabatic = no heat transfer)
Otto Cycle Model
Otto Cycle Model
Intake and exhaust strokes not
modeled
Compression modeled as isentropic
Heat input modeled as isometric,
occurring at TDC
Expansion modeled as isentropic
Heat rejection modeled as isometric,
occurring at BDC
Process 1-2: Isentropic
Compression
Apply First Law
q w u =
r v
v
v
v
r
r
1
1
2
1
2
= =
Since s = 0
p
v
1
2
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Analysis
Process 2-3 Isometric Heating
Apply First Law
q w u =
q u u
in
=
3 2
but v = constant,
therefore w = 0
p
v
1
2
3
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Analysis
Process 3-4 Isentropic Expansion
Apply First Law
q w u =
v
v
v
v
r
r
r
4
3
4
3
= =
p
v
1
2
3
4
But since s = 0
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Analysis
Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling
Apply First Law
q w u =
q u u
out
=
1 4
p
v
1
2
3
4
but v = constant, therefore:
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Analysis
Compression Ignition
Diesel Cycle Engines
Compression Ignition
Diesel Cycle Engines
From < 50 hp to > 6000 hp
Cars
Trucks
Trains
Boats
Power Plants
Construction Equipment
1.47 L, 50 hp
Volkswagen
Combustion Ignition Engine
Characteristics
Combustion Ignition Engine
Characteristics
Compression Ratios, r
c
of 12 - 23
Power per unit volume
2 - 26 kW / Liter
Bore .075 - 1 m
RPM 110 - 5000
Caterpillar
B
BDC
TDC
@TDC
@BDC
V
V
=
c
r
8 Liter
400 hp
Diesel Cycle Model
Diesel Cycle Model
Intake and exhaust strokes not
modeled
Compression modeled as isentropic
Heat input modeled as isobaric,
occurring from TDC to appropriate
volume
Expansion modeled as isentropic
Heat rejection modeled as isometric,
occurring at BDC
T
s
1
2
3
4
p=const
v=const
Diesel Cycle
p
v
1
2
3
4
s=c
s=c
q w u =
r v
v
v
v
r
r
1
1
2
1
2
= =
p
v
1
2
Since s = 0
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 1-2: Isentropic
Compression
Apply First Law
p
v
1
2
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 2-3 Isobaric Heating
Apply First Law
q - w = !u
but p = constant,
therefore w = p v
q
in
= h
3
- h
2
Cutoff Ratio = r
c
r
c
= v
3
- v
2
Only process where Otto and Diesel Cycle differ
Process 3-4 Isentropic
Expansion
Apply First Law
q - w = !u
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
p
v
1
2
3
4
But since s = 0
c r
r
r
r
v
v
v
v
= =
3
4
3
4
q w u =
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling
Apply First Law
but v = constant,
therefore:
p
v
1
2
3
4
q u u
out
=
1 4
Comparison Of the Two
Cycles
Comparison Of the Two
Cycles
Otto cycle utilizes an external energy
source to initiate Combustion (spark plug)
Diesel cycle relies on temp and pressure
to start combustion
Diesels only compress air, during
compression stroke
Otto cycle, spark engines compress both
air and fuel during compression stroke
Comparison Continued
Comparison Continued
Fuel plays major role in cycle differences
Spark ignition engines need fuels that are
resistant to (knock)
Diesel engines require fuels that will auto
ignite under proper pressure and
temperature
Diesel fuel allows for higher Comp Ratios,
= higher efficiencies.
Summary of Reciprocating
Engines
Summary of Reciprocating
Engines
Been around for 125 years
Havent changed much:
Computers, Lower Emissions
Good for man, bad for the earth:
Not going anywhere soon
Future is Hydrogen, exhaust = H
2
O
Future = Mems Engines?
Future = Mems Engines?
.001 kW
The End
The End
Any Questions ?
Blank Slide
Blank Slide
w u u
on
=
1 2
w u u p v v
by
= +
3 4 2 3 2
( )
q u u
out
=
1 4
q h h
in
=
3 2
w w w u u p v v u u
net by on
= + = + + ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 2 3 2 1 2

th
net
in
w
q
u u p v v u u
h h
= =
+ +

3 4 2 3 2 1 2
3 2
( )
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Combining above equations:
RT pv =
u w q =
For isentropic processes:
r v
v
v
v
r
r
1
1
2
1
2
= =
in
net
th
q
w
=
v
w
MEP
net

=
Equations:
Equations:
Example: 9-2 Diesel Cycle
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a
compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio
of 2. At the beginning of compression, p
1
= 14.2 psi, V
1
= 0.5 ft
3
, and T
1
= 520
o
R.
Determine:
(a) the heat added, [Btu]
(b) the heat rejected, [Btu]
(c) the thermal efficiency
(d) the Carnot efficiency
(e) the mean effective pressure, [psi]
point 1 2 3 4
p - psia 14.2
T
o
R 520
v ft
3
/lb
u - Btu/lb
h - Btu/lb
v
r
V - ft
3
0.5
Summary of Conditions - Diesel Cycle
r = 16, r
c
= 2
( )
lb
ft
ft
in
in
lb
R
R lb
lb ft
p
RT
v
f
o
o
f
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
56 . 13
1
144
2 . 14
520
97 . 28
1545
=

= =
Solution: (point 1)
Solution: (point 1)
(isentropic compression from point 1:
911 . 9
16
58 . 158 1
2
1
2
1
2
= = = =
r
r
r
v
r v
v
v
v
from air table, T
2
is between 1480 & 1520
o
563 . 0
34 . 10 578 . 9
34 . 10 911 . 9
) 1480 ( ) 1520 (
) 1480 ( 2
=

=
r r
r r
v v
v v
fr
( )( ) R T
o
1502 1480 1520 563 . 0 1480
2
= + =
Solution cont'd (point 2)
Solution cont'd (point 2)
( )( )
lb
Btu
u
84 . 266
44 . 262 26 . 270 563 . 0 44 . 262
2
=
+ =
( )( )
lb
Btu
h
4 . 369
89 . 363 47 . 374 563 . 0 89 . 363
2
=
+ =
Point 2 cont'd
Point 2 cont'd
( )
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1 2
1
1 1
2
2 2
656 16
520
1502
2 . 14
in
lb
in
lb
p
r
T
T
p
v
v
T
T
p p
T
v p
T
v p
f f
=

=
= = =
Point 3
( )( ) R R T
r T
v
v
p
p
T T
T
v p
T
v p
o o
c
3005 2 1502
3
2
2
3
2
3
2 3
2
2 2
3
3 3
= =
= = =
Point 2 cont'd
Point 2 cont'd
from Air Table, T
3
is between 3000 & 3050
o
R
using appropriate linear interpolation, determine
( )( )
lb
Btu
u 16 . 586 04 . 585 28 . 596 1 . 0 04 . 585
3
= + =
( )( )
lb
Btu
h 15 . 792 68 . 790 34 . 805 1 . 0 68 . 790
3
= + =
( )( ) 174 . 1 180 . 1 118 . 1 1 . 0 180 . 1
3
= + =
r
v
Point 3 cont'd
Point 3 cont'd
Point 4
Point 4
Isentropic expansion from point 3
( ) 390 . 9
0625 . 0
5 . 0
174 . 1
3
4
3 4
=

= =
V
V
v v
r r
from table, 1520 & 1560
o
R, interpolation
273 . 0
578 . 9 890 . 8
578 . 9 390 . 9
) 1520 ( ) 1560 (
) 1520 ( 4
=

=
r r
r r
v v
v v
fr
( )( )
( )( )
lb
Btu
u
R T
o
4 . 272 26 . 270 13 . 178 273 . 0 26 . 270
1531 1520 1560 273 . 0 1520
4
4
= + =
= + =
Point 1 2 3 4
Start of Start of Start of Start of
Compressio Heating Expansion Cooling
p - psia 14.2 656
T
o
R 520 1502 3005 1531
v ft
3
/lb 13.56
u - Btu/lb 88.62 266.84 586.16 272.4
h - Btu/lb 124.7 369.84 792.15
v
r
158.58 9.911 9.39
V - ft
3
0.5 0.0313 0.0625 0.5
Summary of Conditions - Diesel Cycle
r = 16, r
c
= 2
Calculations:
Calculations:
(a)
lb
lb
ft
ft
v
V
m
2
3
3
1
1
10 69 . 3
56 . 13
5 . 0

= = =
lb
Btu
h h q
in
31 . 422 84 . 369 15 . 792
2 3
= = =
( ) Btu
lb
Btu
lb q m Q
in in
57 . 15 3 . 422 0369 . 0 =

= =
Btu Q
in
57 . 15 =
Calculations cont'd
Calculations cont'd
(b)
( ) ( )( )
lb
Btu
lb u u m Q
out
4 . 272 62 . 88 0369 . 0
4 1
= =
Btu Q
out
78 . 6 =
(c)
57 . 15
78 . 6
1 1 = =
in
out
th
Q
Q

564 . 0 =
th

w u u
on
=
1 2
w u u
by
=
3 4
q u u
out
=
1 4
q u u
in
=
3 2
w w w u u u u
net by on
= + = + ( ) ( )
3 4 1 2

th
net
in
w
q
u u u u
u u
= =
+

3 4 1 2
3 2
Otto Cycle Analysis
Otto Cycle Analysis
Combining above equations:
Example: 9-1
At the beginning of the compression
process in an air-standard Otto Cycle,
p
1
= 14.7 psi, T
1
= 530
o
R. The
compression ratio is 8. Determine for
a maximum cycle temperature of
2000
o
R: thermal efficiency, Carnot
efficiency, and mean effective
pressure.
Point 1 2 3 4
start start start start
of of of of
compression heating expansion cooling
p-psia 14.7
T
o
R 530 2000
v-ft
3
/lb
u-Btu/lb
v
r
Summary of Conditions
r = 8
Point 1 2 3 4
start start start start
of of of of
compression heating expansion cooling
p-psia 14.7
T
o
R 530 2000
v-ft
3
/lb
u-Btu/lb 90.3 367.61
v
r
151.38 4.258
Summary of Conditions - data from air table
r = 8
RT pv =
u w q =
For isentropic processes:
r v
v
v
v
r
r
1
1
2
1
2
= =
in
net
th
q
w
=
v
w
MEP
net

=
Equations:
Equations:
( )
lb
ft
in
lb
in
ft
R
R lb
lb ft
p
RT
v
f
o
o
f
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
35 . 13
7 . 14
144
1
530
97 . 28
1545
=

= =
lb
ft lb ft
r
v
v
3 3
1
2
67 . 1
8
/ 35 . 13
= = =
92 . 18
8
38 . 151
1
2
= = =
r
v
v
r
r
Solution:
Solution:
From air tables, note that T
2
is between
1160 and 1200
o
R.
doing the interpolation:
T
2
= 1191
o
R
u
2
= 207.33 Btu/lb
Solution cont'd
Solution cont'd
Point 1 2 3 4
start start start start
of of of of
compression heating expansion cooling
p-psia 14.7
T
o
R 530 1191 2000 954
v-ft
3
/lb 13.35 1.67
u-Btu/lb 90.3 207.3 367.61 164.2
v
r
151.38 18.92 4.258 34.064
Summary of Conditions - calculations
r = 8
( ) ( )
net
net
w
lb
Btu
w w w w w
=
= + + +
= + + + =

4 . 86
0 2 . 164 7 . 367 0 3 . 207 3 . 90
1 4 4 3 3 2 2 1
( )
in
in
q
lb
Btu
u u q q
= =
= = =

3 . 160 3 . 207 6 . 367
2 3 3 2
Solution - cont'd
Solution - cont'd
th
in
net
th
q
w
= = = = 54 . 0
3 . 160
4 . 86
Carnot
h
c
Carnot
T
T
= = = = 74 . 0
2000
530
1 1
( )
2
2
2 3
2 1
9 . 39
144 67 . 1 35 . 13
778 4 . 86
in
lb
MEP
ft
in
lb
ft
Btu
lb ft
lb
Btu
v v
w
MEP
f
f
net
=

=
Solution - cont'd
Solution - cont'd
Calculations cont'd
Calculations cont'd
(d)
3005
520
1 1 = =
h
c
Carnot
T
T

827 . 0 =
Carnot

(e)

+
=

=
2
2
3 3
2 1 2 1
144
778
0313 . 0 5 . 0
78 . 6 57 . 15
ft
in
Btu
lb ft
ft ft
Btu Btu
V V
Q Q
V V
W
MEP
f
out in net
2
101
in
lb
MEP
f
=
Internal Combustion Engine
Models
Internal Combustion Engine
Models
Spark Ignition Engine -
Otto Cycle
Compression Ignition Engine -
Diesel Cycle
The piston moves the length
The piston moves the length
of the cylinder four times for one
of the cylinder four times for one
complete cycle.
complete cycle.
Hence the name four stroke or
Hence the name four stroke or
four cycle engine.
four cycle engine.
Otto Cycle Model
Diesel Cycle Model
Piston-Cylinder
Nomenclature
Piston-Cylinder
Nomenclature
Bore = B, Stroke = S
Bottom dead center = BDC
Top dead center = TDC
Mean Piston Speed = S
p
= 2SN ,
N = engine speed in rev/s
Clearance volume = V
TDC
Displacement volume = V
BDC
- V
TDC
Compression ratio r = V
BDC
/V
TDC
Method of Load Control
Method of Load Control
Throttle Air
(Otto cycle, spark ignition)
Fuel Metering
(Diesel Cycle, compression
ignition)
T
s
1
2
3
4
p=const
v=const
Diesel Cycle
p
v
1
2
3
4
s=c
s=c
q w u =
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 3-4 Isentropic
Expansion
Apply First Law
But since s = 0
p
v
1
2
3
4
q w u =
c r
r
r
r
v
v
v
v
= =
3
4
3
4
p
v
1
2
3
4
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 3-4 Isentropic
Expansion
Apply First Law
But since s = 0
q w u =
q u u
out
=
1 4
p
v
1
2
3
4
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Diesel Cycle Analysis
Process 4-1 Isometric Cooling
Apply First Law
but v = constant,
therefore:
Intake Stroke
(Suck)
Intake Stroke
(Suck)
Intake valve open
Exhaust valve closed
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
drawing in mixture of fuel and air
(Only air for diesel cycle)
Compression Stroke
(Squeeze)
Compression Stroke
(Squeeze)
Intake valve closes
Exhaust valve remains closed
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
compressing fuel/air mixture, or air only
Otto Cycle
Near top of stroke, spark ignites fuel/air
mixture, causing heat input
Diesel Cycle
Fuel injected into compressed air, in the
cylinder
Power Stroke
(Bang)
Power Stroke
(Bang)
Both valves closed
Hot combustion products
expand causing piston to move
from TDC to BDC, producing
work output
Exhaust Stroke
(Blow)
Exhaust Stroke
(Blow)
Exhaust valve opens
Intake valve remains closed
Piston moves from BDC to TDC,
forcing spent combustion
products out of cylinder
Applications
Applications
Auto
Semi-Truck
Locomotive
Marine
Aircraft
Stationary Power
Design Geometry Operating Cycle
Design Geometry Operating Cycle
V
Inline
Opposed
Rotary
Radial
4 stroke
(There are others, but
those will be for a
discussion)
Fuels
Fuels
Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas
Liquid Propane
Methanol
Mixed gases